WO2014119750A1 - ガスバリア性フィルム - Google Patents
ガスバリア性フィルム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014119750A1 WO2014119750A1 PCT/JP2014/052324 JP2014052324W WO2014119750A1 WO 2014119750 A1 WO2014119750 A1 WO 2014119750A1 JP 2014052324 W JP2014052324 W JP 2014052324W WO 2014119750 A1 WO2014119750 A1 WO 2014119750A1
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- film
- barrier layer
- gas
- layer
- gas barrier
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/84—Passivation; Containers; Encapsulations
- H10K50/844—Encapsulations
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/28—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising synthetic resins not wholly covered by any one of the sub-groups B32B27/30 - B32B27/42
- B32B27/286—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising synthetic resins not wholly covered by any one of the sub-groups B32B27/30 - B32B27/42 comprising polysulphones; polysulfides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
- C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
- C23C16/308—Oxynitrides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/50—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating using electric discharges
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/54—Apparatus specially adapted for continuous coating
- C23C16/545—Apparatus specially adapted for continuous coating for coating elongated substrates
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/724—Permeability to gases, adsorption
- B32B2307/7242—Non-permeable
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2457/00—Electrical equipment
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a gas barrier film, and more particularly to a gas barrier film used for an electronic device such as an organic electroluminescence (EL) element, a solar cell element, and a liquid crystal display.
- EL organic electroluminescence
- a gas barrier film formed by laminating a plurality of layers including thin films of metal oxides such as aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, and silicon oxide on the surface of a plastic substrate or film is used to block various gases such as water vapor and oxygen.
- metal oxides such as aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, and silicon oxide
- it is widely used for packaging of articles that require the use of, for example, packaging for preventing deterioration of foods, industrial products, pharmaceuticals, and the like.
- a chemical deposition method in which an organic silicon compound typified by tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) is used and grown on a substrate while performing oxygen plasma oxidation under reduced pressure.
- TEOS tetraethoxysilane
- vapor phase methods such as a physical vapor deposition method (vacuum evaporation method or sputtering method) in which metal Si is evaporated using a semiconductor laser and deposited on a substrate in the presence of oxygen using a semiconductor laser.
- inorganic vapor deposition methods have been preferably applied to the formation of inorganic films such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and silicon oxynitride, and examination of the composition range of inorganic films for obtaining good gas barrier properties. Many studies have been made on the layer structure including these inorganic films.
- such a defect in the inorganic film causes the generation of a black spot called a dark spot that does not emit light, or the size of the dark spot grows under high temperature and high humidity. Will also affect.
- Bonding of atoms is called a photon process using light energy having a wavelength of 100 to 200 nm called vacuum ultraviolet light (hereinafter also referred to as “VUV” or “VUV light”) having an energy larger than the bonding force between each atom of polysilazane.
- VUV vacuum ultraviolet light
- a silicon oxynitride film or a silicon oxide film can be formed at a relatively low temperature by causing an oxidation reaction with active oxygen or ozone to proceed while cutting directly by the action of only photons.
- a method of controlling the film composition by the amount of amine added for example, JP 2012-16854 A
- a method of adding alcohols or the like to the polysilazane coating solution in advance to promote the reaction in advance for example, Patent No. No. 3212400.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide a gas barrier film having excellent storage stability, particularly storage stability under severe conditions (high temperature and high humidity conditions).
- a gas barrier film comprising: a first barrier layer containing an inorganic compound; and a second barrier layer having a specific ratio of oxygen atoms to silicon atoms and nitrogen atoms to silicon atoms.
- the present inventors have found that the above problems can be solved and have completed the present invention.
- the present invention includes a base material, a first barrier layer containing an inorganic compound, at least silicon atoms and oxygen atoms, and an abundance ratio of oxygen atoms to silicon atoms (O / Si) of 1.4 to And a second barrier layer having a nitrogen atom to silicon atom ratio (N / Si) of 0 to 0.4 in this order.
- FIG. 1 It is a schematic diagram which shows an example of the vacuum plasma CVD apparatus used for formation of the 1st barrier layer based on this invention, 101 is a plasma CVD apparatus, 102 is a vacuum chamber, 103 is a cathode electrode, 105 Is a susceptor, 106 is a heat medium circulation system, 107 is a vacuum exhaust system, 108 is a gas introduction system, 109 is a high-frequency power source, 110 is a base material, and 160 is a heating / cooling device. is there. It is a schematic diagram which shows an example of the other manufacturing apparatus used for formation of the 1st barrier layer based on this invention, 1 is a gas barrier film, 2 is a base material, 3 is a 1st barrier layer.
- 31 is a manufacturing apparatus
- 32 is a delivery roller
- 33, 34, 35, and 36 are transport rollers
- 39 and 40 are film forming rollers
- 41 is a gas supply pipe
- 42 is plasma
- 43 and 44 are magnetic field generators
- 45 is a winding roller.
- 21 is an apparatus chamber
- 22 is a Xe excimer lamp
- 23 is a holder
- 24 is a sample stage
- 25 is a sample
- 26 is light-shielding It is a board.
- the present invention includes a base material, a first barrier layer containing an inorganic compound, at least silicon atoms and oxygen atoms, and an abundance ratio of oxygen atoms to silicon atoms (O / Si) of 1.4 to 2. And a second barrier layer having a nitrogen atom to silicon atom ratio (N / Si) of 0 to 0.4 in this order.
- gas barrier film of the present invention is excellent in storage stability, particularly storage stability under high temperature and high humidity is unknown, but is considered to be as follows.
- the chemical composition of the barrier layer obtained by modifying a barrier layer containing at least silicon atoms and oxygen atoms, particularly a layer containing polysilazane, has dangling bonds in the silicon atoms. It becomes a form susceptible to hydrolysis and the like under high temperature and high humidity such as dangling bonds, Si—OH, Si—H, and Si radicals. In order to reduce these effects, it is important to reduce the number of dangling bonds of silicon atoms as much as possible. However, the composition of the second barrier layer of the present invention reduces the number of dangling bonds of silicon atoms.
- the gas barrier film of the present invention has a structure having at least two barrier layers. Even in such a structure, the gas barrier film is excellent in storage stability. In particular, it has been found that long-term storage stability, particularly storage stability under severe conditions such as high temperature and high humidity, is significantly reduced in a configuration having at least one barrier layer containing an inorganic compound in the lower layer. In such a configuration, the present invention provides a gas barrier film excellent in storage stability under severe conditions of high temperature and high humidity.
- X to Y indicating a range means “X or more and Y or less”, “weight” and “mass”, “weight%” and “mass%”, “part by weight” and “weight part”. “Part by mass” is treated as a synonym. Unless otherwise specified, measurement of operation and physical properties is performed under conditions of room temperature (20 to 25 ° C.) / Relative humidity 40 to 50%.
- the gas barrier film of the present invention has a substrate, a first barrier layer, and a second barrier layer in this order.
- the gas barrier film of the present invention may further contain other members.
- the gas barrier film of the present invention is, for example, between the base material and the first barrier layer, between the first barrier layer and the second barrier layer, on the second barrier layer, or on the first barrier. You may have another member in the other surface of the base material in which the layer and the 2nd barrier layer are not formed.
- the other members are not particularly limited, and members used for conventional gas barrier films can be used similarly or appropriately modified. Specific examples include an intermediate layer, a protective layer, a smooth layer, an anchor coat layer, a bleed-out prevention layer, a desiccant layer having moisture adsorbability, and a functionalized layer of an antistatic layer.
- the gas barrier unit having the first barrier layer and the second barrier layer may be formed on one surface of the substrate or may be formed on both surfaces of the substrate.
- the gas barrier unit may include a layer that does not necessarily have a gas barrier property.
- a plastic film or a plastic sheet is preferably used as a substrate, and a film or sheet made of a colorless and transparent resin is more preferably used.
- the plastic film used is not particularly limited in material, thickness and the like as long as it can hold the first barrier layer, the second barrier layer, and the like, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose of use.
- Specific examples of the plastic film include polyester resin, methacrylic resin, methacrylic acid-maleic acid copolymer, polystyrene resin, transparent fluororesin, polyimide, fluorinated polyimide resin, polyamide resin, polyamideimide resin, and polyetherimide.
- Resin cellulose acylate resin, polyurethane resin, polyether ether ketone resin, polycarbonate resin, alicyclic polyolefin resin, polyarylate resin, polyether sulfone resin, polysulfone resin, cycloolefin copolymer, fluorene ring modified polycarbonate resin, alicyclic
- thermoplastic resins such as modified polycarbonate resins, fluorene ring-modified polyester resins, and acryloyl compounds.
- the base material is preferably made of a heat resistant material. Specifically, a base material having a linear expansion coefficient of 15 ppm / K or more and 100 ppm / K or less and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 100 ° C. or more and 300 ° C. or less is used.
- the gas barrier film according to the present invention is used in combination with, for example, a polarizing plate, it is preferable to arrange the gas barrier film so that the barrier layer of the gas barrier film faces the inside of the cell. More preferably, the barrier layer of the gas barrier film is disposed on the innermost side of the cell (adjacent to the element).
- the substrate is preferably transparent. That is, the light transmittance is usually 80% or more, preferably 85% or more, and more preferably 90% or more.
- the light transmittance is calculated by measuring the total light transmittance and the amount of scattered light using the method described in JIS K7105: 1981, that is, using an integrating sphere light transmittance measuring device, and subtracting the diffuse transmittance from the total light transmittance. can do.
- an opaque material can be used as the base material.
- the opaque material include polyimide, polyacrylonitrile, and known liquid crystal polymers.
- the thickness of the base material used for the gas barrier film according to the present invention is not particularly limited because it is appropriately selected depending on the application, but is typically 1 to 800 ⁇ m, preferably 10 to 200 ⁇ m.
- These plastic films may have functional layers such as a transparent conductive layer, a primer layer, and a clear hard coat layer.
- As the functional layer in addition to those described above, those described in paragraph numbers “0036” to “0038” of JP-A-2006-289627 can be preferably used.
- the substrate preferably has a high surface smoothness.
- the surface smoothness those having an average surface roughness (Ra) of 2 nm or less are preferable.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but is practically 0.01 nm or more. If necessary, both surfaces of the substrate, at least the side on which the barrier layer is provided, may be polished to improve smoothness.
- the above-mentioned base material may be an unstretched film or a stretched film.
- the base material used in the present invention can be produced by a conventionally known general method.
- an unstretched substrate that is substantially amorphous and not oriented can be produced by melting a resin as a material with an extruder, extruding it with an annular die or a T-die, and quenching.
- various known treatments for improving adhesion such as corona discharge treatment, flame treatment, oxidation treatment, plasma treatment, and smoothing described later. Layer stacking or the like may be performed, and it is preferable to combine the above treatments as necessary.
- the 1st barrier layer concerning the present invention formed in the upper part of a substrate contains an inorganic compound. Although it does not specifically limit as an inorganic compound contained in a 1st barrier layer, For example, a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal carbide, a metal oxynitride, or a metal oxycarbide is mentioned.
- oxides, nitrides, carbides, oxynitrides or oxycarbides containing one or more metals selected from Si, Al, In, Sn, Zn, Ti, Cu, Ce and Ta in terms of gas barrier performance are preferably used, and an oxide, nitride or oxynitride of a metal selected from Si, Al, In, Sn, Zn and Ti is more preferable, and in particular, an oxide of at least one of Si and Al, Nitride or oxynitride is preferred.
- suitable inorganic compounds include composites such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon carbide, silicon oxycarbide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, or aluminum silicate. You may contain another element as a secondary component.
- the content of the inorganic compound contained in the first barrier layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 50% by weight or more, more preferably 80% by weight or more, and 95% by weight in the first barrier layer. More preferably, it is more preferably 98% by weight or more, and most preferably 100% by weight (that is, the first barrier layer is made of an inorganic compound).
- the first barrier layer contains an inorganic compound and thus has a gas barrier property.
- the gas barrier property of the first barrier layer is calculated using a laminate in which the first barrier layer is formed on the substrate, the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) is 0.1 g / (m 2 ⁇ day). Or less, more preferably 0.01 g / (m 2 ⁇ day) or less.
- the method for forming the first barrier layer is not particularly limited, but a vacuum film-forming method such as physical vapor deposition (PVD method) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or a liquid containing an inorganic compound, preferably A method of modifying and forming a coating film formed by applying a liquid containing a silicon compound (hereinafter also simply referred to as a coating method) is preferred, and a physical vapor deposition method or a chemical vapor deposition method is more preferred. .
- PVD method physical vapor deposition
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- the physical vapor deposition method is a method of depositing a target material, for example, a thin film such as a carbon film, on the surface of the material in a gas phase by a physical method.
- a target material for example, a thin film such as a carbon film
- Examples thereof include a DC sputtering method, an RF sputtering method, an ion beam sputtering method, and a magnetron sputtering method, a vacuum deposition method, and an ion plating method.
- Sputtering is a method in which a target is placed in a vacuum chamber, a rare gas element (usually argon) ionized by applying a high voltage is collided with the target, and atoms on the target surface are ejected and adhered to the substrate.
- a reactive sputtering method may be used in which an inorganic layer is formed by causing nitrogen and oxygen gas to flow into the chamber to react nitrogen and oxygen with an element ejected from the target by argon gas. .
- the chemical vapor deposition method (Chemical Vapor Deposition, CVD method) is a method of depositing a film by supplying a source gas containing a target thin film component onto a substrate and performing a chemical reaction on the surface of the substrate or in the gas phase. It is. In addition, for the purpose of activating the chemical reaction, there is a method of generating plasma or the like.
- Known CVD such as thermal CVD method, catalytic chemical vapor deposition method, photo CVD method, vacuum plasma CVD method, atmospheric pressure plasma CVD method, etc. The method etc. are mentioned. Although not particularly limited, it is preferable to apply the plasma CVD method from the viewpoint of film forming speed and processing area.
- the first barrier layer obtained by the vacuum plasma CVD method, or the plasma CVD method under atmospheric pressure or a pressure near atmospheric pressure is a raw material (also referred to as a raw material) metal compound, decomposition gas, decomposition temperature, input power, etc. Selecting the conditions is preferable because the target compound can be produced.
- silicon oxide is generated.
- highly active charged particles and active radicals exist in the plasma space at a high density, so that multistage chemical reactions are accelerated at high speed in the plasma space, and the elements present in the plasma space are thermodynamic. This is because it is converted into an extremely stable compound in a very short time.
- a raw material compound it is preferable to use a silicon compound, a titanium compound, or an aluminum compound. These raw material compounds can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- titanium compounds include titanium methoxide, titanium ethoxide, titanium isopropoxide, titanium tetraisopropoxide, titanium n-butoxide, titanium diisopropoxide (bis-2,4-pentanedionate), titanium dioxide.
- examples thereof include isopropoxide (bis-2,4-ethylacetoacetate), titanium di-n-butoxide (bis-2,4-pentanedionate), titanium acetylacetonate, and butyl titanate dimer.
- Examples of the aluminum compound include aluminum ethoxide, aluminum triisopropoxide, aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum n-butoxide, aluminum s-butoxide, aluminum t-butoxide, aluminum acetylacetonate, triethyldialuminum tri-s-butoxide, and the like. Can be mentioned.
- a decomposition gas for decomposing a raw material gas containing these metals to obtain an inorganic compound hydrogen gas, methane gas, acetylene gas, carbon monoxide gas, carbon dioxide gas, nitrogen gas, ammonia gas, nitrous oxide
- examples include gas, nitrogen oxide gas, nitrogen dioxide gas, oxygen gas, and water vapor.
- the decomposition gas may be mixed with an inert gas such as argon gas or helium gas.
- a desired first barrier layer can be obtained by appropriately selecting a source gas containing a source compound and a decomposition gas.
- the first barrier layer formed by the CVD method is a layer containing oxide, nitride, oxynitride, or oxycarbide.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an example of a vacuum plasma CVD apparatus used for forming the first barrier layer according to the present invention.
- the vacuum plasma CVD apparatus 101 has a vacuum chamber 102, and a susceptor 105 is disposed on the bottom surface side inside the vacuum chamber 102. Further, a cathode electrode 103 is disposed on the ceiling side inside the vacuum chamber 102 at a position facing the susceptor 105.
- a heat medium circulation system 106, a vacuum exhaust system 107, a gas introduction system 108, and a high-frequency power source 109 are disposed outside the vacuum chamber 102.
- a heat medium is disposed in the heat medium circulation system 106.
- the heat medium circulation system 106 stores a pump for moving the heat medium, a heating device for heating the heat medium, a cooling device for cooling, a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the heat medium, and a set temperature of the heat medium.
- a heating / cooling device 160 having a storage device is provided.
- the heating / cooling device 160 is configured to measure the temperature of the heat medium, heat or cool the heat medium to a stored set temperature, and supply the heat medium to the susceptor 105.
- the supplied heat medium flows inside the susceptor 105, heats or cools the susceptor 105, and returns to the heating / cooling device 160.
- the temperature of the heat medium is higher or lower than the set temperature, and the heating and cooling device 160 heats or cools the heat medium to the set temperature and supplies the heat medium to the susceptor 105.
- the cooling medium circulates between the susceptor and the heating / cooling device 160, and the susceptor 105 is heated or cooled by the supplied heating medium having the set temperature.
- the vacuum chamber 102 is connected to an evacuation system 107, and before the film formation process is started by the vacuum plasma CVD apparatus 101, the inside of the vacuum chamber 102 is evacuated in advance and the heat medium is heated from room temperature. The temperature is raised to a set temperature, and a heat medium having the set temperature is supplied to the susceptor 105. The susceptor 105 is at room temperature at the start of use, and when a heat medium having a set temperature is supplied, the susceptor 105 is heated.
- the base material 110 as a film formation target is carried into the vacuum chamber 102 while maintaining the vacuum atmosphere in the vacuum chamber 102 and placed on the susceptor 105.
- a large number of nozzles (holes) are formed on the surface of the cathode electrode 103 facing the susceptor 105.
- the cathode electrode 103 is connected to a gas introduction system 108.
- a CVD gas is introduced from the gas introduction system 108 into the cathode electrode 103, the CVD gas is ejected from the nozzle of the cathode electrode 103 into the vacuum chamber 102 in a vacuum atmosphere.
- the cathode electrode 103 is connected to a high frequency power source 109, and the susceptor 105 and the vacuum chamber 102 are connected to a ground potential.
- a CVD gas is supplied from the gas introduction system 108 into the vacuum chamber 102, a high-frequency power source 109 is activated while a heating medium having a constant temperature is supplied from the heating / cooling device 160 to the susceptor 105, and a high-frequency voltage is applied to the cathode electrode 103, Plasma of the introduced CVD gas is formed.
- a first barrier layer which is a thin film grows on the surface of the substrate 110.
- the distance between the susceptor 105 and the cathode electrode 103 is set as appropriate.
- the flow rates of the raw material gas and the cracked gas are appropriately set in consideration of the raw material gas, the cracked gas type and the like.
- the flow rate of the source gas is 30 to 300 sccm
- the flow rate of the decomposition gas is 100 to 1000 sccm.
- a heating medium having a constant temperature is supplied from the heating / cooling device 160 to the susceptor 105, and the susceptor 105 is heated or cooled by the heating medium, and a thin film is formed while being maintained at a constant temperature.
- the lower limit temperature of the growth temperature when forming a thin film is determined by the film quality of the thin film
- the upper limit temperature is determined by the allowable range of damage to the thin film already formed on the substrate 110.
- the lower limit temperature and upper limit temperature vary depending on the material of the thin film to be formed, the material of the thin film already formed, etc., but the lower limit temperature is 50 ° C. or more in order to ensure the film quality with high gas barrier properties, and the upper limit temperature is the base material. It is preferable that it is below the heat-resistant temperature.
- the correlation between the film quality of the thin film formed by the vacuum plasma CVD method and the film formation temperature, and the correlation between the damage to the film formation target (base material 110) and the film formation temperature are obtained in advance, and the lower limit temperature and upper limit temperature are It is determined.
- the temperature of the substrate 110 during the vacuum plasma CVD process is preferably 50 to 250 ° C.
- the relationship between the temperature of the heat medium supplied to the susceptor 105 and the temperature of the base material 110 when plasma is formed by applying a high frequency voltage of 13.56 MHz or higher to the cathode electrode 103 is measured in advance, and vacuum
- the temperature of the heat medium supplied to the susceptor 105 is required.
- the lower limit temperature (here, 50 ° C.) is stored, and a heat medium whose temperature is controlled to a temperature equal to or higher than the lower limit temperature is set to be supplied to the susceptor 105.
- the heat medium refluxed from the susceptor 105 is heated or cooled, and a heat medium having a set temperature of 50 ° C. is supplied to the susceptor 105.
- a CVD gas a mixed gas of silane gas, ammonia gas, and nitrogen gas is supplied, and the SiN film is formed in a state in which the base material 110 is maintained at a temperature condition that is higher than the lower limit temperature and lower than the upper limit temperature.
- the susceptor 105 Immediately after the startup of the vacuum plasma CVD apparatus 101, the susceptor 105 is at room temperature, and the temperature of the heat medium returned from the susceptor 105 to the heating / cooling apparatus 160 is lower than the set temperature. Therefore, immediately after the activation, the heating / cooling device 160 heats the refluxed heat medium to raise the temperature to the set temperature, and supplies it to the susceptor 105. In this case, the susceptor 105 and the base material 110 are heated and heated by the heat medium, and the base material 110 is maintained in the range of the lower limit temperature or higher and the upper limit temperature or lower.
- the susceptor 105 When a thin film is continuously formed on a plurality of base materials 110, the susceptor 105 is heated by heat flowing from the plasma. In this case, since the heat medium recirculated from the susceptor 105 to the heating / cooling device 160 is higher than the lower limit temperature (50 ° C.), the heating / cooling device 160 cools the heat medium and converts the heat medium at the set temperature into the susceptor. It supplies to 105. Thereby, a thin film can be formed, maintaining the base material 110 in the range below minimum temperature and below maximum temperature.
- the heating / cooling device 160 heats the heating medium when the temperature of the refluxed heating medium is lower than the set temperature, and cools the heating medium when the temperature is higher than the set temperature.
- a heat medium having a set temperature is supplied to the susceptor, and as a result, the substrate 110 is maintained in a temperature range between the lower limit temperature and the upper limit temperature.
- the substrate 110 is unloaded from the vacuum chamber 102, the undeposited substrate 110 is loaded into the vacuum chamber 102, and a heat medium having a set temperature is supplied in the same manner as described above. While forming a thin film.
- the first barrier layer preferably contains carbon, silicon, and oxygen as constituent elements.
- a more preferable form is a layer that satisfies the following requirements (i) to (iii).
- the first barrier layer is based on (i) the distance (L) from the surface of the first barrier layer in the film thickness direction of the first barrier layer and the total amount of silicon atoms, oxygen atoms, and carbon atoms.
- Silicon distribution curve showing the relationship with the ratio of the amount of silicon atoms (silicon atomic ratio), the ratio of the amount of oxygen atoms to the total amount of L and silicon atoms, oxygen atoms, and carbon atoms (oxygen atomic ratio)
- the carbon distribution curve showing the relationship between the L and the ratio of the amount of carbon atoms to the total amount of silicon atoms, oxygen atoms, and carbon atoms (the atomic ratio of carbon).
- the film thickness of the barrier layer In the region of 90% or more (upper limit: 100%) of the film thickness of the barrier layer, (oxygen atomic ratio), (silicon atomic ratio), (carbon atomic ratio) increase in this order (atomic ratio is O> Si> C) is preferred.
- the above condition (i) is not satisfied, the gas barrier property and flexibility of the resulting gas barrier film may be insufficient.
- the relationship among the above (atomic ratio of oxygen), (atomic ratio of silicon), and (atomic ratio of carbon) is at least 90% or more (upper limit) of the film thickness of the first barrier layer. : 100%), and more preferably at least 93% or more (upper limit: 100%).
- at least 90% or more of the film thickness of the first barrier layer does not have to be continuous in the first barrier layer, and simply satisfies the above-described relationship at 90% or more. Good.
- the first barrier layer preferably has (ii) the carbon distribution curve has at least two extreme values.
- the first barrier layer preferably has at least three extreme values in the carbon distribution curve, and more preferably has at least four extreme values, but may have five or more extreme values.
- the extreme value of the carbon distribution curve is 1 or less, the gas barrier property may be insufficient when the obtained gas barrier film is bent.
- the upper limit of the extreme value of the carbon distribution curve is not particularly limited. For example, it is preferably 30 or less, more preferably 25 or less, but the number of extreme values is also caused by the film thickness of the first barrier layer. Therefore, it cannot be specified in general.
- the first barrier in the film thickness direction of the first barrier layer at one extreme value of the carbon distribution curve and an extreme value adjacent to the extreme value is preferably 200 nm or less, more preferably 100 nm or less, and 75 nm. It is particularly preferred that With such a distance between extreme values, a portion having a high carbon atom ratio (maximum value) exists in the first barrier layer at an appropriate period, so that appropriate flexibility is imparted to the first barrier layer. In addition, the generation of cracks when the gas barrier film is bent can be more effectively suppressed / prevented.
- extreme value means a maximum value or a minimum value of an atomic ratio of an element to a distance (L) from the surface of the first barrier layer in the film thickness direction of the first barrier layer. That means.
- maximum value means that the atomic ratio value of an element (oxygen, silicon, or carbon) changes from increasing to decreasing when the distance from the surface of the first barrier layer is changed.
- the distance from the surface of the first barrier layer in the film thickness direction of the first barrier layer from the point is further changed within the range of 4 to 20 nm, rather than the atomic ratio value of the element at that point. This is the point where the atomic ratio value of the element at the position decreases by 3 at% or more.
- the atomic ratio value of the element is reduced by 3 at% or more in any range when changing in the range of 4 to 20 nm.
- the “minimum value” means that the value of the atomic ratio of an element (oxygen, silicon, or carbon) changes from a decrease to an increase when the distance from the surface of the first barrier layer is changed. The distance from the surface of the first barrier layer in the film thickness direction of the first barrier layer from the point is further changed within the range of 4 to 20 nm, rather than the value of the atomic ratio of the element at that point. This is the point at which the value of the atomic ratio of the element at the position increases by 3 at% or more.
- the atomic ratio value of the element when changing in the range of 4 to 20 nm, the atomic ratio value of the element only needs to increase by 3 at% or more in any range.
- the lower limit of the distance between the extreme values in the case of having at least three extreme values is particularly high because the smaller the distance between the extreme values, the higher the effect of suppressing / preventing crack generation when the gas barrier film is bent.
- the thickness is preferably 10 nm or more, and more preferably 30 nm or more.
- the first barrier layer has (iii) an absolute value of a difference between a maximum value and a minimum value of the atomic ratio of carbon in the carbon distribution curve (hereinafter also simply referred to as “C max ⁇ C min difference”) of 3 at. % Or more is preferable.
- C max ⁇ C min difference an absolute value of a difference between a maximum value and a minimum value of the atomic ratio of carbon in the carbon distribution curve
- the C max -C min difference is preferably 5 at% or more, more preferably 7 at% or more, and particularly preferably 10 at% or more.
- the “maximum value” is the atomic ratio of each element that is maximum in the distribution curve of each element, and is the highest value among the maximum values.
- the “minimum value” is the atomic ratio of each element that is the minimum in the distribution curve of each element, and is the lowest value among the minimum values.
- the upper limit of the C max -C min difference is not particularly limited, but is preferably 50 at% or less, and is preferably 40 at% or less in consideration of the effect of suppressing / preventing crack generation when the gas barrier film is bent. It is more preferable that
- the oxygen distribution curve of the first barrier layer preferably has at least one extreme value, more preferably has at least two extreme values, and further preferably has at least three extreme values.
- the oxygen distribution curve has at least one extreme value
- the gas barrier property when the obtained gas barrier film is bent is further improved as compared with a gas barrier film having no extreme value.
- the upper limit of the extreme value of the oxygen distribution curve is not particularly limited, but is preferably 20 or less, more preferably 10 or less, for example. Even in the number of extreme values of the oxygen distribution curve, there is a portion caused by the film thickness of the first barrier layer, and it cannot be defined unconditionally.
- one extreme value of the oxygen distribution curve and the first barrier layer in the thickness direction of the first barrier layer at the extreme value adjacent to the extreme value is preferably 200 nm or less, and more preferably 100 nm or less. With such a distance between extreme values, the occurrence of cracks during bending of the gas barrier film can be more effectively suppressed / prevented.
- the lower limit of the distance between the extreme values in the case of having at least three extreme values is not particularly limited, but considering the improvement effect of crack generation suppression / prevention when the gas barrier film is bent, the thermal expansion property, etc.
- the thickness is preferably 10 nm or more, and more preferably 30 nm or more.
- the absolute value of the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the atomic ratio of oxygen in the oxygen distribution curve of the first barrier layer (hereinafter also simply referred to as “O max ⁇ O min difference”) is 3 at% or more. Preferably, it is 6 at% or more, and more preferably 7 at% or more. When the absolute value is 3 at% or more, the gas barrier property when the obtained gas barrier film is bent is further improved.
- the upper limit of the O max -O min difference is not particularly limited, but it is preferably 50 at% or less, and is preferably 40 at% or less in consideration of the effect of suppressing / preventing crack generation at the time of bending of the gas barrier film. It is more preferable that
- the absolute value of the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the atomic ratio of silicon in the silicon distribution curve of the first barrier layer (hereinafter also simply referred to as “Si max -Si min difference”) is 10 at% or less. Preferably, it is 7 at% or less, more preferably 3 at% or less. When the absolute value is 10 at% or less, the gas barrier property of the obtained gas barrier film is further improved.
- the lower limit of Si max -Si min difference because the effect of improving the crack generation suppression / prevention during bending of Si max -Si min as gas barrier property difference is small film is high, is not particularly limited, and gas barrier property In consideration, it is preferably 1 at% or more, and more preferably 2 at% or more.
- the total amount of carbon and oxygen atoms in the film thickness direction of the first barrier layer is substantially constant.
- the 1st barrier layer exhibits moderate flexibility, and the crack generation at the time of bending of a gas barrier film is controlled and prevented more effectively.
- the oxygen atoms and carbon atoms with respect to the distance (L) from the surface of the first barrier layer in the film thickness direction of the first barrier layer and the total amount of silicon atoms, oxygen atoms, and carbon atoms
- the absolute value of the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the total atomic ratio of oxygen and carbon in the oxygen carbon distribution curve is preferably less than 5 at%, more preferably less than 4 at%, and even more preferably less than 3 at%.
- the lower limit of the OC max -OC min difference since preferably as OC max -OC min difference is small, but is 0 atomic%, it is sufficient if more than 0.1 at%.
- the silicon distribution curve, the oxygen distribution curve, the carbon distribution curve, and the oxygen carbon distribution curve are obtained by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurement and rare gas ion sputtering such as argon in combination.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- rare gas ion sputtering such as argon in combination.
- XPS depth profile measurement in which surface composition analysis is sequentially performed while exposing the inside of the sample.
- a distribution curve obtained by such XPS depth profile measurement can be created, for example, with the vertical axis as the atomic ratio (unit: at%) of each element and the horizontal axis as the etching time (sputtering time).
- the etching time is the distance (L from the surface of the first barrier layer in the film thickness direction of the first barrier layer in the film thickness direction). ) From the relationship between the etching rate and the etching time employed in the XPS depth profile measurement as “the distance from the surface of the first barrier layer in the film thickness direction of the first barrier layer”. The calculated distance from the surface of the first barrier layer can be employed.
- the silicon distribution curve, oxygen distribution curve, carbon distribution curve, and oxygen carbon distribution curve can be prepared under the following measurement conditions.
- Etching ion species Argon (Ar + ) Etching rate (converted to SiO 2 thermal oxide film): 0.05 nm / sec Etching interval (SiO 2 equivalent value): 10 nm
- X-ray photoelectron spectrometer Model name "VG Theta Probe", manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific Irradiation X-ray: Single crystal spectroscopy AlK ⁇ X-ray spot and its size: 800 ⁇ 400 ⁇ m oval.
- the film thickness (dry film thickness) of the first barrier layer formed by the plasma CVD method is not particularly limited as long as the above (i) to (iii) are satisfied.
- the film thickness per layer of the first barrier layer is preferably 20 to 3000 nm, more preferably 50 to 2500 nm, and particularly preferably 100 to 1000 nm. With such a film thickness, the gas barrier film can exhibit excellent gas barrier properties and the effect of suppressing / preventing cracking during bending.
- each first barrier layer has the film thickness as described above.
- the first barrier layer is in the film surface direction (parallel to the surface of the first barrier layer).
- Direction is preferably substantially uniform.
- the fact that the first barrier layer is substantially uniform in the film surface direction means that the oxygen distribution curve and the carbon are measured at any two measurement points on the film surface of the first barrier layer by XPS depth profile measurement.
- the distribution curve and the oxygen carbon distribution curve are created, the number of extreme values of the carbon distribution curve obtained at any two measurement locations is the same, and the atomic ratio of carbon in each carbon distribution curve The absolute value of the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value is the same or within 5 at%.
- the carbon distribution curve is substantially continuous.
- the carbon distribution curve is substantially continuous means that the carbon distribution curve does not include a portion where the atomic ratio of carbon changes discontinuously.
- the carbon distribution curve is calculated from the etching rate and the etching time. The distance (x, unit: nm) from the surface of the first barrier layer in the film thickness direction of at least one layer of the first barrier layer and the atomic ratio of carbon (C, unit: at%) ), The condition expressed by the following formula 1 is satisfied.
- the first barrier layer that satisfies all of the above conditions (i) to (iii) may include only one layer, or may include two or more layers. Further, when two or more such first barrier layers are provided, the materials of the plurality of first barrier layers may be the same or different.
- the atomic ratio of silicon, the atomic ratio of oxygen, and the atomic ratio of carbon are in a region of 90% or more of the film thickness of the first barrier layer.
- the atomic ratio of the silicon atom content to the total amount of silicon atoms, oxygen atoms, and carbon atoms in the first barrier layer is 20 to 45 at%. It is preferably 25 to 40 at%.
- the atomic ratio of the oxygen atom content to the total amount of silicon atoms, oxygen atoms, and carbon atoms in the first barrier layer is preferably 45 to 75 at%, and preferably 50 to 70 at%. Is more preferable.
- the atomic ratio of the carbon atom content to the total amount of silicon atoms, oxygen atoms, and carbon atoms in the first barrier layer is preferably 0.5 to 25 at%, and 1 to 20 at%. More preferably.
- the method for forming the first barrier layer is not particularly limited, and the conventional method and the method can be applied in the same manner or appropriately modified.
- the first barrier layer is preferably a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, particularly a plasma chemical vapor deposition method (plasma CVD, PECVD (plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition), hereinafter simply referred to as “plasma CVD method”).
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- PECVD plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
- the plasma CVD method may be a Penning discharge plasma type plasma CVD method.
- plasma discharge in a space between a plurality of film forming rollers it is preferable to generate plasma discharge in a space between a plurality of film forming rollers.
- a pair of film forming rollers is used, and each of the pair of film forming rollers is used. More preferably, a substrate is placed and discharged between a pair of film forming rollers to generate plasma.
- the film formation rate can be doubled compared to the plasma CVD method without using any roller, and since it is possible to form a film having a structure that is substantially the same, it is possible to at least double the extreme value in the carbon distribution curve, It is possible to efficiently form a layer that satisfies all of the above conditions (i) to (iii).
- the film forming gas used in such a plasma CVD method preferably includes an organic silicon compound and oxygen, and the content of oxygen in the film forming gas is determined by the organosilicon compound in the film forming gas. It is preferable that the amount of oxygen be less than the theoretical oxygen amount necessary for complete oxidation.
- the first barrier layer is preferably a layer formed by a continuous film formation process.
- the gas barrier film according to the present invention preferably has the first barrier layer formed on the surface of the substrate by a roll-to-roll method from the viewpoint of productivity.
- an apparatus that can be used when the first barrier layer is manufactured by such a plasma CVD method is not particularly limited, and includes at least a pair of film forming rollers and a plasma power source. It is preferable that the apparatus has a configuration capable of discharging between the film forming rollers. For example, in the case where the manufacturing apparatus shown in FIG. 2 is used, a roll-to-roll method using a plasma CVD method is used. Can also be manufactured.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a manufacturing apparatus that can be suitably used for manufacturing the first barrier layer by this manufacturing method.
- the same or corresponding elements are denoted by the same reference numerals, and redundant description is omitted.
- the manufacturing apparatus 31 shown in FIG. 2 includes a delivery roller 32, transport rollers 33, 34, 35, and 36, film formation rollers 39 and 40, a gas supply pipe 41, a plasma generation power source 42, and a film formation roller 39. And magnetic field generators 43 and 44 installed inside 40 and a winding roller 45.
- a vacuum chamber (not shown).
- the vacuum chamber is connected to a vacuum pump (not shown), and the pressure in the vacuum chamber can be appropriately adjusted by the vacuum pump.
- each film-forming roller has a power source for plasma generation so that the pair of film-forming rollers (the film-forming roller 39 and the film-forming roller 40) can function as a pair of counter electrodes. 42. Therefore, in such a manufacturing apparatus 31, it is possible to discharge into the space between the film forming roller 39 and the film forming roller 40 by supplying electric power from the plasma generating power source 42. Plasma can be generated in the space between the film roller 39 and the film formation roller 40. In this way, when the film forming roller 39 and the film forming roller 40 are also used as electrodes, the material and design thereof may be appropriately changed so that they can also be used as electrodes.
- the first barrier layer 3 can be formed on the surface of the substrate 2 by the CVD method, and the first barrier layer 3 is formed on the surface of the substrate 2 on the film formation roller 39. While the first barrier layer component is deposited, the first barrier layer component can be deposited on the surface of the substrate 2 also on the film forming roller 40, so that the first barrier is formed on the surface of the substrate 2. A layer can be formed efficiently.
- magnetic field generators 43 and 44 fixed so as not to rotate even when the film forming roller rotates are provided, respectively.
- the magnetic field generators 43 and 44 provided on the film forming roller 39 and the film forming roller 40 are respectively a magnetic field generating device 43 provided on one film forming roller 39 and a magnetic field generating device provided on the other film forming roller 40. It is preferable to arrange the magnetic poles so that the magnetic field lines do not cross between them and the magnetic field generators 43 and 44 form a substantially closed magnetic circuit. By providing such magnetic field generators 43 and 44, it is possible to promote the formation of a magnetic field in which magnetic lines of force swell near the opposing surface of each film forming roller 39 and 40, and the plasma is converged on the bulging portion. Since it becomes easy, it is excellent at the point which can improve the film-forming efficiency.
- the magnetic field generators 43 and 44 provided in the film forming roller 39 and the film forming roller 40 respectively have racetrack-shaped magnetic poles that are long in the roller axis direction, and one magnetic field generator 43 and the other magnetic field generator. It is preferable to arrange the magnetic poles so that the magnetic poles facing to 44 have the same polarity.
- By providing such magnetic field generators 43 and 44 the opposing space along the length direction of the roller shaft without straddling the magnetic field generator on the roller side where the magnetic lines of force of each of the magnetic field generators 43 and 44 are opposed.
- a racetrack-like magnetic field can be easily formed in the vicinity of the roller surface facing the (discharge region), and the plasma can be converged on the magnetic field.
- the material 2 is excellent in that the first barrier layer 3 that is a vapor deposition film can be efficiently formed.
- the film formation roller 39 and the film formation roller 40 known rollers can be used as appropriate. As such film forming rollers 39 and 40, those having the same diameter are preferably used from the viewpoint of forming a thin film more efficiently. Further, the diameter of the film forming rollers 39 and 40 is preferably in the range of 300 to 1000 mm ⁇ , particularly in the range of 300 to 700 mm ⁇ , from the viewpoint of discharge conditions, chamber space, and the like. If the diameter of the film forming roller is 300 mm ⁇ or more, the plasma discharge space will not be reduced, so that the productivity will not be deteriorated and it is possible to avoid applying the total amount of heat of the plasma discharge to the substrate 2 in a short time. It is preferable because damage to the material 2 can be reduced. On the other hand, if the diameter of the film forming roller is 1000 mm ⁇ or less, it is preferable because practicality can be maintained in terms of apparatus design including uniformity of plasma discharge space.
- the base material 2 is disposed on a pair of film forming rollers (the film forming roller 39 and the film forming roller 40) so that the surfaces of the base material 2 face each other.
- the base material 2 By disposing the base material 2 in this manner, when the plasma is generated by performing discharge in the facing space between the film formation roller 39 and the film formation roller 40, the base existing between the pair of film formation rollers is present.
- Each surface of the material 2 can be formed simultaneously. That is, according to such a manufacturing apparatus, the first barrier layer component is deposited on the surface of the base material 2 on the film forming roller 39 by the plasma CVD method, and the first film forming roller 40 further performs the first operation. Therefore, it is possible to efficiently form the first barrier layer on the surface of the substrate 2.
- the winding roller 45 is not particularly limited as long as it can wind the gas barrier film 1 in which the first barrier layer 3 is formed on the substrate 2, and a known roller is appropriately used. Can be used.
- gas supply pipe 41 and the vacuum pump those capable of supplying or discharging the raw material gas at a predetermined speed can be appropriately used.
- the gas supply pipe 41 as a gas supply means is preferably provided in one of the facing spaces (discharge region; film formation zone) between the film formation roller 39 and the film formation roller 40, and is a vacuum as a vacuum exhaust means.
- a pump (not shown) is preferably provided on the other side of the facing space.
- the plasma generating power source 42 a known power source of a plasma generating apparatus can be used as appropriate.
- a plasma generating power supply 42 supplies power to the film forming roller 39 and the film forming roller 40 connected thereto, and makes it possible to use these as counter electrodes for discharge.
- Such a plasma generating power source 42 can perform plasma CVD more efficiently, and can alternately reverse the polarity of the pair of film forming rollers (AC power source or the like). Is preferably used.
- the plasma generating power source 42 can perform plasma CVD more efficiently, the applied power can be set to 100 W to 10 kW, and the AC frequency can be set to 50 Hz to 500 kHz. More preferably, it is possible to do this.
- the magnetic field generators 43 and 44 known magnetic field generators can be used as appropriate.
- the base material 2 in addition to the base material used in the present invention, a material in which the first barrier layer 3 is previously formed can be used. As described above, by using the substrate 2 in which the first barrier layer 3 is formed in advance, the thickness of the first barrier layer 3 can be increased.
- the type of source gas, the power of the electrode drum of the plasma generator, the pressure in the vacuum chamber, the diameter of the film forming roller, and the transport of the film (base material) By appropriately adjusting the speed, the first barrier layer according to the present invention can be produced. That is, using the manufacturing apparatus 31 shown in FIG. 2, a discharge is generated between the pair of film forming rollers (film forming rollers 39 and 40) while supplying a film forming gas (raw material gas, etc.) into the vacuum chamber.
- the film-forming gas (raw material gas or the like) is decomposed by plasma, and the first barrier layer 3 is formed on the surface of the base material 2 on the film-forming roller 39 and on the surface of the base material 2 on the film-forming roller 40.
- a racetrack-shaped magnetic field is formed in the vicinity of the roller surface facing the facing space (discharge region) along the length direction of the roller axes of the film forming rollers 39 and 40, and the plasma is converged on the magnetic field.
- the base material 2 passes the point A of the film forming roller 39 and the point B of the film forming roller 40 in FIG. 2, the maximum value of the carbon distribution curve is formed in the first barrier layer.
- the base material 2 passes the points C1 and C2 of the film forming roller 39 and the points C3 and C4 of the film forming roller 40 in FIG. A local minimum is formed. For this reason, five extreme values are usually generated for two film forming rollers. Further, the distance between the extreme values of the first barrier layer (the surface of the first barrier layer in the thickness direction of the first barrier layer at one extreme value of the carbon distribution curve and the extreme value adjacent to the extreme value) (The absolute value of the difference in distance (L) from) can be adjusted by the rotation speed of the film forming rollers 39 and 40 (conveyance speed of the substrate). In such film formation, the substrate 2 is conveyed by the delivery roller 32, the film formation roller 39, and the like, respectively, so that the surface of the substrate 2 is formed by a roll-to-roll continuous film formation process. First barrier layer 3 is formed.
- a raw material gas, a reactive gas, a carrier gas, or a discharge gas can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the source gas in the film forming gas used for forming the first barrier layer 3 can be appropriately selected and used according to the material of the first barrier layer 3 to be formed.
- a source gas for example, an organic silicon compound containing silicon or an organic compound gas containing carbon can be used.
- organosilicon compounds examples include hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO), hexamethyldisilane (HMDS), 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, vinyltrimethylsilane, methyltrimethylsilane, hexamethyldisilane.
- HMDSO hexamethyldisiloxane
- HMDS hexamethyldisilane
- 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane vinyltrimethylsilane
- methyltrimethylsilane hexamethyldisilane.
- Methylsilane dimethylsilane, trimethylsilane, diethylsilane, propylsilane, phenylsilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), phenyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxy
- TMOS tetramethoxysilane
- TEOS tetraethoxysilane
- phenyltrimethoxysilane methyltriethoxy
- Examples include silane and octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane.
- hexamethyldisiloxane and 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane are preferable from the viewpoints of the handling properties of the compound and the gas barrier properties of the obtained first barrier layer.
- organosilicon compounds can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- organic compound gas containing carbon examples include methane, ethane, ethylene, and acetylene.
- an appropriate source gas is selected according to the type of the first barrier layer 3.
- a reactive gas may be used in addition to the raw material gas.
- a gas that reacts with the raw material gas to become an inorganic compound such as an oxide or a nitride can be appropriately selected and used.
- a reaction gas for forming an oxide for example, oxygen or ozone can be used.
- a reactive gas for forming nitride nitrogen and ammonia can be used, for example. These reaction gases can be used singly or in combination of two or more. For example, when forming an oxynitride, a reaction gas for forming an oxide and a nitride are formed. It can be used in combination with a reaction gas.
- a carrier gas may be used as necessary in order to supply the source gas into the vacuum chamber.
- a discharge gas may be used as necessary in order to generate plasma discharge.
- carrier gas and discharge gas known ones can be used as appropriate, for example, rare gases such as helium, argon, neon, xenon; hydrogen can be used.
- the ratio of the source gas and the reactive gas is the reaction gas that is theoretically necessary for completely reacting the source gas and the reactive gas. It is preferable not to make the ratio of the reaction gas excessive rather than the ratio of the amount. It is excellent in that excellent barrier properties and flex resistance can be obtained by forming the first barrier layer 3 by not excessively increasing the ratio of the reaction gas. Further, when the film forming gas contains the organosilicon compound and oxygen, the amount is less than the theoretical oxygen amount necessary for complete oxidation of the entire amount of the organosilicon compound in the film forming gas. It is preferable.
- hexamethyldisiloxane organosilicon compound, HMDSO, (CH 3 ) 6 Si 2 O
- one containing oxygen (O 2 ) as a reaction gas.
- a film-forming gas containing hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO, (CH 3 ) 6 Si 2 O) as a source gas and oxygen (O 2 ) as a reaction gas is reacted by plasma CVD to form a silicon-oxygen system
- HMDSO, (CH 3 ) 6 Si 2 O hexamethyldisiloxane
- O 2 oxygen
- the amount of oxygen required to completely oxidize 1 mol of hexamethyldisiloxane is 12 mol. Therefore, a uniform silicon dioxide film is formed when oxygen is contained in the film forming gas in an amount of 12 moles or more per mole of hexamethyldisiloxane and a uniform silicon dioxide film is formed (a carbon distribution curve exists). Therefore, the first barrier layer that satisfies all the above conditions (i) to (iii) cannot be formed. Therefore, in the present invention, when the first barrier layer is formed, the stoichiometric amount of oxygen is set to 1 mole of hexamethyldisiloxane so that the reaction of the reaction formula 1 does not proceed completely.
- the ratio is preferably less than 12 moles.
- the raw material hexamethyldisiloxane and the reaction gas oxygen are supplied from the gas supply unit to the film formation region to form a film, so the molar amount of oxygen in the reaction gas Even if the (flow rate) is 12 times the molar amount (flow rate) of the raw material hexamethyldisiloxane (flow rate), the reaction cannot actually proceed completely, and the oxygen content is reduced.
- the reaction is completed only when a large excess is supplied compared to the stoichiometric ratio (for example, in order to obtain silicon oxide by complete oxidation by CVD, the molar amount (flow rate) of oxygen is changed to the hexamethyldioxide raw material.
- the molar amount (flow rate) of oxygen with respect to the molar amount (flow rate) of the raw material hexamethyldisiloxane is preferably an amount of 12 times or less (more preferably 10 times or less) which is the stoichiometric ratio. .
- the molar amount of oxygen relative to the molar amount (flow rate) of hexamethyldisiloxane in the deposition gas is preferably greater than 0.1 times the molar amount (flow rate) of hexamethyldisiloxane, more preferably greater than 0.5 times.
- the pressure (degree of vacuum) in the vacuum chamber can be appropriately adjusted according to the type of the raw material gas, but is preferably in the range of 0.5 Pa to 50 Pa.
- an electrode drum connected to the plasma generating power source 42 (in this embodiment, the film forming roller 39) is used.
- the power applied to the power source can be adjusted as appropriate according to the type of the source gas, the pressure in the vacuum chamber, and the like. It is preferable to be in the range. If such an applied power is 100 W or more, the generation of particles can be sufficiently suppressed, and if it is 10 kW or less, the amount of heat generated during film formation can be suppressed, and the substrate during film formation can be suppressed. An increase in surface temperature can be suppressed. Therefore, it is excellent in that wrinkles can be prevented during film formation without causing the substrate to lose heat.
- the conveyance speed (line speed) of the base material 2 can be appropriately adjusted according to the type of source gas, the pressure in the vacuum chamber, etc., but is preferably in the range of 0.25 to 100 m / min. More preferably, it is in the range of 5 to 20 m / min. If the line speed is 0.25 m / min or more, generation of wrinkles due to heat in the substrate can be effectively suppressed. On the other hand, if it is 100 m / min or less, it is excellent at the point which can ensure sufficient film thickness as a 1st barrier layer, without impairing productivity.
- a plasma CVD method using the plasma CVD apparatus (roll-to-roll method) having the counter roll electrode shown in FIG. 2 as the first barrier layer according to the present invention.
- the film is formed by the above. This is excellent in flexibility (flexibility) and mechanical strength, especially when transported by roll-to-roll, when mass-produced using a plasma CVD apparatus (roll-to-roll method) having a counter roll electrode. This is because it is possible to efficiently manufacture the first barrier layer in which the barrier performance is compatible.
- Such a manufacturing apparatus is also excellent in that it can inexpensively and easily mass-produce gas barrier films that are required for durability against temperature changes used in solar cells and electronic components.
- the first barrier layer according to the present invention is formed by a method (coating method) formed by modifying a coating film formed by applying a liquid containing an inorganic compound, preferably a liquid containing a silicon compound. May be.
- a liquid containing an inorganic compound preferably a liquid containing a silicon compound.
- the silicon compound will be described as an example of the inorganic compound, but the inorganic compound is not limited to the silicon compound.
- the silicon compound is not particularly limited as long as a coating solution containing a silicon compound can be prepared.
- perhydropolysilazane organopolysilazane, silsesquioxane, tetramethylsilane, trimethylmethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, trimethylethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, Tetramethoxysilane, tetramethoxysilane, hexamethyldisiloxane, hexamethyldisilazane, 1,1-dimethyl-1-silacyclobutane, trimethylvinylsilane, methoxydimethylvinylsilane, trimethoxyvinylsilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane, dimethyldivinylsilane, dimethyl Ethoxyethynylsilane, diacetoxydimethylsilane, dimethoxymethyl-3,3,3-
- silsesquioxane examples include Mayatels Q8 series and hydrogenated silsesquioxane containing no organic group.
- polysilazane such as perhydropolysilazane and organopolysilazane; polysiloxane such as silsesquioxane, etc. are preferable in terms of film formation, fewer defects such as cracks, and less residual organic matter, and high gas barrier performance.
- Polysilazane is more preferable, and perhydropolysilazane is particularly preferable because the barrier performance is maintained even when bent and under high temperature and high humidity conditions.
- Polysilazane is a polymer having a silicon-nitrogen bond, such as SiO 2 , Si 3 N 4 having a bond such as Si—N, Si—H, or N—H, and ceramics such as both intermediate solid solutions SiO x N y. It is a precursor inorganic polymer.
- the polysilazane preferably has the following structure.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, aryl group, vinyl group or (trialkoxysilyl) alkyl group. .
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 may be the same or different.
- examples of the alkyl group include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
- the aryl group include aryl groups having 6 to 30 carbon atoms.
- non-condensed hydrocarbon group such as phenyl group, biphenyl group, terphenyl group; pentarenyl group, indenyl group, naphthyl group, azulenyl group, heptaenyl group, biphenylenyl group, fluorenyl group, acenaphthylenyl group, preadenenyl group , Condensed polycyclic hydrocarbon groups such as acenaphthenyl group, phenalenyl group, phenanthryl group, anthryl group, fluoranthenyl group, acephenanthrenyl group, aceantrirenyl group, triphenylenyl group, pyrenyl group, chrysenyl group, naphthacenyl group, etc.
- non-condensed hydrocarbon group such as phenyl group, biphenyl group, terphenyl group; pentarenyl group, indenyl group, nap
- the (trialkoxysilyl) alkyl group includes an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms having a silyl group substituted with an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. More specific examples include 3- (triethoxysilyl) propyl group and 3- (trimethoxysilyl) propyl group.
- the substituent optionally present in R 1 to R 3 is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include an alkyl group, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group (—OH), a mercapto group (—SH), a cyano group (—CN), There are a sulfo group (—SO 3 H), a carboxyl group (—COOH), a nitro group (—NO 2 ) and the like.
- the optionally present substituent is not the same as R 1 to R 3 to be substituted. For example, when R 1 to R 3 are alkyl groups, they are not further substituted with alkyl groups.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are preferably hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, vinyl, 3 -(Triethoxysilyl) propyl group or 3- (trimethoxysilylpropyl) group.
- n is an integer
- the polysilazane having the structure represented by the general formula (I) is determined to have a number average molecular weight of 150 to 150,000 g / mol. preferable.
- one of preferred embodiments is perhydropolysilazane in which all of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen atoms.
- polysilazane has a structure represented by the following general formula (II).
- R 1 ′ , R 2 ′ , R 3 ′ , R 4 ′ , R 5 ′ and R 6 ′ each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, An aryl group, a vinyl group or a (trialkoxysilyl) alkyl group.
- R 1 ′ , R 2 ′ , R 3 ′ , R 4 ′ , R 5 ′ and R 6 ′ may be the same or different.
- the substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, aryl group, vinyl group or (trialkoxysilyl) alkyl group in the above is the same as the definition of the general formula (I), and thus the description is omitted.
- n ′ and p are integers, and the polysilazane having the structure represented by the general formula (II) is determined to have a number average molecular weight of 150 to 150,000 g / mol. It is preferred that Note that n ′ and p may be the same or different.
- R 1 ′ , R 3 ′ and R 6 ′ each represent a hydrogen atom, and R 2 ′ , R 4 ′ and R 5 ′ each represent a methyl group;
- R 1 ' , R 3' and R 6 ' each represents a hydrogen atom, R 2' and R 4 ' each represents a methyl group and R 5' represents a vinyl group;
- R 1 ' , R 3' and R 4 A compound in which ' and R 6' each represent a hydrogen atom and R 2 ' and R 5' each represents a methyl group is preferred.
- polysilazane has a structure represented by the following general formula (III).
- R 1 ′′ , R 2 ′′ , R 3 ′′ , R 4 ′′ , R 5 ′′ , R 6 ′′ , R 7 ′′ , R 8 ′′ and R 9 ′′ are each independently A hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, aryl group, vinyl group or (trialkoxysilyl) alkyl group, wherein R 1 " , R 2" , R 3 " , R 4" , R 5 " , R 6 ′′ , R 7 ′′ , R 8 ′′ and R 9 ′′ may be the same or different.
- the substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, aryl group, vinyl group or (trialkoxysilyl) alkyl group in the above is the same as the definition of the general formula (I), and thus the description is omitted.
- n ′′, p ′′ and q are integers, and the polysilazane having the structure represented by the general formula (III) has a number average molecular weight of 150 to 150,000 g / mol. It is preferable to be determined as follows. N “ , p " and q may be the same or different.
- R 1 ′′ , R 3 ′′ and R 6 ′′ each represent a hydrogen atom
- R 2 ′′ , R 4 ′′ , R 5 ′′ and R 8 ′′ each represent a methyl group.
- R 9 ′′ represents a (triethoxysilyl) propyl group
- R 7 ′′ represents an alkyl group or a hydrogen atom.
- the organopolysilazane in which a part of the hydrogen atom part bonded to Si is substituted with an alkyl group or the like has an improved adhesion to the base material as a base by having an alkyl group such as a methyl group and is hard.
- the ceramic film made of brittle polysilazane can be toughened, and there is an advantage that the occurrence of cracks can be suppressed even when the (average) film thickness is increased. For this reason, these perhydropolysilazane and organopolysilazane may be appropriately selected according to the application, and may be used in combination.
- Perhydropolysilazane is presumed to have a linear structure and a ring structure centered on 6- and 8-membered rings.
- the number average molecular weight (Mn) is about 600 to 2000 (polystyrene conversion), and there are liquid or solid substances, and the state varies depending on the molecular weight.
- Polysilazane is commercially available in a solution state dissolved in an organic solvent, and the commercially available product can be used as it is as the first barrier layer forming coating solution.
- Examples of commercially available polysilazane solutions include Aquamica (registered trademark) NN120-10, NN120-20, NAX120-20, NN110, NN310, NN320, NL110A, NL120A, NL120-20, NL150A, and NP110 manufactured by AZ Electronic Materials Co., Ltd. NP140, SP140 and the like.
- polysilazane examples include, but are not limited to, for example, a silicon alkoxide-added polysilazane obtained by reacting the polysilazane with a silicon alkoxide (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-23827), and a glycidol reaction.
- a silicon alkoxide-added polysilazane obtained by reacting the polysilazane with a silicon alkoxide
- glycidol-added polysilazane Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 6-122852
- alcohol-added polysilazane obtained by reacting alcohol
- metal carboxylate obtained by reacting metal carboxylate Addition polysilazane (JP-A-6-299118), acetylacetonate complex-added polysilazane obtained by reacting a metal-containing acetylacetonate complex (JP-A-6-306329), metal obtained by adding metal fine particles Fine particle added policy Zhang such (JP-A-7-196986), and a polysilazane ceramic at low temperatures.
- the content of polysilazane in the first barrier layer before the modification treatment may be 100% by weight when the total weight of the first barrier layer is 100% by weight.
- the content of polysilazane in the layer is preferably 10% by weight or more and 99% by weight or less, and 40% by weight or more and 95% by weight or less. More preferably, it is 70 wt% or more and 95 wt% or less.
- the method for forming the first barrier layer by the application method as described above is not particularly limited, and a known method can be applied. However, the first barrier layer formation containing a silicon compound and, if necessary, a catalyst in an organic solvent is possible. It is preferable to apply the coating liquid for coating by a known wet coating method, evaporate and remove the solvent, and then perform a modification treatment.
- the solvent for preparing the first barrier layer forming coating solution is not particularly limited as long as it can dissolve the silicon compound, but water and reactive groups (for example, hydroxyl group) that easily react with the silicon compound.
- the solvent includes an aprotic solvent; for example, carbon such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, alicyclic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, toluene, xylene, solvesso, and turben.
- Hydrogen solvents Halogen hydrocarbon solvents such as methylene chloride and trichloroethane; Esters such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate; Ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; Aliphatic ethers such as dibutyl ether, dioxane and tetrahydrofuran; Alicyclic ethers and the like Ethers: Examples include tetrahydrofuran, dibutyl ether, mono- and polyalkylene glycol dialkyl ethers (diglymes), and the like.
- the solvent is selected according to purposes such as the solubility of the silicon compound and the evaporation rate of the solvent, and may be used alone or in the form of a mixture of two or more.
- the concentration of the silicon compound in the first barrier layer-forming coating solution is not particularly limited and varies depending on the film thickness of the layer and the pot life of the coating solution, but is preferably 1 to 80% by weight, more preferably 5 to 50. % By weight, particularly preferably 10 to 40% by weight.
- the first barrier layer forming coating solution preferably contains a catalyst in order to promote reforming.
- a basic catalyst is preferable, and in particular, N, N-diethylethanolamine, N, N-dimethylethanolamine, triethanolamine, triethylamine, 3-morpholinopropylamine, N, N, Amine catalysts such as N ′, N′-tetramethyl-1,3-diaminopropane, N, N, N ′, N′-tetramethyl-1,6-diaminohexane, Pt compounds such as Pt acetylacetonate, propion Examples thereof include metal catalysts such as Pd compounds such as acid Pd, Rh compounds such as Rh acetylacetonate, and N-heterocyclic compounds.
- the concentration of the catalyst added at this time is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 10% by weight, more preferably 0.5 to 7% by weight, based on the silicon compound. By setting the addition amount of the catalyst within this range, it is possible to avoid excessive silanol formation due to rapid progress of the reaction, decrease in film density, increase in film defects, and the like.
- the following additives can be used in the first barrier layer forming coating solution as necessary.
- cellulose ethers, cellulose esters for example, ethyl cellulose, nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetobutyrate, etc.
- natural resins for example, rubber, rosin resin, etc., synthetic resins
- Aminoplasts in particular urea resins, melamine formaldehyde resins, alkyd resins, acrylic resins, polyesters or modified polyesters, epoxides, polyisocyanates or blocked polyisocyanates, or polysiloxanes.
- a sol-gel method can be used for forming the first barrier layer.
- the coating liquid used when forming the first barrier layer by the sol-gel method preferably contains a silicon compound and at least one of a polyvinyl alcohol resin and an ethylene / vinyl alcohol copolymer. Further, the coating liquid preferably contains a sol-gel method catalyst, an acid, water, and an organic solvent. In the sol-gel method, the first barrier layer is obtained by polycondensation using such a coating solution.
- the silicon compound an alkoxide represented by the general formula R A O Si (OR B ) p is preferably used.
- R A and R B each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms
- O represents an integer of 0 or more
- p represents an integer of 1 or more.
- Specific examples of the alkoxysilane include tetramethoxysilane (Si (OCH 3 ) 4 ), tetraethoxysilane (Si (OC 2 H 5 ) 4 ), and tetrapropoxysilane (Si (OC 3 H 7 ) 4. ), Tetrabutoxysilane (Si (OC 4 H 9 ) 4 ) and the like can be used.
- the content of the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin and / or ethylene / vinyl alcohol copolymer in the coating solution is preferably in the range of 5 to 500 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the above silicon compound, and 20 to 200 parts by weight is more preferred.
- a polyvinyl alcohol-type resin what is generally obtained by saponifying polyvinyl acetate can be used.
- polyvinyl alcohol resin examples include partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol resin in which several tens of percent of acetate groups remain, completely saponified polyvinyl alcohol in which acetate groups do not remain, or modified polyvinyl alcohol in which OH groups have been modified. Any of these resins may be used.
- Specific examples of the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin include Kuraray Poval (registered trademark) manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd., and Gohsenol (registered trademark) manufactured by Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
- a saponified product of a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate that is, a product obtained by saponifying an ethylene-vinyl acetate random copolymer should be used.
- a saponified product of a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate that is, a product obtained by saponifying an ethylene-vinyl acetate random copolymer should be used.
- Specific examples include partial saponification products in which several tens mol% of acetic acid groups remain to complete saponification products in which acetic acid groups remain only a few mol% or no acetic acid groups remain.
- the preferable saponification degree is preferably 80 mol% or more, more preferably 90 mol% or more, and further preferably 95 mol% or more.
- the content of the repeating unit derived from ethylene in the ethylene / vinyl alcohol copolymer is usually 0 to 50 mol%, preferably 20 to 45 mol%. It is preferable to use it.
- ethylene content is usually 0 to 50 mol%, preferably 20 to 45 mol%. It is preferable to use it.
- Specific examples of the above ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer include Kuraray Co., Ltd., EVAL (registered trademark) EP-F101 (ethylene content: 32 mol%), Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Soarnol (registered trademark). D2908 (ethylene content; 29 mol%) and the like can be used.
- the sol-gel catalyst mainly a polycondensation catalyst, a tertiary amine that is substantially insoluble in water and soluble in an organic solvent is used.
- a tertiary amine that is substantially insoluble in water and soluble in an organic solvent is used.
- N, N-dimethylbenzylamine, tripropylamine, tributylamine, tripentylamine and the like can be used.
- the acid include those used as a catalyst for the sol-gel method, mainly as a catalyst for hydrolysis of an alkoxide or a silane coupling agent.
- the acid include mineral acids such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid, and organic acids such as acetic acid and tartaric acid.
- the coating solution preferably contains water in a proportion of preferably 0.1 to 100 mol, more preferably 0.8 to 2 mol with respect to 1 mol of the total molar amount of the alkoxide.
- organic solvent used in the coating solution by the sol-gel method for example, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol and the like can be used.
- ethylene / vinyl alcohol copolymer solubilized in a solvent for example, those commercially available as Soarnol (registered trademark, manufactured by Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) can be used.
- Soarnol registered trademark, manufactured by Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
- a silane coupling agent or the like can be added to the coating solution by the sol-gel method.
- Method for applying first barrier layer forming coating solution As a method for applying the first barrier layer forming coating solution, a conventionally known appropriate wet coating method may be employed. Specific examples include a spin coating method, a roll coating method, a flow coating method, an ink jet method, a spray coating method, a printing method, a dip coating method, a casting film forming method, a bar coating method, and a gravure printing method.
- the coating thickness can be appropriately set according to the purpose.
- the coating thickness per first barrier layer is preferably about 10 nm to 10 ⁇ m after drying, more preferably 15 nm to 1 ⁇ m, and further preferably 20 to 500 nm. preferable. If the film thickness is 10 nm or more, sufficient barrier properties can be obtained, and if it is 10 ⁇ m or less, stable coating properties can be obtained during layer formation, and high light transmittance can be realized.
- the coating film After applying the coating solution, it is preferable to dry the coating film.
- the organic solvent contained in the coating film can be removed. At this time, all of the organic solvent contained in the coating film may be dried or may be partially left. Even when a part of the organic solvent is left, a suitable first barrier layer can be obtained. The remaining solvent can be removed later.
- the drying temperature of the coating film varies depending on the substrate to be applied, but is preferably 50 to 200 ° C.
- the drying temperature is preferably set to 150 ° C. or less in consideration of deformation of the substrate due to heat.
- the temperature can be set by using a hot plate, oven, furnace or the like.
- the drying time is preferably set to a short time. For example, when the drying temperature is 150 ° C., the drying time is preferably set within 30 minutes.
- the drying atmosphere may be any condition such as an air atmosphere, a nitrogen atmosphere, an argon atmosphere, a vacuum atmosphere, or a reduced pressure atmosphere with a controlled oxygen concentration.
- the coating film obtained by applying the first barrier layer forming coating solution may include a step of removing moisture before or during the modification treatment.
- a method for removing moisture a form of dehumidification while maintaining a low humidity environment is preferable. Since humidity in a low-humidity environment varies depending on temperature, a preferable form is shown for the relationship between temperature and humidity by defining the dew point temperature.
- a preferable dew point temperature is 4 ° C. or lower (temperature 25 ° C./humidity 25%), a more preferable dew point temperature is ⁇ 5 ° C.
- the time for maintaining the dew point temperature of the first barrier layer is It is preferable to set appropriately depending on the film thickness. Under the condition that the film thickness of the first barrier layer is 1.0 ⁇ m or less, it is preferable that the dew point temperature is ⁇ 5 ° C. or less and the maintaining time is 1 minute or more.
- the lower limit of the dew point temperature is not particularly limited, but is usually ⁇ 50 ° C. or higher, and preferably ⁇ 40 ° C. or higher. It is preferable to perform a step of removing moisture before or during the modification treatment from the viewpoint of promoting the dehydration reaction of the first barrier layer converted to silanol.
- the modification treatment of the first barrier layer formed by the coating method in the present invention refers to a conversion reaction of a silicon compound to silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or the like. Specifically, the gas barrier film of the present invention is entirely formed. The process which forms the inorganic thin film of the level which can contribute to expressing gas barrier property as.
- the conversion reaction of the silicon compound to silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride can be applied by appropriately selecting a known method.
- Specific examples of the modification treatment include plasma treatment, ultraviolet irradiation treatment, and heat treatment.
- modification by heat treatment formation of a silicon oxide film or a silicon oxynitride layer by a substitution reaction of a silicon compound requires a high temperature of 450 ° C. or higher, so that it is difficult to adapt to a flexible substrate such as plastic. . For this reason, it is preferable to perform the heat treatment in combination with other reforming treatments.
- a plasma treatment capable of a conversion reaction at a lower temperature or a conversion reaction by ultraviolet irradiation treatment is preferable.
- a known method can be used for the plasma treatment that can be used as the reforming treatment, and an atmospheric pressure plasma treatment or the like can be preferably used.
- the atmospheric pressure plasma CVD method which performs plasma CVD processing near atmospheric pressure, does not need to be reduced in pressure and is more productive than the plasma CVD method under vacuum.
- the film speed is high, and further, under a high pressure condition under atmospheric pressure as compared with the conditions of a normal CVD method, the gas mean free process is very short, so that a very homogeneous film can be obtained.
- nitrogen gas or a gas containing Group 18 atoms of the long-period periodic table specifically helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon, or the like is used.
- nitrogen, helium, and argon are preferably used, and nitrogen is particularly preferable because of low cost.
- the modification treatment can be efficiently performed by heat-treating the coating film containing the silicon compound in combination with another modification treatment, preferably an excimer irradiation treatment described later.
- a layer is formed using a sol-gel method
- the heating conditions are preferably 50 to 300 ° C., more preferably 70 to 200 ° C., preferably 0.005 to 60 minutes, more preferably 0.01 to 10 minutes. Condensation can be performed to form a first barrier layer.
- the heat treatment for example, a method of heating a coating film by contacting a substrate with a heating element such as a heat block, a method of heating an atmosphere by an external heater such as a resistance wire, an infrared region such as an IR heater
- a heating element such as a heat block
- an external heater such as a resistance wire
- an infrared region such as an IR heater
- the temperature of the coating film during the heat treatment is preferably adjusted appropriately in the range of 50 to 250 ° C, and more preferably in the range of 50 to 120 ° C.
- the heating time is preferably in the range of 1 second to 10 hours, more preferably in the range of 10 seconds to 1 hour.
- UV irradiation treatment As one of the modification treatment methods, treatment by ultraviolet irradiation is preferable. Ozone and active oxygen atoms generated by ultraviolet rays (synonymous with ultraviolet light) have high oxidation ability, and can form silicon oxide films or silicon oxynitride films with high density and insulation at low temperatures It is.
- the substrate Due to this ultraviolet irradiation, the substrate is heated, and O 2 and H 2 O contributing to ceramicization (silica conversion), an ultraviolet absorber, and polysilazane itself are excited and activated. The ceramicization is promoted, and the obtained first barrier layer becomes denser. Irradiation with ultraviolet rays is effective at any time after the formation of the coating film.
- any commonly used ultraviolet ray generator can be used.
- the ultraviolet ray referred to in the present invention generally refers to an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength of 10 to 400 nm, but in the case of an ultraviolet irradiation treatment other than the vacuum ultraviolet ray (10 to 200 nm) treatment described later, it is preferably 210 to 375 nm. Use ultraviolet light.
- the irradiation intensity and the irradiation time are set within a range in which the substrate carrying the first barrier layer to be irradiated is not damaged.
- a 2 kW (80 W / cm ⁇ 25 cm) lamp is used, and the strength of the base material surface is 20 to 300 mW / cm 2 , preferably 50 to 200 mW / cm.
- the distance between the substrate and the ultraviolet irradiation lamp can be set so as to be 2, and irradiation can be performed for 0.1 seconds to 10 minutes.
- the substrate temperature during ultraviolet irradiation treatment is 150 ° C. or more
- the properties of the substrate are impaired, such as deformation of the substrate or deterioration of its strength.
- a modification treatment at a higher temperature is possible.
- the substrate temperature at the time of ultraviolet irradiation there is no general upper limit for the substrate temperature at the time of ultraviolet irradiation, and it can be appropriately set by those skilled in the art depending on the type of substrate.
- ultraviolet ray generating means examples include metal halide lamps, high pressure mercury lamps, low pressure mercury lamps, xenon arc lamps, carbon arc lamps, and excimer lamps (single wavelengths of 172 nm, 222 nm, and 308 nm, for example, USHIO INC. Manufactured by M.D. Com Co., Ltd.), UV light laser, and the like, but are not particularly limited.
- the ultraviolet rays from the generation source are reflected by the reflector and then applied to the first barrier layer. It is preferable to apply.
- UV irradiation can be applied to both batch processing and continuous processing, and can be appropriately selected depending on the shape of the substrate used.
- the laminated body having the first barrier layer on the surface can be processed in an ultraviolet baking furnace equipped with the above-described ultraviolet ray generation source.
- the ultraviolet baking furnace itself is generally known.
- an ultraviolet baking furnace manufactured by I-Graphics Co., Ltd. can be used.
- the laminated body which has a 1st barrier layer on the surface is a elongate film form, it irradiates an ultraviolet-ray continuously in the drying zone equipped with the above ultraviolet-ray generation sources, conveying this. Can be made into ceramics.
- the time required for the ultraviolet irradiation is generally from 0.1 second to 10 minutes, preferably from 0.5 second to 3 minutes, depending on the base material used and the composition and concentration of the first barrier layer.
- the most preferable modification treatment method is treatment by vacuum ultraviolet irradiation (excimer irradiation treatment).
- the treatment by the vacuum ultraviolet irradiation uses light energy of 100 to 200 nm, preferably light energy of a wavelength of 100 to 180 nm, which is larger than the interatomic bonding force in the polysilazane compound, and bonds atoms with only photons called photon processes.
- This is a method of forming a silicon oxide film at a relatively low temperature (about 200 ° C. or lower) by causing an oxidation reaction with active oxygen or ozone to proceed while cutting directly by action.
- the radiation source in the present invention may be any radiation source that emits light having a wavelength of 100 to 180 nm, but is preferably an excimer radiator having a maximum emission at about 172 nm (eg, Xe excimer lamp), and has an emission line at about 185 nm.
- Excimer radiator having a maximum emission at about 172 nm (eg, Xe excimer lamp)
- the Xe excimer lamp emits ultraviolet light having a short wavelength of 172 nm at a single wavelength, and thus has excellent luminous efficiency. Since this light has a large oxygen absorption coefficient, it can generate radical oxygen atom species and ozone at a high concentration with a very small amount of oxygen.
- the energy of light having a short wavelength of 172 nm has a high ability to dissociate organic bonds. Due to the high energy possessed by the active oxygen, ozone and ultraviolet radiation, the polysilazane coating can be modified in a short time.
- ⁇ Excimer lamps have high light generation efficiency and can be lit with low power.
- light having a long wavelength that causes a temperature increase due to light is not emitted, and energy is irradiated in the ultraviolet region, that is, in a short wavelength, so that the increase in the surface temperature of the target object is suppressed.
- it is suitable for flexible film materials such as PET that are easily affected by heat.
- Oxygen is required for the reaction at the time of ultraviolet irradiation, but since vacuum ultraviolet rays are absorbed by oxygen, the efficiency in the ultraviolet irradiation process tends to decrease. It is preferable to carry out in a state where the water vapor concentration is low. That is, the oxygen concentration at the time of irradiation with vacuum ultraviolet rays is preferably 10 to 20,000 volume ppm, more preferably 50 to 10,000 volume ppm. Also, the water vapor concentration during the conversion process is preferably in the range of 1,000 to 4,000 volume ppm.
- the gas satisfying the irradiation atmosphere used at the time of irradiation with vacuum ultraviolet rays is preferably a dry inert gas, and particularly preferably dry nitrogen gas from the viewpoint of cost.
- the oxygen concentration can be adjusted by measuring the flow rate of oxygen gas and inert gas introduced into the irradiation chamber and changing the flow rate ratio.
- the illuminance of the vacuum ultraviolet light on the coating surface received by the polysilazane coating is preferably 1 mW / cm 2 to 10 W / cm 2 , more preferably 30 mW / cm 2 to 200 mW / cm 2. preferably, further preferably at 50mW / cm 2 ⁇ 160mW / cm 2. If it is less than 1 mW / cm 2 , the reforming efficiency may be greatly reduced. If it exceeds 10 W / cm 2 , the coating film may be ablated or the substrate may be damaged.
- Irradiation energy amount of the VUV in the coated surface is preferably 10 ⁇ 10,000mJ / cm 2, more preferably 100 ⁇ 8,000mJ / cm 2, 200 ⁇ 6,000mJ More preferably, it is / cm 2 . Is less than 10 mJ / cm 2, there is a fear that the reforming becomes insufficient, 10,000 / cm 2 than the cracking or due to excessive modification concerns the thermal deformation of the substrate emerges.
- the vacuum ultraviolet light used for the modification may be generated by plasma formed of a gas containing at least one of CO, CO 2 and CH 4 (hereinafter also referred to as carbon-containing gas).
- the carbon-containing gas may be used alone, but is preferably used as a mixed gas in which a rare gas or H 2 is used as a main gas and a small amount of carbon-containing gas is added. Examples of plasma generation methods include capacitively coupled plasma.
- Si—H bonds and N—H bonds in perhydropolysilazane are cleaved relatively easily by excitation with vacuum ultraviolet irradiation and the like. It is considered that they are recombined as N (a dangling bond of Si may be formed). That is, it is cured as a SiN y composition without being oxidized. In this case, the polymer main chain is not broken. The breaking of Si—H bonds and N—H bonds is promoted by the presence of a catalyst and heating. The cut H is released out of the membrane as H 2 .
- Adjustment of the composition of the silicon oxynitride of the layer obtained by subjecting the polysilazane-containing layer to vacuum ultraviolet irradiation can be performed by controlling the oxidation state by appropriately combining the oxidation mechanisms (I) to (IV) described above. .
- the SiO absorbance is calculated by absorption (absorbance) at about 1160 cm ⁇ 1
- the SiN absorbance is about 840 cm ⁇ 1 . It shows that conversion to the ceramic close
- the SiO / SiN ratio serving as an index of the degree of conversion to ceramic is preferably 0.3 or more, more preferably 0.5 or more. If it is less than 0.3, the expected gas barrier property may not be obtained.
- a measuring method of silica conversion rate ( x in SiOx) it can measure using XPS method, for example.
- the film composition of the first barrier layer can be measured by measuring the atomic composition ratio using an XPS surface analyzer.
- the film composition can also be measured by cutting the first barrier layer and measuring the atomic composition ratio of the cut surface with an XPS surface analyzer.
- the film density of the first barrier layer can be appropriately set according to the purpose.
- the film density of the first barrier layer is preferably in the range of 1.5 to 2.6 g / cm 3 . If it is out of this range, the density of the film is lowered, and the barrier property may be deteriorated or the film may be oxidized and deteriorated due to humidity.
- the first barrier layer may be a single layer or a laminated structure of two or more layers.
- each first barrier layer may have the same composition or a different composition.
- the first barrier layer may be composed only of a layer formed by a vacuum film forming method, or only from a layer formed by a coating method. It may be a combination of a layer formed by a vacuum film forming method and a layer formed by a coating method.
- the first barrier layer preferably contains a nitrogen element or a carbon element from the viewpoint of stress relaxation and absorption of ultraviolet rays used for forming the second barrier layer described later.
- a nitrogen element or a carbon element from the viewpoint of stress relaxation and absorption of ultraviolet rays used for forming the second barrier layer described later.
- the chemical composition of the first barrier layer can be controlled by the type and amount of the silicon compound and the like when forming the first barrier layer, and the conditions when modifying the layer containing the silicon compound.
- the second barrier layer according to the present invention provided on the first barrier layer contains at least silicon atoms and oxygen atoms, and the abundance ratio of oxygen atoms to silicon atoms (O / Si) is 1.4 to 2.2, and the abundance ratio of nitrogen atoms to silicon atoms (N / Si) is 0 to 0.4.
- the abundance ratio of oxygen atoms to silicon atoms (O / Si) is 1.4 to 2.2” means any depth of the second barrier layer measured by the apparatus and method described later. Even in terms of points, this means that there is no portion where O / Si is less than 1.4 or greater than 2.2.
- the abundance ratio of nitrogen atoms to silicon atoms (N / Si) is 0 to 0.4” means any depth of the second barrier layer measured by the apparatus and method described later. , N / Si means that there is no portion showing a value exceeding 0.4.
- the second barrier layer When the abundance ratio of oxygen atoms to silicon atoms (O / Si) in the second barrier layer is 1.4 or more, the second barrier layer hardly reacts with moisture under high temperature and high humidity, and the barrier property is improved. It becomes easy to form a film. On the other hand, if it is 2.2 or less, silanol groups (Si—OH) are reduced in the molecule, and it becomes difficult for moisture to pass therethrough and a sufficient barrier property cannot be obtained.
- the O / Si is preferably 1.5 to 2.1, more preferably 1.7 to 2.0.
- the second barrier layer becomes difficult to react with moisture under high temperature and high humidity, and the barrier property is improved. It becomes easy to form a film.
- the N / Si is preferably 0 to 0.3, more preferably 0 to 0.2.
- the O / Si and the N / Si can be controlled by the amount of additive compounds such as water, alcohol compounds and metal alkoxide compounds described later, the amount of irradiation energy of vacuum ultraviolet rays, the temperature during irradiation, and the like.
- the O / Si and the N / Si can be measured by the following method. That is, the composition profile of the second barrier layer can be obtained by combining an Ar sputter etching apparatus and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- the profile distribution in the depth direction can be calculated by film processing by a FIB (focused ion beam) processing apparatus and by obtaining the actual film thickness by TEM (transmission electron microscope) and making it correspond to the XPS result.
- FIB focused ion beam
- FIG. 1 (FIB processing) Device: SII SMI2050 Processed ions: (Ga 30 kV) (TEM observation) Apparatus: JEOL JEM2000FX (acceleration voltage: 200 kV) Electron beam irradiation time: 5 to 60 seconds (element ratio in the depth direction of the film thickness from the surface of the second barrier layer)
- the XPS measurement (attention to Si, O, N) at each depth obtained by sputtering from the surface of the second barrier layer described above and the result of tomographic plane observation by TEM are collated, and O / Si and N / The average value of Si was calculated.
- the difference from the average value of the abundance ratio is preferably 0.4 or less.
- the region from the outermost surface to the depth of 10 nm in the second barrier layer can be determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
- the formation method for obtaining the second barrier layer as described above is not particularly limited, but polysilazane and a compound other than polysilazane (hereinafter also simply referred to as an additive compound) are used from the viewpoints of productivity, simplicity, and the like.
- a method of performing a modification treatment by irradiating the active layer with an active energy ray is preferable.
- a method for forming such a second barrier layer will be described.
- the method for forming the second barrier layer is not particularly limited, but a second barrier layer-forming coating solution containing an inorganic compound, preferably polysilazane, an additive compound, and, if necessary, a catalyst in an organic solvent is publicly known. Apply by wet coating method, remove this solvent by evaporating, then irradiate with active energy rays such as ultraviolet ray, electron beam, X-ray, ⁇ -ray, ⁇ -ray, ⁇ -ray, neutron beam, etc. The method of performing is preferred.
- polysilazane A specific example of polysilazane is the same as the content described in the section of “First Barrier Layer” above, and thus description thereof is omitted here.
- perhydropolysilazane is particularly preferable from the viewpoints of film forming properties, few defects such as cracks, few residual organic substances, and that barrier performance is maintained even when bent and under high temperature and high humidity conditions. .
- the additive compound examples include at least one selected from the group consisting of water, alcohol compounds, phenol compounds, metal alkoxide compounds, alkylamine compounds, alcohol-modified polysiloxanes, alkoxy-modified polysiloxanes, and alkylamino-modified polysiloxanes.
- Compounds At least one compound selected from the group consisting of alcohol compounds, phenol compounds, metal alkoxide compounds, alkylamine compounds, alcohol-modified polysiloxanes, alkoxy-modified polysiloxanes, and alkylamino-modified polysiloxanes is more preferable.
- the alcohol compound used as the additive compound include, for example, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, pentanol, isopentanol, hexanol, isohexanol, cyclohexyl alcohol, octanol, and isooctanol.
- the alcohol compound undergoes a dehydrogenative condensation reaction between the Si—H group that can be included in the polysilazane skeleton and the OH group in the alcohol compound during the reforming process to form a Si—O—R bond. Therefore, the storage stability under high temperature and high humidity is further improved.
- these alcohol compounds methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, or 2-propanol having a small number of carbon atoms and a boiling point of 100 ° C. or less is more preferable.
- phenol compound used as the additive compound include, for example, phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-ethylphenol, m-ethylphenol, p-ethylphenol, o-butylphenol.
- the phenol compound also undergoes a dehydrogenative condensation reaction between the Si—H group that can be included in the polysilazane skeleton and the OH group in the phenol compound during the modification treatment, and Si—O. Since the —R bond is formed, the storage stability under high temperature and high humidity is further improved.
- metal alkoxide compound used as the additive compound examples include beryllium (Be), boron (B), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), calcium (Ca), scandium (Sc), and titanium (Ti). , Vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge) , Strontium (Sr), Yttrium (Y), Zirconium (Zr), Niobium (Nb), Molybdenum (Mo), Technetium (Tc), Ruthenium (Ru), Rhodium (Rh), Palladium (Pd), Silver (Ag) , Cadmium (Cd), indium (In), tin (Sn), barium (Ba), lanthanum (La), selenium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), prom
- metal alkoxide compounds include, for example, beryllium acetylacetonate, trimethyl borate, triethyl borate, tri-n-propyl borate, triisopropyl borate, tri-n-butyl borate, tri-tert borate.
- Silsesquioxane can also be used as the metal alkoxide compound.
- Silsesquioxane is a siloxane-based compound whose main chain skeleton is composed of Si—O bonds, and is also called T-resin, whereas ordinary silica is represented by the general formula [SiO 2 ].
- Silsesquioxane (also referred to as polysilsesquioxane) is a compound represented by the general formula [RSiO 1.5 ].
- a (RSi (OR ') 3 ) compound in which one alkoxy group of tetraalkoxysilane (Si (OR') 4 ) represented by tetraethoxysilane is replaced with an alkyl group or an aryl group.
- the polysiloxane to be synthesized, and the molecular arrangement is typically amorphous, ladder-like, or cage-like (fully condensed cage-like).
- Silsesquioxane may be synthesized or commercially available. Specific examples of the latter include X-40-2308, X-40-9238, X-40-9225, X-40-9227, x-40-9246, KR-500, KR-510 (all of which are Shin-Etsu Chemical) Kogyo Co., Ltd.), SR2400, SR2402, SR2405, FOX14 (perhydrosilcelsesquioxane) (all manufactured by Toray Dow Corning Co., Ltd.), SST-H8H01 (perhydrosilcelsesquioxane) (Gelest) Manufactured) and the like.
- a compound having a branched alkoxy group is preferable from the viewpoint of reactivity and solubility, and a compound having a 2-propoxy group or a sec-butoxy group is more preferable.
- metal alkoxide compounds having an acetylacetonate group are also preferred.
- the acetylacetonate group is preferable because it has an interaction with the central element of the alkoxide compound due to the carbonyl structure, so that handling is easy.
- a compound having a plurality of alkoxide groups or acetylacetonate groups is more preferable from the viewpoint of reactivity and film composition.
- the central element of the metal alkoxide an element that easily forms a coordinate bond with a nitrogen atom in polysilazane is preferable, and Al, Fe, or B having high Lewis acidity is more preferable.
- More preferable metal alkoxide compounds are, specifically, triisopropyl borate, aluminum trisec-butoxide, aluminum ethyl acetoacetate diisopropylate, calcium isopropoxide, titanium tetraisopropoxide, gallium isopropoxide, aluminum dioxide. Isopropylate mono sec-butyrate, aluminum ethyl acetoacetate di n-butyrate, or aluminum diethyl acetoacetate mono n-butyrate.
- metal alkoxide compound a commercially available product or a synthetic product may be used.
- commercially available products include, for example, AMD (aluminum diisopropylate monosec-butyrate), ASBD (aluminum secondary butyrate), ALCH (aluminum ethyl acetoacetate diisopropylate), ALCH-TR (aluminum tris).
- Ethyl acetoacetate Ethyl acetoacetate
- aluminum chelate M aluminum alkyl acetoacetate / diisopropylate
- aluminum chelate D aluminum chelate
- aluminum chelate A W
- AL-M acetoalkoxy aluminum diisopropylate, Ajinomoto Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Moth Chicks series manufactured by Matsumoto Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.
- metal alkoxide compound when using a metal alkoxide compound, it is preferable to mix with the solution containing polysilazane in inert gas atmosphere. This is to prevent the metal alkoxide compound from reacting with moisture and oxygen in the atmosphere and causing intense oxidation.
- alkylamine compound examples include primary amine compounds such as methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, n-butylamine, sec-butylamine, tert-butylamine, 3-morpholinopropylamine; dimethylamine, diethylamine, Secondary amine compounds such as methylethylamine, dipropylamine, di (n-butyl) amine, di (sec-butyl) amine, di (tert-butyl) amine; trimethylamine, triethylamine, dimethylethylamine, methyldiethylamine, tripropyl Amines, tri (n-butyl) amine, tri (sec-butyl) amine, tri (tert-butyl) amine, N, N-dimethylethanolamine, N, N-diethylethanolamine, triethanolamine, etc.
- tertiary amine compounds Such as tertiary amine compounds.
- a diamine compound can be used as the alkylamine compound.
- the diamine compound include tetramethylmethanediamine, tetramethylethanediamine, tetramethylpropanediamine (tetramethyldiaminopropane), tetramethylbutanediamine, tetramethylpentanediamine, tetramethylhexanediamine, tetraethylmethanediamine, tetraethylethane.
- Examples include diamine, tetraethylpropanediamine, tetraethylbutanediamine, tetraethylpentanediamine, tetraethylhexanediamine, N, N, N ′, N′-tetramethyl-1,6-diaminohexane (TMDAH), and tetramethylguanidine.
- TDAH N-tetramethyl-1,6-diaminohexane
- modified polysiloxanes such as hydroxy-modified polysiloxanes having hydroxy groups, alkoxy-modified polysiloxanes having alkoxy groups, and alkylamino-modified polysiloxanes having alkylamino groups can be preferably used as additive compounds.
- polysiloxanes represented by the following general formula (4) or general formula (5) can be preferably used.
- R 4 to R 7 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkylamino group, or a substituent. Or an unsubstituted aryl group, wherein at least one of R 4 and R 5 and at least one of R 6 and R 7 is a hydroxy group, an alkoxy group, or an alkylamino group, p and q are each independently an integer of 1 or more.
- the modified polysiloxane may be a commercially available product or a synthetic product.
- commercially available products include, for example, X-40-2651, X-40-2655A, KR-513, KC-89S, KR-500, X-40-9225, X-40-9246, X-40-9250 KR-401N, X-40-9227, X-40-9247, KR-510, KR9218, KR-213, X-40-2308, X-40-9238 (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.), etc. Can be mentioned.
- the degree of modification of the hydroxy group, alkoxy group or alkylamino group in the modified polysiloxane is preferably 5 mol% to 50 mol%, more preferably 7 mol% to 20 mol%, based on the number of moles of silicon atoms. More preferred is mol% to 12 mol%.
- the polystyrene-reduced weight average molecular weight of the modified polysiloxane is preferably about 1,000 to 100,000, more preferably 2,000 to 50,000.
- the solvent for preparing the second barrier layer-forming coating solution is not particularly limited as long as it can dissolve the polysilazane and the additive compound, but water and reactive groups that easily react with polysilazane (for example, , A hydroxyl group, an amine group, etc.) and an inert organic solvent with respect to polysilazane is preferred, and an aprotic organic solvent is more preferred.
- an aprotic organic solvent for example, aliphatic hydrocarbons, alicyclic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, such as pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, toluene, xylene, solvesso, turben, etc.
- Hydrocarbon solvents such as methylene chloride and trichloroethane; esters such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate; ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; aliphatic ethers such as dibutyl ether, dioxane and tetrahydrofuran; and alicyclic ethers Ethers such as: for example, tetrahydrofuran, dibutyl ether, mono- and polyalkylene glycol dialkyl ethers (diglymes) and the like.
- the said solvent may be used independently or may be used with the form of a 2 or more types of mixture.
- the concentration of polysilazane in the second barrier layer-forming coating solution is not particularly limited and varies depending on the layer thickness and the pot life of the coating solution, but is preferably 1 to 80% by weight, more preferably 5 to 50% by weight. %, Particularly preferably 10 to 40% by weight.
- the amount of the additive compound used in the second coating solution for forming the barrier layer is preferably 1 to 50% by weight, more preferably 1 to 15% by weight based on the polysilazane. If it is this range, the 2nd barrier layer based on this invention can be obtained efficiently.
- the second barrier layer forming coating solution preferably contains a catalyst in order to promote reforming.
- a basic catalyst is preferable, and in particular, N, N-diethylethanolamine, N, N-dimethylethanolamine, triethanolamine, triethylamine, 3-morpholinopropylamine, N, N, Amine catalysts such as N ′, N′-tetramethyl-1,3-diaminopropane, N, N, N ′, N′-tetramethyl-1,6-diaminohexane, Pt compounds such as Pt acetylacetonate, propion Examples thereof include metal catalysts such as Pd compounds such as acid Pd, Rh compounds such as Rh acetylacetonate, and N-heterocyclic compounds.
- an amine catalyst it is preferable to use an amine catalyst.
- concentration of the catalyst added at this time is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 10% by weight, more preferably 0.5 to 7% by weight, based on the silicon compound. By setting the amount of the catalyst to be in this range, it is possible to avoid excessive silanol formation due to rapid progress of the reaction, reduction in film density, increase in film defects, and the like.
- the amine catalyst can also serve as the additive compound.
- the following additives may be used as necessary.
- cellulose ethers, cellulose esters for example, ethyl cellulose, nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetobutyrate, etc.
- natural resins for example, rubber, rosin resin, etc., synthetic resins
- Aminoplasts especially urea resins, melamine formaldehyde resins, alkyd resins, acrylic resins, polyesters or modified polyesters, epoxides, polyisocyanates or blocked polyisocyanates, polysiloxanes, and the like.
- Method for applying second barrier layer forming coating solution As a method of applying the second barrier layer forming coating solution, a conventionally known appropriate wet coating method may be employed. Specific examples include a spin coating method, a roll coating method, a flow coating method, an ink jet method, a spray coating method, a printing method, a dip coating method, a casting film forming method, a bar coating method, and a gravure printing method.
- the coating thickness can be appropriately set according to the purpose.
- the coating thickness per second barrier layer is preferably about 10 nm to 10 ⁇ m after drying, more preferably 15 nm to 1 ⁇ m, and further preferably 20 to 500 nm. preferable. If the film thickness is 10 nm or more, sufficient barrier properties can be obtained, and if it is 10 ⁇ m or less, stable coating properties can be obtained during layer formation, and high light transmittance can be realized.
- the method for removing moisture from the coating film obtained by applying the second barrier layer forming coating solution is the same as that described in the section of “First Barrier Layer”. Description is omitted.
- a preferable method for the modification treatment of the obtained coating film is the same as the contents described in (Ultraviolet irradiation treatment) and (Vacuum ultraviolet irradiation treatment: Excimer irradiation treatment) in the section of the “first barrier layer”. Therefore, explanation is omitted here.
- the illuminance of the vacuum ultraviolet light on the surface of the coating film formed from the second barrier layer forming coating solution is preferably 1 mW / cm 2 to 10 W / cm 2 , and preferably 30 mW / cm 2. more preferably from ⁇ 200mW / cm 2, further preferably at 50mW / cm 2 ⁇ 160mW / cm 2. If it is less than 1 mW / cm 2 , the reforming efficiency may be greatly reduced. If it exceeds 10 W / cm 2 , the coating film may be ablated or the substrate may be damaged.
- the irradiation energy amount (irradiation amount) of vacuum ultraviolet rays on the coating film surface formed from the second barrier layer forming coating solution is preferably 10 to 10,000 mJ / cm 2 , and preferably 100 to 8,000 mJ. / Cm 2 is more preferable, and 200 to 6,000 mJ / cm 2 is even more preferable. Is less than 10 mJ / cm 2, there is a fear that the reforming becomes insufficient, 10,000 / cm 2 than the cracking or due to excessive modification concerns the thermal deformation of the substrate emerges.
- the film density of the second barrier layer can be appropriately set according to the purpose.
- the film density of the second barrier layer is preferably in the range of 1.5 to 2.6 g / cm 3 . If it is out of this range, the density of the film is lowered, and the barrier property may be deteriorated or the film may be oxidized and deteriorated due to humidity.
- the second barrier layer may be a single layer or a laminated structure of two or more layers.
- each second barrier layer may have the same composition or a different composition as long as the above conditions are satisfied.
- the abundance ratio of oxygen atoms to silicon atoms, the abundance ratio of nitrogen atoms to silicon atoms, and the average value and the maximum abundance ratio of oxygen atoms to silicon atoms in the region from the outermost surface to a depth of 10 nm is the type and amount of polysilazane and additive compound used in forming the second barrier layer, and polysilazane and addition It can be controlled by the conditions at the time of modifying the layer containing the compound.
- the gas barrier film of the present invention may have an intermediate layer between the first barrier layer and the second barrier layer for the purpose of stress relaxation and the like.
- a method of forming the intermediate layer a method of forming a polysiloxane modified layer can be applied.
- a coating liquid containing polysiloxane is applied on the first barrier layer by a wet coating method and dried, and then the coating film obtained by drying is irradiated with vacuum ultraviolet light. This is a method of forming an intermediate layer.
- the coating solution used for forming the intermediate layer preferably contains polysiloxane and an organic solvent.
- the polysiloxane applicable to the formation of the intermediate layer is not particularly limited, but an organopolysiloxane represented by the following general formula (6) is particularly preferable.
- organopolysiloxane represented by the following general formula (6) will be described as an example of polysiloxane.
- R 8 to R 13 each independently represents an organic group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. At this time, at least one of R 8 to R 13 is an alkoxy group or a hydroxyl group. M is an integer of 1 or more.
- Examples of the organic group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms represented by R 8 to R 13 include halogenated alkyl groups such as ⁇ -chloropropyl group and 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl group, vinyl group, and phenyl group.
- (Meth) acrylic acid ester groups such as ⁇ -methacryloxypropyl group, epoxy-containing alkyl groups such as ⁇ -glycidoxypropyl group, mercapto-containing alkyl groups such as ⁇ -mercaptopropyl group, ⁇ -aminopropyl group, etc.
- Isocyanate-containing alkyl groups such as aminoalkyl groups and ⁇ -isocyanatopropyl groups, linear or branched alkyl groups such as methyl groups, ethyl groups, n-propyl groups and isopropyl groups, alicyclic groups such as cyclohexyl groups and cyclopentyl groups Linear or branched alkoxy such as alkyl group, methoxy group, ethoxy group, n-propoxy group, isopropoxy group Group, an acetyl group, a propionyl group, a butyryl group, valeryl group, an acyl group such as caproyl group, and a hydroxyl group.
- an organopolysiloxane having m of 1 or more and a polystyrene equivalent weight average molecular weight of 1,000 to 20,000 is particularly preferred. If the weight average molecular weight in terms of polystyrene of the organopolysiloxane is 1,000 or more, the protective layer to be formed is hardly cracked, and water vapor barrier properties can be maintained. The intermediate layer is sufficiently cured, so that a sufficient hardness can be obtained as a protective layer.
- examples of the organic solvent applicable to the formation of the intermediate layer include alcohol solvents, ketone solvents, amide solvents, ester solvents, aprotic solvents, and the like.
- examples of the alcohol solvent include n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, iso-butanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol, n-pentanol, iso-pentanol, 2-methylbutanol, sec- Pentanol, tert-pentanol, 3-methoxybutanol, n-hexanol, 2-methylpentanol, sec-hexanol, 2-ethylbutanol, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol monopropyl ether, propylene Glycol monobutyl ether and the like are preferable.
- ketone solvents include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl-n-propyl ketone, methyl-n-butyl ketone, diethyl ketone, methyl-iso-butyl ketone, methyl-n-pentyl ketone, ethyl-n-butyl ketone, methyl-n-hexyl.
- ketone di-iso-butyl ketone, trimethylnonanone, cyclohexanone, 2-hexanone, methylcyclohexanone, 2,4-pentanedione, acetonylacetone, acetophenone, fenchon, acetylacetone, 2,4-hexanedione, 2 , 4-heptanedione, 3,5-heptanedione, 2,4-octanedione, 3,5-octanedione, 2,4-nonanedione, 3,5-nonanedione, 5-methyl-2,4-hexanedione, 2,2,6,6-tetrame Le-3,5-heptane dione, 1,1,1,5,5,5 beta-diketones such as hexafluoro-2,4-heptane dione and the like.
- ketone solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- amide solvents include formamide, N-methylformamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, N-ethylformamide, N, N-diethylformamide, acetamide, N-methylacetamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N-ethylacetamide N, N-diethylacetamide, N-methylpropionamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, N-formylmorpholine, N-formylpiperidine, N-formylpyrrolidine, N-acetylmorpholine, N-acetylpiperidine, N-acetylpyrrolidine, etc. Can be mentioned. These amide solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- ester solvents include diethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, n-propyl acetate, iso-propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, and iso -Butyl, sec-butyl acetate, n-pentyl acetate, sec-pentyl acetate, 3-methoxybutyl acetate, methyl pentyl acetate, 2-ethylbutyl acetate, 2-ethylhexyl acetate, benzyl acetate, cyclohexyl acetate, methylcyclohexyl acetate, n-acetate -Nonyl, methyl acetoacetate, ethyl acetoacetate, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, methyl
- Aprotic solvents include acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, N, N, N ′, N′-tetraethylsulfamide, hexamethylphosphoric triamide, N-methylmorpholone, N-methylpyrrole, N-ethylpyrrole, N -Methylpiperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, N, N-dimethylpiperazine, N-methylimidazole, N-methyl-4-piperidone, N-methyl-2-piperidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyl Examples include -2-imidazolidinone and 1,3-dimethyltetrahydro-2 (1H) -pyrimidinone. These aprotic solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- alcohol solvents are preferable among the above organic solvents.
- Examples of the coating method for the coating liquid for forming the intermediate layer include spin coating, dipping, roller blade, and spraying.
- the thickness of the intermediate layer formed by the coating liquid for forming the intermediate layer is preferably in the range of 100 nm to 10 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the intermediate layer is 100 nm or more, gas barrier properties under high temperature and high humidity can be ensured. Moreover, if the thickness of the intermediate layer is 10 ⁇ m or less, stable coating properties can be obtained when forming the intermediate layer, and high light transmittance can be realized.
- the intermediate layer usually has a film density of 0.35 to 1.2 g / cm 3 , preferably 0.4 to 1.1 g / cm 3 , more preferably 0.5 to 1.0 g / cm 3. It is. If the film density is 0.35 g / cm 3 or more, sufficient mechanical strength of the coating film can be obtained.
- the intermediate layer in the present invention is obtained by applying a coating solution containing polysiloxane onto the first barrier layer by a wet coating method and drying it, and then irradiating the dried coating film (polysiloxane coating film) with vacuum ultraviolet light. To form.
- vacuum ultraviolet light used for the formation of the intermediate layer vacuum ultraviolet light by the same vacuum ultraviolet light irradiation treatment as described in the formation of the barrier layer can be applied.
- the integrated light quantity of vacuum ultraviolet light for forming the intermediate layer by reforming polysiloxane film is preferably 500 mJ / cm 2 or more 10,000 / cm 2 or less. If the cumulative amount of vacuum ultraviolet light is 500 mJ / cm 2 or more, sufficient gas barrier performance can be obtained, and if it is 10,000 mJ / cm 2 or less, an intermediate layer having high smoothness without deforming the substrate. Can be formed.
- the intermediate layer in the present invention is preferably formed through a heating step in which the heating temperature is 50 ° C. or higher and 200 ° C. or lower. If the heating temperature is 50 ° C. or higher, sufficient barrier properties can be obtained, and if it is 200 ° C. or lower, an intermediate layer having high smoothness can be formed without deforming the substrate.
- a heating method using a hot plate, an oven, a furnace, or the like can be applied to this heating step.
- the heating atmosphere may be any condition such as air, nitrogen atmosphere, argon atmosphere, vacuum, or reduced pressure with controlled oxygen concentration.
- a polysiloxane coating film is formed on the polysilazane coating film that has been subjected to the vacuum ultraviolet light irradiation treatment, and after the vacuum ultraviolet light irradiation treatment is applied to the polysiloxane coating film, a heat treatment of 100 ° C. or higher and 250 ° C. or lower is performed. And the first barrier layer and the intermediate layer may be formed.
- a protective layer containing an organic compound may be provided on the second barrier layer.
- an organic resin such as an organic monomer, oligomer or polymer, or an organic-inorganic composite resin layer using a siloxane or silsesquioxane monomer, oligomer or polymer having an organic group is preferably used. Can do.
- the gas barrier film of the present invention may have a desiccant layer (moisture adsorption layer).
- a desiccant layer moisture adsorption layer
- the material used for the desiccant layer include calcium oxide and organometallic oxide.
- calcium oxide those dispersed in a binder resin or the like are preferable, and as a commercially available product, for example, AqvaDry (registered trademark) series manufactured by SAES Getter Co., Ltd. can be preferably used.
- As the organic metal oxide OleDry (registered trademark) series manufactured by Futaba Electronics Co., Ltd. or the like can be used.
- the gas barrier film of the present invention may have a smooth layer (underlayer, primer layer) between the surface of the substrate having the barrier layer, preferably between the substrate and the first barrier layer.
- the smooth layer is provided in order to flatten the rough surface of the substrate on which the protrusions and the like exist, or to fill the unevenness and pinholes generated in the barrier layer with the protrusions on the substrate and to flatten the surface.
- Such a smooth layer may be formed of any material, but preferably includes a carbon-containing polymer, and more preferably includes a carbon-containing polymer. That is, it is preferable that the gas barrier film of the present invention further has a smooth layer containing a carbon-containing polymer between the substrate and the first barrier layer.
- the smooth layer also contains a carbon-containing polymer, preferably a curable resin.
- the curable resin is not particularly limited, and the active energy ray curable resin or the thermosetting material obtained by irradiating the active energy ray curable material or the like with an active energy ray such as an ultraviolet ray to be cured is heated. And thermosetting resins obtained by curing. These curable resins may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- Examples of the active energy ray-curable material used for forming the smooth layer include a composition containing an acrylate compound, a composition containing an acrylate compound and a mercapto compound containing a thiol group, epoxy acrylate, urethane acrylate, and polyester.
- Examples include compositions containing polyfunctional acrylate monomers such as acrylates, polyether acrylates, polyethylene glycol acrylates, and glycerol methacrylates.
- an organic / inorganic hybrid hard coat material OPSTAR (registered trademark) series compound formed by bonding an organic compound having a polymerizable unsaturated group to silica fine particles
- JSR Corporation ultraviolet curable material manufactured by JSR Corporation.
- the method for forming the smooth layer is not particularly limited, but a coating solution containing a curable material is applied to a dry coating method such as a spin coating method, a spray method, a blade coating method, a dipping method, a gravure printing method, or a vapor deposition method.
- a dry coating method such as a spin coating method, a spray method, a blade coating method, a dipping method, a gravure printing method, or a vapor deposition method.
- active energy rays such as visible light, infrared rays, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, ⁇ rays, ⁇ rays, ⁇ rays, electron beams, and / or heating.
- a method of forming by curing is preferred.
- an ultra-high pressure mercury lamp, a high-pressure mercury lamp, a low-pressure mercury lamp, a carbon arc, a metal halide lamp or the like is preferably used to irradiate ultraviolet rays in a wavelength region of 100 to 400 nm, more preferably 200 to 400 nm.
- a method of irradiating an electron beam having a wavelength region of 100 nm or less emitted from a scanning or curtain type electron beam accelerator can be used.
- the smoothness of the smooth layer is a value expressed by the surface roughness specified by JIS B0601: 2001, and the maximum cross-sectional height Rt (p) is preferably 10 nm or more and 30 nm or less.
- the surface roughness is calculated from an uneven cross-sectional curve continuously measured by an AFM (atomic force microscope) with a detector having a stylus having a minimum tip radius, and the measurement direction is several tens of times with a stylus having a minimum tip radius. It is the roughness related to the amplitude of fine irregularities measured in a section of ⁇ m many times.
- AFM atomic force microscope
- the thickness of the smooth layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m.
- an anchor coat layer may be formed as an easy-adhesion layer for the purpose of improving adhesion (adhesion).
- the anchor coat agent used in this anchor coat layer include polyester resin, isocyanate resin, urethane resin, acrylic resin, ethylene / vinyl alcohol resin, vinyl-modified resin, epoxy resin, modified styrene resin, modified silicon resin, and alkyl titanate. Can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a commercially available product may be used as the anchor coating agent. Specifically, a siloxane-based UV curable polymer solution (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., “X-12-2400” in 3% isopropyl alcohol) can be used.
- the above-mentioned anchor coating agent is coated on a substrate by a known method such as a roll coating method, a gravure coating method, a knife coating method, a dip coating method, or a spray coating method, and the solvent, diluent and the like are removed by drying. Can be coated.
- the application amount of the anchor coating agent is preferably about 0.1 to 5 g / m 2 (dry state).
- a commercially available base material with an easy-adhesion layer may be used.
- the anchor coat layer can be formed by a vapor phase method such as physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition.
- a vapor phase method such as physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition.
- an inorganic film mainly composed of silicon oxide can be formed for the purpose of improving adhesion and the like.
- the thickness of the anchor coat layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably about 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the gas barrier film of the present invention can further have a bleed-out preventing layer.
- the bleed-out prevention layer has a smooth layer for the purpose of suppressing a phenomenon in which unreacted oligomers and the like migrate from the base material to the surface when the film having the smooth layer is heated to contaminate the contact surface.
- the bleed-out prevention layer may basically have the same configuration as the smooth layer as long as it has this function.
- Compounds that can be included in the bleed-out prevention layer include polyunsaturated organic compounds having two or more polymerizable unsaturated groups in the molecule, or one polymerizable unsaturated group in the molecule.
- Hard coat agents such as unitary unsaturated organic compounds can be mentioned.
- the polyunsaturated organic compound for example, ethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, diethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, glycerol di (meth) acrylate, glycerol tri (meth) acrylate, 1,4-butanediol di (Meth) acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di (meth) acrylate, neopentyl glycol di (meth) acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri (meth) acrylate, dicyclopentanyl di (meth) acrylate, pentaerythritol tri (meth) ) Acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra (meth) acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa (meth) acrylate, dipentaerythritol monohydroxypenta (meth) acrylate, ditrimethylolprop Tetra (meth) acrylate, di
- Examples of monounsaturated organic compounds include methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, propyl (meth) acrylate, butyl (meth) acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, isodecyl (meth) acrylate, and lauryl.
- Matting agents may be added as other additives.
- the matting agent inorganic particles having an average particle diameter of about 0.1 to 5 ⁇ m are preferable.
- inorganic particles one or more of silica, alumina, talc, clay, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, barium sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide and the like can be used in combination. .
- the thickness of the bleed-out prevention layer is preferably 1 to 10 ⁇ m, and more preferably 2 to 7 ⁇ m. By making it 1 ⁇ m or more, it becomes easy to make the heat resistance as a film sufficient, and by making it 10 ⁇ m or less, it becomes easy to adjust the balance of the optical properties of the smooth film, and the smooth layer is one of the transparent polymer films. When it is provided on this surface, curling of the barrier film can be easily suppressed.
- the gas barrier film of the present invention can be continuously produced and wound into a roll form (so-called roll-to-roll production). In that case, it is preferable to stick and wind up a protective sheet on the surface in which the barrier layer was formed.
- a protective sheet is applied in a place with a high degree of cleanliness. It is very effective to prevent the adhesion of dust. In addition, it is effective for preventing scratches on the surface of the barrier layer that enters during winding.
- the protective sheet is not particularly limited, and general “protective sheet” and “release sheet” having a configuration in which a weakly adhesive layer is provided on a resin substrate having a thickness of about 100 ⁇ m can be used.
- the gas barrier film of the present invention can be preferably used for a device whose performance is deteriorated by chemical components (oxygen, water, nitrogen oxide, sulfur oxide, ozone, etc.) in the air.
- the device include electronic devices such as an organic EL element, a liquid crystal display element (LCD), a thin film transistor, a touch panel, electronic paper, and a solar cell (PV). From the viewpoint that the effect of the present invention can be obtained more efficiently, it is preferably used for an organic EL device or a solar cell, and particularly preferably used for an organic EL device.
- the gas barrier film of the present invention can also be used for device film sealing. That is, it is a method of providing the gas barrier film of the present invention on the surface of the device itself as a support.
- the device may be covered with a protective layer before providing the gas barrier film.
- the gas barrier film of the present invention can also be used as a device substrate or a film for sealing by a solid sealing method.
- the solid sealing method is a method in which after a protective layer is formed on a device, an adhesive layer and a gas barrier film are stacked and cured.
- an adhesive agent A thermosetting epoxy resin, a photocurable acrylate resin, etc. are illustrated.
- Organic EL device Examples of organic EL elements using a gas barrier film are described in detail in JP-A-2007-30387.
- the reflective liquid crystal display device has a configuration including a lower substrate, a reflective electrode, a lower alignment film, a liquid crystal layer, an upper alignment film, a transparent electrode, an upper substrate, a ⁇ / 4 plate, and a polarizing film in order from the bottom.
- the gas barrier film in the present invention can be used as the transparent electrode substrate and the upper substrate. In the case of color display, it is preferable to further provide a color filter layer between the reflective electrode and the lower alignment film, or between the upper alignment film and the transparent electrode.
- the transmissive liquid crystal display device includes, in order from the bottom, a backlight, a polarizing plate, a ⁇ / 4 plate, a lower transparent electrode, a lower alignment film, a liquid crystal layer, an upper alignment film, an upper transparent electrode, an upper substrate, a ⁇ / 4 plate, and a polarization It has a structure consisting of a film. In the case of color display, it is preferable to further provide a color filter layer between the lower transparent electrode and the lower alignment film, or between the upper alignment film and the transparent electrode.
- the type of the liquid crystal cell is not particularly limited, but more preferably, a TN type (Twisted Nematic), an STN type (Super Twisted Nematic), a HAN type (Hybrid Aligned Nematic), a VA type (Vertical Alignment Electric), an EC type, a Bt type OCB type (Optically Compensated Bend), IPS type (In-Plane Switching), and CPA type (Continuous Pinwheel Alignment) are preferable.
- a TN type Transmission Nematic
- STN type Super Twisted Nematic
- HAN type Hybrid Aligned Nematic
- VA type Very Alignment Electric
- an EC type a Bt type OCB type (Optically Compensated Bend)
- IPS type In-Plane Switching
- CPA type Continuous Pinwheel Alignment
- the gas barrier film of the present invention can also be used as a sealing film for solar cell elements.
- the gas barrier film of the present invention is preferably sealed so that the barrier layer is closer to the solar cell element.
- the solar cell element in which the gas barrier film of the present invention is preferably used is not particularly limited. For example, it is a single crystal silicon solar cell element, a polycrystalline silicon solar cell element, a single junction type, or a tandem structure type.
- Amorphous silicon-based solar cell elements III-V group compound semiconductor solar cell elements such as gallium arsenide (GaAs) and indium phosphorus (InP), II-VI group compound semiconductor solar cell elements such as cadmium tellurium (CdTe), I-III- such as copper / indium / selenium system (so-called CIS system), copper / indium / gallium / selenium system (so-called CIGS system), copper / indium / gallium / selenium / sulfur system (so-called CIGS system), etc.
- Group VI compound semiconductor solar cell element dye-sensitized solar cell element, organic solar cell element, etc. And the like.
- the solar cell element is a copper / indium / selenium system (so-called CIS system), a copper / indium / gallium / selenium system (so-called CIGS system), copper / indium / gallium / selenium / sulfur.
- CIS system copper / indium / selenium system
- CIGS system copper / indium / gallium / selenium system
- sulfur copper / indium / gallium / selenium / sulfur.
- a group I-III-VI compound semiconductor solar cell element such as a system (so-called CIGSS system) is preferable.
- the gas barrier film of the present invention can also be used as an optical member.
- the optical member include a circularly polarizing plate.
- a circularly polarizing plate can be produced by laminating a ⁇ / 4 plate and a polarizing plate using the gas barrier film in the present invention as a substrate. In this case, the lamination is performed so that the angle formed by the slow axis of the ⁇ / 4 plate and the absorption axis of the polarizing plate is 45 °.
- a polarizing plate one that is stretched in a direction of 45 ° with respect to the longitudinal direction (MD) is preferably used.
- MD longitudinal direction
- those described in JP-A-2002-865554 can be suitably used. .
- first barrier layer (Preparation of polysilazane-containing coating solution) Dibutyl ether solution containing 20% by weight of non-catalytic perhydropolysilazane (manufactured by AZ Electronic Materials, Aquamica (registered trademark) NN120-20) and amine catalyst (N, N, N ′, N′-tetramethyl-) Perhydropolysilazane containing 1,6-diaminohexane (TMDAH) in a 20% by weight dibutyl ether solution (manufactured by AZ Electronic Materials Co., Ltd., Aquamica (registered trademark) NAX120-20) was mixed at a ratio of 4: 1.
- the coating solution is diluted with a solvent mixed so that the weight ratio of dibutyl ether and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane is 65:35 so that the solid content of the coating solution is 5% by weight. did.
- the coating solution obtained above was formed into a film having a thickness of 300 nm on a PET base material (125 ⁇ m thick) provided with a clear hard coat manufactured by Kimoto Co., Ltd. with a spin coater, and allowed to stand for 2 minutes. An additional heat treatment was performed on a hot plate at 80 ° C. for 1 minute to form a polysilazane coating film.
- a vacuum ultraviolet ray irradiation treatment of 6000 mJ / cm 2 was performed according to the following method to form a first barrier layer.
- reference numeral 21 denotes an apparatus chamber, which supplies appropriate amounts of nitrogen and oxygen from a gas supply port (not shown) to the inside and exhausts gas from a gas discharge port (not shown), thereby substantially removing water vapor from the inside of the chamber.
- the oxygen concentration can be maintained at a predetermined concentration.
- Reference numeral 22 denotes an Xe excimer lamp having a double tube structure that irradiates vacuum ultraviolet rays of 172 nm
- reference numeral 23 denotes an excimer lamp holder that also serves as an external electrode.
- Reference numeral 24 denotes a sample stage. The sample stage 24 can be reciprocated horizontally at a predetermined speed in the apparatus chamber 21 by a moving means (not shown).
- the sample stage 24 can be maintained at a predetermined temperature by a heating means (not shown).
- Reference numeral 25 denotes a sample on which a polysilazane coating film is formed. When the sample stage moves horizontally, the height of the sample stage is adjusted so that the shortest distance between the surface of the sample coating layer and the excimer lamp tube surface is 3 mm.
- Reference numeral 26 denotes a light shielding plate, which prevents the vacuum ultraviolet light from being applied to the coating layer of the sample during the aging of the Xe excimer lamp 22.
- the energy irradiated to the coating film surface in the vacuum ultraviolet irradiation process was measured using a 172 nm sensor head using a UV integrating light meter: C8026 / H8025 UV POWER METER manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics Co., Ltd.
- the sensor head is installed in the center of the sample stage 24 so that the shortest distance between the Xe excimer lamp tube surface and the measurement surface of the sensor head is 3 mm, and the atmosphere in the apparatus chamber 21 is irradiated with vacuum ultraviolet rays. Nitrogen and oxygen were supplied so that the oxygen concentration was the same as in the process, and the measurement was performed by moving the sample stage 24 at a speed of 0.5 m / min (V in FIG. 3).
- an aging time of 10 minutes was provided after the Xe excimer lamp was turned on, and then the sample stage was moved to start the measurement.
- the moving speed of the sample stage was adjusted to adjust the irradiation energy to 6000 mJ / cm 2 .
- the vacuum ultraviolet irradiation was performed after aging for 10 minutes as in the case of irradiation energy measurement.
- a PET base material (125 ⁇ m thick) provided with Kimoto's clear hard coat was set in a manufacturing apparatus 31 as shown in FIG. 2 and conveyed. Next, a magnetic field is applied between the film forming roller 39 and the film forming roller 40, and electric power is supplied to the film forming roller 39 and the film forming roller 40, respectively. Was discharged to generate plasma.
- a film forming gas mixed gas of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) as a source gas and oxygen gas (which also functions as a discharge gas) as a source gas
- HMDSO hexamethyldisiloxane
- oxygen gas which also functions as a discharge gas
- a gas barrier thin film was formed by a plasma CVD method to obtain a gas barrier film, and the thickness of the first barrier layer was 150 nm. It was.
- a polysilazane coating film having a thickness of 150 nm is formed using the coating solution, and then the first barrier layer is formed at a dew point of 0 ° C. and an irradiation amount of 6000 mJ / cm 2 (coating method).
- the second barrier layer was formed by performing a vacuum ultraviolet irradiation treatment in the same manner as described above. In this way, a gas barrier film 1-1 was produced.
- Comparative Example 1-3 Production of gas barrier film 1-3
- a transparent resin substrate with a hard coat layer (intermediate layer) manufactured by Kimoto Co., Ltd., polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film with a clear hard coat layer (CHC)
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- CHC clear hard coat layer
- the first barrier layer was formed by the above “formation of first barrier layer (coating method)”.
- a second barrier layer was formed on the first barrier layer in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1-1 to produce a gas barrier film 1-3.
- Comparative Example 1-4 Production of gas barrier film 1-4
- a transparent resin substrate with a hard coat layer (intermediate layer) manufactured by Kimoto Co., Ltd., polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film with a clear hard coat layer (CHC)
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- CHC clear hard coat layer
- the first barrier layer was formed by the above “formation of first barrier layer (coating method)”.
- a second barrier layer was formed on the first barrier layer in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1-2 to produce a gas barrier film 1-4.
- Comparative Example 1-5 Production of gas barrier film 1-5)
- a transparent resin substrate with a hard coat layer (intermediate layer) manufactured by Kimoto Co., Ltd., polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film with a clear hard coat layer (CHC)
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- CHC clear hard coat layer
- the first barrier layer was formed by the “formation of the first barrier layer (plasma CVD method)”.
- a second barrier layer was formed on the first barrier layer in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1-1 to produce a gas barrier film 1-5.
- Comparative Example 1-7 Production of gas barrier film 1-7)
- a gas barrier film 1-7 was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1-6, except that the second barrier layer was formed as follows.
- a dibutyl ether solution containing 20% by weight of perhydropolysilazane (manufactured by AZ Electronic Materials Co., Ltd., Aquamica (registered trademark) NN120-20) was diluted with dibutyl ether to a concentration of 5% by weight, ', N'-tetramethyl-1,6-diaminohexane (TMDAH) is added in an amount of 1% by weight with respect to perhydropolysilazane, and water is added in an amount of 5% by weight with respect to perhydropolysilazane.
- TDAH N'-tetramethyl-1,6-diaminohexane
- a coating solution was prepared.
- a polysilazane coating film having a thickness of 150 nm is formed, and then the same as the formation of the first barrier layer (coating method) at a dew point of ⁇ 30 ° C. and an irradiation amount of 6000 mJ / cm 2 .
- the second barrier layer was formed by vacuum ultraviolet irradiation treatment by the method.
- Example 1-1 Production of Gas Barrier Film 1-8 A gas barrier film 1-8 was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1-7, except that the amount of water was changed to an amount of 10% by weight based on perhydropolysilazane.
- Comparative Example 1-8 Production of gas barrier film 1-9)
- methanol manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Ltd., deer grade 1
- perhydropolysilazane instead of water
- Example 1-2 Production of gas barrier film 1-10)
- a gas barrier film 1-10 was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1-8, except that the amount of methanol was changed to 5% by weight with respect to perhydropolysilazane.
- Example 1-3 Production of gas barrier film 1-11
- a gas barrier film 1-11 was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1-8, except that the amount of methanol was changed to 10% by weight based on perhydropolysilazane.
- Comparative Example 1-9 Production of gas barrier film 1-12
- Comparative Example 1 except that ALCH (produced by Kawaken Fine Chemical Co., Ltd., aluminum ethyl acetoacetate diisopropylate) was added to the coating solution in an amount of 1% by weight based on perhydropolysilazane instead of water.
- ALCH produced by Kawaken Fine Chemical Co., Ltd., aluminum ethyl acetoacetate diisopropylate
- Example 1-4 Production of gas barrier film 1-13
- a gas barrier film 1-13 was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1-9 except that the amount of ALCH was changed to 2% by weight with respect to perhydropolysilazane.
- Example 1-5 Production of gas barrier film 1-14
- a gas barrier film 1-14 was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1-9 except that the amount of ALCH was changed to 4% by weight based on perhydropolysilazane.
- Example 1-6 Production of gas barrier film 1-15
- Comparative Example 1 except that AMD (Kawaken Fine Chemical Co., Ltd., aluminum diisopropylate monosecondary butyrate) was added to the coating solution in an amount of 1% by weight based on perhydropolysilazane instead of water.
- AMD Korean Fine Chemical Co., Ltd., aluminum diisopropylate monosecondary butyrate
- Example 1-7 Production of gas barrier film 1-16
- a gas barrier film 1-16 was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1-7, except that the amount of AMD was changed to 2% by weight with respect to perhydropolysilazane.
- Example 1-8 Production of gas barrier film 1-17
- a gas barrier film 1-17 was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1-7, except that the amount of AMD was changed to 4% by weight with respect to perhydropolysilazane.
- Example 1-9 Production of gas barrier film 1-19
- a gas barrier film 1-19 was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1-7, except that the amount of X-40-9225 was changed to 2% by weight with respect to perhydropolysilazane.
- Example 1-10 Production of gas barrier film 1-20
- a gas barrier film 1-20 was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1-7, except that the amount of X-40-9225 was changed to 4% by weight with respect to perhydropolysilazane.
- first barrier layer (sputtering method)
- a transparent resin substrate with a hard coat layer (intermediate layer) (manufactured by Kimoto Co., Ltd., polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film with a clear hard coat layer (CHC)) is set in a vacuum chamber of a sputtering apparatus manufactured by ULVAC, Inc.
- a vacuum was drawn to the ⁇ 4 Pa level, and 0.5 Pa was introduced as a discharge gas at a partial pressure of 0.5 Pa.
- discharge plasma was generated on the silicon oxide (SiO x ) target, and a sputtering process was started.
- the shutter was opened and formation of a silicon oxide film (SiO x ) on the film was started.
- the shutter was closed to finish the film formation, and the first barrier layer was formed.
- Example 1-11 Production of gas barrier film 1-22
- a gas barrier film 1-22 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1-5, except that the first barrier layer was formed by the above-mentioned “formation of the first barrier layer (sputtering method)”.
- Example 1-12 Production of gas barrier film 1-23
- a gas barrier film 1-23 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1-6, except that the first barrier layer was formed by the above-described “formation of the first barrier layer (sputtering method)”.
- Table 1 shows the O / Si and N / Si values obtained from the average values of the profiles in the depth direction for the second barrier layer of the gas barrier film produced above using the following apparatus and conditions.
- the measurement resolution is 0.5 nm, and can be obtained by plotting the ratio of each element at each sampling point.
- FIG. 1 (FIB processing) Device: SII SMI2050 Processed ions: (Ga 30 kV) (TEM observation) Apparatus: JEOL JEM2000FX (acceleration voltage: 200 kV) Electron beam irradiation time: 5 to 60 seconds (element ratio in the depth direction of the film thickness from the surface of the second barrier layer)
- the XPS measurement (attention to Si, O, N) at each depth obtained by sputtering from the surface of the second barrier layer described above and the result of tomographic plane observation by TEM are collated, and O / Si and N / The average value of Si was calculated.
- the average value of the abundance ratio of oxygen atoms to silicon atoms in the region from the outermost surface to a depth of 10 nm in the column of “surface O / Si” in Table 1), the depth from the outermost surface.
- the average value of the ratio of oxygen atoms to silicon atoms in the region having a depth of 10 nm from the outermost surface and the average value of the ratio of oxygen atoms to silicon atoms in the region having a depth of more than 10 nm from the outermost surface was calculated (in the column of “Surface internal O / Si difference” in Table 1).
- Evaluation of the water vapor barrier property was performed by depositing metal calcium having a thickness of 80 nm on a gas barrier film, and evaluating the time when the formed calcium was 50% area as 50% area time (see below). ). The 50% area time before and after the deterioration test was evaluated, and 50% area time after the deterioration test / 50% area time before the deterioration test was calculated as a retention rate (%) and shown in Table 1. As an index of retention rate, 70% or more was considered acceptable, and less than 70% was judged as nonconforming.
- Vapor deposition device JEOL Ltd., vacuum evaporation device JEE-400 Constant temperature and humidity oven: Yamato Humidic Chamber IG47M (raw materials) Metal that reacts with water and corrodes: Calcium (granular) Water vapor impermeable metal: Aluminum ( ⁇ 3-5mm, granular) (Preparation of water vapor barrier property evaluation sample)
- a vacuum vapor deposition device vacuum vapor deposition device JEE-400 manufactured by JEOL Ltd.
- calcium metal was deposited on the surface of the second barrier layer of the produced gas barrier film in a size of 12 mm ⁇ 12 mm through a mask. At this time, the deposited film thickness was set to 80 nm.
- the mask was removed in a vacuum state, and aluminum was vapor-deposited on the entire surface of one side of the sheet and temporarily sealed.
- the vacuum state is released, and it is immediately transferred to a dry nitrogen gas atmosphere, and a quartz glass with a thickness of 0.2 mm is bonded to the aluminum vapor-deposited surface via an ultraviolet curing resin for sealing (manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation).
- the water vapor barrier property evaluation sample was produced by irradiating ultraviolet rays to cure and adhere the resin to perform main sealing.
- the obtained sample was stored under high temperature and high humidity of 85 ° C. and 85% RH, and the state in which metallic calcium was corroded with respect to the storage time was observed. Observation was obtained by linearly interpolating the time at which the area where metal calcium was corroded with respect to the metal calcium deposition area of 12 mm ⁇ 12 mm to 50% from the observation results, and the results before and after the deterioration test are shown in Table 1.
- the gas barrier film according to the present invention is excellent in storage stability, particularly storage stability under severe conditions (high temperature and high humidity conditions).
- the O / Si is 1.4 to whatever the point in each depth direction obtained by sputtering (XPS) from the surface of the second barrier layer.
- XPS sputtering
- ITO indium tin oxide
- first electrode layer On the second barrier layer of each gas barrier film, ITO (indium tin oxide) having a thickness of 150 nm was formed by sputtering, and patterned by photolithography to form a first electrode layer. The pattern was such that the light emission area was 50 mm square.
- the following coating liquid for forming a hole transport layer is extrusion coated in an environment of 25 ° C. and a relative humidity of 50% RH. Then, drying and heat treatment were performed under the following conditions to form a hole transport layer. The coating liquid for forming the hole transport layer was applied so that the thickness after drying was 50 nm.
- cleaning surface modification treatment of the barrier film was performed using a low pressure mercury lamp with a wavelength of 184.9 nm at an irradiation intensity of 15 mW / cm 2 and a distance of 10 mm.
- the charge removal treatment was performed using a static eliminator with weak X-rays.
- PEDOT / PSS polystyrene sulfonate
- Baytron P AI 4083 manufactured by Bayer
- ⁇ Drying and heat treatment conditions After applying the hole transport layer forming coating solution, the solvent is removed at a height of 100 mm toward the film formation surface, a discharge air velocity of 1 m / s, a wide air velocity distribution of 5%, and a temperature of 100 ° C., followed by heat treatment.
- the back surface heat transfer type heat treatment was performed at a temperature of 150 ° C. using an apparatus to form a hole transport layer.
- the following coating solution for forming a white light emitting layer is applied by an extrusion coater under the following conditions, followed by drying and heat treatment under the following conditions to form a light emitting layer. did.
- the white light emitting layer forming coating solution was applied so that the thickness after drying was 40 nm.
- ⁇ White luminescent layer forming coating solution> As a host material, 1.0 g of a compound represented by the following chemical formula HA, 100 mg of a compound represented by the following chemical formula DA as a dopant material, and 0.1 mg of a compound represented by the following chemical formula DB as a dopant material. 2 mg of a compound represented by the following chemical formula DC as a dopant material was dissolved in 0.2 mg and 100 g of toluene to prepare a white light emitting layer forming coating solution.
- the coating process was performed in an atmosphere having a nitrogen gas concentration of 99% or more, a coating temperature of 25 ° C., and a coating speed of 1 m / min.
- ⁇ Drying and heat treatment conditions After applying the white light emitting layer forming coating solution, the solvent was removed at a height of 100 mm toward the film formation surface, a discharge wind speed of 1 m / s, a wide wind speed distribution of 5%, and a temperature of 60 ° C., and then a temperature of 130 ° C. A heat treatment was performed to form a light emitting layer.
- the following electron transport layer forming coating solution was applied by an extrusion coater under the following conditions, and then dried and heat-treated under the following conditions to form an electron transport layer.
- the coating solution for forming an electron transport layer was applied so that the thickness after drying was 30 nm.
- the coating process was performed in an atmosphere having a nitrogen gas concentration of 99% or more, the coating temperature of the electron transport layer forming coating solution was 25 ° C., and the coating speed was 1 m / min.
- the electron transport layer was prepared by dissolving a compound represented by the following chemical formula EA in 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propanol to obtain a 0.5 wt% solution as a coating solution for forming an electron transport layer.
- An electron injection layer was formed on the electron transport layer formed above.
- the substrate was put into a decompression chamber and decompressed to 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa.
- cesium fluoride prepared in a tantalum vapor deposition boat was heated in a vacuum chamber to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 3 nm.
- Aluminum is used as the second electrode forming material on the electron injection layer formed as described above, except for the portion that becomes the extraction electrode of the first electrode 22 under a vacuum of 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa.
- a mask pattern was formed by vapor deposition so as to have an extraction electrode so that the light emission area was 50 mm square, and a second electrode having a thickness of 100 nm was laminated.
- each laminate including the second electrode was moved again to a nitrogen atmosphere, and cut to a specified size using an ultraviolet laser to produce an organic EL element.
- Crimping conditions Crimping was performed at a temperature of 170 ° C. (ACF temperature 140 ° C. measured separately using a thermocouple), a pressure of 2 MPa, and 10 seconds.
- sealing As a sealing member, a 30 ⁇ m thick aluminum foil (manufactured by Toyo Aluminum Co., Ltd.) is laminated with a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film (12 ⁇ m thickness) using a dry lamination adhesive (two-component reaction type urethane adhesive). (Adhesive layer thickness 1.5 ⁇ m) was prepared.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- thermosetting adhesive was uniformly applied to the aluminum surface of the prepared sealing member with a thickness of 20 ⁇ m along the adhesive surface (shiny surface) of the aluminum foil using a dispenser to form an adhesive layer.
- thermosetting adhesive containing the following components was used as the thermosetting adhesive.
- DGEBA Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether
- DIY dicyandiamide
- epoxy adduct curing accelerator Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether
- DGEBA Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether
- DIY dicyandiamide
- epoxy adduct curing accelerator Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether
- the sealing member is closely attached and arranged so as to cover the joint between the take-out electrode and the electrode lead, and using a pressure roll, pressure bonding conditions, a pressure roll temperature of 120 ° C., a pressure of 0.5 MPa, and an apparatus speed of 0.3 m / min. And sealed tightly.
- the gas barrier film produced according to the examples of the present invention has the effect of reducing the occurrence of dark spots by using it as a sealing film for organic EL elements, and has a very high gas barrier property.
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Abstract
Description
本発明のガスバリア性フィルムは、基材、第1のバリア層、および第2のバリア層をこの順に有する。本発明のガスバリア性フィルムは、他の部材をさらに含むものであってもよい。本発明のガスバリア性フィルムは、例えば、基材と第1のバリア層との間、第1のバリア層と第2のバリア層との間、第2のバリア層の上、または第1のバリア層および第2のバリア層が形成されていない基材の他方の面に、他の部材を有していてもよい。ここで、他の部材としては、特に制限されず、従来のガスバリア性フィルムに使用される部材が同様にしてあるいは適宜修飾して使用できる。具体的には、中間層、保護層、平滑層、アンカーコート層、ブリードアウト防止層、水分吸着性を有するデシカント性層や帯電防止層の機能化層などが挙げられる。
本発明に係るガスバリア性フィルムは、基材として、プラスチックフィルムまたはプラスチックシートが好ましく用いられ、無色透明な樹脂からなるフィルムまたはシートがより好ましく用いられる。用いられるプラスチックフィルムは、第1のバリア層および第2のバリア層等を保持できるフィルムであれば材質、厚み等に特に制限はなく、使用目的等に応じて適宜選択することができる。前記プラスチックフィルムとしては、具体的には、ポリエステル樹脂、メタクリル樹脂、メタクリル酸-マレイン酸共重合体、ポリスチレン樹脂、透明フッ素樹脂、ポリイミド、フッ素化ポリイミド樹脂、ポリアミド樹脂、ポリアミドイミド樹脂、ポリエーテルイミド樹脂、セルロースアシレート樹脂、ポリウレタン樹脂、ポリエーテルエーテルケトン樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂、脂環式ポリオレフィン樹脂、ポリアリレート樹脂、ポリエーテルスルホン樹脂、ポリスルホン樹脂、シクロオレフィルンコポリマー、フルオレン環変性ポリカーボネート樹脂、脂環変性ポリカーボネート樹脂、フルオレン環変性ポリエステル樹脂、アクリロイル化合物などの熱可塑性樹脂が挙げられる。
基材の上部に形成される本発明に係る第1のバリア層は、無機化合物を含む。第1のバリア層に含まれる無機化合物としては、特に限定されないが、例えば、金属酸化物、金属窒化物、金属炭化物、金属酸窒化物または金属酸炭化物が挙げられる。中でも、ガスバリア性能の点で、Si、Al、In、Sn、Zn、Ti、Cu、CeおよびTaから選ばれる1種以上の金属を含む、酸化物、窒化物、炭化物、酸窒化物または酸炭化物などを好ましく用いることができ、Si、Al、In、Sn、ZnおよびTiから選ばれる金属の酸化物、窒化物または酸窒化物がより好ましく、特にSiおよびAlの少なくとも1種の、酸化物、窒化物または酸窒化物が好ましい。好適な無機化合物として、具体的には、酸化ケイ素、窒化ケイ素、酸窒化ケイ素、炭化ケイ素、酸炭化ケイ素、酸化アルミニウム、酸化チタン、またはアルミニウムシリケートなどの複合体が挙げられる。副次的な成分として他の元素を含有してもよい。
物理気相成長法(Physical Vapor Deposition、PVD法)は、気相中で物質の表面に物理的手法により、目的とする物質、例えば、炭素膜等の薄膜を堆積する方法であり、例えば、スパッタ法(DCスパッタ法、RFスパッタ法、イオンビームスパッタ法、およびマグネトロンスパッタ法等)、真空蒸着法、イオンプレーティング法などが挙げられる。
(ii)前記炭素分布曲線が少なくとも2つの極値を有する;
(iii)前記炭素分布曲線における炭素の原子比の最大値および最小値の差の絶対値(以下、単に「Cmax-Cmin差」とも称する)が3at%以上である。
エッチングイオン種:アルゴン(Ar+)
エッチング速度(SiO2熱酸化膜換算値):0.05nm/sec
エッチング間隔(SiO2換算値):10nm
X線光電子分光装置:Thermo Fisher Scientific社製、機種名"VG Theta Probe"
照射X線:単結晶分光AlKα
X線のスポットおよびそのサイズ:800×400μmの楕円形。
本発明に係る第1のバリア層を基材の表面上に形成させる方法としては、ガスバリア性の観点から、プラズマCVD法を採用することが好ましい。なお、前記プラズマCVD法はペニング放電プラズマ方式のプラズマCVD法であってもよい。
本発明に係る第1のバリア層は、無機化合物を含有する液、好ましくはケイ素化合物を含有する液を塗布して形成される塗膜を改質処理して形成する方法(塗布法)で形成されてもよい。以下、無機化合物としてケイ素化合物を例に挙げて説明するが、前記無機化合物はケイ素化合物に限定されるものではない。
前記ケイ素化合物としては、ケイ素化合物を含有する塗布液の調製が可能であれば特に限定はされない。
第1のバリア層形成用塗布液を調製するための溶剤としては、ケイ素化合物を溶解できるものであれば特に制限されないが、ケイ素化合物と容易に反応してしまう水および反応性基(例えば、ヒドロキシル基、あるいはアミン基等)を含まず、ケイ素化合物に対して不活性の有機溶剤が好ましく、非プロトン性の有機溶剤がより好ましい。具体的には、溶剤としては、非プロトン性溶剤;例えば、ペンタン、ヘキサン、シクロヘキサン、トルエン、キシレン、ソルベッソ、ターベン等の、脂肪族炭化水素、脂環式炭化水素、芳香族炭化水素等の炭化水素溶媒;塩化メチレン、トリクロロエタン等のハロゲン炭化水素溶媒;酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル等のエステル類;アセトン、メチルエチルケトン等のケトン類;ジブチルエーテル、ジオキサン、テトラヒドロフラン等の脂肪族エーテル、脂環式エーテル等のエーテル類:例えば、テトラヒドロフラン、ジブチルエーテル、モノ-およびポリアルキレングリコールジアルキルエーテル(ジグライム類)などを挙げることができる。上記溶剤は、ケイ素化合物の溶解度や溶剤の蒸発速度等の目的にあわせて選択され、単独で使用されてもまたは2種以上の混合物の形態で使用されてもよい。
第1のバリア層形成用塗布液を塗布する方法としては、従来公知の適切な湿式塗布方法が採用され得る。具体例としては、スピンコート法、ロールコート法、フローコート法、インクジェット法、スプレーコート法、プリント法、ディップコート法、流延成膜法、バーコート法、グラビア印刷法等が挙げられる。
本発明における塗布法により形成された第1のバリア層の改質処理とは、ケイ素化合物の酸化ケイ素または酸窒化ケイ素等への転化反応を指し、具体的には本発明のガスバリア性フィルムが全体としてガスバリア性を発現するに貢献できるレベルの無機薄膜を形成する処理をいう。
本発明において、改質処理として用いることのできるプラズマ処理は、公知の方法を用いることができるが、好ましくは大気圧プラズマ処理等をあげることが出来る。大気圧近傍でのプラズマCVD処理を行う大気圧プラズマCVD法は、真空下のプラズマCVD法に比べ、減圧にする必要がなく生産性が高いだけでなく、プラズマ密度が高密度であるために成膜速度が速く、さらには通常のCVD法の条件に比較して、大気圧下という高圧力条件では、ガスの平均自由工程が非常に短いため、極めて均質の膜が得られる。
ケイ素化合物を含有する塗膜を他の改質処理、好適には後述のエキシマ照射処理等と組み合わせて、加熱処理することで、改質処理を効率よく行うことが出来る。
改質処理の方法の1つとして、紫外線照射による処理が好ましい。紫外線(紫外光と同義)によって生成されるオゾンや活性酸素原子は高い酸化能力を有しており、低温で高い緻密性と絶縁性を有する酸化ケイ素膜または酸窒化ケイ素膜を形成することが可能である。
本発明において、最も好ましい改質処理方法は、真空紫外線照射による処理(エキシマ照射処理)である。真空紫外線照射による処理は、ポリシラザン化合物内の原子間結合力より大きい100~200nmの光エネルギーを用い、好ましくは100~180nmの波長の光エネルギーを用い、原子の結合を光量子プロセスと呼ばれる光子のみの作用により、直接切断しながら活性酸素やオゾンによる酸化反応を進行させることで、比較的低温(約200℃以下)で、酸化ケイ素膜の形成を行う方法である。なお、エキシマ照射処理を行う際は、上述したように熱処理を併用することが好ましく、その際の熱処理条件の詳細は上述したとおりである。
パーヒドロポリシラザン中のSi-H結合やN-H結合は真空紫外線照射による励起等で比較的容易に切断され、不活性雰囲気下ではSi-Nとして再結合すると考えられる(Siの未結合手が形成される場合もある)。すなわち、酸化することなくSiNy組成として硬化する。この場合はポリマー主鎖の切断は生じない。Si-H結合やN-H結合の切断は触媒の存在や、加熱によって促進される。切断されたHはH2として膜外に放出される。
パーヒドロポリシラザン中のSi-N結合は水により加水分解され、ポリマー主鎖が切断されてSi-OHを形成する。二つのSi-OHが脱水縮合してSi-O-Si結合を形成して硬化する。これは大気中でも生じる反応であるが、不活性雰囲気下での真空紫外線照射中では、照射の熱によって基材からアウトガスとして生じる水蒸気が主な水分源となると考えられる。水分が過剰となると脱水縮合しきれないSi-OHが残存し、SiO2.1~SiO2.3の組成で示されるガスバリア性の低い硬化膜となる。
真空紫外線照射中、雰囲気下に適当量の酸素が存在すると、酸化力の非常に強い一重項酸素が形成される。パーヒドロポリシラザン中のHやNはOと置き換わってSi-O-Si結合を形成して硬化する。ポリマー主鎖の切断により結合の組み換えを生じる場合もあると考えられる。
真空紫外線のエネルギーはパーヒドロポリシラザン中のSi-Nの結合エネルギーよりも高いため、Si-N結合は切断され、周囲に酸素、オゾン、水等の酸素源が存在すると酸化されてSi-O-Si結合やSi-O-N結合が生じると考えられる。ポリマー主鎖の切断により結合の組み換えを生じる場合もあると考えられる。
第1のバリア層の上部に設けられる本発明に係る第2のバリア層は、少なくともケイ素原子および酸素原子を含有し、かつケイ素原子に対する酸素原子の存在比(O/Si)が1.4~2.2であり、ケイ素原子に対する窒素原子の存在比(N/Si)が0~0.4である。
イオン種:Arイオン
加速電圧:1kV
(X線光電子分光測定条件)
装置:VGサイエンティフィックス社製ESCALAB-200R
X線アノード材:Mg
出力:600W(加速電圧15kV、エミッション電流40mA)
尚、測定の分解能は0.5nmでありこれに応じた各サンプリング点において、各元素比をプロットすることで得られる。
装置:SII製SMI2050
加工イオン:(Ga 30kV)
(TEM観察)
装置:日本電子製JEM2000FX(加速電圧:200kV)
電子線照射時間:5秒から60秒
(第2のバリア層の表面からの膜厚の深さ方向の元素比)
上述の第2のバリア層表面からのスパッタにより得られた各深さでのXPS測定(Si、O、Nに注目)とTEMによる断層面観察の結果を照合させて、O/SiおよびN/Siの平均値を算出した。
第2のバリア層の形成方法は特に制限されないが、有機溶剤中に、無機化合物、好ましくはポリシラザンと、添加化合物と、必要に応じて触媒を含む第2のバリア層形成用塗布液を公知の湿式塗布方法により塗布し、この溶剤を蒸発させて除去し、次いで、紫外線、電子線、X線、α線、β線、γ線、中性子線等の活性エネルギー線を照射して改質処理を行う方法が好ましい。
pおよびqは、それぞれ独立して、1以上の整数である。
第2のバリア層形成用塗布液を調製するための溶剤としては、上記ポリシラザンおよび添加化合物を溶解できるものであれば特に制限されないが、ポリシラザンと容易に反応してしまう水および反応性基(例えば、ヒドロキシル基、あるいはアミン基等)を含まず、ポリシラザンに対して不活性の有機溶剤が好ましく、非プロトン性の有機溶剤がより好ましい。具体的には、溶剤としては、非プロトン性有機溶剤;例えば、ペンタン、ヘキサン、シクロヘキサン、トルエン、キシレン、ソルベッソ、ターベン等の、脂肪族炭化水素、脂環式炭化水素、芳香族炭化水素等の炭化水素溶媒;塩化メチレン、トリクロロエタン等のハロゲン含有炭化水素溶媒;酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル等のエステル類;アセトン、メチルエチルケトン等のケトン類;ジブチルエーテル、ジオキサン、テトラヒドロフラン等の脂肪族エーテル、脂環式エーテル等のエーテル類:例えば、テトラヒドロフラン、ジブチルエーテル、モノ-およびポリアルキレングリコールジアルキルエーテル(ジグライム類)などを挙げることができる。上記溶剤は、単独で使用されてもまたは2種以上の混合物の形態で使用されてもよい。
第2のバリア層形成用塗布液を塗布する方法としては、従来公知の適切な湿式塗布方法が採用され得る。具体例としては、スピンコート法、ロールコート法、フローコート法、インクジェット法、スプレーコート法、プリント法、ディップコート法、流延成膜法、バーコート法、グラビア印刷法等が挙げられる。
本発明のガスバリア性フィルムは、応力緩和などを目的として、第1のバリア層と第2のバリア層との間に中間層を有していてもよい。該中間層を形成する方法としては、ポリシロキサン改質層を形成する方法を適用することができる。この方法は、ポリシロキサンを含有した塗布液を、湿式塗布法により第1のバリア層上に塗布して乾燥した後、その乾燥して得られた塗膜に真空紫外光を照射することによって、中間層を形成する方法である。
本発明に係るガスバリア性フィルムは、第2のバリア層の上部に、有機化合物を含む保護層を設けてもよい。保護層に用いられる有機化合物としては、有機モノマー、オリゴマー、ポリマー等の有機樹脂、有機基を有するシロキサンやシルセスキオキサンのモノマー、オリゴマー、ポリマー等を用いた有機無機複合樹脂層を好ましく用いることができる。
本発明のガスバリア性フィルムは、デシカント性層(水分吸着層)を有してもよい。デシカント性層として用いられる材料としては、例えば、酸化カルシウムや有機金属酸化物などが挙げられる。酸化カルシウムとしては、バインダー樹脂などに分散されたものが好ましく、市販品としては、例えば、サエスゲッター社のAqvaDry(登録商標)シリーズなどを好ましく用いることができる。また、有機金属酸化物としては、双葉電子工業株式会社製のOleDry(登録商標)シリーズなどを用いることができる。
本発明のガスバリア性フィルムは、基材のバリア層を有する面、好ましくは基材と第1のバリア層との間に平滑層(下地層、プライマー層)を有していてもよい。平滑層は突起等が存在する基材の粗面を平坦化するために、あるいは、基材に存在する突起により、バリア層に生じた凹凸やピンホールを埋めて平坦化するために設けられる。このような平滑層は、いずれの材料で形成されてもよいが、炭素含有ポリマーを含むことが好ましく、炭素含有ポリマーから構成されることがより好ましい。すなわち、本発明のガスバリア性フィルムは、基材と第1のバリア層との間に、炭素含有ポリマーを含む平滑層をさらに有することが好ましい。
本発明に係る基材の表面には、接着性(密着性)の向上を目的として、アンカーコート層を易接着層として形成してもよい。このアンカーコート層に用いられるアンカーコート剤としては、ポリエステル樹脂、イソシアネート樹脂、ウレタン樹脂、アクリル樹脂、エチレン・ビニルアルコール樹脂、ビニル変性樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、変性スチレン樹脂、変性シリコン樹脂、およびアルキルチタネート等を、1種または2種以上併せて使用することができる。上記アンカーコート剤は、市販品を使用してもよい。具体的には、シロキサン系UV硬化性ポリマー溶液(信越化学工業株式会社製、「X-12-2400」の3%イソプロピルアルコール溶液)を用いることができる。
本発明のガスバリア性フィルムは、ブリードアウト防止層をさらに有することができる。ブリードアウト防止層は、平滑層を有するフィルムを加熱した際に、基材中から未反応のオリゴマー等が表面へ移行して、接触する面を汚染する現象を抑制する目的で、平滑層を有する基材の反対面に設けられる。ブリードアウト防止層は、この機能を有していれば、基本的に平滑層と同じ構成をとっても構わない。
本発明のガスバリア性フィルムは、連続生産しロール形態に巻き取ることができる(いわゆるロール・トゥ・ロール生産)。その際、バリア層を形成した面に保護シートを貼合して巻き取ることが好ましい。特に、本発明のガスバリア性フィルムを有機薄膜デバイスの封止材として用いる場合、表面に付着したゴミ(例えば、パーティクル)が原因で欠陥となる場合が多く、クリーン度の高い場所で保護シートを貼合してゴミの付着を防止することは非常に有効である。併せて、巻取り時に入るバリア層表面への傷の防止に有効である。
本発明のガスバリア性フィルムは、空気中の化学成分(酸素、水、窒素酸化物、硫黄酸化物、オゾン等)によって性能が劣化するデバイスに好ましく用いることができる。前記デバイスの例としては、例えば、有機EL素子、液晶表示素子(LCD)、薄膜トランジスタ、タッチパネル、電子ペーパー、太陽電池(PV)等の電子デバイスを挙げることができる。本発明の効果がより効率的に得られるという観点から、有機EL素子または太陽電池に好ましく用いられ、有機EL素子に特に好ましく用いられる。
ガスバリア性フィルムを用いた有機EL素子の例は、特開2007-30387号公報に詳しく記載されている。
反射型液晶表示装置は、下から順に、下基板、反射電極、下配向膜、液晶層、上配向膜、透明電極、上基板、λ/4板、そして偏光膜からなる構成を有する。本発明におけるガスバリア性フィルムは、前記透明電極基板および上基板として使用することができる。カラー表示の場合には、さらにカラーフィルター層を反射電極と下配向膜との間、または上配向膜と透明電極との間に設けることが好ましい。透過型液晶表示装置は、下から順に、バックライト、偏光板、λ/4板、下透明電極、下配向膜、液晶層、上配向膜、上透明電極、上基板、λ/4板および偏光膜からなる構成を有する。カラー表示の場合には、さらにカラーフィルター層を下透明電極と下配向膜との間、または上配向膜と透明電極との間に設けることが好ましい。液晶セルの種類は特に限定されないが、より好ましくはTN型(Twisted Nematic)、STN型(Super Twisted Nematic)またはHAN型(Hybrid Aligned Nematic)、VA型(Vertically Alignment)、ECB型(Electrically Controlled Birefringence)、OCB型(Optically Compensated Bend)、IPS型(In-Plane Switching)、CPA型(Continuous Pinwheel Alignment)であることが好ましい。
本発明のガスバリア性フィルムは、太陽電池素子の封止フィルムとしても用いることができる。ここで、本発明のガスバリア性フィルムは、バリア層が太陽電池素子に近い側となるように封止することが好ましい。本発明のガスバリア性フィルムが好ましく用いられる太陽電池素子としては、特に制限はないが、例えば、単結晶シリコン系太陽電池素子、多結晶シリコン系太陽電池素子、シングル接合型、またはタンデム構造型等で構成されるアモルファスシリコン系太陽電池素子、ガリウムヒ素(GaAs)やインジウム燐(InP)等のIII-V族化合物半導体太陽電池素子、カドミウムテルル(CdTe)等のII-VI族化合物半導体太陽電池素子、銅/インジウム/セレン系(いわゆる、CIS系)、銅/インジウム/ガリウム/セレン系(いわゆる、CIGS系)、銅/インジウム/ガリウム/セレン/硫黄系(いわゆる、CIGSS系)等のI-III-VI族化合物半導体太陽電池素子、色素増感型太陽電池素子、有機太陽電池素子等が挙げられる。中でも、本発明においては、上記太陽電池素子が、銅/インジウム/セレン系(いわゆる、CIS系)、銅/インジウム/ガリウム/セレン系(いわゆる、CIGS系)、銅/インジウム/ガリウム/セレン/硫黄系(いわゆる、CIGSS系)等のI-III-VI族化合物半導体太陽電池素子であることが好ましい。
その他の適用例としては、特表平10-512104号公報に記載の薄膜トランジスタ、特開平5-127822号公報、特開2002-48913号公報等に記載のタッチパネル、特開2000-98326号公報に記載の電子ペーパー等が挙げられる。
本発明のガスバリア性フィルムは、光学部材としても用いることができる。光学部材の例としては円偏光板等が挙げられる。
本発明におけるガスバリア性フィルムを基板としλ/4板と偏光板とを積層し、円偏光板を作製することができる。この場合、λ/4板の遅相軸と偏光板の吸収軸とのなす角が45°になるように積層する。このような偏光板は、長手方向(MD)に対し45°の方向に延伸されているものを用いることが好ましく、例えば、特開2002-865554号公報に記載のものを好適に用いることができる。
(ポリシラザン含有塗布液の調製)
無触媒のパーヒドロポリシラザンを20重量%含むジブチルエーテル溶液(AZエレクトロニックマテリアルズ株式会社製、アクアミカ(登録商標)NN120-20)と、アミン触媒(N,N,N',N'-テトラメチル-1,6-ジアミノヘキサン(TMDAH))を含むパーヒドロポリシラザン20重量%のジブチルエーテル溶液(AZエレクトロニックマテリアルズ株式会社製、アクアミカ(登録商標)NAX120-20)とを、4:1の割合で混合し、さらにジブチルエーテルと2,2,4-トリメチルペンタンとの重量比が65:35となるように混合した溶媒で、塗布液の固形分が5重量%になるように、塗布液を希釈調製した。
真空紫外線照射は、図3に模式図で示した装置を用いて行った。
株式会社きもと製のクリアハードコートを施したPET基材(125μm厚)を、図2に示されるような製造装置31にセットして、搬送させた。次いで、成膜ローラー39と成膜ローラー40との間に磁場を印加すると共に、成膜ローラー39と成膜ローラー40にそれぞれ電力を供給して、成膜ローラー39と成膜ローラー40との間に放電してプラズマを発生させた。次いで、形成された放電領域に、成膜ガス(原料ガスとしてヘキサメチルジシロキサン(HMDSO)と反応ガスとして酸素ガス(放電ガスとしても機能する)との混合ガスを供給し、基材2上に、プラズマCVD法にてガスバリア性の薄膜(第1のバリア層)を形成し、ガスバリア性フィルムを得た。第1のバリア層の厚みは、150nmであった。成膜条件は、以下の通りとした。
原料ガスの供給量:50sccm(Standard Cubic Centimeter per Minute、0℃、1気圧基準)
酸素ガスの供給量:500sccm(0℃、1気圧基準)
真空チャンバ内の真空度:3Pa
プラズマ発生用電源からの印加電力:0.8kW
プラズマ発生用電源の周波数:70kHz
フィルムの搬送速度:1.0m/min。
基材として、ハードコート層(中間層)付透明樹脂基材(株式会社きもと製、クリアハードコート層(CHC)付ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)フィルム)を準備した。その基材上に直接、第2のバリア層のみを形成した。第2のバリア層はパーヒドロポリシラザンを20重量%含むジブチルエーテル溶液(AZエレクトロニックマテリアルズ株式会社製、アクアミカ(登録商標)NN120-20)をジブチルエーテルで5重量%の濃度まで希釈し塗布液を調製した後、該塗布液を用いて厚さ150nmにポリシラザン塗膜を成膜し、その後、露点0℃にて6000mJ/cm2の照射量で、上記第1のバリア層の形成(塗布法)と同様の方法で真空紫外線照射処理を施して、第2のバリア層を形成した。このようにして、ガスバリア性フィルム1-1を作製した。
アミン触媒としてN,N,N',N'-テトラメチル-1,6-ジアミノヘキサン(TMDAH)を、パーヒドロポリシラザンに対して1重量%となる量を加え、さらに紫外線照射処理時の露点を-30℃としたこと以外は、比較例1-1と同様にして、第2のバリア層を形成した。このようにして、ガスバリア性フィルム1-2を作製した。
基材として、ハードコート層(中間層)付透明樹脂基材(株式会社きもと製、クリアハードコート層(CHC)付ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)フィルム)を準備した。その基材上に、上記「第1のバリア層の形成(塗布法)」により、第1のバリア層を形成した。その後、第1のバリア層上に、比較例1-1と同様の方法で第2のバリア層を形成し、ガスバリア性フィルム1-3を作製した。
基材として、ハードコート層(中間層)付透明樹脂基材(株式会社きもと製、クリアハードコート層(CHC)付ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)フィルム)を準備した。その基材上に、上記「第1のバリア層の形成(塗布法)」により、第1のバリア層を形成した。その後、第1のバリア層上に、比較例1-2と同様の方法で第2のバリア層を形成し、ガスバリア性フィルム1-4を作製した。
基材として、ハードコート層(中間層)付透明樹脂基材(株式会社きもと製、クリアハードコート層(CHC)付ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)フィルム)を準備した。その基材上に、上記「第1のバリア層の形成(プラズマCVD法)」により、第1のバリア層を形成した。その後、第1のバリア層上に、比較例1-1と同様の方法で第2のバリア層を形成し、ガスバリア性フィルム1-5を作製した。
基材として、ハードコート層(中間層)付透明樹脂基材(株式会社きもと製、クリアハードコート層(CHC)付ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)フィルム)を準備した。その基材上に、上記「第1のバリア層の形成(プラズマCVD法)」により、第1のバリア層を形成した。その後、第1のバリア層上に、比較例1-2と同様の方法で第2のバリア層を形成し、ガスバリア性フィルム1-6を作製した。
以下のようにして第2のバリア層を形成したこと以外は、比較例1-6と同様にして、ガスバリア性フィルム1-7を作製した。
水の量をパーヒドロポリシラザンに対して10重量%となる量に変更したこと以外は、比較例1-7と同様にして、ガスバリア性フィルム1-8を作製した。
水の代わりに、メタノール(関東化学株式会社製、鹿1級)をパーヒドロポリシラザンに対して1重量%となる量で塗布液に加えたこと以外は、比較例1-7と同様にして、ガスバリア性フィルム1-9を作製した。
メタノールの量をパーヒドロポリシラザンに対して5重量%となる量に変更したこと以外は、比較例1-8と同様にして、ガスバリア性フィルム1-10を作製した。
メタノールの量をパーヒドロポリシラザンに対して10重量%に変更したこと以外は、比較例1-8と同様にして、ガスバリア性フィルム1-11を作製した。
水の代わりに、ALCH(川研ファインケミカル株式会社製、アルミニウムエチルアセトアセテート・ジイソプロピレート)をパーヒドロポリシラザンに対して1重量%となる量で塗布液に加えたこと以外は、比較例1-7と同様にして、ガスバリア性フィルム1-12を作製した。
ALCHの量を、パーヒドロポリシラザンに対して2重量%となる量に変更したこと以外は、比較例1-9と同様にして、ガスバリア性フィルム1-13を作製した。
ALCHの量を、パーヒドロポリシラザンに対して4重量%に変更したこと以外は、比較例1-9と同様にして、ガスバリア性フィルム1-14を作製した。
水の代わりに、AMD(川研ファインケミカル株式会社製、アルミニウムジイソプロピレート・モノセカンダリーブチレート)をパーヒドロポリシラザンに対して1重量%となる量で塗布液に加えたこと以外は、比較例1-7と同様にして、ガスバリア性フィルム1-15を作製した。
AMDの量を、パーヒドロポリシラザンに対して2重量%となる量に変更したこと以外は、比較例1-7と同様にして、ガスバリア性フィルム1-16を作製した。
AMDの量を、パーヒドロポリシラザンに対して4重量%となる量に変更したこと以外は、比較例1-7と同様にして、ガスバリア性フィルム1-17を作製した。
水の代わりに、X-40-9225(信越化学工業株式会社製、分子末端にアルコキシシリル基を有するポリメチルシルセスキオキサン誘導体)を、パーヒドロポリシラザンに対して1重量%となる量で塗布液に加えたこと以外は、比較例1-7と同様にして、ガスバリア性フィルム1-18を作製した。
X-40-9225の量を、パーヒドロポリシラザンに対して2重量%となる量に変更したこと以外は、比較例1-7と同様にして、ガスバリア性フィルム1-19を作製した。
X-40-9225の量を、パーヒドロポリシラザンに対して4重量%となる量に変更したこと以外は、比較例1-7と同様にして、ガスバリア性フィルム1-20を作製した。
第1のバリア層を下記のように形成したこと以外は、比較例1-9と同様にして、ガスバリア性フィルム1-21を作製した。
ハードコート層(中間層)付透明樹脂基材(きもと株式会社製、クリアハードコート層(CHC)付ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)フィルム)を、株式会社アルバック製スパッタ装置の真空槽内にセットし、10-4Pa台まで真空引きし、放電ガスとしてアルゴンを分圧で0.5Pa導入した。雰囲気圧力が安定したところで放電を開始し酸化ケイ素(SiOx)ターゲット上にプラズマを発生させ、スパッタリングプロセスを開始した。プロセスが安定したところでシャッターを開きフィルムへの酸化ケイ素膜(SiOx)形成を開始した。100nmの膜が堆積したところでシャッターを閉じて成膜を終了し、第1のバリア層を形成した。
第1のバリア層を、上記「第1のバリア層の形成(スパッタ法)」の方法で形成したこと以外は、実施例1-5と同様にして、ガスバリア性フィルム1-22を作製した。
第1のバリア層を、上記「第1のバリア層の形成(スパッタ法)」の方法で形成したこと以外は、実施例1-6と同様にして、ガスバリア性フィルム1-23を作製した。
以下の装置および条件により、上記で作製したガスバリア性フィルムの第2のバリア層について、深さ方向のプロファイルの平均値から、O/SiおよびN/Siを求め表1に示した。
イオン種:Arイオン
加速電圧:1kV
(X線光電子分光測定条件)
装置:VGサイエンティフィックス社製ESCALAB-200R
X線アノード材:Mg
出力:600W(加速電圧15kV、エミッション電流40mA)。
装置:SII製SMI2050
加工イオン:(Ga 30kV)
(TEM観察)
装置:日本電子製JEM2000FX(加速電圧:200kV)
電子線照射時間:5秒から60秒
(第2のバリア層の表面からの膜厚の深さ方向の元素比)
上述の第2のバリア層表面からのスパッタにより得られた各深さでのXPS測定(Si、O、Nに注目)とTEMによる断層面観察の結果を照合させて、O/SiおよびN/Siの平均値を算出した。
上記で作製したガスバリア性フィルムについて、85℃、85%RHの高温高湿下に1,000hr曝したサンプル(劣化試験後サンプル)を各々準備した。
蒸着装置:日本電子株式会社製、真空蒸着装置JEE-400
恒温恒湿度オーブン:Yamato Humidic ChamberIG47M
(原材料)
水分と反応して腐食する金属:カルシウム(粒状)
水蒸気不透過性の金属:アルミニウム(φ3~5mm、粒状)
(水蒸気バリア性評価試料の作製)
真空蒸着装置(日本電子製真空蒸着装置 JEE-400)を用い、作製したガスバリアフィルムの第2のバリア層表面に、マスクを通して12mm×12mmのサイズで金属カルシウムを蒸着させた。この際、蒸着膜厚は80nmとなるようにした。
ガスバリア性フィルム1-1~1-23を封止フィルムとして用いて、有機薄膜電子デバイスである有機EL素子を作製した。
(第1電極層の形成)
各ガスバリア性フィルムの第2のバリア層上に、厚さ150nmのITO(インジウムチンオキシド)をスパッタ法により成膜し、フォトリソグラフィー法によりパターニングを行い、第1電極層を形成した。なお、パターンは発光面積が50mm平方になるようなパターンとした。
第1電極層が形成された各ガスバリア性フィルムの第1電極層の上に、以下に示す正孔輸送層形成用塗布液を、25℃、相対湿度50%RHの環境下で、押出し塗布機で塗布した後、下記の条件で乾燥および加熱処理を行い、正孔輸送層を形成した。正孔輸送層形成用塗布液は乾燥後の厚みが50nmになるように塗布した。
ポリエチレンジオキシチオフェン・ポリスチレンスルホネート(PEDOT/PSS、Bayer社製 Bytron P AI 4083)を純水で65%、メタノール5%で希釈した溶液を正孔輸送層形成用塗布液として準備した。
正孔輸送層形成用塗布液を塗布した後、成膜面に向け高さ100mm、吐出風速1m/s、幅手の風速分布5%、温度100℃で溶媒を除去した後、引き続き、加熱処理装置を用い温度150℃で裏面伝熱方式の熱処理を行い、正孔輸送層を形成した。
上記で形成した正孔輸送層上に、以下に示す白色発光層形成用塗布液を、下記の条件により押出し塗布機で塗布した後、下記の条件で乾燥および加熱処理を行い、発光層を形成した。白色発光層形成用塗布液は乾燥後の厚みが40nmになるように塗布した。
ホスト材として下記化学式H-Aで表される化合物1.0gと、ドーパント材として下記化学式D-Aで表される化合物を100mg、ドーパント材として下記化学式D-Bで表される化合物を0.2mg、ドーパント材として下記化学式D-Cで表される化合物を0.2mg、100gのトルエンに溶解し白色発光層形成用塗布液として準備した。
塗布工程を窒素ガス濃度99%以上の雰囲気で、塗布温度を25℃とし、塗布速度1m/minで行った。
白色発光層形成用塗布液を塗布した後、成膜面に向け高さ100mm、吐出風速1m/s、幅手の風速分布5%、温度60℃で溶媒を除去した後、引き続き、温度130℃で加熱処理を行い、発光層を形成した。
上記で形成した発光層の上に、以下に示す電子輸送層形成用塗布液を下記の条件により押出し塗布機で塗布した後、下記の条件で乾燥および加熱処理し、電子輸送層を形成した。電子輸送層形成用塗布液は、乾燥後の厚みが30nmになるように塗布した。
塗布工程は窒素ガス濃度99%以上の雰囲気で、電子輸送層形成用塗布液の塗布温度を25℃とし、塗布速度1m/minで行った。
電子輸送層は下記化学式E-Aで表される化合物を2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロ-1-プロパノール中に溶解し0.5重量%溶液とし電子輸送層形成用塗布液とした。
電子輸送層形成用塗布液を塗布した後、成膜面に向け高さ100mm、吐出風速1m/s、幅手の風速分布5%、温度60℃で溶媒を除去した後、引き続き、加熱処理部で、温度200℃で加熱処理を行い、電子輸送層を形成した。
上記で形成した電子輸送層上に、電子注入層を形成した。まず、基板を減圧チャンバに投入し、5×10-4Paまで減圧した。あらかじめ、真空チャンバにタンタル製蒸着ボートに用意しておいたフッ化セシウムを加熱し、厚さ3nmの電子注入層を形成した。
上記で形成した電子注入層の上であって、第1電極22の取り出し電極になる部分を除く部分に、5×10-4Paの真空下で、第2電極形成材料としてアルミニウムを使用し、取り出し電極を有するように蒸着法にて、発光面積が50mm平方になるようにマスクパターン成膜し、厚さ100nmの第2電極を積層した。
以上のように、第2電極までが形成された各積層体を、再び窒素雰囲気に移動し、規定の大きさに、紫外線レーザーを用いて裁断し、有機EL素子を作製した。
作製した有機EL素子に、ソニーケミカル&インフォメーションデバイス株式会社製の異方性導電フィルムDP3232S9を用いて、フレキシブルプリント基板(ベースフィルム:ポリイミド12.5μm、圧延銅箔18μm、カバーレイ:ポリイミド12.5μm、表面処理NiAuメッキ)を接続した。
封止部材として、30μm厚のアルミニウム箔(東洋アルミニウム株式会社製)に、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)フィルム(12μm厚)をドライラミネーション用の接着剤(2液反応型のウレタン系接着剤)を用いラミネートした(接着剤層の厚み1.5μm)ものを用意した。
上記作製した有機EL素子について、下記の方法に従って、耐久性の評価を行った。
(加速劣化処理)
上記作製した各有機EL素子を、85℃、85%RHの環境下で500時間の加速劣化処理を施した後、下記のダークスポットに関する評価を行った。
加速劣化処理を施した有機EL素子に対し、1mA/cm2の電流を印加し、24時間連続発光させた後、100倍のマイクロスコープ(株式会社モリテックス製MS-804、レンズMP-ZE25-200)でパネルの一部分を拡大し、撮影を行った。撮影画像を2mm四方スケール相当に切り抜き、ダークスポットの発生面積比率を求め、下記の基準に従って耐久性を評価した。評価ランクが、△であれば実用的な特性、○であればより実用的な特性、◎であれば全く問題のない好ましい特性であると判定した。
○:ダークスポット発生率が、0.3%以上1.0%未満である
△:ダークスポット発生率が、1.0%以上2.0%未満である
×:ダークスポット発生率が、2.0%以上5.0%未満である
××:ダークスポット発生率が、5.0%以上である。
Claims (5)
- 基材と、
無機化合物を含む第1のバリア層と、
少なくともケイ素原子および酸素原子を含有し、かつケイ素原子に対する酸素原子の存在比(O/Si)が1.4~2.2であり、ケイ素原子に対する窒素原子の存在比(N/Si)が0~0.4である第2のバリア層と、
をこの順で含む、ガスバリア性フィルム。 - 前記第2のバリア層は、最表面から深さが10nmまでの領域におけるケイ素原子に対する酸素原子の存在比の平均値と、最表面から深さが10nmを超える領域におけるケイ素原子に対する酸素原子の存在比の平均値との差が0.4以下である、請求項1に記載のガスバリア性フィルム。
- 前記第2のバリア層は、
ポリシラザンと、
アルコール化合物、フェノール化合物、金属アルコキシド化合物、アルキルアミン化合物、アルコール変性ポリシロキサン、アルコキシ変性ポリシロキサン、およびアルキルアミノ変性ポリシロキサンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の化合物と、
を含有する層を、活性エネルギー線照射により改質処理して形成される、請求項1または2に記載のガスバリア性フィルム。 - 前記第1のバリア層は、化学気相成長法または物理気相成長法により形成される、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のガスバリア性フィルム。
- 請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のガスバリア性フィルムを有する、有機EL素子。
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