WO2014156644A1 - 多孔質膜および浄水器 - Google Patents
多孔質膜および浄水器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014156644A1 WO2014156644A1 PCT/JP2014/056475 JP2014056475W WO2014156644A1 WO 2014156644 A1 WO2014156644 A1 WO 2014156644A1 JP 2014056475 W JP2014056475 W JP 2014056475W WO 2014156644 A1 WO2014156644 A1 WO 2014156644A1
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- porous membrane
- average value
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- diameter
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Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/442—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by nanofiltration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/027—Nanofiltration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/08—Hollow fibre membranes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/66—Polymers having sulfur in the main chain, with or without nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only
- B01D71/68—Polysulfones; Polyethersulfones
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/001—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance
- C02F1/003—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance using household-type filters for producing potable water, e.g. pitchers, bottles, faucet mounted devices
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
- B01D2325/02—Details relating to pores or porosity of the membranes
- B01D2325/0283—Pore size
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/04—Disinfection
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a porous membrane and a water purifier incorporating the porous membrane.
- the present invention relates to a porous membrane suitable for use in removing viruses.
- Porous membranes are suitable for membrane separation that eliminates the size of substances in liquids depending on the size of the pores, medical applications such as hemodialysis and blood filtration, water treatment applications such as household water purifiers and water purification treatments, and beverages It is used in a wide range of applications such as food production processes such as sterilization and fruit juice concentration.
- Norovirus causes food poisoning due to oral infection, among viruses that are at risk of mixing in water for beverage use. In food poisoning caused by norovirus, it is often difficult to identify the source of infection, but in many cases it is suspected to be caused by water used for beverages. Norovirus is as small as 38 nm in size. Since the porous membrane removes the substance by its size, the smaller the substance, the lower the removal performance. In addition, norovirus is highly infectious and can infect humans even in small quantities of 10-100. Therefore, high removal performance is required to prevent food poisoning.
- Household water purifiers that remove impurities using porous membranes have been widely used, but the purpose of removal is malodorous substances and bacteria contained in tap water, and activated carbon and microfiltration membranes were used as filter media. Things have become mainstream. However, activated carbon has low virus adsorption performance, and the microfiltration membrane is targeted for removing bacteria and iron rust with a diameter of 100 nm or more, and cannot remove viruses with a diameter of 38 nm.
- the porous membrane has a uniform structure in which the pore diameter does not change substantially in the film thickness direction, and a nonuniformity in which the pore diameter changes continuously or discontinuously, and the pore diameter is different on one surface, inside, or the other surface.
- the heterogeneous structure has a small layer having a small pore size that contributes to size exclusion, and therefore has a low water permeation resistance and a high water permeation performance.
- Patent Document 1 a porous membrane having a dense structure on both sides is disclosed in Patent Document 1 in which the pore diameter increases from one surface toward the other surface, takes at least one maximum value, and then the pore diameter decreases again. It is disclosed in Patent Document 4.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a porous film having a dense structure on both sides in which the pore diameter of one surface vicinity layer is 500 nm or less and the pore diameter of the other surface proximity layer is 0.6 times or more and less than 1.2 times. Yes.
- the structure of the porous membrane attention is paid to the pore diameters having maximum values on the inner wall side and the outer wall side of the layer obtained by dividing the cross section in the film thickness direction into 10, but no consideration is given to the thickness of each layer.
- the evaluation is made at a low water pressure of 6.7 kPa, and there is no description about the removal performance when filtering at a high water pressure.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a porous film having a dense structure on both sides in which the pore diameters of both surfaces cannot be observed at a magnification of 10,000 times.
- the structure of the porous membrane only the pore diameter on the surface is described, and there is no description on the thickness of the layer having a small pore diameter.
- evaluation is made at a low water pressure of 27 kPa, and there is no description about the removal performance when filtering at a high water pressure.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a porous film having a dense structure on both sides, in which the number of pores larger than the exclusion limit particle size of the fine particles is small on the inner surface and the maximum value of the pore size is on the inner surface side of the center in the cross section in the film thickness direction. ing.
- the structure of the porous film attention is paid to the porosity of the layer divided into eight equal sections in the film thickness direction, but no consideration is given to the pore diameter and thickness of each layer.
- the removal performance is evaluated at a high water pressure of 150 kPa, but it can be estimated that the removal performance of 50 nm particles is as low as about 75%, and the removal rate of viruses with a diameter of 38 nm is lower.
- Patent Document 4 discloses a porous membrane having a dense structure on both sides having a layer having a separation limit of 500 to 5 million daltons and a layer having a larger pore size and not affecting the separation limit.
- the structure of the porous film attention is paid to the pore diameter and thickness in the cross section in the film thickness direction.
- the layer having the larger pore size has a pore size that does not affect the separation limit and does not contribute to the improvement of the removal performance.
- evaluation is made at a low water pressure of 20 kPa, and there is no description regarding the removal performance when filtering at a high water pressure.
- the thickness of the layer having a pore diameter that contributes to virus removal is important with respect to the porous membrane structure.
- all are limited to the description about the pore diameter, and attention has been paid to both the pore diameter and the thickness, and there has been no porous membrane that has both virus removal performance and water permeability performance at the time of use at high water pressure.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a porous membrane having both virus removal performance and water permeation performance when used at a high water pressure.
- a porous membrane having the following characteristics.
- A-1 The average value of the short diameters of the holes on one surface is smaller than the average value of the short diameters of the holes on the other surface.
- A-2) In the cross section in the film thickness direction, the hole diameter increases from one surface to the other surface, and after taking at least one maximum value, the hole diameter further decreases.
- A-3) On the side where the average value of the minor diameters of the pores on the surface is large, a layer having a pore diameter of 130 nm or less is provided in the film thickness direction from the surface, and the thickness of the layer is 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
- A-4) The layer has pores having a pore size of 130 nm or less and 100 nm or more.
- the present invention provides the following porous membranes and methods of use as preferred embodiments and methods of use of the porous membranes.
- A-6) The average value of the major axis of the surface hole on the side having the smaller average minor axis of the surface hole is 2.5 times or more the average value of the minor axis of the surface hole on the side.
- A-7) It has a layer having pores with a pore diameter of 130 nm or less from the surface on the side where the average minor diameter of the surface pores is small, and the thickness of the layer is 0.3 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the layer has pores having a pore size of 130 nm or less and 100 nm or more.
- Any of the porous membranes having the following characteristics. In the cross section in the film thickness direction, the porosity of the portion from the surface on the side where the average value of the minor axis of the surface holes is small to the thickness of 3 ⁇ m is 5% or more and 35% or less. (6) Any one of the porous membranes having the following characteristics.
- the hole area ratio of the surface on the side where the average value of the minor diameters of the surface holes is small is 0.7% or more and 12% or less.
- Any one of the porous membranes having the following characteristics. (A-11) The porosity of the entire porous membrane is 60% or more and 90% or less. (8) Any one of the porous membranes having the following characteristics. (A-12) The maximum hole diameter in the cross section in the film thickness direction is 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the present invention also provides the following porous membrane.
- a porous membrane having the following characteristics.
- (B-1) The average value of the short diameters of the holes on one surface is smaller than the average value of the short diameters of the holes on the other surface.
- (B-2) The average value of the long diameters of the surface holes on the side where the average value of the short diameters of the surface holes is small is 2.5 times or more the average value of the short diameters of the holes on the surface side.
- B-3) In the cross section in the film thickness direction, the porosity of the portion from the surface on the side where the average minor axis of the surface holes is small to the thickness of 3 ⁇ m is 5% or more and 35% or less.
- (B-4) The porosity of the surface on the side where the average value of the minor diameters of the surface holes is small is 0.7% or more and 12% or less.
- this invention provides the following porous membrane and its usage as a preferable aspect of the said porous membrane and its usage.
- the porous membrane having the following characteristics.
- B-5 In the cross section in the film thickness direction, the hole diameter increases from one surface to the other surface, and after taking at least one maximum value, the hole diameter decreases.
- B-6 It has a layer having pores with a pore diameter of 130 nm or less in the film thickness direction from the surface on the side where the average value of the minor diameter of the surface pores is large, and the thickness of the layer is 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
- B-7 The layer has pores having a pore size of 130 nm or less and 100 nm or more.
- B-8 The average value of the short diameters of the holes on the surface on the side where the short diameter is small is 10 nm or more and 50 nm or less.
- B-10 The layer has pores having a pore size of 130 nm or less and 100 nm or more.
- the porosity of the entire porous membrane is 60% or more and 90% or less.
- the maximum hole diameter in the cross section in the film thickness direction is 10 ⁇ m or less.
- porous membrane of this invention is used for the following uses. (25) The porous membrane according to any one of the above, which is used for removing viruses.
- this invention provides the following water purifiers.
- a water purifier comprising any one of the porous membranes.
- the said water purifier which has a raw
- the scanning electron microscope is referred to as “SEM”.
- a porous membrane having both virus removal performance and water permeation performance when used at a high water pressure.
- a domestic water purifier it is possible to obtain a large amount of safe water that is excellent in compactness and removes pathogenic viruses in water in a short time.
- FIG. 2 is an SEM image of the entire cross section in the film thickness direction of the porous membrane produced by the method of Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is an SEM image of the outer surface side of the cross section in the film thickness direction of the porous membrane produced by the method of Example 1.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram obtained by binarizing the SEM image on the outer surface side of the cross section in the film thickness direction of the porous film manufactured by the method of Example 1.
- FIG. It is the figure which specified the 130 nm or more hole by binarizing the SEM image of the outer surface side of the film thickness direction cross section of the porous film manufactured by the method of Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is an SEM image of the inner surface of a porous membrane produced by the method of Example 1.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram obtained by binarizing an SEM image of an inner surface of a porous film manufactured by the method of Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is an SEM image of the outer surface of a porous membrane produced by the method of Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is an SEM image of the inner surface side of the cross section in the film thickness direction of the porous membrane produced by the method of Example 1.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram obtained by binarizing the SEM image on the inner surface side of the cross section in the film thickness direction of the porous film manufactured by the method of Example 1.
- the average value of the short diameter of the holes on one surface is smaller than the average value of the short diameter of the holes on the other surface, and the hole diameter of the cross section in the film thickness direction increases from one surface to the other surface.
- the pore size has decreased, On the side where the average value of the minor diameters of the pores on the surface is large, it has a layer having a pore diameter of 130 nm or less in the cross section in the film thickness direction, and the thickness is 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less
- the layer has pores having a pore diameter of 130 nm or less and 100 nm or more, It has been found that the porous membrane has high virus removal performance and water permeability when used at high water pressure.
- the inventors also The average value of the short diameter of the holes on one surface is smaller than the average value of the short diameter of the holes on the other surface,
- the average value of the long diameters of the surface holes on the side where the average value of the short diameters of the surface holes is small is at least 2.5 times the average value of the short diameters of the holes on the surface of the side,
- the porosity of the portion from the surface on the side where the average minor axis of the surface holes is small to the thickness of 3 ⁇ m is 5% or more and 35% or less
- the surface area porosity is 0.7% or more and 12% or less, where the average value of the minor axis of the surface holes is small. It has been found that the porous membrane has high virus removal performance and water permeability when used at high water pressure.
- the deep layer filtration in which the dense layer is removed stepwise also in the thickness direction occurs.
- virus removal performance of 99.99% with only one surface
- Norovirus which is mixed in drinking water and causes gastroenteritis, has a diameter of 38 nm.
- the maximum pore size that can contribute to the removal of norovirus with a diameter of 38 nm is about 130 nm. Therefore, in the present invention, the layer having a pore diameter of 130 nm or less on the side where the average value of the minor diameters of the pores on the surface is large is defined as the dense layer (I).
- the dense layer (I) needs to be present at least on the side of the hole having a large hole diameter.
- the thickness of the layer having a pore diameter of 130 nm or less should be 0.5 ⁇ m or more on the side where the average value of the minor diameter of the surface pores is large. Further, it is preferably 3 ⁇ m or more.
- the thickness needs to be 20 ⁇ m or less, and preferably 15 ⁇ m or less.
- the layer having a pore size of 130 nm or less needs to have pores having a pore size of 130 nm or less and 100 nm or more.
- the dense layer (I) may be in contact with the surface, and there may be a region having a larger pore diameter than the dense layer (I) between the dense layer (I) and the surface.
- the surface pore diameter increases, so the frictional force on the surface decreases, Insertability into the case and handling of the porous membrane can be improved.
- the water pressure is reduced on the side with the larger minor axis of the surface pore and the surface on the side with the minor axis of the surface pore is applied. It is effective to reduce the water pressure. For this reason, it is preferable to allow water to permeate from the side with the larger average value of the minor diameters of the surface pores toward the side with the smaller average value of the minor diameters of the surface pores.
- the water has a raw water flow path on the side where the average value of the short diameter of the surface pore is large, and the side where the average value of the short diameter of the surface hole is small. It is preferable to have a permeate channel.
- the presence of a dense layer (hereinafter referred to as “dense layer (II)”) that can contribute to virus removal is effective for improving virus removal performance even on the side where the average minor diameter of the surface pores is small.
- the thickness of the layer having a pore diameter of 130 nm or less is preferably 0.3 ⁇ m or more on the side where the average value of the minor diameters of the surface pores is small.
- the thickness of the dense layer (II) is large, the water permeation performance is lowered, so that it is preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the layer having a pore size of 130 nm or less preferably has pores having a pore size of 130 nm or less and 100 nm or more.
- the thickness of the dense layer can be measured from an image obtained by observing a cross section of the porous film with an SEM. Since the hole in the cross section is indefinite, the area of the hole observed by image processing is obtained, and the diameter of the circle corresponding to the area is taken as the hole diameter. A hole having a hole diameter of 130 nm or more is specified, and the thickness of the layer having no hole of that size in the thickness direction from the surface is measured.
- the virus removal performance depends on the short diameter of the pores. Size sieving with pores is effective up to a size larger than the actual pore size. Therefore, in order to sufficiently remove norovirus with a diameter of 38 nm, pores on the surface on the side where the average minor axis of the surface pores is small are removed.
- the average minor axis is preferably 50 nm or less, and more preferably 38 nm or less. Furthermore, 30 nm or less is more preferable in consideration of variations in minor diameter.
- the average value of the minor diameters of the pores on the surface is small, the water permeation performance is remarkably deteriorated, so that 10 nm or more is preferable, and 15 nm or more is more preferable.
- the virus removal performance can be improved by considering not only the average value of the minor diameter of the pores on the surface but also the variation. By reducing the variation in the minor diameter of the holes, large holes through which the virus permeates are reduced, and the virus removal performance is improved.
- the standard deviation of the minor diameters of the surface pores on the side where the average value of the minor diameters of the surface pores is small is preferably 30 nm or less, and more preferably 15 nm or less.
- a method of reducing the weight average molecular weight distribution of the hydrophilic polymer added as a pore-forming agent and making the size of the layers generated by phase separation as uniform as possible Can be given.
- a porous membrane having a high virus removal performance and a high water permeability can be obtained when used at a high water pressure. Furthermore, a porous membrane with higher water permeability can be obtained by increasing the major axis of the pores on the surface having the smaller average minor axis of the pores. Since viruses are removed by the minor diameter of the pores, increasing the major diameter of the pores can reduce water permeation resistance and improve water permeability without changing the virus removal rate. The greater the average value of the major axis relative to the average value of the minor axis, the greater the water permeability while maintaining the virus removal performance.
- the average value of the major axis of the surface pores is 2.5 times or more of the average value of the minor axis, and more preferably 3.0 times or more. Further, from the viewpoint of the strength of the membrane structure, the average value of the major axis of the surface pores is preferably 10 times or less, more preferably 8 times or less, and particularly preferably 5 times or less.
- a method of stretching the pores is effective, and a stretching method that stretches the pores after the porous membrane is solidified or a draft ratio is increased.
- a method of stretching the pores before the porous film is solidified is preferable because it can be widely applied without being limited by the method of forming the porous membrane and the material. Since the stretching method cannot be applied unless the strength of the porous membrane is strong, a crystalline polymer is preferably used as the membrane material.
- the draft ratio is a value obtained by dividing the take-up speed of the porous film by the discharge linear speed from the slit.
- the discharge linear velocity is a value obtained by dividing the discharge flow rate by the sectional area of the slit.
- a method of increasing the cross-sectional area of the slit which can increase the draw ratio without changing the shape of the porous membrane, is preferable.
- the cross-sectional area of the porous film decreases, so there is a concern that the physical strength of the porous film will decrease.
- the short diameter and long diameter of the surface holes can be measured from an image obtained by observing the surface with an SEM.
- the minor axis is the longest diameter in the minor axis direction
- the major axis is the longest diameter in the major axis direction.
- all holes in the range of 1 ⁇ m ⁇ 1 ⁇ m are measured.
- data in the range of 1 ⁇ m ⁇ 1 ⁇ m is repeated until the total number of measured holes reaches 50 or more, and data is added. The average value and standard deviation are calculated from the measurement results.
- the hole area ratio on the surface on the side where the minor axis of the surface holes is small is preferably 0.7% or more.
- the porosity is preferably 12% or less, more preferably 6% or less.
- the surface porosity can be measured from an image obtained by observing the surface of the porous membrane with an SEM.
- the image observed at a magnification of 10,000 is subjected to image processing to binarize the structure portion as bright luminance and the hole portion as dark luminance, and calculate the percentage of the dark luminance area with respect to the measurement area to obtain the aperture ratio. .
- the porosity of the portion from the surface to the thickness of 3 ⁇ m is preferably 5% or more, more preferably 10% or more, on the side where the average value of the minor axis of the surface holes is small. On the other hand, it is preferably 35% or less, and more preferably 30% or less.
- the porosity of the entire porous membrane is high, the water permeation resistance decreases and the water permeation performance increases.
- the porosity of the entire porous membrane is low, the strength of the porous membrane is increased and the structure is not easily destroyed even at high water pressure. Therefore, the porosity of the entire porous membrane is preferably 60% or more, more preferably 70% or more, and on the other hand, 90% or less is preferable.
- the porosity of the entire porous membrane is a percentage value of the volume of the pores with respect to the apparent volume of the porous membrane expressed by dimensions. It can be calculated from the apparent volume calculated from the dimensions of the porous membrane and the true volume of the porous membrane calculated from the weight and specific gravity of the porous membrane.
- the maximum pore diameter in the cross section in the film thickness direction is preferably 10 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or less, from the viewpoint of the strength of the porous film.
- the polymer that forms the porous membrane structure is not particularly limited, but a polysulfone-based polymer is preferably used because of its high mechanical strength and high selective permeability.
- the polysulfone polymer referred to in the present invention has an aromatic ring, a sulfonyl group and an ether group in the main chain.
- polysulfone represented by the chemical formulas of the following formulas (1) and (2) is preferably used.
- the present invention is not limited to these.
- N in the formula is an integer such as 50 to 80, for example.
- polysulfones examples include “Udel” (registered trademark) polysulfone P-1700, P-3500 (manufactured by Solvay), “Ultrazone” (registered trademark) S3010, S6010 (manufactured by BASF), “Victrex” ( Examples thereof include polysulfones such as (registered trademark) (Sumitomo Chemical), “Radel” (registered trademark) A (manufactured by Solvay), and “Ultrazone” (registered trademark) E (manufactured by BASF).
- the polysulfone used in the present invention is preferably a polymer composed only of the repeating units represented by the above formulas (1) and / or (2), but other monomers may be used as long as the effects of the present invention are not hindered. It may be copolymerized. Although it does not specifically limit, it is preferable that another copolymerization monomer is 10 mass% or less.
- the porous membrane can be obtained by inducing phase separation with heat or a poor solvent and removing the solvent component from a stock solution prepared by dissolving a polymer as a structure in a solvent.
- the polymer dissolved in the solvent has high mobility, and agglomerates during phase separation to increase the concentration, resulting in a dense structure.
- By changing the phase separation speed in the film thickness direction it is possible to obtain a film having a structure with different pore diameters in the film thickness direction.
- a hydrophilic polymer By adding a hydrophilic polymer to the membrane forming stock solution, a hydrophilic polymer is contained in the porous membrane, water wettability is increased, and water permeability is increased. Therefore, it is preferable that 1.5% by mass or more of the hydrophilic polymer is contained in the porous film. On the other hand, if the content of the hydrophilic polymer in the porous membrane is too high, it leads to an increase in the eluate, and the content is preferably 8% by mass or less.
- the content of the hydrophilic polymer needs to be measured by a method such as elemental analysis although it is necessary to select a measurement method depending on the type of polymer.
- hydrophilic polymer examples include polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene imine, polyvinyl alcohol, and derivatives thereof. Moreover, you may copolymerize with another monomer.
- porous membrane structure is a polysulfone-based polymer
- polyvinyl pyrrolidone is preferably used because of its high compatibility.
- the form of the porous membrane is preferably a hollow fiber membrane that can increase the membrane area per volume and can accommodate a large-area membrane in a compact manner.
- the hollow fiber membrane is made by flowing an injection solution or injection gas from a circular tube inside the double tube cap and discharging a membrane forming raw solution from an outer slit.
- the structure of the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane can be controlled by changing the poor solvent concentration or temperature of the injection solution or the temperature of the injection gas.
- the average value of the minor axis of the pore on the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane is It is preferably smaller than the average value of the minor axis.
- the film thickness of the porous film may be appropriately determined depending on the pressure of the intended use, but in the use of the water purifier, the film thickness is preferably 60 ⁇ m or more and more preferably 80 ⁇ m or more so as to withstand water pressure. On the other hand, the smaller the film thickness, the lower the water permeation resistance and the higher the water permeability, so the film thickness is preferably 200 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 150 ⁇ m or less.
- the pressure resistance correlates with the ratio between the film thickness and the inner diameter, and the pressure resistance becomes higher when the ratio between the film thickness and the inner diameter (film thickness / inner diameter) is large. If the inner diameter is reduced, the water purifier incorporating the porous membrane can be made smaller, and the pressure resistance is improved.
- the inner diameter it is necessary to narrow the film at the time of film formation, and a star-shaped yarn having a wrinkled inner diameter tends to occur. In star-shaped yarns, the phase separation is non-uniform, resulting in large variations in pore size and reduced virus removal performance.
- the thickness of the hollow fiber membrane is preferably 60 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 80 ⁇ m or more. On the other hand, 200 micrometers or less are preferable and 150 micrometers or less are more preferable.
- the film thickness / inner diameter of the hollow fiber membrane is preferably 0.35 or more. On the other hand, the film thickness / inner diameter of the hollow fiber membrane is preferably 1.0 or less, and more preferably 0.7 or less.
- the present invention is a porous membrane having high virus removal performance and water permeability, it can be suitably used for the purpose of removing viruses. Moreover, it is used suitably for the use which processes a lot of water in a short time like the porous membrane incorporated in a water purifier.
- the method of controlling these thicknesses is to control the formation of pores by phase separation that occurs from both sides, resulting in a membrane structure in which the pore diameter changes continuously in an integrated structure
- a porous membrane having an integral membrane structure does not have a weak portion such as a layer interface as compared with a composite membrane, and the structure is not easily broken even at high water pressure. Therefore, the membrane structure is preferably an integral structure.
- the porous membrane of the present invention is not particularly limited, it can be obtained by discharging a stock solution from a slit and solidifying it in a coagulation bath after passing through a dry part.
- the film-forming stock solution When inducing phase separation with heat, cool in the dry section and then rapidly cool in the coagulation bath to solidify.
- the film-forming stock solution When inducing phase separation with a poor solvent, the film-forming stock solution is discharged in contact with a coagulation liquid containing the poor solvent, and solidified in a coagulation bath made of the poor solvent.
- the poor solvent since the poor solvent is supplied by diffusion, the supply amount of the poor solvent changes in the film thickness direction, so the pore diameter of the film thickness direction cross section is directed from the surface toward the other surface. Increased structure. Therefore, it is preferable to contact the coagulating liquid containing the poor solvent and the film-forming stock solution immediately after discharge.
- the concentration is adjusted by using the coagulation liquid as a mixture of a poor solvent and a good solvent, the coagulation property is changed, and the short diameter of the pores on the surface in contact with the coagulation liquid and the thickness of the dense layer can be controlled.
- phase separation is induced so that the solidification progresses rapidly and a dense structure with a small pore diameter is obtained.
- the hole diameter increases continuously in the opposite direction.
- the passage time of the dry part is sufficiently long, the hole diameter on the side that does not come into contact with the coagulation liquid grows large. Therefore, by shortening the passage time of the dry part and quickly immersing it in the coagulation bath, solidification on the side not in contact with the coagulation liquid proceeds due to contact with the poor solvent of the coagulation bath, and a dense structure with a small pore diameter is formed. Can be formed.
- the passage time of the dry part is preferably 0.02 seconds or more, more preferably 0.14 seconds or more.
- 0.40 second or less is preferable, and 0.35 second or less is more preferable.
- the discharge temperature of the raw film forming solution is preferably 470 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 50 ° C. or lower.
- the discharge temperature of the film forming stock solution is preferably 20 ° C. or higher.
- the poor solvent concentration in the coagulation bath is preferably 30% by mass or more, more preferably 50% by mass or more, and further preferably 80% by mass or more.
- the temperature of the coagulation bath is preferably 70 ° C. or less, and more preferably 50 ° C. or less.
- the temperature of the coagulation bath is preferably 10 ° C. or higher, more preferably 20 ° C. or higher.
- the concentration of the coagulation bath changes over time depending on the supply of the solvent from the film-forming stock solution and the coagulation solution. Therefore, it is preferable to adjust the concentration as needed by increasing the liquid volume of the coagulation bath to suppress the change in concentration or monitoring the concentration.
- the dew point of the dry part is preferably 10 ° C or higher, more preferably 20 ° C or higher.
- the air volume in the dry part is preferably 0.1 m / s or more, and more preferably 0.5 m / s or more.
- the air volume in the dry part is preferably 10 m / s or less, and preferably less than 5 m / s, because the air volume in the dry part can be reduced to suppress the disturbance of the surface of the film-forming stock solution under discharge and the shaking under the discharge. Is more preferable.
- the poor solvent is a solvent that does not dissolve the polymer that mainly forms the structure of the porous film at the film forming temperature.
- the poor solvent may be appropriately selected according to the type of polymer, but water is preferably used.
- the good solvent may be appropriately selected depending on the type of polymer, but N, N-dimethylacetamide is preferably used when the polymer that forms the porous membrane structure is a polysulfone polymer.
- the viscosity of the film-forming stock solution is preferably 0.5 Pa ⁇ s or more, more preferably 1.0 Pa ⁇ s or more, at the discharge temperature. Further, it is preferably 20 Pa ⁇ s or less, and more preferably 10 Pa ⁇ s or less.
- a hollow fiber membrane was filled in a housing having a diameter of 5 mm and a length of 17 cm so that the membrane area of the outer surface was 0.004 m 2 .
- the membrane area is calculated by the following formula.
- Membrane area A (m 2 ) outer diameter ( ⁇ m) ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 17 (cm) ⁇ number of yarns ⁇ 0.00000001
- a hollow fiber membrane module is produced by potting both ends with an epoxy resin chemical reaction type adhesive “Quick Mender” manufactured by Konishi Co., Ltd., cutting and opening. Next, the inside and outside of the hollow fiber membrane of the module were washed with distilled water at 100 ml / min for 1 hour. A water pressure of 13 kPa was applied to the outside of the hollow fiber membrane, and the amount of filtration per unit time flowing out to the inside was measured. The water permeability (UFR) was calculated by the following formula.
- UFR (ml / hr / Pa / m 2 ) Q w / (P ⁇ T ⁇ A)
- Q w filtration amount (mL)
- T outflow time (hr)
- P pressure (Pa)
- A membrane area of the hollow fiber membrane.
- Evaluation was performed using the module that completed the evaluation in (1).
- Virus stock was prepared in distilled water as the size contains a concentration of about 25nm bacteriophage MS-2 a (Bacteriophage MS-2 ATCC 15597- B1) about 1.0 ⁇ 10 7 PFU / ml. Distilled water used here was distilled water from a pure water production apparatus “Auto Still” (registered trademark) (manufactured by Yamato Kagaku) and subjected to high-pressure steam sterilization at 121 ° C. for 20 minutes. The virus stock solution was fed from the outer surface toward the hollow part under the conditions of a temperature of about 20 ° C. and a predetermined filtration differential pressure, and was completely filtered.
- a concentration of about 25nm bacteriophage MS-2 a Bacteriophage MS-2 ATCC 15597- B1
- Distilled water used here was distilled water from a pure water production apparatus “Auto Still” (registered trademark) (manufactured by Yamato Kagaku) and subjected to high-pressure steam sterilization
- LRV virus log removal rate
- the measurement was performed at a filtration differential pressure of 7 kPa and 50 kPa.
- the short diameter of the hole was the longest diameter in the short axis direction, and the long diameter was the longest diameter in the long axis direction. Measurements were made for all holes in the range of 1 ⁇ m ⁇ 1 ⁇ m. The measurement was repeated in the range of 1 ⁇ m ⁇ 1 ⁇ m until the total number of measured holes reached 50 or more, and data was added. When the hole was observed twice in the depth direction, it was measured at the exposed part of the deeper hole. When a part of the hole was out of the measurement range, the hole was excluded. Average values and standard deviations were calculated.
- the surface of the porous film was observed with a SEM (S-5500, manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation) at a magnification of 50000, and the image was taken into a computer. The size of the captured image was 640 pixels ⁇ 480 pixels. The sample used in the measurement of (3) was observed. The SEM image was cut out in a range of 6 ⁇ m ⁇ 6 ⁇ m, and image analysis was performed with image processing software. The threshold value was determined so that the structure portion became bright luminance and the other portions had dark luminance by binarization processing, and an image was obtained in which the bright luminance portion was white and the dark luminance portion was black.
- the image analysis may be performed by painting other than the structure portion in black. Since the image contains noise and the dark luminance portion where the number of consecutive pixels is 5 or less, noise and a hole cannot be distinguished from each other, so that it is treated as a bright luminance portion as a structure. As a method for eliminating noise, a dark luminance portion having 5 or less consecutive pixels was excluded when measuring the number of pixels. Alternatively, the noise portion may be painted white. The number of pixels in the dark luminance portion was measured, and the percentage with respect to the total number of pixels in the analysis image was calculated as the hole area ratio. The same measurement was performed on 10 images, and the average value was calculated.
- the porous membrane was wetted with water for 5 minutes, then frozen with liquid nitrogen and quickly folded to obtain a cross-sectional observation sample.
- the cross section of the porous film was observed with a SEM (S-5500, manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation) at a magnification of 10,000, and the image was taken into a computer.
- the size of the captured image was 640 pixels ⁇ 480 pixels.
- the SEM image was cut out to be 6 ⁇ m parallel to the surface of the porous film and an arbitrary length in the film thickness direction, and image analysis was performed with image processing software.
- the length of the analysis range in the film direction may be a length that allows the dense layer to be accommodated.
- two or more SEM images were synthesized so that the dense layer could fit.
- the threshold value was determined so that the structure portion became bright luminance and the other portions had dark luminance by binarization processing, and an image was obtained in which the bright luminance portion was white and the dark luminance portion was black.
- the image is cut out at the same contrast part and binarized, and then connected together as before. Returned to the image.
- the image analysis may be performed by painting other than the structure portion in black. When a hole was observed twice in the depth direction, the measurement was made with the shallower hole. When a part of the hole was out of the measurement range, the hole was excluded. Since the image contains noise and the dark luminance portion where the number of consecutive pixels is 5 or less, noise and a hole cannot be distinguished from each other, so that it is treated as a bright luminance portion as a structure. As a method for eliminating noise, a dark luminance portion having 5 or less consecutive pixels was excluded when measuring the number of pixels.
- the noise portion may be painted white.
- the number of pixels of the scale bar indicating a known length in the image was measured, and the length per pixel number was calculated.
- the number of pixels in the hole was measured, and the hole area was determined by multiplying the number of pixels in the hole by the square of the length per number of pixels.
- the diameter of a circle corresponding to the hole area was calculated by the following formula and used as the hole diameter.
- the hole area for a hole diameter of 130 nm is 1.3 ⁇ 10 4 (nm 2 ).
- Pore size (pore area ⁇ pi) 0.5 ⁇ 2
- a hole having a hole diameter of 130 nm or more was specified, and the layer without the hole was regarded as a dense layer, and the thickness of the dense layer was measured in the direction perpendicular to the surface.
- a perpendicular line is drawn with respect to the surface, and the longest distance is the thickness of the dense layer among the distances between the surface on the perpendicular line and the holes having a hole diameter of 130 nm or more.
- the dense layer is in contact with the surface, the distance between the surface closest to the surface with a pore diameter of 130 nm or more and the surface is obtained. Five locations were measured in the same image. The same measurement was performed on 10 images, and an average value of a total of 50 measurement data was calculated. The presence or absence of pores having a pore diameter of 130 nm or less and 100 nm or less in the dense layer was determined.
- the sample prepared in (5) was used as an observation sample.
- the cross section of the porous film was observed with a SEM (S-5500, manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation) at a magnification of 10,000, and the image was taken into a computer.
- the size of the captured image was 640 pixels ⁇ 480 pixels.
- the SEM image was cut into a range of 5 ⁇ m in the film thickness direction and 5 ⁇ m in parallel with the surface of the porous film, and image analysis was performed with image processing software.
- the threshold value was determined so that the structure portion became bright luminance and the other portions had dark luminance by binarization processing, and an image was obtained in which the bright luminance portion was white and the dark luminance portion was black.
- the part other than the structure part was painted in black and image analysis was performed.
- image analysis was performed.
- the measurement was made with the shallower hole.
- the hole was excluded. Since the image contains noise and the dark luminance portion where the number of consecutive pixels is 5 or less, noise and a hole cannot be distinguished from each other, so that it is treated as a bright luminance portion as a structure.
- a dark luminance portion having 5 or less consecutive pixels may be painted white, or may be excluded when measuring the number of pixels.
- the number of pixels of the scale bar indicating a known length in the image was measured, and the length per pixel number was calculated.
- the number of pixels in the hole was measured, and the hole area was determined by multiplying the number of pixels in the hole by the square of the length per pixel.
- the diameter of a circle corresponding to the hole area was calculated by the following formula and used as the hole diameter.
- Hole diameter (hole area ⁇ circumference) 0.5 ⁇ 2
- the same measurement was performed so that the entire cross section in the film thickness direction could be observed, and the average pore diameter at each part of the cross section and the diameter of the largest hole were measured. The same measurement was performed at five locations to calculate an average value.
- ⁇ Judgment was made on whether or not the hole diameter has an integral structure that continuously changes. After the pore diameter increased from one surface to the other surface and took at least one local maximum value, it was determined whether a double-sided dense structure in which the pore diameter decreased was obtained.
- the threshold value was determined so that the structure portion became bright luminance and the other portions had dark luminance by binarization processing, and an image was obtained in which the bright luminance portion was white and the dark luminance portion was black.
- the part other than the structure part was painted in black and image analysis was performed.
- the measurement was made with the shallower hole. Since the image contains noise and the dark luminance portion where the number of consecutive pixels is 5 or less, noise and a hole cannot be distinguished from each other, so that it is treated as a bright luminance portion as a structure.
- a dark luminance portion having 5 or less consecutive pixels may be painted white, or may be excluded when measuring the number of pixels.
- the number of pixels in the dark luminance part was measured, and the percentage with respect to the total number of pixels in the analysis image was calculated as the porosity. The same measurement was performed on 10 images, and the average value was calculated.
- the porous membrane was cut into 10 cm in the longitudinal direction, and the weight m (g) was measured. From the specific gravity a (g / ml), the inner peripheral radius r i (cm), and the outer peripheral radius r o (cm) of the porous membrane material, the porosity P (%) was calculated by the following equation. Measurement was performed on 10 samples, and an average value was obtained.
- Ten hollow fiber membranes were filled in a housing having a diameter of 5 mm and a length of 17 cm.
- a hollow fiber membrane module is produced by potting both ends with a potting material made of polyurethane resin, cutting and opening. Next, the hollow fiber membrane of the module and the inside of the module were washed with distilled water at 100 ml / min for 1 hour. A water pressure of 400 kPa was applied to the outside of the hollow fiber membrane for 1 minute. The module was disassembled, and it was visually confirmed that the hollow fiber membrane was not crushed.
- Example 1 Polysulfone (Udelpolysulfone (registered trademark) P-3500 manufactured by Solvay) 20 parts by weight and polyvinylpyrrolidone (BASF K30 weight average molecular weight 40,000) 11 parts by weight N, N'-dimethylacetamide 68 parts by weight and water 1 In addition to parts by weight of the mixed solvent, it was dissolved by heating at 90 ° C. for 6 hours to obtain a stock solution. This film-forming stock solution was discharged from an annular slit of a double-tube cylindrical die. The outer diameter of the annular slit was 0.59 mm, and the inner diameter was 0.23 mm.
- the base was kept at 40 ° C.
- the discharged film forming stock solution passed through a dry part 70 mm in which a gas having a dew point of 26 ° C. (temperature 30 ° C., humidity 80%) was passed at an air volume of 2.1 m / s in 0.11 second, and then N, After being led to a coagulation bath of 95 parts by weight of N′-dimethylacetamide and 5 parts by weight of water and solidified, it was washed with water at 50 ° C. and wound around a cassette at 40 m / min. The draft ratio was 2.6.
- the structure of the cross section in the film thickness direction is an integrated structure in which the hole diameter changes continuously, the hole diameter increases from the inner surface to the outer surface, and after the maximum value is reached, the hole diameter decreases. It was.
- the average value of the minor diameter of the holes on the inner surface was smaller than that on the outer surface.
- the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis on the inner surface was large, and the hole area ratio was low.
- the dense layer (I) on the outer surface side was thick, and pores of 130 nm or less and 100 nm or more existed.
- the porosity in the vicinity of the inner surface was low.
- the porosity of the whole porous membrane was low, the dense layer (II) on the inner surface was thick, pores of 130 nm or less and 100 nm or more existed, and the maximum pore size in the cross section in the film thickness direction was small.
- filtration was performed from the outer surface side having a larger average value of the minor diameter of the surface pores to the inner surface side having a smaller average value of the minor diameter of the surface pores. The virus removal performance was high even at a high water pressure of 50 kPa, and the water permeability and pressure resistance were high.
- Example 2 The same experiment as in Example 1 was performed except that the length of the dry part was 150 mm and the dry part was passed in 0.23 seconds.
- virus removal performance was high even at a high water pressure of 50 kPa, and water permeability and pressure resistance were high.
- Example 3 The same experiment as in Example 1 was performed except that the length of the dry part was 210 mm and the dry part was passed in 0.23 seconds.
- virus removal performance was high even at a high water pressure of 50 kPa, and water permeability and pressure resistance were high.
- Example 4 The composition of the stock solution was 22 parts by weight of polysulfone (Udelpolysulfone (registered trademark) P-3500 manufactured by Solvay) and 11 parts by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone (K30 weight average molecular weight 40,000 manufactured by BASF). N, N′-dimethylacetamide
- polysulfone Udelpolysulfone (registered trademark) P-3500 manufactured by Solvay
- K30 weight average molecular weight 40,000 manufactured by BASF.
- N, N′-dimethylacetamide The same experiment as in Example 1 was performed except that 66 parts by weight and 1 part by weight of water were used, and that the composition of the injection solution was 68 parts by weight of N, N'-dimethylacetamide and 32 parts by weight of water.
- virus removal performance was high even at a high water pressure of 50 kPa, and water permeability and pressure resistance were high.
- Example 5 The same experiment as in Example 1 was performed except that the outer diameter of the annular slit of the double-tube cylindrical die was 0.48 mm and the inner diameter was 0.23 mm. The draft ratio was 1.8. Water permeability measurement, virus removal performance measurement, surface pore short diameter measurement, surface open area measurement, dense layer thickness measurement, elemental analysis, cross-sectional pore diameter measurement, cross-sectional direction at a depth of 3 ⁇ m from the surface The porosity was measured, the porosity of the entire porous membrane was measured, and a pressure resistance test was performed. The results are shown in Table 1.
- virus removal performance was high even at a high water pressure of 50 kPa, and water permeability and pressure resistance were high.
- Example 1 The same experiment as in Example 1 was performed, except that the length of the dry part was 400 mm and the dry part was passed in 0.60 seconds.
- the thickness of the dense layer on the outer surface side is thin, and the surface area on the side with the smaller average minor diameter of the surface pores has a high hole area ratio, so the virus removal performance at a high water pressure of 50 kPa It was a low porous membrane.
- Comparative Example 2 16 parts by weight of polysulfone (Solvay Udel Polysulfone (registered trademark) P-3500), 3.5 parts by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone (BASF K30 weight average molecular weight 40,000), polyvinylpyrrolidone (BASF K90 weight average molecular weight 120)
- polysulfone Solvay Udel Polysulfone (registered trademark) P-3500
- polyvinylpyrrolidone BASF K30 weight average molecular weight 40,000
- polyvinylpyrrolidone BASF K90 weight average molecular weight 120
- a mixed solvent 2.5 parts by weight, 77 parts by weight of N, N′-dimethylacetamide and 1 part by weight of water, the mixture was dissolved by heating at 90 ° C. for 6 hours to obtain a film forming stock solution.
- This film-forming stock solution was discharged from an annular slit of a double-tube cylindrical die.
- the outer diameter of the annular slit was 0.35 mm, and the inner diameter was 0.25 mm.
- the base was kept at 50 ° C.
- the discharged film forming stock solution passed through a dry part 400 mm in which a gas having a dew point of 26 ° C.
- Comparative Example 3 The same experiment as Comparative Example 2 was performed except that the film thickness was 70 ⁇ m and the inner diameter was 200 ⁇ m. The draft ratio was 0.7.
- the pressure resistance increased by increasing the film thickness and film thickness / inner diameter.
- By increasing the film thickness it became a dense structure on both sides, but the dense layer was thin due to the long passage time of the dry part, and it was a porous film with low virus removal performance at high water pressure. Since the draft ratio is small, the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis is small, and the low-pressure virus removal performance is low, but the water permeability is not improved, and the water permeability is low relative to the virus removal performance. It was a porous membrane.
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Abstract
Description
(1)以下の特性を有する多孔質膜。
(A-1)一方の表面の孔の短径の平均値が、他方の表面の孔の短径の平均値よりも小さい。
(A-2)膜厚方向断面で、孔径が、一方の表面から他方の表面にむかって増加し、少なくとも1つの極大値をとった後、さらに孔径が減少している。
(A-3)表面の孔の短径の平均値が大きい側で、表面から膜厚方向に孔径130nm以下の層の層を有し、その層の厚みが0.5μm以上20μm以下である。
(A-4)前記層が孔径130nm以下、100nm以上の孔を有する。
(2)以下の特性を有する前記多孔質膜。
(A-5)孔の短径の平均値が小さい側の表面において、孔の短径の平均値が10nm以上50nm以下である。
(3)以下の特性を有する前記いずれかの多孔質膜。
(A-6) 前記表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側の表面の孔の長径の平均値が、その側の表面の孔の短径の平均値の2.5倍以上である。
(4)以下の特性を有する前記いずれかの多孔質膜。
(A-7)表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側で,表面から孔径130nm以下の孔を有する層を有し、その層の厚みが0.3μm以上20μm以下である。
(A-8)前記層が孔径130nm以下、100nm以上の孔を有する。
(5)以下の特性を有する前記いずれかの多孔質膜。
(A-9)膜厚方向断面において、表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側の表面から厚さ3μmまでの部分の空孔率が5%以上、35%以下である。
(6)以下の特性を有する前記いずれかの多孔質膜。
(A-10)表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側の表面の開孔率が0.7%以上、12%以下である。
(7)以下の特性を有する前記いずれかの多孔質膜。
(A-11)多孔質膜全体の空孔率が60%以上、90%以下である。
(8)以下の特性を有する前記いずれかの多孔質膜。
(A-12)膜厚方向断面の最大孔径が10μm以下である。
(9)膜構造が一体構造である前記いずれかの多孔質膜。
(10)中空糸膜である前記いずれかの多孔質膜。
(11)中空糸膜の内表面の孔の短径の平均値が外表面の孔の短径の平均値よりも小さいことを特徴とする前記の多孔質膜。
(12)膜厚が60μm以上、200μm以下であり、膜厚/内径が0.35以上、1.00以下である中空糸膜である前記いずれかの多孔質膜。
(13)前記いずれかの多孔質膜に対して、水を表面の孔の短径の平均値が大きい側から、表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側に向けて、透過させる工程を有する浄水方法。
(14)以下の特性を有する多孔質膜。
(B-1)一方の表面の孔の短径の平均値が、他方の表面の孔の短径の平均値よりも小さい。
(B-2)前記表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側の表面の孔の長径の平均値が、その側の表面の孔の短径の平均値の2.5倍以上である。
(B-3)膜厚方向断面において、表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側の表面から厚さ3μmまでの部分の空孔率が5%以上、35%以下である。
(B-4)表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側の表面の開孔率が0.7%以上、12%以下である。
(15)以下の特性を有する前記の多孔質膜。
(B-5)膜厚方向断面で、孔径が一方の表面から他方の表面にむかって増加し、少なくとも1つの極大値をとった後、孔径が減少している。
(B-6)表面の孔の短径の平均値が大きい側で、表面から膜厚方向に孔径130nm以下の孔を有する層を有し、その層の厚みが0.5μm以上20μm以下である。
(B-7)前記層が孔径130nm以下、100nm以上の孔を有する。
(16)以下の特性を有する請求項14または15に記載の多孔質膜。
(B-8)孔の短径が小さい側の表面における孔の短径の平均値が10nm以上50nm以下である。
(17)以下の特性を有する前記いずれかの多孔質膜。
(B-9)で、表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側で、表面から孔径130nm以下の孔を有する層を有し、その層の厚みが0.3μm以上20μm以下である。
(B-10)前記層が孔径130nm以下、100nm以上の孔を有する。
(18)以下の特性を有する前記いずれかの多孔質膜。
(B-11)多孔質膜全体の空孔率が60%以上、90%以下である。
(19)以下の特性を有する前記いずれかの多孔質膜。
(B-12)膜厚方向断面の最大孔径が10μm以下である。
(20)膜構造が一体構造である前記いずれかの多孔質膜。
(21)中空糸膜である前記いずれかの多孔質膜。
(22)中空糸膜の内側の表面の孔の短径の平均値が外側の表面の孔の短径の平均値よりも小さい前記多孔質膜。
(23)膜厚が60μm以上、200μm以下であり、膜厚/内径が0.35以上、1.0以下であることを前記いずれかの多孔質膜。
(24)前記いずれかの多孔質膜に対して、水を表面の孔の短径の平均値が大きい側から、表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側に向けて、透過させる工程を有する浄水方法。
(25)ウイルスを除去する用途に用いられることを特徴とする、前記いずれかの多孔質膜。
(26)前記いずれかの多孔質膜を内蔵することを特徴とする浄水器。
(27)水を表面の孔の短径の平均値が大きい側に原水流路を有し、表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側に透過水流路を有する、前記浄水器。
一方の表面の孔の短径の平均値が、他方の表面の孔の短径の平均値よりも小さく、膜厚方向断面の孔径が一方の表面から他方の表面にむかって増加し、少なくとも1つの極大値をとった後、孔径が減少しており、
表面の孔の短径の平均値が大きい側で、膜厚方向断面に孔径130nm以下の層を有し、その厚みが0.5μm以上、20μm以下であり、
前記層が孔径130nm以下、100nm以上の孔を有している、
多孔質膜が、高い水圧での使用においてウイルス除去性能と透水性能が高いことを見出した。
一方の表面の孔の短径の平均値が、他方の表面の孔の短径の平均値よりも小さく、
前記表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側の表面の孔の長径の平均値が、その側の表面の孔の短径の平均値の2.5倍以上であり、
膜厚方向断面において、表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側の表面から厚さ3μmまでの部分の空孔率が5%以上、35%以下であり、
表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側の表面の開孔率が0.7%以上、12%以下である、
多孔質膜が、高い水圧での使用においてウイルス除去性能と透水性能が高いことを見出した。
製膜原液の組成や温度などの相分離の進行に影響する条件にもよるが、乾式部の通過時間は0.02秒以上が好ましく、0.14秒以上がより好ましい。一方で、0.40秒以下が好ましく、0.35秒以下がより好ましい。
多孔質膜が中空糸膜の場合の測定例を示す。
両端をコニシ(株)製エポキシ樹脂系化学反応形接着剤“クイックメンダー”でポッティングし、カットして開口することによって、中空糸膜モジュールを作製する。次いで、該モジュールの中空糸膜の内側および外側を蒸留水にて、100ml/minで1時間洗浄した。中空糸膜外側に水圧13kPaをかけ、内側へ流出してくる単位時間当たりの濾過量を測定した。透水性能(UFR)は下記の式で算出した。
ここで、Qw:濾過量(mL)、T:流出時間(hr)、 P:圧力(Pa)、A:中空糸膜の膜面積である。
多孔質膜が中空糸膜である場合の測定例を示す。
多孔質膜の両側の表面をそれぞれSEM(S-5500、株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ社製)にて50000倍で観察し、像をコンピュータに取り込んだ。取り込んだ画像のサイズは640ピクセル×480ピクセルだった。多孔質膜が中空糸膜で、その内表面を観察する際には、中空糸膜を半円状に切断して観察を行った。
多孔質膜の表面をSEM(S-5500、株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ社製)にて50000倍で観察し、像をコンピュータに取り込んだ。取り込んだ画像のサイズは640ピクセル×480ピクセルだった。(3)の測定で用いた試料で観察を行った。SEM像を6μm×6μmの範囲に切り取り、画像処理ソフトにて画像解析を行った。二値化処理によって構造体部分を明輝度に、それ以外の部分が暗輝度となるように閾値を決め、明輝度部分を白、暗輝度部分を黒とした画像を得た。画像内のコントラストの差によって、構造体部分とそれ以外の部分を分けられない場合、コントラストが同じ部分で画像を切り分けてそれぞれ二値化処理をした後に、元のとおりに繋ぎ合わせて一枚の画像に戻した。または、構造体部分以外を黒で塗りつぶして画像解析をしてもよい。画像にはノイズが含まれ、連続したピクセル数が5個以下の暗輝度部分については、ノイズと孔の区別がつかないため、構造体として明輝度部分として扱った。ノイズを消す方法としては、連続したピクセル数が5以下の暗輝度部分をピクセル数の計測時に除外した。または、ノイズ部分を白く塗りつぶしてもよい。暗輝度部分のピクセル数を計測し、解析画像の総ピクセル数に対する百分率を算出して開孔率とした。10枚の画像で同じ測定を行い、平均値を算出した。
多孔質膜を水に5分間つけて濡らした後に液体窒素で凍結して速やかに折り、断面の観察試料とした。多孔質膜の断面をSEM(S-5500、株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ社製)にて10000倍で観察し、像をコンピュータに取り込んだ。取り込んだ画像のサイズは640ピクセル×480ピクセルだった。SEMで観察して断面の孔が閉塞している場合は試料作成をやりなおした。孔の閉塞は、切断処理時に応力方向に多孔質膜が変形しておこる場合がある。SEM像を多孔質膜の表面と平行に6μm、膜厚方向に任意の長さとなるように切り取り、画像処理ソフトにて画像解析を行った。解析範囲の膜方向の長さは、緻密層がおさまる長さであればよい。測定倍率の観察視野で緻密層がおさまらない場合は、緻密層がおさまるように2枚以上のSEM像を合成した。二値化処理によって構造体部分を明輝度に、それ以外の部分が暗輝度となるように閾値を決め、明輝度部分を白、暗輝度部分を黒とした画像を得た。画像内のコントラストの差によって、構造体部分とそれ以外の部分を分けられない場合、コントラストが同じ部分で画像を切り分けてそれぞれ二値化処理をした後に、元のとおりに繋ぎ合わせて一枚の画像に戻した。または、構造体部分以外を黒で塗りつぶして画像解析をしてもよい。孔が深さ方向に二重に観察された場合は、浅い方の孔で測定した。孔の一部が計測範囲から外れる場合は、その孔を除外した。画像にはノイズが含まれ、連続したピクセル数が5個以下の暗輝度部分については、ノイズと孔の区別がつかないため、構造体として明輝度部分として扱った。ノイズを消す方法としては、連続したピクセル数が5以下の暗輝度部分をピクセル数の計測時に除外した。または、ノイズ部分を白く塗りつぶしてもよい。画像内で既知の長さを示しているスケールバーのピクセル数を計測し、1ピクセル数あたりの長さを算出した。孔のピクセル数を計測し、孔のピクセル数に1ピクセル数あたりの長さの2乗を乗ずることで、孔面積を求めた。下記式で、孔面積に相当する円の直径を算出し、孔径とした。孔径130nmとなる孔面積は1.3×104(nm2)である。
孔径=(孔面積÷円周率)0.5×2
孔径が130nm以上の孔を特定し、その孔がない層を緻密層として、表面から垂直方向に緻密層の厚みを測定した。表面に対して垂線を引き、その垂線上の表面および孔径130nm以上の孔の互いの距離のうち、最も長い距離が緻密層の厚みである。緻密層が表面に接している場合は、表面から最も近い孔径130nm以上の孔と表面の距離となる。同じ画像の中で5箇所測定を行った。10枚の画像で同じ測定を行い、計50の測定データの平均値を算出した。緻密層における孔径130nm以下、100nm以下の孔の有無を判定した。
(5)で作成した試料を観察試料とした。多孔質膜の断面をSEM(S-5500、株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ社製)にて10000倍で観察し、像をコンピュータに取り込んだ。取り込んだ画像のサイズは640ピクセル×480ピクセルだった。SEM像を膜厚方向に5μm、多孔質膜の表面と平行に5μmの範囲に切り取り、画像処理ソフトにて画像解析を行った。二値化処理によって構造体部分を明輝度に、それ以外の部分が暗輝度となるように閾値を決め、明輝度部分を白、暗輝度部分を黒とした画像を得た。画像内のコントラストの差によって、構造体部分とそれ以外の部分を分けられない場合、構造体部分以外を黒で塗りつぶして画像解析をした。孔が深さ方向に二重に観察された場合は、浅い方の孔で測定した。孔の一部が計測範囲から外れる場合は、その孔を除外した。画像にはノイズが含まれ、連続したピクセル数が5個以下の暗輝度部分については、ノイズと孔の区別がつかないため、構造体として明輝度部分として扱った。ノイズを消す方法としては、連続したピクセル数が5以下の暗輝度部分を白く塗りつぶしてもよく、ピクセル数の計測時に除外してもよい。画像内で既知の長さを示しているスケールバーのピクセル数を計測し、1ピクセル数あたりの長さを算出した。孔のピクセル数を計測し、孔のピクセル数に1ピクセル当たりの長さの2乗を乗ずることで、孔面積を求めた。下記式で、孔面積に相当する円の直径を算出し、孔径とした。
孔径=(孔面積÷円周率)0.5×2
膜厚方向断面が全て観察できるように同様の測定を行い、断面の各部位での平均孔径の測定と、最も大きい孔の径を計測した。5箇所で同じ測定を行って平均値を算出した。
(5)で作成した試料を観察試料とした。多孔質膜の断面をSEM(S-5500、株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ社製)にて10000倍で観察し、像をコンピュータに取り込んだ。取り込んだ画像のサイズは640ピクセル×480ピクセルだった。SEM像を膜厚方向に3μm、多孔質膜の表面と平行に5μmの範囲に切り取り、画像処理ソフトにて画像解析を行った。二値化処理によって構造体部分を明輝度に、それ以外の部分が暗輝度となるように閾値を決め、明輝度部分を白、暗輝度部分を黒とした画像を得た。画像内のコントラストの差によって、構造体部分とそれ以外の部分を分けられない場合、構造体部分以外を黒で塗りつぶして画像解析をした。孔が深さ方向に二重に観察された場合は、浅い方の孔で測定した。画像にはノイズが含まれ、連続したピクセル数が5個以下の暗輝度部分については、ノイズと孔の区別がつかないため、構造体として明輝度部分として扱った。ノイズを消す方法としては、連続したピクセル数が5以下の暗輝度部分を白く塗りつぶしてもよく、ピクセル数の計測時に除外してもよい。暗輝度部分のピクセル数を計測し、解析画像の総ピクセル数に対する百分率を算出して空孔率とした。10枚の画像で同じ測定を行い、平均値を算出した。
多孔質膜3gを凍結乾燥させ、全自動元素分析装置varioEL(エレメンタール社)にて、試料分解路950℃、還元炉500℃、ヘリウム流量200ml/min、酸素流量20~25ml/minで測定を行った。構造ポリマーとしてポリスルホン、親水性高分子としてポリビニルピロリドンを用いた場合、測定された窒素含有量(wN(質量%))から、親水性高分子の含有量(wC(質量%))は、下記式で計算して求めた。
多孔質膜が中空糸膜である場合の測定例を示す。
多孔質膜が中空糸膜である場合の測定例を示す。
ポリスルホン(ソルベイ社製ユーデルポリスルホン(登録商標)P-3500)20重量部およびポリビニルピロリドン(BASF社製K30重量平均分子量4万)11重量部をN,N’-ジメチルアセトアミド68重量部と水1重量部の混合溶媒に加え、90℃で6時間加熱して溶解し、製膜原液を得た。この製膜原液を二重管円筒型口金の環状スリットから吐出した。環状スリットの外径は0.59mm、内径は0.23mmとした。注入液としてN,N’-ジメチルアセトアミド70重量部および水30重量部からなる溶液を内側の管より吐出した。口金は40℃に保温した。吐出された製膜原液は、露点26℃(温度30℃、湿度80%)の気体を風量2.1m/sで流した乾式部70mmを0.11秒で通過した後、40℃のN,N’-ジメチルアセトアミド95重量部と水5重量部の凝固浴に導き固化させた後に、50℃で水洗し、40m/minでカセに巻き取った。ドラフト比は2.6だった。長手方向に20cmに切断し、80℃で5時間熱水洗浄を行った後に100℃で2時間熱処理した。原液の吐出量と注入液の吐出量を調整することで、熱処理後の糸径が内径180μm、膜厚90μmの中空糸膜状の多孔質膜が得られた。
乾式部の長さを150mmにして0.23秒で通過させた以外は、実施例1と同様の実験を行った。
乾式部の長さを210mmにして0.23秒で通過させた以外は、実施例1と同様の実験を行った。
製膜原液の組成をポリスルホン(ソルベイ社製ユーデルポリスルホン(登録商標)P-3500)22重量部およびポリビニルピロリドン(BASF社製K30重量平均分子量4万)11重量部をN,N’-ジメチルアセトアミド66重量部と水1重量部としたことと、注入液の組成をN,N’-ジメチルアセトアミド68重量部および水32重量部としたこと以外は、実施例1と同様の実験を行った。
二重管円筒型口金の環状スリットの外径を0.48mm、内径を0.23mmとした以外は、実施例1と同様の実験を行った。ドラフト比は1.8だった。 透水性能測定、ウイルス除去性能測定、表面の孔の短径測定、表面の開孔率測定、緻密層厚みの測定、元素分析、断面の孔径の測定、断面方向に表面から3μmの深さでの空孔率の測定、多孔質膜全体の空孔率の測定、耐圧試験を行い、結果を表1に示した。
乾式部の長さを400mmにして0.60秒で通過させた以外は、実施例1と同様の実験を行った。
ポリスルホン(ソルベイ社製ユーデルポリスルホン(登録商標)P-3500)16重量部、ポリビニルピロリドン(BASF社製K30重量平均分子量4万)3.5重量部、ポリビニルピロリドン(BASF社製K90重量平均分子量120万)2.5重量部、N,N’-ジメチルアセトアミド77重量部と水1重量部の混合溶媒に加え、90℃で6時間加熱して溶解し、製膜原液を得た。この製膜原液を二重管円筒型口金の環状スリットから吐出した。環状スリットの外径は0.35mm、内径は0.25mmとした。注入液としてN,N’-ジメチルアセトアミド64重量部および水36重量部からなる溶液を内側の管より吐出した。口金は50℃に保温した。吐出された製膜原液は、露点26℃(温度30℃、湿度80%)の気体を風量2.1m/sで流した乾式部400mmを0.8秒で通過した後、40℃のN,N’-ジメチルアセトアミド95重量部と水5重量部の凝固浴に導き固化させた後に、50℃で水洗し、40m/minでカセに巻き取った。ドラフト比は1.6だった。長手方向に20cmに切断し、80℃で5時間熱水洗浄を行った後に100℃で2時間熱処理した。原液の吐出量と注入液の吐出量を調整することで、熱処理後の糸径が内径200μm、膜厚40μmの中空糸膜状の多孔質膜が得られた。
膜厚を70μm、内径を200μmとする以外は、比較例2と同様の実験を行った。ドラフト比は0.7だった。
2 中空糸膜断面の孔
3 中空糸膜断面の孔径130nm以上の孔
4 緻密層
5 中空糸膜表面の孔
Claims (27)
- 以下の特性を有する多孔質膜。
(A-1)一方の表面の孔の短径の平均値が、他方の表面の孔の短径の平均値よりも小さい。
(A-2)膜厚方向断面で、孔径が、一方の表面から他方の表面にむかって増加し、少なくとも1つの極大値をとった後、さらに孔径が減少している。
(A-3)表面の孔の短径の平均値が大きい側で、表面から膜厚方向に孔径130nm以下の層の層を有し、その層の厚みが0.5μm以上20μm以下である。
(A-4)前記層が孔径130nm以下、100nm以上の孔を有する。 - 以下の特性を有する請求項1記載の多孔質膜。
(A-5)孔の短径の平均値が小さい側の表面において、孔の短径の平均値が10nm以上50nm以下である。 - 以下の特性を有する請求項1または2記載の多孔質膜。
(A-6) 前記表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側の表面の孔の長径の平均値が、その側の表面の孔の短径の平均値の2.5倍以上である。 - 以下の特性を有する請求項1~3いずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
(A-7)表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側で,表面から孔径130nm以下の孔を有する層を有し、その層の厚みが0.3μm以上20μm以下である。
(A-8)前記層が孔径130nm以下、100nm以上の孔を有する。 - 以下の特性を有する請求項1~4いずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
(A-9)膜厚方向断面において、表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側の表面から厚さ3μmまでの部分の空孔率が5%以上、35%以下である。 - 以下の特性を有する請求項1~5いずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
(A-10)表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側の表面の開孔率が0.7%以上、12%以下である。 - 以下の特性を有する請求項1~6いずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
(A-11)多孔質膜全体の空孔率が60%以上、90%以下である。 - 以下の特性を有する請求項1~7いずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
(A-12)膜厚方向断面の最大孔径が10μm以下である。 - 膜構造が一体構造である請求項1から8のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
- 中空糸膜である請求項1から8のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
- 中空糸膜の内表面の孔の短径の平均値が外表面の孔の短径の平均値よりも小さいことを特徴とする請求項10に記載の多孔質膜。
- 膜厚が60μm以上、200μm以下であり、膜厚/内径が0.35以上、1.0以下であることを特徴とする請求項10または11に記載の多孔質膜。
- 請求項1~12いずれかの多孔質膜に対して、水を表面の孔の短径の平均値が大きい側から、表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側に向けて、透過させる工程を有する浄水方法。
- 以下の特性を有する多孔質膜。
(B-1)一方の表面の孔の短径の平均値が、他方の表面の孔の短径の平均値よりも小さい。
(B-2)前記表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側の表面の孔の長径の平均値が、その側の表面の孔の短径の平均値の2.5倍以上である。
(B-3)膜厚方向断面において、表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側の表面から厚さ3μmまでの部分の空孔率が5%以上、35%以下である。
(B-4)表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側の表面の開孔率が0.7%以上、12%以下である。 - 以下の特性を有する請求項14記載の多孔質膜。
(B-5)膜厚方向断面で、孔径が一方の表面から他方の表面にむかって増加し、少なくとも1つの極大値をとった後、孔径が減少している。
(B-6)表面の孔の短径の平均値が大きい側で、表面から膜厚方向に孔径130nm以下の孔を有する層を有し、その層の厚みが0.5μm以上20μm以下である。
(B-7)前記層が孔径130nm以下、100nm以上の孔を有する。 - 以下の特性を有する請求項14または15に記載の多孔質膜。
(B-8)孔の短径が小さい側の表面における孔の短径の平均値が10nm以上50nm以下である。 - 以下の特性を有する請求項14~16いずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
(B-9)で、表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側で、表面から孔径130nm以下の孔を有する層を有し、その層の厚みが0.3μm以上20μm以下である。
(B-10)前記層が孔径130nm以下、100nm以上の孔を有する。 - 以下の特性を有する請求項14~17いずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
(B-11)多孔質膜全体の空孔率が60%以上、90%以下である。 - 以下の特性を有する請求項14~18いずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
(B-12)膜厚方向断面の最大孔径が10μm以下である。 - 膜構造が一体構造である請求項14から19のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
- 中空糸膜である請求項14から20のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
- 中空糸膜の内側の表面の孔の短径の平均値が外側の表面の孔の短径の平均値よりも小さい請求項21に記載の多孔質膜。
- 膜厚が60μm以上、200μm以下であり、膜厚/内径が0.35以上、1.00以下であることを請求項21または22に記載の多孔質膜。
- 請求項15~23いずれかの多孔質膜に対して、水を表面の孔の短径の平均値が大きい側から、表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側に向けて、透過させる工程を有する浄水方法。
- ウイルスを除去する用途に用いられることを特徴とする、請求項1から24のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
- 請求項1から25のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜を内蔵することを特徴とする浄水器。
- 水を表面の孔の短径の平均値が大きい側に原水流路を有し、表面の孔の短径の平均値が小さい側に透過水流路を有する、請求項26記載の浄水器。
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US10974204B2 (en) | 2016-06-17 | 2021-04-13 | Asahi Kasei Kabushiki Kaisha | Porous membrane and process for producing porous membrane |
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EP4041441A4 (en) | 2019-10-10 | 2023-11-01 | Entegris, Inc. | POROUS POLYMER MEMBRANE AND ASSOCIATED FILTERS AND METHODS |
CN115090134B (zh) * | 2022-06-29 | 2023-11-03 | 天津鼎芯膜科技有限公司 | 一种具有梯度孔结构的膜材料及其制备方法和应用 |
CN114887500A (zh) * | 2022-07-08 | 2022-08-12 | 杭州科百特过滤器材有限公司 | 一种除病毒用不对称的纤维素类滤膜及其制备方法 |
JP2024030266A (ja) | 2022-08-24 | 2024-03-07 | 東京応化工業株式会社 | 多孔質膜 |
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US20160052804A1 (en) | 2016-02-25 |
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