WO2012073869A1 - 導電性硬質炭素膜及びその成膜方法 - Google Patents
導電性硬質炭素膜及びその成膜方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012073869A1 WO2012073869A1 PCT/JP2011/077333 JP2011077333W WO2012073869A1 WO 2012073869 A1 WO2012073869 A1 WO 2012073869A1 JP 2011077333 W JP2011077333 W JP 2011077333W WO 2012073869 A1 WO2012073869 A1 WO 2012073869A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/04—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of carbon-silicon compounds, carbon or silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/05—Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
- C23C14/021—Cleaning or etching treatments
- C23C14/022—Cleaning or etching treatments by means of bombardment with energetic particles or radiation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
- C23C14/024—Deposition of sublayers, e.g. to promote adhesion of the coating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/0605—Carbon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/221—Ion beam deposition
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/34—Sputtering
- C23C14/3435—Applying energy to the substrate during sputtering
- C23C14/3442—Applying energy to the substrate during sputtering using an ion beam
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R1/00—Details of instruments or arrangements of the types included in groups G01R5/00 - G01R13/00 and G01R31/00
- G01R1/02—General constructional details
- G01R1/06—Measuring leads; Measuring probes
- G01R1/067—Measuring probes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/26—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension
- Y10T428/263—Coating layer not in excess of 5 mils thick or equivalent
- Y10T428/264—Up to 3 mils
- Y10T428/265—1 mil or less
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31678—Of metal
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a conductive hard carbon film that can be applied to various members that require conductivity, wear resistance, and heat resistance, and a method for forming the same.
- surface treatment to probes used for measuring electrical characteristics of semiconductors and electronic component materials surface treatment to a separator provided between the anode and cathode of a fuel cell, and application to a cathode electron-emitting device
- the present invention relates to a conductive hard carbon film suitable for surface treatment.
- conductive DLC diamond-like carbon
- a probe made of beryllium copper coated with gold plating has been used as this probe, but has the following problems.
- conductive DLC has been developed to prevent contamination by solder and improve wear resistance (for example, Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2).
- the contamination of the probe surface due to solder is mainly due to the surface free energy of the material.
- the surface free energy can be reduced. It becomes difficult to adhere.
- a thin film having conductivity and a certain degree of hardness by mixing impurities such as boron into the DLC film is applied to the above technical field (for example, Patent Document 3).
- the hardness of the conductive DLC film currently used as the coating film of the probe is in the range of 9 to 30 GPa, and the volume resistivity is in the range of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 to 1 ⁇ 10 2 ⁇ ⁇ cm. It is.
- DLC films due to the miniaturization of parts and the speeding up of production lines in the manufacturing process of semiconductors and electronic parts, the following characteristics are currently required for DLC films. That is, (1) having a low volume resistivity equal to or lower than that of an existing conductive DLC film and higher hardness (wear resistance); and (2) ⁇ a volume resistivity in a high temperature region of 200 ° C level. The hardness is required to be stable.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned problems of the conventional conductive DLC film, and its purpose is to have a low volume resistivity equal to or lower than that of the existing conductive DLC film and the existing one.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a conductive hard carbon film having a hardness higher than that of a conductive DLC film and having a stable volume resistivity and hardness in a high temperature region of 200 ° C. and a method for forming the same.
- a method of forming a conductive hard carbon film on a base material in a vapor phase below irradiating the base material with a gas cluster ion beam to clean and / or flatten the base material, Carbon film material and boron film material containing boron material are evaporated and vaporized, and the evaporated vapor is ionized or attached to the substrate surface without ionization, and a gas cluster ion beam is applied to carbon. And a step of irradiating the film forming material to form a film.
- a second method of forming a conductive hard carbon film is a method of forming a conductive hard carbon film on a substrate in a vapor phase under vacuum and reduced pressure, and irradiating the substrate with a gas cluster ion beam.
- a process of cleaning and / or flattening the material, evaporating and vaporizing the intermediate layer film forming material, and adhering the evaporated vaporized material to the substrate surface with or without ionization, and a gas cluster ion beam The intermediate layer film forming material is irradiated to form an intermediate layer film, and a carbon film material containing substantially no hydrogen and a carbon film material containing boron material are vaporized, and the vaporized product is ionized. Or the step of depositing on the surface of the intermediate film without ionization and irradiating the carbon film forming material with a gas cluster ion beam.
- the conductive hard carbon film produced by the above method has an indentation hardness of 35 to 60 GPa and a volume resistivity of 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 to 1.0 ⁇ 10 0 ⁇ ⁇ cm. .
- the carbonaceous material is preferably a substance that becomes a cluster when vaporized.
- the gas cluster is preferably composed of one or more kinds of atoms or molecules among rare gases, carbon oxides, nitrogen, and nitrides.
- Conductive hard carbon film having high hardness and excellent conductivity The conductive hard carbon film of the present invention is characterized by containing substantially no hydrogen, and its production method is a gas It is not limited to the one using a cluster ion beam.
- the conductive hard carbon film of the present invention comprises a substrate and a carbon film formed on the substrate, It is substantially free of hydrogen, has a boron content of 0.01 to 5 atomic%, has an indentation hardness of 35 to 60 GPa, and 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 to 1.0 ⁇ 10 0 ⁇ ⁇ cm. It has a volume resistivity.
- an intermediate layer film between the carbon film and the base material.
- the material for forming the intermediate layer film is silicon, chromium, tungsten, titanium. It is preferable to include at least one of molybdenum, and carbides and nitrides of these elements.
- An apparatus for forming a conductive hard carbon film is a device for forming a conductive hard carbon film in a vapor phase on a substrate under vacuum and reduced pressure, and includes a gas cluster generation unit, a gas cluster ionization unit, and a gas cluster. It consists of an acceleration part for cluster ions, a generation part for evaporated particles of carbon film forming material, an ionization and acceleration part for evaporated particles of carbon film forming material, and a means for supplying evaporated particles of boron material.
- the generation part of the evaporation particles of the layer film forming material can be provided.
- the volume resistivity is 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 to 1.0 ⁇ 10 0 ⁇ ⁇ cm, which is a conductivity equal to or higher than that of the conventional conductive DLC film, and the hardness is high.
- a conductive hard carbon film having a hardness of 35 to 60 GPa and higher hardness than the conventional conductive DLC film can be formed.
- the conductive hard carbon film of the present invention exhibits a stable volume resistivity and hardness even in a high temperature region of 200 ° C. or higher.
- the substrate temperature is heated to about 200 ° C. by the temperature generated by the plasma itself.
- the gas cluster process of the present invention does not require the use of a carbonaceous material containing plasma or hydrogen due to discharge, and due to appropriate gas cluster ion irradiation, even if the substrate temperature is 100 ° C. or less, there are many diamond bonding components.
- a conductive carbon film having high hardness can be formed. Therefore, the present invention can be applied to a substrate made of, for example, plastic, whose material characteristics change at 100 ° C. or higher.
- the conductive hard carbon film of the present invention the problems of existing conductive DLC films can be solved all at once, so that a probe used for measuring electrical characteristics of semiconductors and electronic component materials (probe). It is possible to greatly contribute to the development of technical fields such as the surface treatment of the above, the surface treatment of the separator provided between the anode and the cathode of the fuel cell, and the surface treatment of the cathode electron-emitting device.
- FIG. 1 shows a conductive hard carbon film forming apparatus having a gas cluster generation unit and a processing unit using gas cluster ions in a vacuum chamber.
- the processing part using gas cluster ions the generation part of the carbonaceous material evaporation particles and the ionization and acceleration part of the evaporation particles are arranged, the supply port of the evaporation material of boron material is arranged in the vicinity of the base material, and the intermediate layer
- FIG. 2 shows an apparatus for forming a conductive hard carbon film having a gas cluster generation unit and a processing unit using gas cluster ions in a vacuum chamber.
- the supply port of the evaporation material of boron material is arranged near the ionization part of the gas cluster, and it has a mechanism that can ionize, accelerate and irradiate the boron material simultaneously with the gas cluster
- FIG. 3 shows an apparatus for forming a conductive hard carbon film having a gas cluster generation unit and a processing unit using gas cluster ions in a vacuum chamber.
- the supply port of the evaporation material of boron material is arranged near the ionization and acceleration part of the evaporation material of carbonaceous material, and the mechanism that can ionize, accelerate and irradiate the boron material simultaneously with the carbonaceous material
- the present invention supplies a carbon film-forming material containing substantially no hydrogen and a carbonaceous material and a boron material to a base material, and uses the gas cluster ion beam as a base material for the conductive hard carbon film.
- the method includes a step of cleaning and / or flattening the base material and a step of forming a conductive hard carbon film, and preferably further includes an intermediate layer film It is an important element to form a film by irradiating the intermediate layer film forming material and / or the carbon film forming material with a gas cluster ion beam.
- the conductive hard carbon film of the present invention is characterized in that it does not substantially contain hydrogen, and its production method is not limited to a method using a gas cluster ion beam.
- the substrate can be cleaned by irradiating the substrate with a gas cluster ion beam generated by ionizing a gas cluster as an aggregate of atoms or molecules of a gaseous substance.
- the atoms or molecules constituting the gas cluster used for the purpose of cleaning the substrate are usually atoms or molecules that are gaseous under normal temperature and pressure conditions, and should be used for gas cluster generation. There are no particular limitations as long as they are atoms or molecules capable of forming.
- the gas cluster gas includes noble gases (eg, argon, helium, neon, etc.), carbon oxides (eg, CO, CO 2 etc.), nitrogen and nitrides (eg, N 2 O, NO, N 2 O). 3 , NO 2 , N 2 H 4, etc.) and is preferably made of one kind of gas or two or more kinds of mixed gases.
- noble gases eg, argon, helium, neon, etc.
- carbon oxides eg, CO, CO 2 etc.
- nitrogen and nitrides eg, N 2 O, NO, N 2 O). 3 , NO 2 , N 2 H 4, etc.
- a gas cluster in a gas cluster ion beam is usually generated from a cluster gas. Specifically, when the cluster gas is released from the nozzle for generating the cluster under vacuum decompression, the cluster gas is cooled by the adiabatic expansion action, and the atoms or molecules are condensed by the cooling, and the gas cluster is Generated.
- the number of atoms or molecules constituting the gas cluster is not particularly limited, but is preferably 10 to 200000 (average number of molecules 500 to 2000), more preferably 10 to 100,000. preferable.
- the distribution of the cluster size can be appropriately selected depending on the gas pressure and temperature, and the size and shape of the gas cluster generation nozzle.
- the gas cluster is ionized by a known means of irradiating ionizing radiation such as electron beam irradiation, and then accelerated by applying acceleration energy to the ionized particles (for example, by applying a high voltage) to form gas cluster ions.
- a known means of irradiating ionizing radiation such as electron beam irradiation
- acceleration energy for example, by applying a high voltage
- the acceleration voltage for obtaining the gas cluster ion beam is preferably 1 to 100 kV, and more preferably 1 to 50 kV.
- Irradiation of the gas cluster ion beam for cleaning may be continuous or intermittent. By performing the cleaning treatment, the adhesion of the intermediate layer film to the substrate can be improved.
- the cleaning of the substrate refers to a process of scraping the surface layer portion of the substrate by a very small amount in the thickness direction in order to remove harmful substances such as dirt and foreign matter on the surface of the substrate, which will be described later.
- the flattening of the base material refers to a process of scraping a surface layer portion of the base material in a thickness direction more than the scraping amount for cleaning in order to remove surface irregularities.
- only cleaning is performed, only planarization is performed, planarization is performed subsequent to cleaning, or in some cases, cleaning is performed after planarization. Sometimes.
- the substrate can be planarized by irradiating the substrate with a gas cluster ion beam.
- Paragraph numbers [0018] to [0021] describe the types of gas constituting the gas cluster used for the purpose of planarizing the substrate, the generation process of the gas cluster, the cluster size, and the generation process of the gas cluster ion beam. Since it is as it was, duplication description is abbreviate
- the type, cluster size, cluster size distribution, and the like of the cluster gas for planarization may be the same as or different from those in the cleaning step.
- the irradiation of the gas cluster ion beam for planarization may be continuous or intermittent.
- the acceleration voltage for obtaining the gas cluster ion beam is preferably higher than the cleaning in the planarization process.
- the acceleration voltage for obtaining the gas cluster ion beam is preferably 10 to 200 kV, and more preferably 10 to 100 kV, which is different from the cleaning.
- the intermediate layer film forming material can be directly adhered to the substrate surface, and the intermediate layer film can be formed by irradiating the intermediate layer film forming material with a gas cluster ion beam.
- the intermediate layer film-forming material is vaporized and vaporized, and the evaporated product is ionized or attached to the substrate surface without being ionized, and the intermediate layer film-forming material is irradiated with a gas cluster ion beam.
- An intermediate layer film can be formed on the surface of the material.
- Examples of means for evaporating and vaporizing the intermediate layer film forming material include known means such as sputtering, laser ablation, ion beam, electron beam, and crucible heating.
- Examples of ionization means for the intermediate layer film forming material include electron impact ionization (EI) means, desorption electron ionization (DEI) means, field ionization (FI) means, and photoionization.
- EI electron impact ionization
- DEI desorption electron ionization
- FI field ionization
- Photoionization well-known means such as means can be mentioned.
- the film formation conditions for the intermediate layer film include the vacuum pressure reduction during film formation, the substrate temperature during film formation, the number of atoms or molecules of evaporated particles or ionized particles of the intermediate layer film forming material, and the number of gas cluster ions.
- the accelerating voltage of gas cluster ions and the like can be mentioned, and these can be determined as appropriate in consideration of the type of the intermediate layer film forming material, the characteristics of the intermediate layer film, the film forming speed, and the like.
- the types of gas constituting the gas cluster used in the intermediate layer film forming process, the generation process of the gas cluster, the cluster size, the generation process of the gas cluster ion beam, and the like are as described in paragraphs [0018] to [0021]. Therefore, the redundant description is omitted.
- the type of cluster gas, cluster size, cluster size distribution, gas cluster ion acceleration voltage, etc. for forming the intermediate layer film are the same as in the cleaning process or planarization process, but are different. May be. Further, the irradiation of the gas cluster ion beam for forming the intermediate layer film may be continuous or intermittent.
- the ratio of the number of atoms or molecules of the vaporized particles of the intermediate layer film forming material or the ionized particles thereof to the number of gas cluster ions is, for example, relative to the number of molecules 1 to 5000 constituting the gas cluster of the intermediate layer film forming material.
- the number of gas cluster ions is particularly preferably 1 to 10 (the average number of molecules per gas cluster is 1000 or more).
- the substrate When gas cluster ions collide with the substrate, a high temperature and high pressure state occurs locally and instantaneously, so even if the substrate is not heated, it is dense at room temperature and stable without changing its properties over time.
- An intermediate layer film is formed.
- the substrate may be heated within a range not impairing the object of the present invention.
- the intermediate layer film is preferably a mixed layer in which the intermediate layer film forming material and the carbon film forming material are mixed.
- the content ratio of the carbon film forming material is increased in a gradient from the substrate to the carbon film, and the intermediate layer film forming material is inclined in the gradient from the substrate to the carbon film.
- the carbonaceous material examples include various carbon materials excluding diamond.
- the carbonaceous material is selected from fullerene, carbon nanotube, graphite, amorphous carbon, and carbine containing no hydrogen. More than one type can be mentioned. These carbonaceous materials preferably contain no hydrogen other than impurities to maintain the heat resistance of the carbon film.
- fullerene, carbon nanotube, or a homologue thereof is exemplified as a preferable one.
- the boron material examples include one or more selected from trimethoxyboron, diborane, decaborane, octadecaborane and the like, and a boron material having a number of boron atoms in the range of 1 to 18 is preferable. Further, one or more selected from borohydrides such as diborane, decaborane, and octadecaborane, and borohydrides having a number of boron atoms in the range of 2 to 18 are more preferable.
- Examples of the means for evaporating and vaporizing the carbon film forming material include known means such as sputtering, laser ablation, ion beam, electron beam, and crucible heating.
- Examples of ionization means for carbon film forming materials include electron impact ionization (EI) means, desorption electron ionization (DEI) means, field ionization (FI) means, and photoionization means.
- EI electron impact ionization
- DEI desorption electron ionization
- FI field ionization
- photoionization means such as these, can be mentioned.
- Carbon film deposition conditions include the vacuum pressure reduction during film formation, the substrate temperature during film formation, the number of atoms or molecules of the evaporated particles or ionized particles of the carbon film forming material, and the ratio of the number of gas cluster ions , And the acceleration voltage of gas cluster ions, etc., which can be appropriately determined in consideration of the type of carbon film forming material, the characteristics of the carbon film, the film forming speed, and the like.
- Paragraph numbers [0018] to [0021] describe the types of gas constituting the gas cluster used in the process of forming the conductive hard carbon film, the generation process of the gas cluster, the generation process of the cluster size, and the gas cluster ion beam. Since it is as it was, duplication description is abbreviate
- the types of cluster gas, cluster size, cluster size distribution, gas cluster ion acceleration voltage, etc. for the formation of conductive hard carbon film are the cleaning process, flattening process and intermediate layer film formation. The process may be the same or different. Further, the irradiation of the gas cluster ion beam for forming the conductive hard carbon film may be continuous or intermittent.
- the ratio of the number of atoms or molecules of the evaporated particles of the carbon film forming material or its ionized particles to the number of gas cluster ions is, for example, when the number of atoms of the carbonaceous material constituting the gas cluster of the carbon film forming material is 1000
- the number of atoms of the boron material is preferably 0.1 to 5, whereas the number of gas cluster ions is preferably 1 to 10.
- the conductive hard carbon film obtained by the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is a film having excellent conductivity and wear resistance, but the film thickness is preferably 0.1 nm to 10 ⁇ m, preferably 5.0 ⁇ m. More preferably, it is more preferably 0.1 nm to 2 ⁇ m. Further, the film thickness of the intermediate layer is preferably 0.05 to 0.5 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.05 to 0.2 ⁇ m.
- the conductive hard carbon film obtained as described above has an indentation hardness of 35 GPa or more and a volume resistivity of 1.0 ⁇ 10 0 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less.
- the film forming apparatus for conductive hard carbon film used is an apparatus for depositing a conductive hard carbon film on a substrate in a vapor phase under vacuum and reduced pressure.
- Cluster generation unit, gas cluster ionization unit, gas cluster ion acceleration unit, intermediate layer film formation material evaporation particle generation unit, carbon film formation material evaporation particle generation unit, and carbon film formation material The ionizing and accelerating unit for the evaporated particles and a supply means for the evaporated particles of the boron material.
- the apparatus shown by FIG. 1 is provided with the gas cluster production
- the gas cluster generation unit (2) includes a cluster gas (4) supply unit, a nozzle (5), and a vacuum evacuation unit (6), and separates a gas not forming a cluster from the gas cluster.
- a skimmer (7) is provided at the entrance to the processing part (3) by gas cluster ions.
- the gas cluster ionization section (8) and the gas cluster ion acceleration section (9) are arranged in the processing section (3) using gas cluster ions.
- the processing unit (3) using gas cluster ions includes a generation unit (10) of evaporated particles of carbonaceous material, an ionization and acceleration unit (11) of evaporated particles of carbonaceous material, and evaporation of an intermediate layer film forming material.
- the processing part (3) with gas cluster ions further has means for evacuating (15).
- the apparatus shown in FIG. 2 is different from the apparatus of FIG. 1 in that a supply port (14b) for supplying evaporated particles of boron material to the ionization section (8) of the gas cluster is provided.
- the boron material can be mixed into the carbon film with high efficiency by ionizing the vaporized particles of the boron material simultaneously with ionization of the gas cluster, and accelerating and irradiating the substrate (13).
- FIG. 2 the same members as those in FIG.
- the apparatus shown in FIG. 3 is different from the apparatus of FIG. 1 in that a supply port (14c) for supplying vaporized particles of boron material to the ionization and acceleration unit (11) of the carbonaceous material is provided.
- the boron material is ionized in the carbon film by ionizing the vaporized particles of the boron material simultaneously with the ionization of the carbonaceous material, and accelerating and irradiating toward the base material (13). Can be mixed with high efficiency.
- the inside of the vacuum chamber (1) is depressurized by evacuation (6).
- the cluster gas (4) is supplied from the nozzle (5) into the gas cluster generator (2) under vacuum and reduced pressure, the energy of atoms or molecules of the cluster gas is converted into translational kinetic energy, and at the same time, by adiabatic expansion. It is converted into kinetic energy in the expansion direction.
- the atoms or molecules of the cluster gas that are excessively cooled by losing thermal energy due to adiabatic expansion are combined by intermolecular forces to generate gas clusters.
- the generated gas cluster is guided to the ionization part (8) of the gas cluster and the acceleration part (9) of the gas cluster ion through the skimmer (7), ionized by electron impact, and then the ionized gas cluster is accelerated and processed. It irradiates toward the base material (13) arrange
- the intermediate layer film-forming material is evaporated and vaporized by using the generation part (for example, sputter deposition mechanism) (12) of the intermediate layer film-forming material, and the evaporated part of the intermediate layer film-forming material is processed into the processing part (3)
- the gas cluster ion beam is applied to the base material (13) disposed on the substrate to form an intermediate layer film having a high density and high adhesion to the base material.
- the intermediate layer film After the formation of the intermediate layer film, as described below, by conducting the deposition of the carbonaceous material evaporation particles, the boron material evaporation particles, and the irradiation of the gas cluster ion beam on the substrate simultaneously, A hard carbon film is formed on the intermediate layer film. That is, the carbonaceous material is vaporized and vaporized using a carbonaceous material vaporized particle generation unit (eg, crucible and crucible heater) (10), and the carbonaceous material vaporized particles are led to the ionization and acceleration unit (11).
- a carbonaceous material vaporized particle generation unit eg, crucible and crucible heater
- the vaporized particles of the boron material are simultaneously attached by any one of the supply means provided in the apparatus shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 2, or FIG. Since the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 has a supply port (14a) for supplying evaporated particles of boron material in the vicinity of the base material (13), the boron material is efficiently attached to the base material (13). be able to.
- the apparatus shown in FIG. 2 has a supply port (14b) for supplying vaporized particles of boron material to the ionization section (8) of the gas cluster, so that the boron material is vaporized simultaneously with the ionization of the gas cluster.
- the boron material By ionizing the particles and accelerating and irradiating the particles toward the substrate (13), the boron material can be mixed into the carbon film with high efficiency.
- the apparatus shown in FIG. 3 is provided with the supply port (14c) for supplying the vaporized particles of boron material to the ionization and acceleration unit (11) of the vaporized particles of carbonaceous material. Simultaneously with the ionization of the vaporized particles, the vaporized particles of the boron material are ionized, and accelerated and irradiated toward the base material (13), whereby the boron material can be mixed into the carbon film with high efficiency.
- the gas cluster ions used for the flattening treatment and the cleaning treatment of the base material and the gas cluster ions used for forming the conductive hard carbon film and the intermediate layer film can be obtained from the same source. It can process continuously in a vacuum chamber.
- Example 1 A square silicon wafer having a size of 50 mm ⁇ 50 mm was used as the substrate (13). This silicon wafer is set in the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 and irradiated with argon cluster ions having an average number of argon atoms of 1000 accelerated to 20 kV under the condition of 5 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 2 to clean the surface of the silicon wafer. went. The number of argon atoms constituting one cluster was measured by the Time of Flight method. Argon cluster ions themselves are generated from a glass cluster generating nozzle (5), introduced into a processing part (3) by gas cluster ions through a skimmer (7), and ionized by an electron impact method in an ionization part (8). It was made to collide with the surface of a silicon wafer (13).
- the fullerene is heated by a crucible as the vaporized particles of the carbonaceous material to evaporate, and at the same time the evaporated particles of diborane as the evaporated particles of the boron material in the vicinity of the silicon wafer (13) by the method shown in FIG. was supplied to the silicon wafer (13) directly.
- argon cluster ion beam-assisted irradiation is performed by accelerating argon cluster ions formed under the same conditions as in the case of the surface cleaning at a voltage of 5 kV until the film thickness reaches 1.0 ⁇ m.
- a boron-containing carbon film substantially free of hydrogen was formed on the surface of
- diborane which is a boron material, contains hydrogen
- Diborane (or trimethoxyboron and decaborane) molecules are decomposed at the atomic level by the high-temperature and high-pressure state generated when the argon cluster ions collide with the silicon wafer, and the solid component boron remains in the film, but the gas component Hydrogen is not present in the film, or a very small amount (1 atomic% or less) of hydrogen is present in the boron-containing carbon film so as not to adversely affect the conductivity.
- Example 2 A boron-containing carbon film substantially free of hydrogen was formed in the same manner as in Example 1 (using diborane vaporized particles as boron material vaporized particles) except that the apparatus shown in FIG. 2 was used. A sample was prepared.
- Example 3 Using the apparatus shown in FIG. 2, a sample on which a boron-containing carbon film substantially free of hydrogen was formed was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that trimethoxyboron was applied as the boron material.
- Example 4 A sample in which a boron-containing carbon film containing substantially no hydrogen was formed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that decaborane (B 10 H 14 ) was applied as a boron material using the apparatus shown in FIG. Produced.
- Example 5 A sample on which a boron-containing carbon film substantially free of hydrogen was formed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that decaborane (B 10 H 14 ) was applied as a boron material using the apparatus shown in FIG. Produced.
- Example 6 Using the apparatus shown in FIG. 2, after cleaning the surface of the silicon wafer with argon cluster ions by the same method as in Example 1, chromium as an intermediate layer film forming material was magnetron sputtered onto the silicon wafer (13).
- the argon cluster ions formed under the same conditions as in the case of the above surface cleaning are accelerated at a voltage of 5 kV while performing argon cluster ion beam assisted irradiation, and the film thickness becomes 0.1 ⁇ m.
- a layer film was formed.
- the magnetron sputtering was performed under the condition of a DC voltage of 550 V and a DC current of 500 mA to form an intermediate layer film.
- the fullerene is heated by the crucible as the carbonaceous material evaporating particles to the intermediate layer film formed on the surface of the silicon wafer (13), and at the same time, decaborane is evaporated as the boron material evaporating particles.
- the particles were supplied at 0.1 sccm to the ionization part (8) of the gas cluster by the method shown in FIG. 2, and the evaporated particles of decaborane were ionized simultaneously with the ionization of the gas cluster, and were formed under the same conditions as in the above surface cleaning.
- Argon cluster ion beam-assisted irradiation is performed by accelerating the argon cluster ions at a voltage of 5 kV, and a boron-containing carbon film substantially free of hydrogen is formed on the surface of the intermediate layer film until the film thickness reaches 1.0 ⁇ m. did.
- Example 7 Using the apparatus shown in FIG. 2, after cleaning the surface of the silicon wafer with argon cluster ions by the same method as in Example 1, chromium as an intermediate layer film forming material was magnetron sputtered onto the silicon wafer (13).
- fullerene is heated by crucible as a carbonaceous material evaporating particle to evaporate, and at the same time, the decaborane evaporating particle as a boron material evaporating particle is converted into an ionization part (8 ) 0.1 sccm, and simultaneously ionizing the gas cluster, ionizing the decaborane evaporation particles, and accelerating the argon cluster ion formed under the same conditions as in the surface cleaning at a voltage of 7 kV.
- Beam-assisted irradiation, film thickness is 0.1 ⁇ m Intermediate layer film of chromium and boron-containing carbon material was mixed with 2: 1 ratio by weight until was formed.
- a boron-containing carbon film having a film thickness of 1.0 ⁇ m and containing substantially no hydrogen is formed on the intermediate film, which is a mixed layer of chromium and boron-containing carbon material, in the same manner as in Example 6. did.
- Example 8 In the same manner as in Example 7, when chromium, fullerene, and decaborane are simultaneously evaporated and an intermediate layer film having a mixed composition is formed by argon cluster ion beam-assisted irradiation, the evaporation output of chromium is first set to 100%, and then gradually. The output at the end of the intermediate layer deposition was continuously adjusted to zero. On the other hand, the evaporation outputs of fullerene and decaborane were initially adjusted to zero and then gradually increased to continuously adjust the output at the end of intermediate layer deposition to 100%.
- the content ratio of the boron-containing carbon film forming material is gradually increased from 0 to 100% by volume from the silicon wafer toward the boron-containing carbon film, and is also inclined from the silicon wafer toward the boron-containing carbon film.
- An intermediate layer film having a gradient composition that reduces the content of the intermediate layer film forming material from 100 to 0% by volume and having a film thickness of 0.1 ⁇ m was formed. Thereafter, a boron-containing carbon film substantially free of hydrogen having a thickness of 1.0 ⁇ m was formed on the intermediate layer film having the above gradient composition in the same manner as in Example 6.
- Example 1 Using the apparatus shown in FIG. 1, a sample on which a carbon film was formed was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the sample was prepared without supplying a boron material and without forming an intermediate layer film.
- Test Example 1 Conductivity Evaluation The conductivity (volume resistivity) of each sample obtained in Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Example 1 was measured using a resistivity meter (model name: Lorester GP) manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation. And measured. Table 1 below shows the average value of the resistance values measured at five locations on one sample at random on the surface of the same sample and measured in total at 15 locations for three samples.
- Test Example 2 Hardness Evaluation The nanoindentation hardness of each sample obtained in Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Example 1 was measured using an ultra-micro hardness measuring device (model: Triboscope TS70) manufactured by Eattron. And measured. In addition, the measurement of hardness is the same as the measurement of volume resistivity, the surface within the same sample is randomly measured at five locations for one sample, and the average value of the values measured at a total of 15 locations for three samples is as follows: Table 1 shows.
- Example 3 Evaluation of heat resistance
- the heat resistance of each sample obtained in Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Example 1 was measured by heating the sample in an air atmosphere using an electric furnace.
- the test conditions are a heating temperature of 250 ° C. and a heating time of 12 hours.
- the volume resistivity and hardness of the sample after heating were measured by the same method as that measured for the sample before heating. The results are shown in Table 1 below.
- Test Example 4 Measurement of boron content
- the boron contents of Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Example 1 were obtained by comparison with a standard sample in which a predetermined amount of boron was ion-implanted in a diamond thin film formed by a chemical vapor phase synthesis method. The results are shown in Table 1 below.
- Test Example 5 Measurement of hydrogen content The hydrogen content in the boron-containing carbon film of each sample obtained in Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Example 1 was measured using an elastic recoil detection method (ERDA). ) was quantitatively analyzed. The results are shown in Table 1 below.
- ERDA elastic recoil detection method
- the hydrogen content in the boron-containing carbon film is a trace amount of 1 atomic% or less, and is 0.01 to 5 atomic%, preferably By including 0.1 to 1.5 atomic% of boron material in the carbon film, the carbon film has a higher hardness than before and the volume resistivity of the carbon film is reduced, and as a result, the conductivity is improved. Can do.
- the volume resistivity is applied after ionizing the boron material rather than simply ionizing the boron material in the vicinity of the substrate. It turns out that volume resistivity becomes low by this.
- diborane as a boron material and decaborane has a lower volume resistivity than trimethoxyboron. It has been found that a high molecular weight boron material having two or more boron atoms per molecule is more suitable as the material of the present invention. Moreover, the adhesiveness between the conductive hard carbon film and the base material can be improved by forming the intermediate layer film as in Examples 6, 7, and 8. Furthermore, it can be seen that the volume resistivity and hardness do not change even after heating at 250 ° C., and according to the present invention, it is possible to provide a conductive hard carbon film having unprecedented high heat resistance. .
- the present invention has an unprecedented high hardness (35 GPa to 60 GPa) and conductivity (1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 to 1.0 ⁇ 10 0 ⁇ cm). It is possible to provide a conductive hard carbon film having a stable volume resistivity and hardness and a method for forming the same in the high temperature use region. Since a normal conductive DLC film forming process irradiates strong plasma, the substrate is heated to about 200 ° C. by the temperature generated by the plasma itself. On the other hand, the gas cluster process in the present invention does not require the use of a plasma material by discharge or a carbon material containing hydrogen, and diamond bonding is possible even when the temperature of the substrate during film formation is 100 ° C.
- the present invention can be applied to a base material made of plastic or the like whose material characteristics change at 100 ° C. or higher. Therefore, according to the present invention, the surface treatment of a probe used for measuring the electrical characteristics of a semiconductor or electronic component material, the surface treatment of a separator provided between the anode and the cathode of a fuel cell, the cathode This can greatly contribute to the development of technical fields such as surface treatment for electron-emitting devices.
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Abstract
Description
(2) プローブ基材の耐摩耗性が不十分であり、頻繁なプローブの交換を必要とする。その結果、プローブ金メッキの更新頻度が多くなり、コスト高となると同時に、プローブの交換に時間を要するため生産性が低下する。
(1)ガスクラスターイオンビームを真空減圧下で照射して気相成膜する方法及びその方法によって成膜される導電性硬質炭素膜
導電性硬質炭素膜の第一の成膜方法として、真空減圧下において基材上に導電性硬質炭素膜を気相成膜する方法であって、ガスクラスターイオンビームを基材に照射して基材を清浄化及び/または平坦化する工程と、水素を実質的に含まない炭素質材料およびホウ素材料を含む炭素膜形成材料を蒸発気化させ、この蒸発気化物をイオン化して、もしくはイオン化せずに上記基材表面に付着させるとともに、ガスクラスターイオンビームを炭素膜形成材料に照射して成膜する工程とを有することを特徴としている。
導電性硬質炭素膜の第二の成膜方法として、真空減圧下において基材上に導電性硬質炭素膜を気相成膜する方法であって、ガスクラスターイオンビームを基材に照射して基材を清浄化及び/または平坦化する工程と、中間層膜形成材料を蒸発気化させ、この蒸発気化物をイオン化して、もしくはイオン化せずに上記基材表面に付着させるとともに、ガスクラスターイオンビームを中間層膜形成材料に照射して中間層膜を形成する工程と、水素を実質的に含まない炭素質材料およびホウ素材料を含む炭素膜形成材料を蒸発気化させ、この蒸発気化物をイオン化して、もしくはイオン化せずに上記中間層膜表面に付着させるとともに、ガスクラスターイオンビームを炭素膜形成材料に照射して成膜する工程とを有することを特徴としている。
炭素質材料は、気化するとクラスターとなる物質であることが好ましい。
ガスクラスターは、希ガス、炭素酸化物、窒素及び窒化物の中の1種類以上の原子または分子から構成されることが好ましい。
(2)高い硬さを有し且つ導電性に優れている導電性硬質炭素膜
本発明の導電性硬質炭素膜は、水素を実質的に含有しないことを特徴としており、その製造方法は、ガスクラスターイオンビームを利用するものに限定されるものではない。
導電性硬質炭素膜に一定量以上の水素を含有すると、ダイヤモンド結合成分割合が減少し、硬さが低下する。しかしながら、不可避的に導電性硬質炭素膜に1原子%以下の微量の水素を含有しても、硬さが低下することはない。
すなわち、本発明の導電性硬質炭素膜は、基材と基材上に形成された炭素膜からなり、
水素を実質的に含まず、ホウ素の含有量が0.01~5原子%であり、35~60GPaのインデンテーション硬度と、1.0×10-4~1.0×100Ω・cmの体積抵抗率を有することを特徴としている。
炭素膜と基材との密着性を向上させるために、炭素膜と基材との間に中間層膜を形成することが好ましく、この中間層膜の形成材料は、ケイ素、クロム、タングステン、チタン、モリブデン、及びそれらの元素の炭化物および窒化物の中の1種類以上を含むことが好ましい。
一方、既存の導電性DLC膜の成膜プロセスは水素を含んだプラズマを用いて強いプラズマ照射を行うため、プラズマ自身が発する温度によって基材温度が約200℃に加熱される。ところが、本発明におけるガスクラスタープロセスは放電によるプラズマや水素を含む炭素質材料を使用する必要がなく、適切なガスクラスターイオン照射により、基材温度は100℃以下であってもダイヤモンド結合成分の多い高硬度の導電性炭素膜を形成できると言う特徴がある。従って、100℃以上において材料特性が変化する、例えばプラスチックなどからなる基材に対しても本発明を適用することが可能となる。
本発明の導電性硬質炭素膜によれば、既存の導電性DLC膜が有する課題を一挙に解決することができるので、半導体や電子部品材料の電気的特性の測定に用いられる探針(プローブ)の表面処理や、燃料電池の陽極と陰極の間に設けられるセパレータへの表面処理、さらには、陰極電子放出素子への表面処理などの技術分野の発展に大きく貢献することができる。
2 ガスクラスター生成部
3 ガスクラスターイオンによる加工部
4 クラスターガス
4a ガスクラスターイオンビーム
5 ノズル
6 真空排気
7 スキマー
8 ガスクラスターのイオン化部
9 ガスクラスターイオンの加速部
10 炭素質材料の蒸発粒子の生成部
11 炭素質材料の蒸発粒子のイオン化および加速部
12 中間層膜形成材料の蒸発粒子の生成部
13 基材
14a、14b、14c ホウ素材料の蒸発粒子の供給口
15 真空排気
また、本発明の導電性硬質炭素膜は、水素を実質的に含有しないことを特徴としており、その製造方法は、ガスクラスターイオンビームを利用する方法に限定されるものではない。
[基材の清浄化工程]
常温・常圧下では気体状の物質の原子または分子の集合体としてのガスクラスターをイオン化して生成されるガスクラスターイオンビームを基材に照射することによって基材を清浄化することができる。この基材清浄化の目的のために使用するガスクラスターを構成する原子または分子は、通常、常温・常圧の条件下において気体状である原子または分子であればよく、ガスクラスター生成に用いることができる原子や分子であれば、特に限定されない。例えば、ガスクラスター用ガスは、希ガス(例えば、アルゴン、ヘリウム、ネオン等)、炭素酸化物(例えば、CO、CO2等)、窒素及び窒化物(例えば、N2O、NO、N2O3、NO2、N2H4等)の中から選ばれる1種類のガスまたは2種類以上の混合ガスからなるのが好ましい。
清浄化のためのガスクラスターイオンビームの照射は連続的であってもよく、断続的であってもよい。清浄化処理を行うことによって、基材に対する中間層膜の密着性を向上することができる。
ガスクラスターイオンビームを基材に照射することによって基材を平坦化することができる。この基材平坦化の目的のために使用するガスクラスターを構成するガスの種類やガスクラスターの生成過程やクラスターサイズやガスクラスターイオンビームの生成過程などは段落番号[0018]から[0021]に記載したとおりであるから、重複説明を省略する。上記の範囲内において、平坦化のためのクラスターガスの種類やクラスターサイズやクラスターサイズの分布などは清浄化工程と同じであっても、異なっていてもよい。また、平坦化のためのガスクラスターイオンビームの照射は連続的であってもよく、断続的であってもよい。しかし、ガスクラスターイオンの加速電圧については平坦化と清浄化では好ましい電圧範囲が異なる。上記したように、平坦化では清浄化よりも多くの基材表層部が削り取られるので、ガスクラスターイオンビームを得るための加速電圧は、平坦化処理の場合は清浄化より高めにする方が好ましく、平坦化においては、ガスクラスターイオンビームを得るための加速電圧は、10~200kVであるのが好ましく、10~100kVであるのがより好ましい点において、清浄化とは異なる。平坦化処理を行うことによって、導電性硬質炭素膜を被覆した基材の平坦性が向上し、半田等の汚れが付着しにくくなる。
中間層膜形成材料をそのまま基材表面に付着させて、ガスクラスターイオンビームを中間層膜形成材料に照射して中間層膜を形成することもできるが、真空減圧下において、中間層膜形成材料を蒸発気化させ、この蒸発気化物をイオン化して、もしくはイオン化せずに基材表面に付着させるとともに、ガスクラスターイオンビームを中間層膜形成材料に照射して基材表面に中間層膜を形成することができる。
また、中間層膜と炭素膜との密着性を向上させるために、中間層を中間層膜形成材料と炭素膜形成材料とを混合させた混合層とすることが好ましい。さらに、この混合層の成分組成として、基材から炭素膜に向けて傾斜的に炭素膜形成材料の含有割合を増加させるとともに、基材から炭素膜に向けて傾斜的に中間層膜形成材料の含有割合を減少させるような傾斜組成とすることで、中間層膜と炭素膜とを一層強固に密着させることができる。
真空減圧下において、水素を実質的に含まない炭素質材料およびホウ素材料を含む炭素膜形成材料を蒸発気化させ、この蒸発気化物をイオン化して、もしくはイオン化せずに中間層膜表面に付着させるとともに、ガスクラスターイオンビームを炭素膜形成材料に照射して導電性硬質炭素膜を中間層膜上に成膜することができる。
また、中間層の膜厚は0.05~0.5μmであるのが好ましく、0.05~0.2μmであるのがより好ましい。
上記のようにして得られる導電性硬質炭素膜は、35GPa以上のインデンテーション硬度と、1.0×100Ω・cm以下の体積抵抗率とを有する。
本発明の特徴を備えた導電性硬質炭素膜を得ることができれば、他の成膜装置も使用することができる。
(4)導電性硬質炭素膜の成膜装置
使用した導電性硬質炭素膜の成膜装置は、真空減圧下において基材上に導電性硬質炭素膜を気相成膜する装置であって、ガスクラスターの生成部と、ガスクラスターのイオン化部と、ガスクラスターイオンの加速部と、中間層膜形成材料の蒸発粒子の生成部と、炭素膜形成材料の蒸発粒子の生成部と、炭素膜形成材料の蒸発粒子のイオン化および加速部と、ホウ素材料の蒸発粒子の供給手段を有している。なお、中間層膜を形成しない場合、中間層膜形成材料の蒸発粒子の生成部は必要としない。
以下、図1ないし図3を用いて、導電性硬質炭素膜の成膜装置を具体的に説明する。
真空槽(1)内を真空排気(6)によって真空減圧する。真空減圧下において、クラスターガス(4)をノズル(5)からガスクラスター生成部(2)内に供給すると、クラスターガスの原子または分子のエネルギーは並進運動エネルギーに変換されると同時に、断熱膨張によって膨張方向の運動エネルギーに変換される。断熱膨張によって熱エネルギーを失うことで過度に冷却されたクラスターガスの原子または分子は分子間力によって結合してガスクラスターを生成する。生成したガスクラスターをスキマー(7)を通してガスクラスターのイオン化部(8)及びガスクラスターイオンの加速部(9)に導き、電子衝撃によってイオン化し、次いでイオン化されたガスクラスターを加速させた後、加工部(3)に配置した基材(13)に向けて照射する。本発明においては、偏向部(図示せず)を用いて、この基材に向かうガスクラスターイオンビーム4aを走査してもよい。
すなわち、炭素質材料の蒸発粒子の生成部(例えば、坩堝及び坩堝加熱ヒーター)(10)を用いて炭素質材料を蒸発気化し、炭素質材料の蒸発粒子をイオン化および加速部(11)に導き、電子衝撃によってイオン化し、イオン化した炭素質材料の蒸発粒子を加速させて加工部(3)に配置した基材(13)に向けて照射し、基材(13)の表面に形成された中間層膜に炭素質材料を付着させることができる。
以上のように、基材の平坦化処理および清浄化処理に用いるガスクラスターイオンと、導電性硬質炭素膜および中間層膜形成に用いるガスクラスターイオンとを同一発生源から得ることができるため、同じ真空槽内で連続して処理することができる。
基材(13)として、50mm×50mmの寸法の正方形のシリコンウエハーを用いた。このシリコンウエハーを図1に示す装置にセットし、20kVに加速した平均アルゴン原子数が1000個のアルゴンクラスターイオンを5×1016個/cm2の条件で照射し、シリコンウエハー表面の清浄化を行った。1個のクラスターを構成するアルゴンの原子数は、飛行時間(Time of Flight)法で測定した。アルゴンクラスターイオン自体は、ガラス製のクラスター発生ノズル(5)から発生させ、スキマー(7)を通してガスクラスターイオンによる加工部(3)に導入し、イオン化部(8)で電子衝撃法によってイオン化させてシリコンウエハー(13)の表面に衝突させた。
図2に示した装置を用いたこと以外、実施例1と同様にして(ホウ素材料の蒸発粒子としてジボランの蒸発粒子を使用して)水素を実質的に含有しないホウ素含有炭素膜が形成された試料を作製した。
図2に示した装置を用いて、ホウ素材料としてトリメトキシボロンを適用したこと以外、実施例1と同様にして水素を実質的に含有しないホウ素含有炭素膜が形成された試料を作製した。
図1に示した装置を用いて、ホウ素材料としてデカボラン(B10H14)を適用したこと以外、実施例1と同様にして水素を実質的に含有しないホウ素含有炭素膜が形成された試料を作製した。
図2に示した装置を用いて、ホウ素材料としてデカボラン(B10H14)を適用したこと以外、実施例1と同様にして水素を実質的に含有しないホウ素含有炭素膜が形成された試料を作製した。
図2に示した装置を用いて、実施例1と同様の方法によりアルゴンクラスターイオンによるシリコンウエハー表面の清浄化後、シリコンウエハー(13)に対して、中間層膜形成材料としてのクロムをマグネトロンスパッタリングによって気化蒸発させつつ、上記表面清浄化の場合と同一の条件で形成したアルゴンクラスターイオンを5kVの電圧で加速させることによりアルゴンクラスターイオンビーム援用照射を行い、膜厚が0.1μmとなるまで中間層膜を形成した。なお、マグネトロンスパッタリングの条件は、DC電圧550Vの下で、DC電流を500mAとして中間層膜を形成した。
図2に示した装置を用いて、実施例1と同様の方法によりアルゴンクラスターイオンによるシリコンウエハー表面の清浄化後、シリコンウエハー(13)に対して、中間層膜形成材料としてのクロムをマグネトロンスパッタリングによって気化蒸発させるとともに、同時に、炭素質材料の蒸発粒子としてフラーレンをるつぼ加熱して蒸発させつつ、同時にホウ素材料の蒸発粒子としてデカボランの蒸発粒子を図2に示す方法によりガスクラスターのイオン化部(8)に0.1sccm供給し、ガスクラスターのイオン化と同時にデカボランの蒸発粒子をイオン化し、上記表面清浄化の場合と同一の条件で形成したアルゴンクラスターイオンを7kVの電圧で加速させることによりアルゴンクラスターイオンビーム援用照射を行い、膜厚が0.1μmとなるまでクロムとホウ素含有炭素材料とを重量比で2対1の比率で混合した中間層膜を形成した。
その後、上記のクロムとホウ素含有炭素材料との混合層である中間層膜上に、実施例6と同様にして、膜厚が1.0μmの水素を実質的に含有しないホウ素含有炭素膜を形成した。
実施例7と同様に、クロムとフラーレンおよびデカボランを同時に蒸発させると共にアルゴンクラスターイオンビーム援用照射を行って混合した組成の中間層膜を形成するに際して、始めクロムの蒸発出力を100%とし、その後徐々に減少させて、中間層成膜終了時の出力をゼロとするように連続的に調節した。一方、フラーレンおよびデカボランの蒸発出力は初めゼロとし、その後徐々に増加させて、中間層成膜終了時の出力を100%とするように連続的に調節した。このようにして、シリコンウエハーからホウ素含有炭素膜に向けて傾斜的にホウ素含有炭素膜形成材料の含有割合を0から100容積%に増加させるとともに、シリコンウエハーからホウ素含有炭素膜に向けて傾斜的に中間層膜形成材料の含有割合を100から0容積%に減少させるような傾斜組成を有し、膜厚が0.1μmである中間層膜を形成した。
その後、上記の傾斜組成を有する中間層膜上に、実施例6と同様にして、膜厚が1.0μmの水素を実質的に含有しないホウ素含有炭素膜を形成した。
図1に示した装置を用いて、ホウ素材料を供給せず、中間層膜も形成せずに試料を作製したこと以外、実施例1と同様にして炭素膜が形成された試料を作製した。
実施例1~8および比較例1で得られた各試料の導電性(体積抵抗率)を、三菱化学社製の抵抗率計(形式名:ロレスターGP)を用いて測定した。なお、抵抗値の値は同一試料内の表面をランダムに試料1枚について5箇所測定し、3枚の試料について合計15箇所測定した値の平均値を以下の表1に示す。
実施例1~8および比較例1で得られた各試料のナノインデンテーション硬さを、ハイジトロン社製超微小硬度測定装置(機種:トライボスコープTS70)を用いて測定した。なお、硬さの測定は体積抵抗率の測定と同様に、同一試料内の表面をランダムに試料1枚について5箇所測定し、3枚の試料について合計15箇所測定した値の平均値を以下の表1に示す。
実施例1~8および比較例1で得られた各試料の耐熱性を、電気炉を用いて大気雰囲気で試料を加熱することによって行った。試験条件は、加熱温度が250℃で、加熱時間が12時間の条件である。加熱後の試料の体積抵抗率および硬さを、加熱前の試料について測定したのと同様の方法で測定した。その結果を以下の表1に示す。
実施例1~8および比較例1で得られた各試料のホウ素含有炭素膜中のホウ素含有量を、二次イオン質量分析法(SIMS)により定量分析した。実施例1~8および比較例1のホウ素含有量は、化学的気相合成法によって形成したダイヤモンド薄膜に決められた量のホウ素をイオン打ち込みした標準試料との比較で得た。その結果を以下の表1に示す。
実施例1~8および比較例1で得られた各試料のホウ素含有炭素膜中の水素含有量を、弾性反跳粒子検出法(ERDA: Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis)により定量分析した。その結果を以下の表1に示す。
従って、本発明によれば、半導体や電子部品材料の電気的特性の測定等に用いられる探針(プローブ)の表面処理、燃料電池の陽極と陰極の間に設けられるセパレータへの表面処理、陰極電子放出素子への表面処理などの技術分野の発展に大きく貢献することができる。
Claims (11)
- 真空減圧下において基材上に導電性硬質炭素膜を気相成膜する方法であって、ガスクラスターイオンビームを基材に照射して基材を清浄化及び/または平坦化する工程と、水素を実質的に含まない炭素質材料およびホウ素材料を含む炭素膜形成材料を蒸発気化させ、この蒸発気化物をイオン化して、もしくはイオン化せずに上記基材表面に付着させるとともに、ガスクラスターイオンビームを炭素膜形成材料に照射して成膜する工程とを有することを特徴とする導電性硬質炭素膜の成膜方法。
- 真空減圧下において基材上に導電性硬質炭素膜を気相成膜する方法であって、ガスクラスターイオンビームを基材に照射して基材を清浄化及び/または平坦化する工程と、中間層膜形成材料を蒸発気化させ、この蒸発気化物をイオン化して、もしくはイオン化せずに上記基材表面に付着させるとともに、ガスクラスターイオンビームを中間層膜形成材料に照射して中間層膜を形成する工程と、水素を実質的に含まない炭素質材料およびホウ素材料を含む炭素膜形成材料を蒸発気化させ、この蒸発気化物をイオン化して、もしくはイオン化せずに上記中間層膜表面に付着させるとともに、ガスクラスターイオンビームを炭素膜形成材料に照射して成膜する工程とを有することを特徴とする導電性硬質炭素膜の成膜方法。
- 請求項1または2記載の方法によって成膜される、35~60GPaのインデンテーション硬度と、1.0×10-4~1.0×100Ω・cmの体積抵抗率を有することを特徴とする導電性硬質炭素膜。
- 炭素質材料が分子中に水素を含有せず、ホウ素材料が水素とホウ素のみからなるホウ素化合物であることを特徴とする請求項3記載の導電性硬質炭素膜。
- ホウ素材料は、ホウ素原子の数が1~18の範囲であるホウ素化合物を1種類以上含むことを特徴とする請求項3記載の導電性硬質炭素膜
- ホウ素化合物は、ホウ素原子の数が2~18の範囲である水素化ホウ素を1種類以上含むことを特徴とする請求項4または5記載の導電性硬質炭素膜。
- 中間層膜の形成材料は、ケイ素、クロム、タングステン、チタン、モリブデン、及びそれらの元素の炭化物および窒化物の中の1種類以上を含むことを特徴とする請求項3、4、5または6記載の導電性硬質炭素膜。
- 基材と基材上に形成された炭素膜からなり、水素を実質的に含まず、ホウ素の含有量が0.01~5原子%であり、35~60GPaのインデンテーション硬度と、1.0×10-4~1.0×100Ω・cmの体積抵抗率を有することを特徴とする導電性硬質炭素膜。
- 基材と炭素膜の間に中間層膜を有し、中間層膜の形成材料は、ケイ素、クロム、タングステン、チタン、モリブデン、及びそれらの元素の炭化物および窒化物の中の1種類以上を含み、膜厚が0.05~0.2μmであることを特徴とする請求項8記載の導電性硬質炭素膜。
- 基材と炭素膜の間に中間層膜を有し、中間層が、ケイ素、クロム、タングステン、チタン、モリブデン、及びそれらの元素の炭化物および窒化物の中の1種類以上と、水素を実質的に含まない炭素質材料およびホウ素材料を含む炭素膜形成材料とを混合させた組成を有し、膜厚が0.05~0.2μmであることを特徴とする請求項8記載の導電性硬質炭素膜。
- 基材から炭素膜に向けて傾斜的に炭素膜形成材料の含有割合を増加させるとともに、基材から炭素膜に向けて傾斜的にケイ素、クロム、タングステン、チタン、モリブデン、及びそれらの元素の炭化物および窒化物の中の1種類以上の成分の含有割合を減少させるような傾斜組成であることを特徴とする請求項10記載の導電性硬質炭素膜。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP6116910B2 (ja) | 2017-04-19 |
CN103210114A (zh) | 2013-07-17 |
US20150037568A1 (en) | 2015-02-05 |
US9183965B2 (en) | 2015-11-10 |
JPWO2012073869A1 (ja) | 2014-05-19 |
CN103210114B (zh) | 2015-03-11 |
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