WO2012056770A1 - 半導体装置およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
半導体装置およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012056770A1 WO2012056770A1 PCT/JP2011/065469 JP2011065469W WO2012056770A1 WO 2012056770 A1 WO2012056770 A1 WO 2012056770A1 JP 2011065469 W JP2011065469 W JP 2011065469W WO 2012056770 A1 WO2012056770 A1 WO 2012056770A1
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
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- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
- H01L29/778—Field effect transistors with two-dimensional charge carrier gas channel, e.g. HEMT ; with two-dimensional charge-carrier layer formed at a heterojunction interface
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- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
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- H01L29/66409—Unipolar field-effect transistors
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- H01L29/66227—Multistep manufacturing processes of devices having semiconductor bodies comprising group 14 or group 13/15 materials the devices being controllable only by the electric current supplied or the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched, e.g. three-terminal devices
- H01L29/66409—Unipolar field-effect transistors
- H01L29/66446—Unipolar field-effect transistors with an active layer made of a group 13/15 material, e.g. group 13/15 velocity modulation transistor [VMT], group 13/15 negative resistance FET [NERFET]
- H01L29/66462—Unipolar field-effect transistors with an active layer made of a group 13/15 material, e.g. group 13/15 velocity modulation transistor [VMT], group 13/15 negative resistance FET [NERFET] with a heterojunction interface channel or gate, e.g. HFET, HIGFET, SISFET, HJFET, HEMT
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- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
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- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
- H01L29/778—Field effect transistors with two-dimensional charge carrier gas channel, e.g. HEMT ; with two-dimensional charge-carrier layer formed at a heterojunction interface
- H01L29/7789—Field effect transistors with two-dimensional charge carrier gas channel, e.g. HEMT ; with two-dimensional charge-carrier layer formed at a heterojunction interface the two-dimensional charge carrier gas being at least partially not parallel to a main surface of the semiconductor body
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- H01L29/40—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
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- H01L29/42312—Gate electrodes for field effect devices
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- H01L29/4238—Gate electrodes for field effect devices for field-effect transistors with insulated gate characterised by the conducting layer, e.g. the length, the sectional shape or the lay-out characterised by the surface lay-out
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a vertical semiconductor device that is used for high power switching and has low on-resistance and suppressed drain leakage current, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- a large current switching element is required to have low on-resistance, suppression of drain leakage current, high reverse breakdown voltage, and the like.
- a field effect transistor (FET: Field Effect Transistor) using a group III nitride semiconductor is excellent in terms of high breakdown voltage, high temperature operation and the like because of its large band gap.
- FET Field Effect Transistor
- vertical transistors using GaN-based semiconductors are attracting attention as high-power control transistors.
- mobility is provided by providing an opening in a GaN-based semiconductor and providing a regrowth layer including a channel of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG: 2 Dimensional Electron Gas) on a side surface of the opening.
- 2DEG 2 Dimensional Electron Gas
- a p-type GaN layer that acts as a guard ring is inserted around the opening where the regrowth layer is provided. For this reason, since it becomes an npn structure, obtaining the high mobility by the two-dimensional electron gas which forms a channel, it can ensure the pressure
- the semiconductor device of the present invention includes a first conductivity type drift layer, a second conductivity type barrier layer located on the first conductivity type drift layer, and a first conductivity type contact layer located on the second conductivity type barrier layer.
- a GaN-based compound semiconductor stack GaN-based stack.
- an opening is provided in the GaN-based laminate from the first conductivity-type contact layer through the second conductivity-type barrier layer to the first conductivity-type drift layer, and is exposed to the opening.
- a regrowth layer that includes a channel layer made of a GaN-based semiconductor and a carrier supply layer that supplies carriers to the channel layer, and an insulating film that is positioned to cover the regrowth layer.
- the second conductivity type impurity concentration A (cm ⁇ 3 ) and the hydrogen concentration B (cm ⁇ 3 ) are 0.1 ⁇ B / A ⁇ 0.9. (1) is satisfied.
- the drain leakage current during transistor operation can be suppressed while obtaining a high vertical breakdown voltage performance by the second conductivity type barrier layer.
- the opening is provided by RIE or the like, damage due to ion irradiation such as dangling bonds occurs at the end of the GaN-based laminate constituting the slope of the opening.
- This damaged portion is enriched with conductive impurities from RIE equipment and other unspecified parts. If there is no impurity contributing to the inactivation of the second conductivity type impurity, a drain leakage current is generated through the damaged portion or the conductive impurity-enriched region.
- hydrogen is distributed at a high concentration so as to satisfy the above range, so that dangling bonds and the like are terminated and the conductive impurity-enriched region is passivated. For this reason, drain leakage current can be suppressed.
- B / A exceeds 0.9, hydrogen inactivates the second conductivity type impurity, so that the number of impurity atoms functioning as the second conductivity type impurity becomes insufficient, and the breakdown voltage of the original second conductivity type barrier layer is reduced. Improve performance.
- B / A is less than 0.1, it is impossible to inactivate terminations such as high-density dangling bonds or enriched conductive impurities and to suppress drain leakage current.
- the opening portion generates a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG: 2 Dimensional Electron Gas) in a channel layer or the like covering the wall surface (slope) of the opening portion, thereby flowing a large current in the vertical direction with a low on-resistance.
- 2DEG 2 Dimensional Electron Gas
- the dangling bond generated when the opening is provided and the conductive impurities enriched in the damaged portion can be inactivated, and the leakage path can be eliminated or the influence can be reduced.
- the above GaN-based laminate is epitaxially grown on a predetermined crystal plane of GaN.
- the underlying GaN may be a GaN substrate or a GaN film on a support substrate. Furthermore, it is formed on a GaN substrate or the like during the growth of the GaN-based laminate, and in the subsequent process, except for a predetermined thickness portion such as the GaN substrate, only a thin GaN layer base remains in the product state. There may be.
- the thin underlying GaN layer may be conductive or non-conductive, and the drain electrode can be provided on the front or back surface of the thin GaN layer, depending on the manufacturing process and the structure of the product.
- the supporting base or the substrate may be conductive or non-conductive.
- the drain electrode can be directly provided on the back surface (lower) or front surface (upper) of the supporting base or substrate.
- a drain electrode can be provided on the non-conductive substrate and on the conductive layer located on the lower layer side in the semiconductor layer.
- the second conductivity type impurity concentration A (cm ⁇ 3 ) and the hydrogen concentration B (cm ⁇ 3 ) are set to 0.5 ⁇ B / A ⁇ 0.9 (2 ).
- the second conductivity type impurity concentration A (cm ⁇ 3 ) and the hydrogen concentration B (cm ⁇ 3 ) are set to 0.7 ⁇ B / A ⁇ 0.9 (3) ).
- the first conductivity type may be n-type
- the second conductivity type may be p-type
- the p-type impurity contained in the p-type barrier layer may be magnesium (Mg).
- the magnesium concentration of the p-type barrier layer is 5 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or more and 5 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or less, and the hydrogen concentration of the p-type barrier layer is 4 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or more and 4 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3. It can be as follows. As a result, it is possible to obtain a high withstand voltage performance by a good crystalline p-type barrier layer and to realize a suppressed drain leakage current while providing an opening that enables a large current with a low on-resistance. .
- the concentration of silicon (Si), which is an n-type impurity, is 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or more
- the silicon concentration is 1 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 or more and 5 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3. It can be as follows. With this configuration, the n-type contact layer can be in ohmic contact with the source electrode.
- the n-type drift layer can maintain the effect of improving the breakdown voltage performance of the p-type barrier layer while maintaining low on-resistance while maintaining controllability during transistor operation.
- the thickness of the n-type contact layer can be 0.1 ⁇ m to 1.0 ⁇ m
- the thickness of the p-type barrier layer can be 0.1 ⁇ m to 2.0 ⁇ m
- the thickness of the n-type drift layer can be 1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m.
- the combination of the channel layer and the carrier supply layer can be any one of an InGaN layer and an AlGaN layer, a GaN layer and an AlGaN layer, and an AlGaN layer and AlN.
- at least the channel layer (electron transit layer) is epitaxially grown on the GaN-based laminate, and 2DEG is generated at the interface between the channel layer and the carrier supply layer due to piezoelectric polarization accompanying lattice distortion.
- a large current can flow with a low on-resistance in the vertical direction.
- the channel layer can be an undoped GaN layer having a thickness of 20 nm to 400 nm and the carrier supply layer can be an Al x Ga 1-x N (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1) layer having a thickness of 5 nm to 40 nm. According to this, it is possible to obtain a regrowth layer (channel layer and carrier supply layer) having good crystallinity. As a result, low on-resistance, high breakdown voltage performance, and suppressed drain leakage current can be obtained.
- the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device includes a first conductivity type drift layer, a second conductivity type barrier layer located on the first conductivity type drift layer, and a first conductivity located on the second conductivity type barrier layer.
- a semiconductor device formed on a stacked body of GaN-based compound semiconductor (GaN-based stacked body) including a type contact layer is manufactured.
- an opening reaching the first conductivity type drift layer from the first conductivity type contact layer through the second conductivity type barrier layer is formed in the GaN-based laminate by reactive ion etching (RIE).
- RIE reactive ion etching
- a regrowth layer including a channel layer made of a GaN-based semiconductor and a carrier supply layer for supplying carriers to the channel layer so as to cover the GaN-based stacked body exposed in the opening.
- a step of forming an insulating film so as to cover the regrowth layer, a source electrode on the GaN-based laminate, a gate electrode on the insulating film, and a side opposite to the first conductivity type contact layer as viewed from the bottom of the opening Forming a drain electrode on any of the first conductivity type regions.
- the second conductivity type impurity concentration A (cm ⁇ 3 ) and the hydrogen concentration B (cm ⁇ 3 ) are 0.1 ⁇ B / A ⁇ 0.9 ⁇ .. (1) is satisfied.
- the second conductivity type impurity concentration A (cm ⁇ 3 ) and the hydrogen concentration B (cm ⁇ 3 ) are 0.5 ⁇ B / A ⁇ 0.9. (2) can be satisfied.
- B / A exceeds 0.5 dangling bonds and the like can be terminated more completely, and the conductive impurity-enriched region can be passivated. As a result, the drain leakage current can be more reliably suppressed.
- the second conductivity type impurity concentration A (cm ⁇ 3 ) and the hydrogen concentration B (cm ⁇ 3 ) are 0.7 ⁇ B / A ⁇ 0.9. (3) may be satisfied.
- B / A exceeds 0.7
- dangling bonds and the like can be terminated at a higher level, and the conductive impurity-enriched region can be passivated at a higher level. .
- the drain leakage current can be suppressed at a higher level.
- the first conductivity type is n-type
- the second conductivity type is p-type
- the p-type barrier layer is formed by using MOCVD method, using high-purity ammonia as a nitrogen source, and hydrogen purified as a carrier gas, Biscyclopentadienyl magnesium can be used as a raw material for the p-type impurity. This makes it possible to easily obtain a GaN-based semiconductor device having a high breakdown voltage performance and a suppressed drain leakage current using an existing device.
- thermal cleaning is performed in an (ammonia + hydrogen) atmosphere, and then high purity ammonia is used as a nitrogen raw material and the carrier gas is purified by MOCVD.
- Hydrogen may be used to grow the undoped GaN channel layer and the undoped AlGaN carrier supply layer.
- the semiconductor device or the like of the present invention it is possible to stably suppress the drain leakage current while obtaining an excellent longitudinal breakdown voltage performance.
- FIG. 3 shows a vertical GaN-based FET according to an embodiment of the present invention, and is a cross-sectional view taken along the line II of FIG.
- FIG. 2 is a plan view of a chip on which the semiconductor device of FIG. 1 is formed. It is a figure which shows the state which formed the GaN-type laminated body on the GaN substrate. It is a figure which shows the state which provided the opening part in the GaN-type laminated body. The stage which provides an opening part by RIE is shown, (a) is the state which has arrange
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the distribution of hydrogen concentration and magnesium concentration in the p-type GaN barrier layer of the semiconductor device manufactured in Example 1. In Example 2, it is a figure which shows the result of having measured the drain leakage current at the time of OFF about the semiconductor device manufactured by changing B / A.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- This semiconductor device 10 has a stacked structure of (GaN-based substrate 1).
- An opening 28 reaching the n-type drift layer 4 from the surface of the n + -type GaN contact layer 8 is provided.
- the name of the contact layer 8 is another name for the surface layer 8 when placing importance on the arrangement of electrodes, and is also called a cap layer with emphasis on the surface layer of the laminate.
- the p-type barrier layer 6 is another name for the p-type layer 6 when importance is attached to the barrier layer against electrons.
- the (n + -type GaN cap layer 8 / p-type GaN barrier layer 6 / n-type GaN drift layer 4) on the surface layer side may be referred to as a GaN-based stacked body 15.
- a regrowth layer 27 including an electron transit layer (channel layer) 22 and an electron supply layer (carrier supply layer) 26 is formed so as to cover the GaN-based semiconductor layer 15 exposed in the opening 28.
- a gate electrode G is disposed on the regrown layer 27 with an insulating film 9 interposed.
- a source electrode S is formed on the GaN-based stacked body 15, and a drain electrode D is provided so as to face the source electrode S with the source electrode S and the n-type GaN drift layer 4 and the like interposed therebetween.
- the electron transit layer (channel layer) 22 is formed of an undoped GaN layer
- the electron supply layer (carrier supply layer) 26 is formed of an AlGaN layer.
- a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG: 2 Dimensional Electron Gas) is formed at the interface between the electron transit layer 22 and the electron supply layer 26, and this 2DEG forms a channel of the vertical current between the source electrode S and the drain electrode D. Constitute.
- the p-type GaN barrier layer 6 is inserted between the n-type GaN drift layer 4 and the n + -type GaN contact layer 8, thereby forming an npn structure.
- the withstand voltage performance in the vertical direction which is regarded as important in a switching element that allows a large current to flow in the vertical direction.
- due to the unique structure having the opening it is not always sufficient in terms of surely suppressing the drain leakage current during the transistor operation.
- the point of the semiconductor device 10 according to the present embodiment is that the p-type impurity Mg concentration (assumed as A) and hydrogen concentration (assumed as B) in the p-type barrier layer 6 are as follows (1). ) Is to satisfy. 0.1 ⁇ B / A ⁇ 0.9 (1) In order to suppress the drain current more reliably, the following (2) can be satisfied. 0.5 ⁇ B / A ⁇ 0.9 (2) In order to suppress the drain current at a higher level, the following (3) may be satisfied. 0.5 ⁇ B / A ⁇ 0.9 (3) The semiconductor device 10 shown in FIG. 1 satisfies the above (3) and repairs the above damage at a high level.
- An opening 28 is provided in the GaN-based stacked body 15 so as to penetrate the p-type GaN barrier layer 6 from the surface of the n + -type GaN contact layer 8 and reach the n-type GaN drift layer 4.
- the opening 28 is usually formed by RIE or the like, but the GaN-based stacked body 15 is irradiated with ions and etched to form an inclined surface. Due to ion irradiation or the like in RIE, the end face exposed at the opening 28 of the p-type barrier layer 6 and the vicinity of the end face are damaged (damaged) such as high density generation of dangling bonds and lattice defects.
- conductive impurities reach this damaged part from the RIE apparatus, its jig, and other unspecified parts to be enriched. Therefore, before the regrowth layer 27 composed of the electron transit layer 22 and the carrier supply layer 26 is formed, the conductive impurities are enriched on the end face exposed in the opening 28 of the p-type GaN barrier layer 6 and its vicinity. Damaged parts are formed. When the transistor operation is performed after forming the regrowth layer 27 and each electrode to finish the product, a drain leakage current that cannot be ignored flows through the damaged portion.
- FIG. 2 is a plan view of a chip on which the semiconductor device is formed, and shows where the cross-sectional view of FIG. 1 is located in the whole.
- the opening 28 and the gate electrode G are formed in a hexagonal shape, and the periphery of the gate wiring 12 is covered with the source electrode S so as to be closely packed (honeycomb structure).
- the gate electrode can have a long peripheral length, that is, the on-resistance can be lowered.
- the current flows through the path of the source electrode S ⁇ the channel in the regrown layer 27 ⁇ the n-type GaN drift layer 4 ⁇ the drain electrode D.
- the source wiring is provided on an interlayer insulating film (not shown).
- a via hole is provided in the interlayer insulating film, and the source electrode S including the plug conductive portion is conductively connected to a source conductive layer (not shown) on the interlayer insulating film.
- the source structure including the source electrode S can have a low electric resistance and a high mobility suitable for a high-power element.
- the above hexagonal honeycomb structure can be formed in a bowl shape, and even by arranging the bowl-shaped openings densely, the opening perimeter per area can be increased, and as a result, the current density can be improved. it can.
- a GaN-based laminate 15 of an n-type GaN drift layer 4 / p-type GaN barrier layer 6 / n + -type GaN contact layer 8 is epitaxially grown on the GaN substrate 1 having the above meaning.
- a GaN buffer layer (not shown) may be inserted between the GaN substrate 1 and the n-type GaN drift layer 4.
- MOCVD metal organic chemical vapor deposition
- the GaN substrate 1 when a gallium nitride film is grown on the conductive substrate by the MOCVD method, trimethylgallium is used as a gallium source.
- High purity ammonia is used as the nitrogen raw material.
- Purified hydrogen is used as the carrier gas.
- the purity of high purity ammonia is 99.999% or more, and the purity of purified hydrogen is 99.999995% or more.
- Hydrogen-based silane is used as the n-type dopant Si raw material, and biscyclopentadienyl magnesium is used as the p-type dopant Mg raw material.
- the conductive substrate a conductive gallium nitride substrate having a diameter of 2 inches is used.
- the formation of the GaN layer on the conductive substrate is a common method not only for the formation of the GaN substrate 1 but also for the growth of the GaN-based laminate 15 on the GaN substrate 1.
- the n-type GaN layer drift layer 4 / p-type GaN barrier layer 6 / n + -type GaN contact layer 8 are grown in this order by the above method.
- the opening 28 is formed by RIE (reactive ion etching).
- RIE reactive ion etching
- FIGS. 5A and 5B after a resist pattern M1 is formed on the surfaces of the epitaxial layers 4, 6, and 8, the opening is widened while the resist pattern M1 is etched back by RIE to widen the opening. .
- the slope of the opening 28, that is, the end face of the GaN-based stacked body 15 is damaged by being irradiated with ions. In the damaged portion, a dangling bond, a high density region of lattice defects, and the like are generated, and conductive impurities from the RIE apparatus or from a portion that cannot be specified reach the damaged portion to cause enrichment.
- the occurrence of the damaged portion causes an increase in drain leakage current and needs to be repaired.
- the above (1) by containing a predetermined level of hydrogen, termination of dangling bonds and the inactivation of impurities can be obtained when the regrowth layer 27 described later is grown.
- the meanings of the upper limit value and the lower limit value in the above (1) are as described above.
- the wafer is introduced into an MOCVD apparatus, and as shown in FIG. 6, an electron transit layer 22 made of undoped GaN and an electron supply layer 26 made of undoped AlGaN.
- a regrowth layer 27 containing GaN is grown.
- thermal cleaning is performed in an (NH 3 + H 2 ) atmosphere, and then an organometallic raw material is supplied while introducing (NH 3 + H 2 ).
- a temperature-time pattern in the growth of the GaN layer 22 and the AlGaN layer 26 is shown in FIG.
- the wafer is taken out of the MOCVD apparatus, and an insulating film 9 is grown as shown in FIG. Thereafter, again using photolithography and ion beam evaporation, as shown in FIG. 1, the source electrode S is formed on the surface of the epitaxial layer and the drain electrode D is formed on the back surface of the GaN-based substrate 1. Further, the gate electrode G is formed on the side surface of the opening 28.
- Example 1 Based on the manufacturing method described in the above embodiment, the semiconductor device 10 shown in FIG. 1 is manufactured by the above-described MOCVD method, and the Mg concentration A and the hydrogen concentration B in the p-type barrier layer 6 are measured. The value of B / A was determined.
- the manufacturing conditions and structure of the semiconductor device 10 are as follows.
- Gallium raw material Trimethylgallium Nitrogen raw material: High purity ammonia of 99.999% or more Carrier gas: 99.999995% or more of purified hydrogen n-type dopant: hydrogen-based silane p-type dopant: biscyclopentadienylmagnesium ⁇ Configuration of each part of semiconductor device>
- Substrate 2 inch diameter conductive GaN substrate n-type GaN drift layer 4: Thickness 5 ⁇ m, Si concentration 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 p-type GaN barrier layer 6: thickness 0.5 ⁇ m n + -type GaN contact layer 8: thickness 0.2 ⁇ m, Si concentration 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3
- a growth time of about 240 seconds was taken at 950 ° C. to a thickness of 0.1 ⁇ m (100 nm).
- a growth time was taken at 1080 ° C. for about 100 seconds to a thickness of 0.02 ⁇ m (20 nm).
- the depth of magnesium (Mg) and hydrogen (H) is measured by SIMS (Secondary Ion-microprobe Mass Spectrometry) while etching the semiconductor device 10 as a test body in the depth direction from the surface of the n + contact layer 8.
- SIMS Secondary Ion-microprobe Mass Spectrometry
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the concentration distribution in the depth direction of magnesium and hydrogen measured by SIMS.
- the magnesium concentration A was 2.6 ⁇ 10 18 (2.6e18) cm ⁇ 3 .
- the hydrogen concentration B was 1.9 ⁇ 10 18 (1.9e18) cm ⁇ 3 . Therefore, the value of B / A is 0.73, which not only satisfies the above (1), but also satisfies the above (3). Therefore, while obtaining the effect of improving the breakdown voltage performance by the p-type GaN barrier layer 6, dangling bonds and the like in the damaged part generated in the formation of the opening 28 are terminated at a higher level, and the conductive material enriched in the damaged part is obtained.
- the ionic impurities can be inactivated at a higher level.
- Example 2 The semiconductor device shown in FIG. 1 was fabricated and the effects of the present invention were verified.
- a series of test bodies having different hydrogen mixing ratios in the p-type GaN barrier layer 6 was produced.
- the device fabrication process basically followed the process described above.
- the hydrogen concentration in the carrier gas, the Mg concentration of the p-type impurity, and the like were changed according to a commonly used processing method so that B / A varied over the above range.
- the gate bias was applied and it was made into the OFF state, and the drain current value (leakage current) was compared between the said test bodies from which B / A differs.
- the source-drain bias was fixed at 10V.
- the measured drain leakage current value is shown in FIG. According to FIG. 10, in the comparative example in which B / A is 0.03, a large drain leakage current of about 1.0E-3 (1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ) A is shown. However, the drain leakage current tends to decrease as B / A increases.
- drain leakage current can be stably suppressed during transistor operation while obtaining an excellent vertical breakdown voltage. Since a large current can flow with a low on-resistance in the vertical direction and drain leakage can be suppressed as described above, it is suitable as a switching element for a large current.
- GaN substrate 4 n-type GaN drift layer, 6 p-type GaN barrier layer, 8 n + -type GaN contact layer, 9 insulating film, 10 vertical GaNFET, 12 gate wiring, 13 gate pad, 15 GaN-based laminate, 22 Undoped GaN electron transit layer (channel layer), 26 AlGaN electron supply layer (carrier supply layer), 27 regrowth layer, 28 opening, A magnesium concentration, B hydrogen concentration, M1 resist pattern, D drain electrode, G gate electrode, S Source electrode.
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Abstract
Description
本発明のように、水素が、上記の範囲を満たすように高濃度で分布することで、ダングリングボンド等を終端し、導電性不純物の富化領域をパッシベーション化する。このため、ドレインリーク電流を抑制することができる。
B/Aが、0.9を超えると、水素は第2導電型不純物を不活性化するため、第2導電型不純物として機能する不純物原子が過少となり、本来の第2導電型バリア層による耐圧性能の向上を得ることができない。また、B/Aが、0.1未満の場合は、高密度のダングリングボンドなどの終端や、富化した導電性不純物を不活性化できずドレインリーク電流を抑制することができない。
上記開口部は、その開口部の壁面(斜面)を被覆するチャネル層等に二次元電子ガス(2DEG:2 Dimensional Electron Gas)を発生させることで、低いオン抵抗で縦方向に大電流を流すために設ける。本発明によって、その開口部を設ける際に生じるダングリングボンド、その損傷部に富化する導電性不純物を不活性化して、リーク経路をなくすか、または影響を小さくすることができる。
GaN基板または支持基体等が製品に残る場合、当該支持基体または基板は、導電性でも、非導電性でもよい。導電性の場合は、ドレイン電極は、その支持基体または基板の裏面(下)またはおもて面(上)に直接設けることができる。また、非導電性の場合は、非導電性基板の上であって、上記半導体層中の下層側に位置する導電層の上に、ドレイン電極を設けることができる。
これによって、B/Aが0.5を超えるような高濃度の水素を分布させることで、ダングリングボンド等をより完全に終端させ、導電性不純物の富化領域をパッシベーション化することができる。このため、ドレインリーク電流をより確実に抑制することができる。
B/Aが0.7を超えるような高濃度の水素を分布させることで、より高いレベルでダングリングボンド等を終端させることができる。この結果、導電性不純物の富化領域を高いレベルでパッシベーション化することができ、ドレインリーク電流をより高いレベルで抑制することができる。
これによって、GaN系半導体においてこれまで蓄積がある技術、既存の装置等を用いて、縦型GaN系半導体装置について、高い耐圧性能、抑制されたドレインリーク電流、低いオン抵抗での大電流化、を実現することができる。
これによって良好な結晶性のp型バリア層による高い耐圧性能を得て、かつ低いオン抵抗での大電流化を可能にする開口部を設けながら、抑制されたドレインリーク電流を実現することができる。
この構成によって、n型コンタクト層はソース電極とオーミック接触することができる。また、n型ドリフト層は、トランジスタ動作時の制御性を保って低いオン抵抗を実現しながら、p型バリア層による耐圧性能を向上させる効果を維持させることができる。
上記の構成によって、安定した大電流のスイッチングが可能な縦型GaN系半導体装置を得ることができる。
上記の組み合わせによれば、少なくともチャネル層(電子走行層)はGaN系積層体にエピタキシャル成長しながら、チャネル層/キャリア供給層の界面に、格子歪みに伴うピエゾ分極によって2DEGが生じる。この結果、縦方向に低いオン抵抗で大電流を流すことができる。
これによれば、良好な結晶性の再成長層(チャネル層およびキャリア供給層)を得ることができる。この結果、低いオン抵抗、高耐圧性能、抑制されたドレインリーク電流、を得ることができる。
上記の方法によって、高耐圧性能、抑制されたドレインリーク電流、低いオン抵抗、が実現される、大電流スイッチング用の縦型GaN系半導体装置を簡単に製造することができる。
B/Aが0.5を超えるような高濃度の水素を分布させることで、ダングリングボンド等をより完全に終端させ、導電性不純物の富化領域をパッシベーション化することができる。この結果、ドレインリーク電流をより確実に抑制することができる。
B/Aが0.7を超えるような高濃度の水素を分布させることで、より高いレベルでダングリングボンド等を終端させ、導電性不純物の富化領域を高いレベルでパッシベーション化することができる。この結果、ドレインリーク電流をより高いレベルで抑制することができる。
これによって、既存の装置を用いて、高耐圧性能と抑制されたドレインリーク電流のGaN系半導体装置を容易に得ることができる。
この方法によって、再成長層の成長前および成長時に、p型GaNバリア層に内在する水素が端面から逃散するのを防いで、当該水素が、上記の損傷の修復や不純物のパッシベーション化に寄与することができる。
開口部28に露出する上記GaN系半導体層15を覆うように、電子走行層(チャネル層)22および電子供給層(キャリア供給層)26を含む再成長層27が形成されている。再成長層27上には絶縁膜9を介在させてゲート電極Gが配置される。GaN系積層体15上にソース電極Sが形成され、このソース電極Sと対面するように、当該ソース電極Sと、n型GaNドリフト層4等を挟んで、ドレイン電極Dが設けられている。電子走行層(チャネル層)22はアンドープGaN層により、また電子供給層(キャリア供給層)26はAlGaN層で形成される。電子走行層22と電子供給層26の界面に、二次元電子ガス(2DEG:2 Dimensional Electron Gas)が形成され、この2DEGが、ソース電極Sとドレイン電極Dとの間の縦方向電流のチャネルを構成する。
本実施の形態の半導体装置10のポイントは、p型バリア層6中の、p型不純物であるMg濃度(Aとする)、および水素の濃度(Bとする)、の間で、下記(1)を満たすことにある。
0.1<B/A<0.9・・・・・・・(1)
また、より確実にドレイン電流を抑制するために、下記(2)を満たすことができる。
0.5<B/A<0.9・・・・・・・(2)
さらに一層高いレベルでドレイン電流を抑制するために、下記(3)を満たしてもよい。
0.5<B/A<0.9・・・・・・・(3)
図1に示す半導体装置10は、上記(3)を満たし、上記の損傷を高いレベルで修復したものである。
(E1)p型GaNバリア層に水素を所定レベル含ませることで、再成長層27の成長時に、p型GaNバリア層の端面およびその付近の損傷部に水素が富化する。この富化した水素は、損傷部のダングリングボンド等を終端し、富化した導電性不純物をパッシベーション化する。この結果、トランジスタ動作時のドレインリーク電流を抑制することができる。
(E2)B/Aが、0.1未満では、水素が過少であり、上記の水素の作用を得ることができない。すなわちダングリングボンド等の損傷の修復や導電性不純物のパッシベーション化を遂行できない。しかし、0.9を超えると、水素はMgのp型不純物としての機能を不活性化させるので、p型GaNバリア層6による本来の耐圧性能の向上効果を消失する。
上記(1)~(3)のうち、とくに最低限(1)を満たすことによって、耐圧性能を確保しながら、ドレインリーク電流を抑止することができる。また上記(2)または(3)のように水素濃度を相対的に高めることで、より一層、損傷を受けた部分の修復(ダングリンドボンドの終端など)を高いレベルで遂行することができる。
上記の六角形のハニカム構造は、畝状にして、畝状の開口部を密に配置することでも、上記の面積当たりの開口部周囲長を大きくでき、この結果、電流密度を向上させることができる。
GaN基板1とn型GaNドリフト層4との間にGaN系バッファ層(図示せず)を挿入してもよい。
上記の層の形成は、例えば、MOCVD(有機金属化学気相成長)法を用いる。MOCVD法で成長することで、上記(1)を満たしながら結晶性の良好なGaN系積層体15を形成できる。GaN基板1の形成において、導電性基板上に窒化ガリウム膜をMOCVD法によって成長させる場合、ガリウム原料として、トリメチルガリウムを用いる。窒素原料としては高純度アンモニアを用いる。キャリアガスとしては純化した水素を用いる。
高純度アンモニアの純度は99.999%以上、純化水素の純度は99.999995%以上である。n型ドーパントのSi原料には水素ベースのシランを用い、p型ドーパントのMg原料にはビスシクロペンタジエニルマグネシウムを用いる。
導電性基板としては、直径2インチの導電性窒化ガリウム基板を用いる。1030℃、100Torrで、アンモニアおよび水素の雰囲気中で、基板クリーニングを実施する。
その後、1050℃に昇温して、200Torr、V/III比=1500で窒化ガリウム層を成長させる。上記の導電性基板上のGaN層の形成は、GaN基板1の形成だけでなく、GaN基板1上のGaN系積層体15の成長においても共通する方法である。
上記のGaN基板1上に、上記の方法で、n型GaN層ドリフト層4/p型GaNバリア層6/n+型GaNコンタクト層8、の順に成長する。
次いで、上記ウエハをMOCVD装置から取り出し、図8に示すように、絶縁膜9を成長させる。その後、再びフォトリソグラフィとイオンビーム蒸着法を用いて、図1に示すように、ソース電極Sをエピタキシャル層表面に、ドレイン電極DをGaN系基板1の裏面に形成する。さらにゲート電極Gを開口部28の側面に形成する。
上記の実施の形態に説明した製造方法に基づいて、図1に示す半導体装置10を、上述のMOCVD法によって製造して、p型バリア層6におけるMg濃度Aおよび水素濃度Bを測定して、B/Aの値を求めた。半導体装置10における、製造条件および構造は次のとおりである。
<MOCVD法の条件>
ガリウム原料:トリメチルガリウム
窒素原料:99.999%以上の高純度アンモニア
キャリアガス:99.999995%以上の純化水素
n型ドーパント:水素ベースのシラン
p型ドーパント:ビスシクロペンタジエニルマグネシウム
<半導体装置の各部構成>
基板:2インチ径導電性GaN基板
n型GaNドリフト層4:厚み5μm、Si濃度1×1016cm-3
p型GaNバリア層6:厚み0.5μm
n+型GaNコンタクト層8:厚み0.2μm、Si濃度1×1018cm-3
電子走行層(アンドープGaN)22:厚み0.1μm
電子供給層(アンドープAlGaN層)26:厚み0.02μm、Al組成25%
図7を参照して、アンドープGaN層22の成長では、950℃において240秒ほどの成長時間をとって厚み0.1μm(100nm)とした。また、アンドープAlGaN(Al組成25%))層26の成長では、1080℃にて100秒間ほど成長時間をとって厚み0.02μm(20nm)とした。アンドープAlGaN層26を成長させた後、有機金属原料の供給を停止して、窒素雰囲気で降温した。
その後、試験体である半導体装置10について、n+コンタクト層8の表面から深さ方向にエッチングしながら、SIMS(Secondary Ion-microprobe Mass Spectrometry)によって、マグネシウム(Mg)および水素(H)の深さ方向濃度分布を測定した。
図1に示す半導体装置を作製して、本発明の作用効果を検証した。半導体装置10のp型GaNバリア層6とn+型コンタクト層8の成長条件を変化させることで、p型GaNバリア層6中の水素混入比が異なる一連の試験体を作製した。先のB/A=0.73の試験体に加え、比較例B/A=0.03の試験体と、本発明例B/A=0.2、0.6の試験体を作製した。デバイス作製プロセスは、原則的に、上述のプロセスに従った。ただし、B/Aが上記の範囲にわたって変わるように搬送ガス中の水素濃度、p型不純物のMg濃度などを、常用される処理方法に従って変化させた。
上記の試験体について、ゲートバイアスを印加してオフ状態とし、B/Aの異なる上記試験体間でドレイン電流値(リーク電流)を比較した。なお比較の際にはソース-ドレイン間バイアスを10Vに固定した。測定された上記ドレインリーク電流値を図10に示す。図10によれば、B/Aが0.03の比較例では、1.0E-3(1.0×10-3)A程度の大きなドレインリーク電流を示す。しかし、B/Aが増加するに従いドレインリーク電流が低減する傾向が見られる。B/A=0.1程度において、1.0E-4(1.0×10-4)A程度と認めることができる。さらにB/A=0.2以上では、1.0E-5(1.0×10-5)A以下に抑制される。したがってB/A=0.1以上で、リーク抑制効果が顕著であることが分かった。
Claims (14)
- 第1導電型ドリフト層、該第1導電型ドリフト層上に位置する第2導電型バリア層、および該第2導電型バリア層上に位置する第1導電型コンタクト層、を含むGaN系化合物半導体の積層体(GaN系積層体)、に形成された半導体装置であって、
前記GaN系積層体に、前記第1導電型コンタクト層から前記第2導電型バリア層を経て前記第1導電型ドリフト層に届く開口部が設けられ、
前記開口部に露出する前記GaN系積層体を覆うように位置する、GaN系半導体からなるチャネル層、および該チャネル層にキャリアを供給するキャリア供給層、を含む再成長層と、
前記再成長層を覆うように位置する絶縁膜と、
前記GaN系積層体上に位置するソース電極と、
前記絶縁膜上に位置するゲート電極と、
前記開口部の底から見て前記第1導電型コンタクト層と逆側においていずれかの第1導電型領域上に位置するドレイン電極とを備え、
前記第2導電型バリア層において、第2導電型不純物濃度A(cm-3)と、水素の濃度B(cm-3)とが、0.1<B/A<0.9・・・(1)、を満たすことを特徴とする、半導体装置。 - 前記第2導電型バリア層において、第2導電型不純物濃度A(cm-3)と、水素の濃度B(cm-3)とが、0.5<B/A<0.9・・・(2)、を満たすことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の半導体装置。
- 前記第2導電型バリア層において、第2導電型不純物濃度A(cm-3)と、水素の濃度B(cm-3)とが、0.7<B/A<0.9・・・(3)、を満たすことを特徴とする、請求項1または2に記載の半導体装置。
- 前記第1導電型がn型であり、前記第2導電型がp型であり、前記p型バリア層に含まれるp型不純物がマグネシウム(Mg)であることを特徴とする、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の半導体装置。
- 前記p型バリア層のマグネシウム濃度を5×1017cm-3以上5×1018cm-3以下とし、該p型バリア層の水素濃度を4×1017cm-3以上4×1018cm-3以下とすることを特徴とする、請求項4に記載の半導体装置。
- 前記n型コンタクト層ではn型不純物であるシリコン(Si)の濃度が1×1017cm-3以上であり、前記n型ドリフト層ではシリコン濃度が1×1015cm-3以上5×1016cm-3以下であることを特徴とする、請求項4または5に記載の半導体装置。
- 前記n型コンタクト層の厚みが0.1μm以上1.0μm以下であり、前記p型バリア層の厚みが0.1μm以上2.0μm以下であり、前記n型ドリフト層の厚みが1μm以上10μm以下であることを特徴とする、請求項4~6のいずれか1項に記載の半導体装置。
- 前記チャネル層と前記キャリア供給層の組み合わせが、InGaN層とAlGaN層、GaN層とAlGaN層、および、AlGaN層とAlN、のうちのいずれか1つであることを特徴とする、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の半導体装置。
- 前記チャネル層が厚み20nm以上400nm以下のアンドープGaN層であり、前記キャリア供給層が厚み5nm以上40nm以下のAlxGa1-xN(0<x<1)層であることを特徴とする、請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の半導体装置。
- 第1導電型ドリフト層、該第1導電型ドリフト層上に位置する第2導電型バリア層、および該第2導電型バリア層上に位置する第1導電型コンタクト層、を含むGaN系化合物半導体の積層体(GaN系積層体)、に形成された半導体装置を製造する方法であって、 前記GaN系積層体に、前記第1導電型コンタクト層から前記第2導電型バリア層を経て前記第1導電型ドリフト層に届く開口部を、反応性イオンエッチング(RIE:Reactive Ion Etching)により形成する工程と、
前記開口部に露出する前記GaN系積層体を覆うように、GaN系半導体からなるチャネル層、および該チャネル層にキャリアを供給するキャリア供給層、からなる再成長層を形成する工程と、
前記再成長層を覆うように絶縁膜を形成する工程と、
前記GaN系積層体上にソース電極、前記絶縁膜上にゲート電極、および前記開口部の底から見て前記第1導電型コンタクト層と逆側におけるいずれかの第1導電型領域上にドレイン電極、を形成する工程とを備え、
前記第2導電型バリア層の形成において、第2導電型不純物濃度A(cm-3)と、水素の濃度B(cm-3)とが、0.1<B/A<0.9・・・(1)、を満たすようにすることを特徴とする、半導体装置の製造方法。 - 前記第2導電型バリア層の形成において、第2導電型不純物濃度A(cm-3)と、水素の濃度B(cm-3)とが、0.5<B/A<0.9・・・(2)、を満たすようにすることを特徴とする、請求項10に記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
- 前記第2導電型バリア層の形成において、第2導電型不純物濃度A(cm-3)と、水素の濃度B(cm-3)とが、0.7<B/A<0.9・・・(3)、を満たすようにすることを特徴とする、請求項10または11に記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
- 前記第1導電型をn型とし、前記第2導電型をp型として、前記p型バリア層の形成では、MOCVD法によって成長し、窒素原料に高純度アンモニアを用い、キャリアガスに純化した水素を用い、p型不純物の原料にシクロペンタジエニルマグネシウムを用いることを特徴とする、請求項10~12のいずれか1項に記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
- 反応性イオンエッチングによる開口部の形成のあと、前記再成長層を形成する工程では、(アンモニア+水素)雰囲気で熱クリーニングを行い、次いで、MOCVD法によって、窒素原料に高純度アンモニアを用い、キャリアガスに純化した水素を用いて、アンドープGaNチャネル層およびアンドープAlGaNキャリア供給層を成長することを特徴とする、請求項10~13のいずれか1項に記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
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JP6229501B2 (ja) * | 2014-01-08 | 2017-11-15 | 富士通株式会社 | 半導体装置 |
CN105679823B (zh) * | 2016-02-17 | 2019-09-03 | 香港商莫斯飞特半导体有限公司 | 一种纵向型氮化镓基异质结半导体器件及其制造方法 |
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JP6673125B2 (ja) * | 2016-09-30 | 2020-03-25 | 豊田合成株式会社 | 半導体装置 |
JP7249586B2 (ja) * | 2019-03-18 | 2023-03-31 | 国立大学法人東海国立大学機構 | 窒化物半導体装置の製造方法 |
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