WO2010106250A1 - Procédé de génération de flux thermique à partir d'un élément magnétoealorique et générateur thermique magnétocalorique - Google Patents
Procédé de génération de flux thermique à partir d'un élément magnétoealorique et générateur thermique magnétocalorique Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2010106250A1 WO2010106250A1 PCT/FR2010/000228 FR2010000228W WO2010106250A1 WO 2010106250 A1 WO2010106250 A1 WO 2010106250A1 FR 2010000228 W FR2010000228 W FR 2010000228W WO 2010106250 A1 WO2010106250 A1 WO 2010106250A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- magnetocaloric
- cold
- heat transfer
- magnetic
- transfer fluid
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B21/00—Machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2321/00—Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
- F25B2321/002—Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects by using magneto-caloric effects
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of generating heat flux from a magnetocaloric element, said magnetocaloric element being constituted by at least one magnetocaloric material comprising a hot end in relation to a hot chamber and a cold end in relation to a cold room. said method of magnetically activating and deactivating the magnetocaloric element alternately, and circulating a heat transfer fluid through said magnetocaloric element alternately towards the hot chamber and the cold chamber in a manner synchronized with the phases of magnetic activation and deactivation.
- the magnetocaloric thermal generators operate according to the principle of the heat pump by taking thermal energy from a so-called “cold” chamber or source and returning it, at a higher temperature, to a so-called “hot” chamber or source.
- the magnetocaloric effect is an intrinsic property of magnetocaloric materials. It results in a reversible variation of their temperature when they are subjected to a magnetic field or are subtracted from it or when this field is suppressed or substantially reduced.
- H ' are two types of materials magnetocaloric: the materials of the first type heat up under the effect of a magnetic field and cool after the removal of this magnetic field and those of the second type, called “inverse magnetocaloric effect materials" cool under the effect of a magnetic field and heat up at the removal of this magnetic field.
- magnetically activated will be used to describe a magnetocaloric material that heats up, whether this occurs in the presence or absence of a magnetic field.
- a magnetocaloric material of the first type will be magnetically activated when subjected to a magnetic field and a magnetocaloric material having a reverse effect will be magnetically activated when it is removed from this magnetic field.
- a “magnetically deactivated” material is a material undergoing cooling due either to the shrinkage of the magnetic field in the case of magnetocaloric materials of the first type, or to the application of a magnetic field in the case of magnetocaloric effect materials. reverse.
- AMR Active Magnetocaloric Refrigerator
- IA to ID The principle of exploitation of the magnetocaloric effect - known as the AMR (Active Magnetocaloric Refrigerator) - is illustrated in the appended Figures IA to ID. It consists of circulating a heat transfer fluid between the two hot and cold ends of a magnetocaloric material MC synchronously with the magnetic activation (by permanent magnets A - see Fig. IB and IC) and the magnetic deactivation (cf. Fig. IA and ID) of said magnetocaloric material MC.
- the heat transfer fluid flows towards the hot end during the magnetic activation of the material MC (Fig. IB and IC) and then towards the cold end during the magnetic deactivation of the material MC (Fig. IA and ID) .
- the heat transfer fluid can be displaced by pistons P.
- the heat transfer fluid is intended to heat exchange with said magnetocaloric material MC and the two hot and cold ends are respectively connected to a hot chamber CH and to a cold chamber FR.
- the magnetocaloric material MC is porous or comprises passages that may be traversed by the coolant, these passages connecting the volume of the cold chamber FR to the volume of the hot source CH, located on either side of the magnetocaloric material MC. It is considered that the temperature of the cold chamber is TFR, the temperature of the hot chamber is TCH and the length of the magnetocaloric material MC in the direction of the passages is L. A temperature gradient is established along the magnetocaloric material MC.
- a thermal generator using this principle of exploitation of the magnetocaloric effect is intended to exchange thermal energy with one or more external circuits of use (heating, air conditioning, tempering, etc.) through or no heat exchanger, for example.
- COP coefficient of performance
- volume density of power (in kW / l) which characterizes the size of the core of the generator, namely the size of the magnetocaloric element, relative to the thermal power restored.
- magnetocaloric heat generators capable of supplying several kilowatts, more particularly for mobile applications generally with high compactness requirements, or for reversible heat pumps requiring a temperature range exceeding 80 K.
- generators should propose a coefficient of performance COP higher than 3.
- the mass of magnetocaloric material receives, alternately and instantaneously, a stock of "calories” or “frigories", it then restores the fluid during the alternation initiated by said switching.
- the main means for maximizing the power output for a given volume of magnetocaloric material is to increase the magnetic switching frequency, so as to benefit more often from the magnetocaloric effect (which is almost instantaneous).
- the power required for the circulation of the heat transfer fluid in the magnetocaloric material increases according to the square of the ratio of the length of the magnetocaloric material to the hydraulic diameter of the channels or fluid passages.
- the thermal conduction losses through the magnetocaloric material increase in inverse ratio of the square of the length of the magnetocaloric material.
- the circulation of heat transfer fluid being the main source of power consumption of a magnetocaloric heat generator, any degradation of this station directly affects the COP - denominator.
- the identified means which can substantially increase the power density also degrade powerfully the COP, and that the wise sizing of a magnetocaloric heat pump for a given application results from a compromise between its size and its energy efficiency.
- the present invention aims to overcome the aforementioned compromise by proposing a method for increasing the thermal power passing through an element. magnetocaloric and therefore the useful power of a magnetocaloric thermal generator implementing this method, without loss of efficiency.
- the invention relates to a method of generating heat flow of the kind indicated in the preamble, characterized in that it consists in reversing the direction of circulation of the coolant during said activation and magnetic deactivation phases, said magnetic activation phase comprising an initial step during which the coolant flows in the opposite direction towards the cold room followed by a preponderant step during which the heat transfer fluid flows in the right direction towards the hot chamber , and said magnetic deactivation phase comprising an initial step during which the heat transfer fluid circulates in the opposite direction towards the hot chamber followed by a preponderant step during which the heat transfer fluid circulates in the right direction in the direction of the cold room.
- the method according to the invention thus implements a particular coupling between the magnetocaloric cycle and the oscillation of the fluid, which by its specific characteristics maximizes the "upward" active thermal flux under the above conditions, substantially improving the power restored. (to achieve a power density of the order of 0.5 to 1 kW / 1).
- the method can thus consist in circulating, in one direction and then in the other alternatively, a quantity of coolant less than the amount of heat transfer fluid capable of being contained in said magnetocaloric element.
- the method may consist in determining a duration of the initial step of the activation and magnetic deactivation phases less than half the duration of each of said magnetic activation and deactivation phases.
- the subject of the invention is also a magnetocaloric heat generator comprising at least one magnetocaloric element constituted by at least one magnetocaloric material comprising a hot end in relation to a hot chamber and a cold end in relation to a cold chamber, an activation means and magnetically quenching said magnetocaloric material and circulation means driving a heat transfer fluid through said magnetocaloric element alternately towards the hot chamber and the cold chamber synchronously with the magnetic activation and deactivation phases.
- This magnetocaloric thermal generator is characterized in that it comprises a control unit of said heat transfer fluid circulation means arranged to reverse its direction of circulation during said magnetic activation and deactivation phases according to the method.
- FIGS. 1A to 1D diagrammatically show a magnetocaloric element in its various operating steps according to the known thermal flux generation method
- FIGS. 2A to 2E schematically represent a magnetocaloric element in its various operating steps according to the method of the invention
- FIG. 3A is a diagram illustrating the evolution of the temperature of a drop of coolant circulating in the magnetocaloric element of FIGS. 1A to 1D
- FIG. 3B is a diagram similar to that of FIG. method of the invention implemented in the magnetocaloric element of Figures 2A to 2E.
- FIGS. 2A to 2E schematically represent, in an elevational view, a magnetocaloric element 1 constituted by one or more magnetocaloric materials 2, for example in superimposed plates whose spacing defines heat transfer fluid circulation channels.
- This magnetocaloric element 1 is traversed by a coolant (according to the arrows) in a manner synchronized with the activation and magnetic deactivation phases of this magnetocaloric element 1.
- These activation and magnetic deactivation phases are carried out by means of a magnetic activation and deactivation means 7 represented in the appended example in the form of a permanent magnet in relative displacement with respect to the magnetocaloric element.
- the invention is not limited to the use of permanent magnets.
- said magnetocaloric element 1 may be porous so that its pores constitute open fluid passages. It can also be in the form of a solid block in which mini or micro-channels have been formed or be constituted by an assembly of plates, possibly grooved, superimposed and between which the heat transfer fluid can flow. This configuration corresponds to the one shown. Any other embodiment allowing the heat transfer fluid to pass through said magnetocaloric element 1 may, of course, be suitable.
- the method according to the invention consists in circulating heat transfer fluid alternately in the direction of the cold chamber 6 and then in the direction of the hot chamber 4.
- This circulation of heat transfer fluid is synchronized in a new way with respect to the phases of magnetic activation and deactivation.
- the coolant is circulated in the direction of the hot chamber 4 when the magnetocaloric element 1 is magnetically activated (and heats up) - cf.
- Fig. IB and IC - and in the direction of the cold chamber 6 when the magnetocaloric element 1 is magnetically deactivated (and cools) - cf.
- Fig. IA and ID The method according to the invention provides for imposing a phase shift or time shift between the change of direction of circulation of the coolant and the change of state (magnetically activated or deactivated) of the magnetocaloric element 1.
- this phase shift imputes a delay in changing the direction of circulation of the coolant relative to that of the magnetic state change of the magnetocaloric element.
- FIG. 2B represents the situation in which the coolant still moves towards the cold chamber 6 while the cycle change has already occurred, that the material is therefore magnetically activated and heats up.
- Figure 2D represents, in turn, the opposite situation in which the fluid always moves towards the hot chamber 4 while the cycle change has already occurred, so the material is magnetically deactivated and cools.
- the magnetic activation phase comprises an initial step during which the heat transfer fluid flows upside down towards the cold chamber 6 and a preponderant step during which the heat transfer fluid circulates in the right direction towards the hot chamber 4 and the magnetic deactivation phase comprises an initial step during which the heat transfer fluid flows upside down towards the hot chamber 4 and a preponderant step during which the heat transfer fluid circulates in the common sense towards the cold room 6.
- FIG. 3B this new method makes it possible to significantly increase the area delimited by the closed curve representing the trajectory of a heat transfer fluid drop relative to that of FIG. 3A, which is representative of the active heat flux. and therefore the thermal power of the generator implementing such a method according to the invention.
- Diagrams of FIGS. 3A and 3B describe the displacement of a drop of heat transfer fluid inside one of the passages of the magnetocaloric element respectively according to the method known from FIGS. 1A to 1D and according to the method of the invention represented by FIG. Figures 2A to 2E.
- FIG. 3A illustrates the mechanism of formation of the active heat flux upstream of the temperature gradient established in the generator between the cold chamber FR and the hot chamber CH.
- the abscissa axis represents the distance x along the length L of the material or magnetocaloric element MC and the ordinate axis represents the temperature.
- the source or cold chamber FR is located to the left of the abscissa 0 and the hot source CH is located to the right of the abscissa L.
- the heat transfer fluid undergoes an oscillatory linear movement of period ⁇ , and therefore changes direction to each half -period.
- the amplitude of the oscillation is less than the length L of the magnetocaloric material MC, so that the abscissa axis shown in this diagram does not cover the entire length L of the magnetocaloric material MC.
- the magnetic material MC is activated.
- the position of the coolant drop in said MC material is marked by a first point on the left of the diagram. It is then located at its minimum abscissa.
- T MMC material magnetocaloric
- the magnetocaloric material is magnetically deactivated. Its temperature decreases instantly by ⁇ TMC, following the gradient established between the cold source and the hot source. It is represented by the line “Gradient T MMC Not Activated Initial”, parallel to the previous ones. It is now lower than that of the heat transfer fluid, so that the magnetocaloric material receives heat from the fluid up to ⁇ . The drop of fluid is circulated in the opposite direction.
- the magnetocaloric material has cooled by ⁇ TMMC, represented by the distance between the two curves "Gradient T MMC Activated Initial” and “Gradient T MMC Activated Final”, while the coolant droplet circulating in the passage in vis-à-vis has renewed and is found at a higher temperature than that of the initial drop of fluid, always following the gradient of the generator.
- the temperature profile of the heat transfer fluid along the passage is not shown.
- the distance between the first point and the small circle thus measures the temperature variation of the fluid facing the material during the half-period.
- the second half-period naturally presents the inverse variations.
- the active heat flux that "rises" the gradient can be appreciated by comparing the energies exchanged left and right of the center of symmetry of said closed curve.
- the temperature differences between the drop of fluid and the magnetocaloric material MC are larger on the left than on the right.
- the drop of fluid receives more energy from the material MC on the left than on the right.
- the differences temperatures, symmetrical are larger on the right than on the left.
- the drop of fluid gives more energy to the MC material on the right than on the left.
- the thermal energy of the drop of fluid is proportional to its temperature, in relation to its heat capacity.
- the average energy that a drop of fluid conveys during its path from the minimum abscissa to the maximum abscissa of its oscillation - counted positively - is proportional to the subtended area of the curve representing the temperature of the drop during this course to the horizontal axis of the abscissa, referred to the distance "a".
- the average energy it carries in its return path from the maximum abscissa to the minimum abscissa of its oscillation - negatively counted - is proportional to the area underpinned by the curve representing the temperature of the drop during this course up to the horizontal axis of the abscissa, always referred to the distance "a".
- the energy displaced from "a" towards the hot source during the complete cycle is proportional to the difference of the two areas, always related to the distance "a".
- the power flow through the regenerator or magnetocaloric element is proportional to the area of the closed trajectory of the drop in the plane of the graph referred to the distance "a". he is positive - towards the hot source - if the drop describes the trajectory in the clockwise direction, negative in the opposite case.
- the surface of the closed trajectory of the drop is increased, for the same quantity of magnetocaloric material, which causes an increase in the thermal power of a thermal generator implementing the method according to the invention.
- the duration of the phase shift which corresponds to the duration of the initial steps described above, will be chosen as a function of the heat exchange coefficient between the magnetocaloric element 1 and the calco-carrier fluid. The higher this coefficient, the faster the fluid temperature reaches that of the magnetocaloric material after the magnetic alternation, so lower can be this phase shift, and vice versa.
- the duration of the initial step of the magnetic activation and deactivation phases may be less than half the duration of each of the activation phases. and magnetic deactivation.
- the delay of the recommended calco-carrier fluid is not related to any activation delay of the magnetocaloric material from the magnetic alternation.
- the temperature increase of the magnetocaloric material is instantaneous. If such an activation delay were to be taken into account, for example for certain types of materials or for high cycle frequencies, it would be added to the previous phase shift.
- FIGS 2A to 2E show the thermal generator according to the invention.
- it is intended to exchange thermal energy with one or more external circuits of use (heating, air conditioning, tempering, etc.) connected (s) to at least a hot chamber 4 or cold 5, possibly via a heat exchanger 4 ', 6' which can be integrated in each hot chamber 4 and cold 5.
- one or more external circuits of use heating, air conditioning, tempering, etc.
- a hot chamber 4 or cold 5 possibly via a heat exchanger 4 ', 6' which can be integrated in each hot chamber 4 and cold 5.
- the invention achieves the goals set, namely to provide a method for increasing the thermal power of a magnetocaloric element and the output of a magnetocaloric heat generator implementing this method.
- the method and the heat generator according to the invention can find an industrial as well as domestic application in the field of heating, air conditioning, tempering, cooling or others, at competitive costs and in a small footprint.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Induction Heating (AREA)
- Hard Magnetic Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE112010001217T DE112010001217T5 (de) | 2009-03-20 | 2010-03-18 | Verfahren zur Erzeugung eines Wärmeflusses durch ein magnetokalorisches Element undmagnetokalorischer Wärmeerzeuger |
US13/255,583 US9091465B2 (en) | 2009-03-20 | 2010-03-18 | Magnetocaloric heat generator |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR09/51777 | 2009-03-20 | ||
FR0951777A FR2943406B1 (fr) | 2009-03-20 | 2009-03-20 | Procede de generation de flux thermique a partir d'un element magnetocalorique et generateur thermique magnetocalorique |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2010106250A1 true WO2010106250A1 (fr) | 2010-09-23 |
Family
ID=41328972
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2010/000228 WO2010106250A1 (fr) | 2009-03-20 | 2010-03-18 | Procédé de génération de flux thermique à partir d'un élément magnétoealorique et générateur thermique magnétocalorique |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US9091465B2 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE112010001217T5 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2943406B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2010106250A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP5267689B2 (ja) | 2011-04-26 | 2013-08-21 | 株式会社デンソー | 磁気ヒートポンプ装置 |
JP2019086170A (ja) * | 2017-11-01 | 2019-06-06 | 株式会社デンソー | 熱磁気サイクル装置 |
JP2019086261A (ja) * | 2017-11-09 | 2019-06-06 | 株式会社デンソー | 磁気熱サイクル装置およびその運転方法 |
Citations (7)
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US3413814A (en) * | 1966-03-03 | 1968-12-03 | Philips Corp | Method and apparatus for producing cold |
US4332135A (en) | 1981-01-27 | 1982-06-01 | The United States Of America As Respresented By The United States Department Of Energy | Active magnetic regenerator |
US4507928A (en) | 1984-03-09 | 1985-04-02 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Reciprocating magnetic refrigerator employing tandem porous matrices within a reciprocating displacer |
EP1156287A1 (fr) | 2000-05-18 | 2001-11-21 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Appareil frigorifique magnétique avec pré-refroidissement utilisant un réfrigérant à plusieurs composants |
EP1736717A1 (fr) * | 2005-06-20 | 2006-12-27 | Haute Ecole d'Ingénieurs et de Gestion du Canton | Réfrigérateur magnétique continuellement rotatif et pompe à chaleur et procédé pour le chauffage magnétique et/ou la réfrigération avec un tel réfrigérateur ou une telle pompe |
WO2008064776A1 (fr) * | 2006-12-01 | 2008-06-05 | Liebherr-Hausgeräte Ochsenhausen GmbH | Appareil de réfrigération et/ou de congélation |
WO2008132342A1 (fr) | 2007-03-19 | 2008-11-06 | Cooltech Applications (S.A.S.) | Procede et dispositif pour accroitre le gradient de temperature dans un generateur thermique magnetocalorique |
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US2589775A (en) * | 1948-10-12 | 1952-03-18 | Technical Assets Inc | Method and apparatus for refrigeration |
US5357756A (en) * | 1993-09-23 | 1994-10-25 | Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. | Bipolar pulse field for magnetic refrigeration |
US6684941B1 (en) * | 2002-06-04 | 2004-02-03 | Yiding Cao | Reciprocating-mechanism driven heat loop |
CH695836A5 (fr) * | 2002-12-24 | 2006-09-15 | Ecole D Ingenieurs Du Canton D | Procédé et dispositif pour générer en continu du froid et de la chaleur par effet magnetique. |
US20060144048A1 (en) * | 2003-07-07 | 2006-07-06 | Detlef Schulz | Method and device for converting heat into mechanical or electrical power |
JP4533838B2 (ja) * | 2005-12-06 | 2010-09-01 | 株式会社東芝 | 熱輸送装置、冷凍機及びヒートポンプ |
JP2007263392A (ja) * | 2006-03-27 | 2007-10-11 | Toshiba Corp | 磁気冷凍材料及び磁気冷凍装置 |
JP4643668B2 (ja) * | 2008-03-03 | 2011-03-02 | 株式会社東芝 | 磁気冷凍デバイスおよび磁気冷凍システム |
-
2009
- 2009-03-20 FR FR0951777A patent/FR2943406B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2010
- 2010-03-18 DE DE112010001217T patent/DE112010001217T5/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-03-18 US US13/255,583 patent/US9091465B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-03-18 WO PCT/FR2010/000228 patent/WO2010106250A1/fr active Application Filing
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3413814A (en) * | 1966-03-03 | 1968-12-03 | Philips Corp | Method and apparatus for producing cold |
US4332135A (en) | 1981-01-27 | 1982-06-01 | The United States Of America As Respresented By The United States Department Of Energy | Active magnetic regenerator |
US4507928A (en) | 1984-03-09 | 1985-04-02 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Reciprocating magnetic refrigerator employing tandem porous matrices within a reciprocating displacer |
EP1156287A1 (fr) | 2000-05-18 | 2001-11-21 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Appareil frigorifique magnétique avec pré-refroidissement utilisant un réfrigérant à plusieurs composants |
EP1736717A1 (fr) * | 2005-06-20 | 2006-12-27 | Haute Ecole d'Ingénieurs et de Gestion du Canton | Réfrigérateur magnétique continuellement rotatif et pompe à chaleur et procédé pour le chauffage magnétique et/ou la réfrigération avec un tel réfrigérateur ou une telle pompe |
WO2008064776A1 (fr) * | 2006-12-01 | 2008-06-05 | Liebherr-Hausgeräte Ochsenhausen GmbH | Appareil de réfrigération et/ou de congélation |
WO2008132342A1 (fr) | 2007-03-19 | 2008-11-06 | Cooltech Applications (S.A.S.) | Procede et dispositif pour accroitre le gradient de temperature dans un generateur thermique magnetocalorique |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2943406A1 (fr) | 2010-09-24 |
US9091465B2 (en) | 2015-07-28 |
FR2943406B1 (fr) | 2013-04-12 |
US20110315348A1 (en) | 2011-12-29 |
DE112010001217T5 (de) | 2012-07-05 |
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