WO2005071470A1 - 可変ファラデー回転子、可変光減衰器 - Google Patents
可変ファラデー回転子、可変光減衰器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005071470A1 WO2005071470A1 PCT/JP2005/000670 JP2005000670W WO2005071470A1 WO 2005071470 A1 WO2005071470 A1 WO 2005071470A1 JP 2005000670 W JP2005000670 W JP 2005000670W WO 2005071470 A1 WO2005071470 A1 WO 2005071470A1
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- Prior art keywords
- magnetic field
- variable
- magneto
- electromagnet
- optical
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/09—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on magneto-optical elements, e.g. exhibiting Faraday effect
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
- G02F2203/21—Thermal instability, i.e. DC drift, of an optical modulator; Arrangements or methods for the reduction thereof
Definitions
- the direction in which the magneto-optical crystal is magnetized determines the Faraday rotation angle. More specifically, it is determined by the cosine component of the angle between the magnetic direction and the light propagation direction. Therefore, the cosine component is controlled by changing the ratio of two orthogonal components of the magnetic field applied to the magneto-optical crystal. Therefore, two different magnetic field sources are required for the traveling direction of light, and it is preferable to select a direction parallel to the traveling direction of the light and a direction perpendicular to the traveling direction of the light.
- Patent Document 1 JP-A-9-236784
- Patent Document 3 JP-A-9-236784
- Patent Document 4 JP 2002-341302 A
- the Faraday rotator having a configuration to which the present invention is directed is further reduced in size and has an excellent temperature. Degree characteristics are desired.
- the first invention is a solution to the above miniaturization, and is arranged such that a fixed magnetic field is applied substantially perpendicularly to a magneto-optical crystal and a traveling direction of light passing through the magneto-optical crystal.
- a Faraday rotator provided with a permanent magnet and an electromagnet arranged so that a variable magnetic field is applied substantially parallel to a traveling direction of light passing through the magneto-optical crystal, the electromagnet is located on the outer periphery of a cylindrical yoke.
- a coil is wound around the cylindrical yoke, and the cylindrical yoke is positioned so as to oppose at least one light transmitting surface of the magneto-optical crystal so that the inside of the cylindrical yoke serves as an optical path.
- a pair of permanent magnets are arranged in the Faraday rotator, and the whole is an elongated rod.
- variable Faraday rotator is configured such that the temperature deviation of the Faraday rotation angle with respect to the supply current to the electromagnet due to the temperature is canceled out by the temperature characteristics of the magneto-optical crystal.
- a fourth invention is the variable Faraday rotator according to the first invention, wherein a pair of electromagnets are located so as to face both light transmitting surfaces of the magneto-optical crystal.
- a transmission-type variable optical attenuator using the variable Faraday rotator according to the first invention, a polarizer installed on the entrance side of the magneto-optical crystal, and an analyzer installed on the exit side is also within the scope of the present invention. so Yes, this is the fifth invention.
- a polarizer is provided on the incident side of the magneto-optical crystal.
- the analyzers are arranged on the output side, and the crystal axes of the polarizer and the analyzer are set to be substantially orthogonal to each other so that the attenuation is maximized when no current is supplied to the electromagnet.
- the variable optical attenuator described above is defined as a fifteenth invention.
- FIG. 2A is a graph showing an example of a result obtained by calculating a temperature characteristic of a Faraday rotation angle in a Faraday rotator.
- FIG. 2B is a graph showing an example of a result obtained by calculating a temperature characteristic of a Faraday rotation angle in a Faraday rotator.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory view showing one embodiment of a Faraday rotator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the results of measuring the temperature characteristics of the Faraday rotator of the above embodiment.
- FIG. 5A is a graph showing an example of a result obtained by calculating a characteristic of a variable optical attenuator using the Faraday rotator.
- FIG. 5B is a graph showing an example of a result obtained by calculating a characteristic of a variable optical attenuator using the Faraday rotator.
- FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing a structural example of a variable optical attenuator using the Faraday rotator.
- FIG. 7A is a diagram showing an optical path of the variable optical attenuator.
- FIG. 7B is a diagram showing an optical path of the variable optical attenuator.
- FIG. 9A is an explanatory view showing a second embodiment of the variable optical attenuator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 9B is an explanatory view showing a second embodiment of the variable optical attenuator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a perspective view showing still another embodiment of the variable optical attenuator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a perspective view showing a modified example of the variable optical attenuator according to the present invention.
- the Faraday rotation angle including the temperature characteristic of the magneto-optical crystal and the traveling direction of light is: ⁇ : Angle between the traveling direction of light and the synthetic magnetic field applied to the magneto-optical crystal
- ⁇ (t) is the Faraday rotation angle (how many rotators) of the magneto-optical crystal at temperature t. Faraday rotation is difficult to rotate at high temperatures and easy to rotate at low temperatures, based on room temperature. From the above equation, it can be seen that to cancel the temperature characteristic of the Faraday rotation angle, cos ⁇ should have a characteristic opposite to ⁇ (t). However, since ⁇ generally takes a wide range of about 0 to 90 deg, it is impossible to cancel out the whole range, and it is only necessary to cancel out within a necessary limited range. FIG.
- the Faraday rotator includes a magneto-optical crystal, a permanent magnet arranged so that a fixed magnetic field is applied perpendicularly to the traveling direction of light passing through the magneto-optical crystal, and a magneto-optical crystal.
- An electromagnet arranged so that a variable magnetic field is applied in parallel to the traveling direction of light passing through the magnet is suitable.
- the fixed magnetic field may be relatively weak, a ferrite-based magnet or a bonded magnet can be used, and the range of material selection is widened.
- the variable Faraday rotator targeted by the present invention also adopts this configuration.
- variable Faraday rotator having this configuration, under the condition that the supply current to the coil of the electromagnet is constant, the residual magnetic field strength of the permanent magnet with respect to the generated magnetic field strength of the electromagnet is changed.
- the temperature deviation of the Faraday rotation angle with respect to the current supplied to the electromagnet due to the temperature characteristics of the fixed magnetic field by the permanent magnet, the temperature characteristics of the variable magnetic field by the electromagnet, and the temperature characteristics of the magneto-optical crystal. Configure to cancel.
- FIGS. 2A and 2B are calculation examples of the temperature dependence of the Faraday rotation angle.
- the temperature characteristics of the permanent magnet were selected so that the rotation angle deviation ⁇ ⁇ near a rotation angle of 0 ° was small.
- the conditions are as follows.
- FIG. 2A is a reference example, and FIG. 2B is the present invention.
- the values at 5 ° C (low temperature), 25 ° C (room temperature), and + 70 ° C (high temperature) were obtained. And only at + 70 ° C (high temperature). The same applies to the following graphs.
- Example of A 0.02% / ° C (for example, Sm-Co magnet)
- Example of B 0.098% / ° C (eg ferrite magnet)
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing one embodiment of the variable Faraday rotator according to the present invention.
- variable Faraday rotator The configuration of the variable Faraday rotator is shown below.
- Bi-substituted rare earth iron garnet LPE film crystal length equivalent to a 110-degree rotator for a wavelength of 1550 nm
- Electromagnets 12a and 12b are arranged before and after the optical path of the magneto-optical crystal 10, and permanent magnets 14a and 14b are arranged on the left and right (or up and down) of the optical path.
- the two electromagnets 12a and 12b have a structure in which a coil 18 is wound around the outer periphery of a cylindrical yoke 16 which is also strong such as a key steel, and the center hole 20 of the cylindrical yoke 16 becomes an optical path.
- the permanent magnets 14a and 14b are plate magnets such as a ferrite magnet or a bond magnet magnetized in the thickness direction.
- a magnetic flux passes through the cylindrical yoke 16 and a magnetic field is generated outside.
- a magnetic field is applied to the magneto-optical crystal 10 located therebetween in a direction substantially parallel to the traveling direction of light.
- the two permanent magnets 14a and 14b are magnetized in the same direction, whereby a fixed magnetic field is applied to the magneto-optical crystal 10 in a direction substantially perpendicular to the traveling direction of light.
- a fixed magnetic field substantially perpendicular to the traveling direction of the light and a variable magnetic field substantially parallel to the traveling direction of the light are simultaneously applied to the magneto-optical crystal 10, and the resultant magnetic field Faraday rotation occurs in the incident light according to the cosine component of the direction and the traveling direction of the light.
- a U-shaped yoke since a U-shaped yoke is not used, it is possible to reduce the size and the diameter of the member without projecting the member in the direction perpendicular to the light traveling direction.
- FIG. 4 shows a measurement result of the Faraday rotator having the structure shown in FIG.
- the rotation angle deviation ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ could be suppressed to 1 degree or less in a wide range from the rotation angle force to the degree force of about 60 degrees, and extremely good results were obtained.
- the angle deviation due to temperature was less than 0.1 degrees.
- a polarizer is provided on the entrance side of the magneto-optical crystal of the Faraday rotation device shown in FIG. 3, and an analyzer is provided on the exit side. May be arranged so that the crystal axis directions of the polarizer and the analyzer are orthogonal to each other.
- FIG. 5A shows a case where the temperature characteristic of the residual magnetic field of the permanent magnet is set to 0% Z ° C (reference example).
- ⁇ ATT which is the temperature variation (maximum / minimum) of the attenuation during constant current drive
- ⁇ ATT which is the temperature variation (maximum / minimum) of the attenuation during constant current drive
- ⁇ ATT is slightly less than 0.7 dB.
- This ⁇ curve changes as shown in the graph of FIG. 5B, depending on the temperature characteristics of the residual magnetic field of the permanent magnet used. That is, the temperature variation ⁇ of the attenuation can be controlled by selecting a permanent magnet having an appropriate value of the temperature characteristic of the residual magnetic field.
- the temperature characteristic of the residual magnetic field of the permanent magnet is selected from about -0.05-0.25% Z ° C.
- the temperature variation ⁇ of the attenuation can be reduced to 0.2 dB or less.
- FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing one embodiment of the variable optical attenuator according to the present invention.
- the configuration of the variable Faraday rotator in this variable optical attenuator is the same as that shown in FIG. 3, and corresponding members are denoted by the same reference numerals.
- a wedge-shaped rutile is used for the polarizer and the analyzer.
- a polarizer 22 is provided on the incident side of the magneto-optical crystal 10, and an analyzer 24 is provided on the outgoing side, which serves as a variable light attenuator.
- the type and the installation position of the polarizer 22 and the analyzer 24 are arbitrary. Force As shown in FIG. 6, it is preferable to provide between the magneto-optical crystal 10 and the electromagnets 12a and 12b. This is because a certain distance is required between the two electromagnets 12a and 12b, and the polarizer 22 and the analyzer 24 can be inserted using the space.
- the crystal axes of the polarizer and the analyzer are orthogonal to each other. That is, the polarization axes are orthogonal to each other, the incident light is separated into ordinary light and extraordinary light by the polarizer 22, and their polarization planes are rotated by the magneto-optical crystal 10 according to the direction of the synthetic magnetic field. The separated parallel light components are combined with the emission side.
- the drive currents of the two electromagnets 12a and 12b are zero, the polarization plane does not rotate, so that it is hardly coupled to the emission side, and the amount of attenuation is maximized.
- the driving current of the electromagnet is sufficiently large! / ⁇ , the polarization plane is rotated by almost 90 degrees, so most of the light is coupled to the emission side, and the attenuation is minimized.
- the temperature coefficient force of the Faraday rotation angle of the magneto-optical crystal is generally 0.04-0.08 deg / ° C (the value at the 45-degree rotator), and the temperature characteristic of the magnetic field generated by the electromagnet (The temperature characteristic of the yoke material) is almost zero for inexpensive, high-saturation magnetic flux density keyed steel. Therefore, the temperature characteristic of the residual magnetic field of the permanent magnet should be from 0.05 to 0.25% Z ° C. It is more preferable to select a value, and it is more preferable to set the value to 0.108-0.12% / ° C. Here, one with 0.12% Z ° C was adopted.
- the magnetic anisotropy of the magneto-optical crystal also has a temperature characteristic.
- the Faraday rotation angle with respect to the magnetic field due to the driving current has a temperature characteristic in addition to the fixed magnetic field.
- FIGS. 7A and 7B show details of crystal parts and examples of optical paths.
- the polarization directions in the optical paths shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B are drawn assuming that the polarization plane of the magneto-optical crystal 10 is rotated by 90 degrees.
- the incident light is split into two optical paths.
- the light that has become parallel to each other is coupled to the output side.
- the configuration shown in FIG. 7A is a basic type.
- the magneto-optical crystal 10 is, for example, an LPE single crystal film of Bi-substituted rare earth iron garnet.
- the polarizer 22 and the analyzer 24 are wedge-shaped birefringent crystals, and are made of, for example, rutile.
- the polarizer 22 and the analyzer 24 are coupled to the magneto-optical crystal 10.
- the planes facing each other are parallel to the plane of the magneto-optical crystal 10, and the inclined planes on the opposite side are arranged so as to be parallel to each other.
- the crystal axis directions of the polarizer 22 and the analyzer 24 are perpendicular to each other and the light traveling direction. It is determined to be in a plane perpendicular to the plane.
- FIG. 7B shows a modification. Since the basic parts are the same as those in FIG. 7A, the corresponding members are denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof will be omitted.
- a parallel plane birefringent crystal 26 is arranged downstream of the analyzer 24.
- the birefringent crystal 26 has the same material (such as rutile) power as the polarizer 22 and the analyzer 24 and has a parallelogram shape of a size obtained by combining the polarizer 22 and the analyzer 24 with a wedge shape.
- the light emitted from the analyzer 24 has a wide optical path interval (accordingly, a large beam diameter), and a difference in the optical path length occurs between the polarizer 22 and the analyzer 24 due to the polarization mode.
- the birefringent crystal 26 having a parallel plane is arranged, the polarization mode dispersion can be compensated, and the beam diameter can be reduced.
- FIG. 8 shows the temperature characteristics of the variable optical attenuator of this embodiment. As can be seen from the diagram, the change in the amount of attenuation with respect to the change in the ambient temperature could be suppressed to 0.1 dB or less under the constant coil drive current condition.
- FIGS. 9A and 9B Another embodiment of the variable optical attenuator according to the present invention is shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B.
- FIG. 9A shows a side cross section
- FIG. 9B shows its XX cross section.
- the yokes 36 of the electromagnets 32a and 32b have a bobbin structure having flanges at both ends so that a coil 38 can be formed by directly winding an insulation-coated conductor.
- the magneto-optic crystal 30 is inserted and held inside the cylindrical holder 31, and the polarizer 42 and the analyzer 44 are also incorporated in the cylindrical holder 31.
- the plate-shaped permanent magnets 34a and 34b are attached to the outer surface of the cylindrical holder 31 so as to face each other.
- Lenses eg, aspherical lenses
- the length can be, for example, about 25 mm or less including both ends of the lens, and about 37 mm or less including both ends of the ferrule.
- variable optical attenuator Since such a variable optical attenuator has a small-diameter structure as shown in the drawing, it is easy to arrange a plurality of the variable optical attenuators in parallel, thereby forming a small variable optical attenuator array. it can.
- FIG. 10 is a perspective view showing still another embodiment of the variable optical attenuator according to the present invention.
- An electromagnet 52 is placed in front of the optical path of the magneto-optical crystal 50, and a reflecting mirror 53 is placed behind it.
- the permanent magnets 54a and 54b are arranged on the right (or up and down).
- the electromagnet 52 has a structure in which a coil 58 is wound around the outer periphery of a cylindrical yoke 56 made of silicon steel or the like, and the central hole 60 of the cylindrical yoke 56 becomes an optical path.
- the permanent magnets 54a and 54b are plate-like magnets such as ferrite magnetized in the thickness direction.
- a polarizer 62 is inserted between the electromagnet 52 and the magneto-optical crystal 50.
- the magneto-optic crystal 50 has a length such that a Faraday rotation of 45 degrees or more occurs. Magnetize electromagnet
- It may be provided between the acousto-optic crystal and the reflection mirror.
- the magnetic flux passes through the cylindrical yoke 56 to generate a magnetic field outside, and a magnetic field is applied to the magneto-optical crystal 50 in a direction substantially parallel to the traveling direction of light.
- the intensity of the magnetic field can be varied by controlling the current value.
- the two permanent magnets 54a and 54b are magnetized in the same direction, so that a fixed magnetic field is applied to the magneto-optical crystal 50 in a direction substantially perpendicular to the traveling direction of light.
- a fixed magnetic field substantially perpendicular to the traveling direction of the light and a variable magnetic field substantially parallel to the traveling direction of the light are simultaneously applied to the magneto-optical crystal 50, and the resultant combined magnetic field direction Faraday rotation occurs in the transmitted light according to the cosine component of the light and the traveling direction of the light.
- the incident light is separated into an ordinary light and an extraordinary light by a polarizer, and their polarization planes are rotated by the magneto-optic crystal 50 according to the direction of the synthetic magnetic field, reflected by the reflection mirror 53, and passed through the magneto-optic crystal 50 again.
- the plane of polarization is rotated, and the light path is separated through the polarizer 62, and the parallel light component is emitted.
- the driving current of the electromagnet 52 when the driving current of the electromagnet 52 is sufficiently large, the polarization plane is rotated by approximately 90 degrees in the reciprocation, so that it is hardly coupled to the emission side, and the attenuation is maximized.
- the driving current of the electromagnet is zero, the polarization plane of the reflected light does not rotate, so that most of the light is coupled to the emission side, and the attenuation is minimized.
- the present invention is not limited to only the configuration described above.
- one electromagnet can be used.
- two electromagnets can be arranged. It is preferable that two permanent magnets are arranged in a pair so as to sandwich the magneto-optical crystal. However, in some cases, only one permanent magnet can be used.
- the polarizer / analyzer is preferably inserted between the magneto-optical crystal and the electromagnet, but can also be provided outside the electromagnet (at a position away from the magneto-optical crystal).
- the technique for compensating for the temperature characteristic of the Faraday rotation angle described above is applicable not only to the Faraday rotator having the structure shown in FIG. 3 but also to the Faraday rotator illustrated in FIG.
- the electromagnet 72 is arranged so as to apply a variable magnetic field in parallel to the traveling direction of light passing through the magneto-optical crystal 70, and applies a fixed magnetic field perpendicular to the traveling direction of light.
- permanent magnets 74a and 74b are arranged.
- the electromagnet 72 has a structure in which a coil 78 is wound around a U-shaped yoke 76, and a through hole 80 is formed in the yoke 76 so as not to obstruct the passage of light.
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- Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)
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Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2004-014148 | 2004-01-22 | ||
JP2004014148A JP2005208295A (ja) | 2004-01-22 | 2004-01-22 | 可変ファラデー回転子及びそれを用いた可変光減衰器 |
JP2004017467A JP2005208516A (ja) | 2004-01-26 | 2004-01-26 | ファラデー回転デバイス |
JP2004-017467 | 2004-01-26 |
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Citations (7)
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JP3009560U (ja) * | 1994-09-28 | 1995-04-04 | 富士電気化学株式会社 | 電磁駆動式磁気光学装置 |
JPH09236784A (ja) * | 1996-03-01 | 1997-09-09 | Fujitsu Ltd | 光可変減衰器 |
JPH10161076A (ja) * | 1996-11-29 | 1998-06-19 | Fujitsu Ltd | 磁気光学効果を利用した光デバイス |
JPH11249095A (ja) * | 1998-03-03 | 1999-09-17 | Fuji Elelctrochem Co Ltd | ファラデー回転子 |
JP2000187193A (ja) * | 1998-12-22 | 2000-07-04 | Fuji Elelctrochem Co Ltd | 光アッテネータ |
JP2001526407A (ja) * | 1997-12-09 | 2001-12-18 | サムスン エレクトロニクス カンパニー リミテッド | アイソレータを用いた光減衰器及びこれを具備した光通信システム |
WO2002091069A1 (fr) * | 2001-05-07 | 2002-11-14 | Fujitsu Limited | Rotateur de faraday |
-
2005
- 2005-01-20 WO PCT/JP2005/000670 patent/WO2005071470A1/ja active Application Filing
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3009560U (ja) * | 1994-09-28 | 1995-04-04 | 富士電気化学株式会社 | 電磁駆動式磁気光学装置 |
JPH09236784A (ja) * | 1996-03-01 | 1997-09-09 | Fujitsu Ltd | 光可変減衰器 |
JPH10161076A (ja) * | 1996-11-29 | 1998-06-19 | Fujitsu Ltd | 磁気光学効果を利用した光デバイス |
JP2001526407A (ja) * | 1997-12-09 | 2001-12-18 | サムスン エレクトロニクス カンパニー リミテッド | アイソレータを用いた光減衰器及びこれを具備した光通信システム |
JPH11249095A (ja) * | 1998-03-03 | 1999-09-17 | Fuji Elelctrochem Co Ltd | ファラデー回転子 |
JP2000187193A (ja) * | 1998-12-22 | 2000-07-04 | Fuji Elelctrochem Co Ltd | 光アッテネータ |
WO2002091069A1 (fr) * | 2001-05-07 | 2002-11-14 | Fujitsu Limited | Rotateur de faraday |
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