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WO2003003038A1 - Pet-mri scanner - Google Patents

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Publication number
WO2003003038A1
WO2003003038A1 PCT/GB2002/003003 GB0203003W WO03003038A1 WO 2003003038 A1 WO2003003038 A1 WO 2003003038A1 GB 0203003 W GB0203003 W GB 0203003W WO 03003038 A1 WO03003038 A1 WO 03003038A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
mri
pet
magnetic field
nmr
pet scanning
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2002/003003
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Richard Ansorge
Adrian Carpenter
Original Assignee
Cambridge University Technical Services Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Cambridge University Technical Services Ltd filed Critical Cambridge University Technical Services Ltd
Publication of WO2003003038A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003003038A1/en

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
    • G01R33/44—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance using nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR]
    • G01R33/48—NMR imaging systems
    • G01R33/4808—Multimodal MR, e.g. MR combined with positron emission tomography [PET], MR combined with ultrasound or MR combined with computed tomography [CT]
    • G01R33/481—MR combined with positron emission tomography [PET] or single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/02—Arrangements for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/03—Computed tomography [CT]
    • A61B6/037—Emission tomography
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
    • G01R33/28—Details of apparatus provided for in groups G01R33/44 - G01R33/64
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
    • G01T1/29—Measurement performed on radiation beams, e.g. position or section of the beam; Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
    • G01T1/2914—Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
    • G01T1/2985—In depth localisation, e.g. using positron emitters; Tomographic imaging (longitudinal and transverse section imaging; apparatus for radiation diagnosis sequentially in different planes, steroscopic radiation diagnosis)

Definitions

  • the invention relates to Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) apparatus.
  • PET Positron Emission Tomography
  • MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • MRI is an imaging technique used primarily in medical settings to produce high quality images of the inside of the human body. It is based on the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) which is a phenomenon associated with isotopes with a net nuclear spin eg. H-l, H-2, C-13, P-31, F-19.
  • NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
  • MRI has conventionally been used to image tissue structure, by detecting compounds labelled with NMR active nuclei, alternatively abundant, native nuclei such as H-l and P-31 which have net nuclear spin can be detected.
  • the technique can also be used to detect cancerous cells and in a number of neurological applications which are well known to the skilled man.
  • PET measures the spatial distribution of short-lived positron emitting radionucleotides in an object, which can be used to visualise and study human physiology. It is the only non- invasive technology that can routinely and quantitatively measure metabolic, biochemical and functional activity in living tissue, and it can be used to measure chemical changes that arise before visible signs of disease occur.
  • PET A major drawback of PET is that it cannot depict tissue morphology or the metabolic fate of a labelled compound.
  • PET scanning usually involves acquiring data for periods of about 20 min whilst the patient is free breathing. Such an approach does not compensate for organ movement during scanning which will doubtless be exacerbated if the patient is moved.
  • PET scanners normally employ magnetic field sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) as part of their photon detection instrumentation. Not only is the functioning of such PMTs severely compromised by the magnetic fields needed for NMR, the magnetic field homogeneity which is essential in NMR is distorted by ferromagnetic PMT assemblies.
  • PMTs magnetic field sensitive photomultiplier tubes
  • US Patent 4 939 464 discloses an NMR-PET scanner apparatus wherein a PET detector is disposed in the magnetic imaging structure of an NMR device.
  • the output of the PET detector is conveyed through light pipes to photodetectors which are shielded and located outside the magnetic imaging structure of the NMR device to prevent interaction between the photodetectors and the magnetic field generated by the NMR device.
  • the Inventive Concept h its broadest aspect the invention provides a combined MRI/NMR apparatus and PET scanning apparatus wherein the magnetic field generated by the MRI/NMR apparatus has a near zero magnetic field region located within the magnetic imaging structure of the MRI/NMR apparatus, in which region the necessary field sensitive photon detectors are located.
  • the NMR/ MRI apparatus interference between the magnetic field generated by the NMR/ MRI apparatus and the field sensitive PET detectors is avoided by designing the NMR magnet so that the magnetic field it produces includes an amplified null point of relatively low magnetic field.
  • the PET detectors can be located in this region without encountering interference from the magnetic field generated by the NMR apparatus, obviating the need for extensive magnetic shielding.
  • the magnetic field for enhancing the PET scanning and for performing MRI is the same and includes a region of near zero magnetic field in which the PET detectors are located.
  • the invention provides a combined PET - MRI apparatus constructed so as to perform MRI imaging and PET scanning simultaneously; which enables the PET data to be corrected for the inevitable movement of internal organs during scanning.
  • the invention is a PET - MRI apparatus, is constructed to maximise the uniformity of the magnetic field in a central imaging zone, and maximise the size of the near magnetic field region.
  • Figures 2a and 2b show an arrangement of coils for an MRI magnet array
  • Figure 3 shows a schematic view of the combined PET - MRI system layout.
  • a magnetic field for a pair of cylindrical coils exhibits a region (A) of uniform field in the centre of the magnet and respective regions (B) of zero magnetic field.
  • Figures 2a and 2b (respectively a sectioned side elevation and its three-dimensional equivalent) show the practical toroidal coil embodiments, each exhibiting main field coils (C) and (D) either side of respective compensating field coils (E) and (F) with the coils being circular about the same longitudinal axis (G) and spaced one from another along that axis.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Pulmonology (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine (AREA)

Abstract

Apparatus comprising an MRI/NMR apparatus and a PET scanning apparatus has a near zero magnetic field region located within the magnetic imaging structure of the MRI/NMR apparatus in which region the field sensitive photon detectors are located. The PET scanning is performed in a magnetic field. Preferably the magnetic field for enhancing the PET scanning and for performing MRI is the same, and the apparatus performs MRI imaging and PET scanning simultaneously.

Description

PET- MRI SCANNER
Field of the Invention
The invention relates to Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) apparatus.
General Introduction to the Art
MRI is an imaging technique used primarily in medical settings to produce high quality images of the inside of the human body. It is based on the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) which is a phenomenon associated with isotopes with a net nuclear spin eg. H-l, H-2, C-13, P-31, F-19.
MRI has conventionally been used to image tissue structure, by detecting compounds labelled with NMR active nuclei, alternatively abundant, native nuclei such as H-l and P-31 which have net nuclear spin can be detected.
The technique can also be used to detect cancerous cells and in a number of neurological applications which are well known to the skilled man.
PET measures the spatial distribution of short-lived positron emitting radionucleotides in an object, which can be used to visualise and study human physiology. It is the only non- invasive technology that can routinely and quantitatively measure metabolic, biochemical and functional activity in living tissue, and it can be used to measure chemical changes that arise before visible signs of disease occur.
The Problem to be Solved
Whilst their individual advantages are well known, and well documented, each of the two techniques outlined above has inherent drawbacks in practice.
Localised NMR spectroscopy of tagged or native NMR active nuclei is difficult in tissues which cannot be easily accessed by surface coils because of low signal to noise ratios.
A major drawback of PET is that it cannot depict tissue morphology or the metabolic fate of a labelled compound.
Another drawback of PET scanning is that it usually involves acquiring data for periods of about 20 min whilst the patient is free breathing. Such an approach does not compensate for organ movement during scanning which will doubtless be exacerbated if the patient is moved.
The distance a positron travels before it is annihilated restricts the intrinsic resolution of PET, and can only be influenced by employing isotopes having different positron energies. Unfortunately the choice of label is often limited as many compounds need to be labelled with specific positron emitting nuclides. The Conventional Approach
Because of these problems, research developers in the field have tended historically to champion one of the two techniques against the other, comparing their respective suitabilities for diagnosis of specific diseases and arguing their merits on a basically competitive plane.
In addition, any theoretical benefits of trying to combine PET and NMR within a single system have mostly been dismissed because of the fundamental technical incompatibility between the two systems which has long been recognised. Thus,
PET scanners normally employ magnetic field sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) as part of their photon detection instrumentation. Not only is the functioning of such PMTs severely compromised by the magnetic fields needed for NMR, the magnetic field homogeneity which is essential in NMR is distorted by ferromagnetic PMT assemblies.
The State of the Art
Confirmation of this non-combinatorial approach is to be found in the latest reported work of (for example) the leading researchers Townsend and Nutt at the
University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (USA) in developing a CT-PET Scanner (Cern Courier, April 2002).
The widespread prejudice against any serious attempt to combine PET and MRI has by contrast produced few documented references. One of them (and the closest prior art currently known to the applicants is US Patent 4 939 464 which discloses an NMR-PET scanner apparatus wherein a PET detector is disposed in the magnetic imaging structure of an NMR device. The output of the PET detector is conveyed through light pipes to photodetectors which are shielded and located outside the magnetic imaging structure of the NMR device to prevent interaction between the photodetectors and the magnetic field generated by the NMR device.
This prior US Patent was granted to Intermagnetics General Corporation (as assignees of inventor Bruce E Hammer) in 1990. It lists only a single Japanese prior cited reference from 1985, in itself a testimony to the scarcity of any published thoughts on combined PET-MRI work. It has of course a basic drawback, in that, as light is transmitted along the light guides some fading is unavoidable, and signal loss is an inevitable consequence of this approach. As photon detection efficiency is crucial in PET such light loss is a major drawback and probably accounts for why the apparatus has never (as far as the applicants are aware) been successfully commercially produced.
US 4 939 464 is nevertheless the most relevant prior document currently known to the applicants, and from which the invention takes its starting point.
The Inventive Concept h its broadest aspect the invention provides a combined MRI/NMR apparatus and PET scanning apparatus wherein the magnetic field generated by the MRI/NMR apparatus has a near zero magnetic field region located within the magnetic imaging structure of the MRI/NMR apparatus, in which region the necessary field sensitive photon detectors are located.
such an arrangement, interference between the magnetic field generated by the NMR/ MRI apparatus and the field sensitive PET detectors is avoided by designing the NMR magnet so that the magnetic field it produces includes an amplified null point of relatively low magnetic field. The PET detectors can be located in this region without encountering interference from the magnetic field generated by the NMR apparatus, obviating the need for extensive magnetic shielding.
In a further advantageous development the invention provides improved spatial resolution of a PET image by performing the PET scanning in a magnetic field
In another inventive aspect the magnetic field for enhancing the PET scanning and for performing MRI is the same and includes a region of near zero magnetic field in which the PET detectors are located. h yet another inventive aspect the invention provides a combined PET - MRI apparatus constructed so as to perform MRI imaging and PET scanning simultaneously; which enables the PET data to be corrected for the inevitable movement of internal organs during scanning.
In yet another aspect made possible by the invention, the invention is a PET - MRI apparatus, is constructed to maximise the uniformity of the magnetic field in a central imaging zone, and maximise the size of the near magnetic field region.
Reducing the Invention to Practice
In the accompanying drawings :- Figure 1 shows a magnetic field of a kind relevant to the invention and thus having an amplified null point region
Figures 2a and 2b show an arrangement of coils for an MRI magnet array; and
Figure 3 shows a schematic view of the combined PET - MRI system layout.
h Figure 1, a magnetic field for a pair of cylindrical coils exhibits a region (A) of uniform field in the centre of the magnet and respective regions (B) of zero magnetic field. Figures 2a and 2b (respectively a sectioned side elevation and its three-dimensional equivalent) show the practical toroidal coil embodiments, each exhibiting main field coils (C) and (D) either side of respective compensating field coils (E) and (F) with the coils being circular about the same longitudinal axis (G) and spaced one from another along that axis.
As shown in Figures 2a and 2b, in practice, these symmetrical sets of coils are used to maximise the uniformity and size of the central imaging zone, and simultaneously minimise the fringe field. Low fringe field are important for use in hospitals where the invention finds its primary application. Arrangements such as those shown are known to have a uniform magnetic field in the centre of symmetry and as such are well suited to use in NMR scanners. In addition the invention proposes a maximisation by design of the central region of null field between the coils.
In Figure 3 the complete system is shown in schematic terms.
In practice, certain features of conventional equipment will need redesign but this need will indeed be self-evident. For example existing PET cameras will need modification because of their sensitivity to magnetic field ion interferences and because of RF noise associated habitually with PET scanners. But these are only technical points which the skilled addressees in this specialist field will be able to address successfully without inventive thought.
The invention has thus been revealed in sufficient conceptual and practical detail to enable it readily to be put into practice. The scope of the invention is defined by the claims which now follow.

Claims

CLAIMS:
1. A scanner comprising an MRI / NMR apparatus and a PET scanning apparatus wherein the magnetic field generated by the MRI / NMR apparatus has a near zero magnetic field region located within the magnetic imaging structure of the MRI / NMR apparatus in which region the field sensitive photon detectors are located.
2. A combined MRI - PET scanner apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 which operates by performing PET scanning in a magnetic field.
3. A combined PET - MRI apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2 wherein the magnetic field for enhancing the PET scanning and for performing MRI is the same.
4. A combined PET - MRI apparatus as described in any one of Claims 1 to 3 constructed so as to perform MRI imaging and PET scanning simultaneously.
5. A combined PET - MRI apparatus substantially as described with reference to any appropriate combination of the text and drawings.
PCT/GB2002/003003 2001-06-28 2002-06-28 Pet-mri scanner WO2003003038A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0115742.9 2001-06-28
GB0115742A GB0115742D0 (en) 2001-06-28 2001-06-28 Combined pet-mri apparatus

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Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6946841B2 (en) * 2001-08-17 2005-09-20 Igor Rubashov Apparatus for combined nuclear imaging and magnetic resonance imaging, and method thereof
DE102005040107B3 (en) * 2005-08-24 2007-05-31 Siemens Ag Combined PET-MRI device and method for the simultaneous capture of PET images and MR images
WO2008127369A2 (en) 2006-10-31 2008-10-23 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N. V. Hybrid pet/mr imaging systems
WO2008084438A3 (en) * 2007-01-11 2008-11-06 Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv Pet/mr scanners for simultaneous pet and mr imaging
GB2449320A (en) * 2007-05-18 2008-11-19 Siemens Medical Solutions NMR Motion Compensation of PET
DE102006037047B4 (en) * 2006-08-08 2009-02-12 Siemens Ag Detection unit for arrangement within a cylindrical patient receiving a magnetic resonance system
US7626389B2 (en) 2005-04-22 2009-12-01 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. PET/MR scanner with time-of-flight capability
US7945079B2 (en) 2006-11-22 2011-05-17 The General Hospital Corporation Motion correction of PET images using navigator data acquired with an MRI system
US8013607B2 (en) 2006-10-31 2011-09-06 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Magnetic shielding for a PET detector system
US8089279B2 (en) * 2006-12-22 2012-01-03 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method for operating a hybrid medical imaging unit comprising a first imaging device of high spatial resolution and a second nuclear medicine imaging device of high sensitivity
RU2453271C2 (en) * 2006-10-31 2012-06-20 Конинклейке Филипс Электроникс Н.В. Bed for patient for system of obtaining pet/mp images
US8547100B2 (en) 2008-02-25 2013-10-01 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Magnetic resonance gradient coil iso-plane backbone for radiation detectors of 511Kev
CN104823068A (en) * 2012-10-26 2015-08-05 皇家飞利浦有限公司 Reducing interference in combined system comprising MRI system and non-MR imaging system
US9459333B2 (en) 2011-07-19 2016-10-04 Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. Alignment phantom for MR/PET system
US9494667B2 (en) 2007-05-04 2016-11-15 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Hybrid MR/PET with correction for radiation absorption by MR coil

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JPS60105982A (en) * 1983-11-15 1985-06-11 Sumitomo Heavy Ind Ltd Positron camera

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Cited By (31)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6946841B2 (en) * 2001-08-17 2005-09-20 Igor Rubashov Apparatus for combined nuclear imaging and magnetic resonance imaging, and method thereof
US7626389B2 (en) 2005-04-22 2009-12-01 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. PET/MR scanner with time-of-flight capability
DE102005040107B3 (en) * 2005-08-24 2007-05-31 Siemens Ag Combined PET-MRI device and method for the simultaneous capture of PET images and MR images
US8073525B2 (en) 2005-08-24 2011-12-06 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Combined PET/MRT unit and method for simultaneously recording PET images and MR images
US7719277B2 (en) 2006-08-08 2010-05-18 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Detection unit for arrangement inside a cylindrical patient receptacle of a magnetic resonance apparatus
DE102006037047B4 (en) * 2006-08-08 2009-02-12 Siemens Ag Detection unit for arrangement within a cylindrical patient receiving a magnetic resonance system
CN101542307B (en) * 2006-10-31 2013-10-30 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 Hybrid PET/MR imaging systems
WO2008127369A3 (en) * 2006-10-31 2009-03-19 Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv Hybrid pet/mr imaging systems
US10114086B2 (en) 2006-10-31 2018-10-30 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Hybrid PET/MR imaging systems
WO2008127369A2 (en) 2006-10-31 2008-10-23 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N. V. Hybrid pet/mr imaging systems
US8516636B2 (en) 2006-10-31 2013-08-27 Koninklijke Philips N. V. Patient bed for PET/MR imaging systems
US8013607B2 (en) 2006-10-31 2011-09-06 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Magnetic shielding for a PET detector system
RU2453271C2 (en) * 2006-10-31 2012-06-20 Конинклейке Филипс Электроникс Н.В. Bed for patient for system of obtaining pet/mp images
US7945079B2 (en) 2006-11-22 2011-05-17 The General Hospital Corporation Motion correction of PET images using navigator data acquired with an MRI system
US8089279B2 (en) * 2006-12-22 2012-01-03 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method for operating a hybrid medical imaging unit comprising a first imaging device of high spatial resolution and a second nuclear medicine imaging device of high sensitivity
US8519710B2 (en) 2007-01-11 2013-08-27 Koninklijke Philips N.V. PET/MR scanners for simultaneous PET and MR imaging
US8723521B2 (en) 2007-01-11 2014-05-13 Koninklijke Philips N.V. PET/MR scanners for simultaneous PET and MR imaging
WO2008084438A3 (en) * 2007-01-11 2008-11-06 Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv Pet/mr scanners for simultaneous pet and mr imaging
US10143376B2 (en) 2007-01-11 2018-12-04 Koninklijke Philips N.V. PET/MR scanners for simultaneous PET and MR imaging
CN101583310A (en) * 2007-01-11 2009-11-18 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 PET/MR scanners for simultaneous PET and MR imaging
US8188736B2 (en) 2007-01-11 2012-05-29 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. PET/MR scanners for simultaneous PET and MR imaging
JP2010515517A (en) * 2007-01-11 2010-05-13 コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エレクトロニクス エヌ ヴィ PET / MR scanner for simultaneous PET and MR imaging
US9494667B2 (en) 2007-05-04 2016-11-15 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Hybrid MR/PET with correction for radiation absorption by MR coil
GB2449320B (en) * 2007-05-18 2010-03-03 Siemens Medical Solutions Motion compensation in PET reconstruction
GB2449320A (en) * 2007-05-18 2008-11-19 Siemens Medical Solutions NMR Motion Compensation of PET
US8547100B2 (en) 2008-02-25 2013-10-01 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Magnetic resonance gradient coil iso-plane backbone for radiation detectors of 511Kev
US9459333B2 (en) 2011-07-19 2016-10-04 Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. Alignment phantom for MR/PET system
US9557395B2 (en) 2011-07-19 2017-01-31 Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. Alignment phantom for MR/PET system
US9581673B2 (en) 2011-07-19 2017-02-28 Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. Alignment phantom for MR/PET system
CN104823068A (en) * 2012-10-26 2015-08-05 皇家飞利浦有限公司 Reducing interference in combined system comprising MRI system and non-MR imaging system
CN104823068B (en) * 2012-10-26 2017-10-24 皇家飞利浦有限公司 Reduce the interference in the combined system including MRI system and non-MR imaging systems

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