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WO1998013554A1 - Bearing capacity enhancement for piling applications - Google Patents

Bearing capacity enhancement for piling applications Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998013554A1
WO1998013554A1 PCT/GB1997/002558 GB9702558W WO9813554A1 WO 1998013554 A1 WO1998013554 A1 WO 1998013554A1 GB 9702558 W GB9702558 W GB 9702558W WO 9813554 A1 WO9813554 A1 WO 9813554A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
auger
retractable element
flight
flights
concrete
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1997/002558
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Melvin Gerrard England
Original Assignee
Kvaerner Cementation Foundations Ltd.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kvaerner Cementation Foundations Ltd. filed Critical Kvaerner Cementation Foundations Ltd.
Priority to AU43119/97A priority Critical patent/AU4311997A/en
Publication of WO1998013554A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998013554A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/22—Piles
    • E02D5/34—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same
    • E02D5/36—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same making without use of mouldpipes or other moulds
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/26—Drill bits with leading portion, i.e. drill bits with a pilot cutter; Drill bits for enlarging the borehole, e.g. reamers
    • E21B10/32—Drill bits with leading portion, i.e. drill bits with a pilot cutter; Drill bits for enlarging the borehole, e.g. reamers with expansible cutting tools
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/22—Piles
    • E02D5/34—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same
    • E02D5/38—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same making by use of mould-pipes or other moulds
    • E02D5/44—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same making by use of mould-pipes or other moulds with enlarged footing or enlargements at the bottom of the pile
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/44—Bits with helical conveying portion, e.g. screw type bits; Augers with leading portion or with detachable parts

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a tool for enhancing the bearing capacity of a pile, in particular but not exclusively the bearing capacity of a rotary- bored pile and/or a pile formed by a continuous flight auger .
  • a continuous flight piling auger wherein the auger includes at least one retractable element which may be extended so as to project beyond the circumference of the flight or flights of the auger, characterised in that the at least one retractable element is located in a circumferential part of the auger flight or flights .
  • a method of installing a pile using a continuous flight auger wherein: i) the auger is rotated and allowed to penetrate the ground to a predetermined depth so as to define a bore hole ; ii) a retractable element located on a circumferential part of the auger flight or flights is extended so as to project beyond the circumference of the flight or flights of the auger and thereby to cut or displace a region of soil surrounding the rotating auger so as to form a void; and iii) the auger is withdrawn while concrete is supplied to the tip of the auger so as to fill the bore hole and the void.
  • the continuous flight auger of the present invention can be used in the conventional manner to form a bore hole in cohesive or non-cohesive material.
  • the at least one retractable element when the at least one retractable element is in its retracted position, it offers little or no resistance during penetration of the auger.
  • the at least one retractable element may be extended beyond the circumference of the auger flight or flights so as to cut into or displace a portion of the material surrounding the auger as the auger continues to rotate.
  • the at least one retractable element may then be returned to a position within the circumference of the auger flight or flights.
  • material which has been cut by the at least one element may be drawn onto the auger flight or flights for removal.
  • the auger may then be withdrawn from the ground while concrete or the like is pumped into the bore hole, e.g. through the centre of the auger, so as to form a pile.
  • an additional concrete delivery system may be associated with the at least one retractable element so as to supply concrete directly to the void left by the cut or displaced material. This can help to avoid swelling or collapse of the void, and is particularly useful when a number of cuts or displacements are made during penetration of the auger .
  • the auger may be rotated during withdrawal and the at least one retractable element may be operated at so as make cuts or displacements at predetermined positions, the voids being filled with concrete by means of the main concrete supply.
  • the at least one retractable element is located on the circumference of the auger flight or flights, may extend across two or more flights, and may be located at any point along the length of the auger.
  • a single retractable element which is shaped so as to displace material when it is in its extended position.
  • the element is advantageously located at the bottom of the auger, but may be located at other positions if it has an associated additional concrete delivery system.
  • the element is kept in a retracted position during penetration of the auger. Upon withdrawal, the element is extended and the auger rotated. As the auger is withdrawn and concrete is pumped to the tip of the auger so as to form a pile in the bore hole, the element will form a helical void in the surrounding material and the void, as well as the main shaft of the bore hole, will be filled with concrete.
  • a conventional pile of 600mm diameter and 27m in length will have a shaft friction in a cohesive clay soil of 4165kN and an end bearing of 787kN, giving a total capacity of 4952kN.
  • a similar pile 20m in length will have a shaft friction of 2360kN and an end bearing of 606kN, giving a total capacity of 2966kN.
  • a 20m pile of normal diameter 600mm but with an enhanced diameter of 1200mm in a region 2m above its base will theoretically have a shaft friction of 2360kN and an end bearing of 1661kN plus 606kN, giving a total bearing capacity of 4627kN. It has been found in practice that the shaft friction is 3225kN and the end bearing 1820kN, giving a total of 5045kN.
  • FIGURE 1 shows a piling rig fitted with a continuous flight auger
  • FIGURE 2 shows a detail of an auger flight.
  • FIGURE 3 shows the profile of the bottom of a pile installed by one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGURE 4 shows the profile of the bottom of a pile installed by another embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 1 shows a piling rig 1 upon which a continuous flight auger 2 is mounted. Concrete can be supplied to the tip 3 of the auger 2 by way of a pipeline 4.
  • the auger 2 includes a flight 5 which, as well as helping the auger 2 to penetrate the ground, also serves to remove soil from the bore hole which is to be formed.
  • a retractable element 6, shown in more detail in Figure 2 is provided at the edge of the flight 5 near the bottom of the auger 2. This retractable element 6 is movable between its retracted position and an extended position, indicated by way of broken lines in Figure 2, in which position it projects beyond the circumference of the flight 5 of the auger 2.
  • the auger 2 is rotated and allowed to penetrate the ground to a predetermined depth. Normally, the rate of rotation and the rate of penetration are controlled so that there is some degree of shearing between the soil on the auger flight 5 and the soil 11 surrounding the auger 2.
  • the retractable element 6 is moved to its extended position (shown by broken lines in Figure 2) and the auger is rotated. In some embodiments, the soil 11 surrounding the auger 2 at this point is thereby displaced so as to create a generally annular void.
  • the retractable element 6 may be shaped and positioned to as to cut into the soil upon extension, the cut soil then being carried away up the auger flight 5 when the element 6 is retracted.
  • the element 6 is retracted and the auger 2 is withdrawn from the ground.
  • concrete is pumped to the tip 3 of the auger 2 by way of pipeline 4 and the hollow stem 14 of the auger 2.
  • This concrete fills up the bore hole, including the void, so as to form a pile 7, the bottom part of which is shown in profile in Figure 3.
  • concrete may be delivered directly to the void by way of an opening 15 located on the retractable element 6 and communicating with the hollow stem 14 of the auger 2. This can help to avoid premature collapse of the void.
  • the shape of the pile 7 in the region 8 of enhanced diameter is dependent upon the particular retractable element used. Either or both the lower surface 12 as and the upper surface 13 may be straight, concave or convex, or any other shape. In the particular embodiment shown, the region 8 is 2m from the base of the pile 7.
  • FIG. 4 An alternative pile 9 is shown in profile in Figure 4.
  • This pile 9 has a projection 10 which describes a helix about the axis of the pile, and acts as a region of enhanced diameter.
  • the projection 10 is formed by progressing the auger 2 to the required depth, moving the element 6 into its extended position, and rotating the auger 2 as it is withdrawn. Concrete is pumped to the tip 3 of the auger during withdrawal so as to fill the bore hole and also to fill the surrounding helical void as it is being created by way of the displacement of soil by the element 6.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
  • Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

A continuous flight piling auger (2) including a retractable element (6) which may be extended beyond the circumference of the flight (5) of the auger (2). In use, the auger (2) is rotated and allowed to penetrate the ground so as to define a bore hole. The retractable element (6) is extended so as to cut or displace a region of soil (11) surrounding the auger (2) thereby forming a void, and the auger (2) is withdrawn while concrete is supplied to the tip (3) of the auger (2) so as to fill the bore hole and the void. The resulting pile (7, 9) has an enhanced bearing capacity due to its greater diameter in the regions (8, 10) where the soil was cut or displaced by the retractable element (6).

Description

BEARING CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT FOR PILING APPLICATIONS
The present invention relates to a tool for enhancing the bearing capacity of a pile, in particular but not exclusively the bearing capacity of a rotary- bored pile and/or a pile formed by a continuous flight auger .
It is well-known in the construction industry to enhance the bearing capacity of a pile by using an under-reamer to enlarge the diameter of a portion of the shaft in which the pile is to be formed. By enlarging the diameter of this portion, the end bearing capacity is increased, and accordingly it is possible to reduce the length of the pile, since less shaft friction is required to bear a given load. This is described, for example, in U.K. patent no. 2 222 621 granted to the present applicant. However, this technique requires the use of a special tool which must be lowered into the bore hole after the bore hole has been formed, which increases installation time and may risk disturbing the walls of the bore hole, thereby reducing the integrity of the completed pile.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a continuous flight piling auger, wherein the auger includes at least one retractable element which may be extended so as to project beyond the circumference of the flight or flights of the auger, characterised in that the at least one retractable element is located in a circumferential part of the auger flight or flights .
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of installing a pile using a continuous flight auger, wherein: i) the auger is rotated and allowed to penetrate the ground to a predetermined depth so as to define a bore hole ; ii) a retractable element located on a circumferential part of the auger flight or flights is extended so as to project beyond the circumference of the flight or flights of the auger and thereby to cut or displace a region of soil surrounding the rotating auger so as to form a void; and iii) the auger is withdrawn while concrete is supplied to the tip of the auger so as to fill the bore hole and the void.
The continuous flight auger of the present invention can be used in the conventional manner to form a bore hole in cohesive or non-cohesive material. Advantageously, when the at least one retractable element is in its retracted position, it offers little or no resistance during penetration of the auger. When the auger has reached a predetermined depth, the at least one retractable element may be extended beyond the circumference of the auger flight or flights so as to cut into or displace a portion of the material surrounding the auger as the auger continues to rotate. The at least one retractable element may then be returned to a position within the circumference of the auger flight or flights. During retraction, material which has been cut by the at least one element may be drawn onto the auger flight or flights for removal. Alternatively, where material has been displaced by the at least one retractable element, there is no need to remove any additional material. The auger may then be withdrawn from the ground while concrete or the like is pumped into the bore hole, e.g. through the centre of the auger, so as to form a pile.
In some embodiments, an additional concrete delivery system may be associated with the at least one retractable element so as to supply concrete directly to the void left by the cut or displaced material. This can help to avoid swelling or collapse of the void, and is particularly useful when a number of cuts or displacements are made during penetration of the auger . Alternatively, where the at least one retractable element is located at or near the bottom of the auger, the auger may be rotated during withdrawal and the at least one retractable element may be operated at so as make cuts or displacements at predetermined positions, the voids being filled with concrete by means of the main concrete supply.
The at least one retractable element is located on the circumference of the auger flight or flights, may extend across two or more flights, and may be located at any point along the length of the auger.
In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a single retractable element which is shaped so as to displace material when it is in its extended position. The element is advantageously located at the bottom of the auger, but may be located at other positions if it has an associated additional concrete delivery system. The element is kept in a retracted position during penetration of the auger. Upon withdrawal, the element is extended and the auger rotated. As the auger is withdrawn and concrete is pumped to the tip of the auger so as to form a pile in the bore hole, the element will form a helical void in the surrounding material and the void, as well as the main shaft of the bore hole, will be filled with concrete.
By way of the present invention, it is possible significantly to reduce the length of a pile required to bear a given load. For example, a conventional pile of 600mm diameter and 27m in length will have a shaft friction in a cohesive clay soil of 4165kN and an end bearing of 787kN, giving a total capacity of 4952kN. A similar pile 20m in length will have a shaft friction of 2360kN and an end bearing of 606kN, giving a total capacity of 2966kN. In contrast, a 20m pile of normal diameter 600mm but with an enhanced diameter of 1200mm in a region 2m above its base will theoretically have a shaft friction of 2360kN and an end bearing of 1661kN plus 606kN, giving a total bearing capacity of 4627kN. It has been found in practice that the shaft friction is 3225kN and the end bearing 1820kN, giving a total of 5045kN. By using the present invention, therefore, much time and material can be saved when installing a series of piles.
For a better understanding of the present invention, and to show how it may be carried into effect, reference shall now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIGURE 1 shows a piling rig fitted with a continuous flight auger;
FIGURE 2 shows a detail of an auger flight. FIGURE 3 shows the profile of the bottom of a pile installed by one embodiment of the present invention; and
FIGURE 4 shows the profile of the bottom of a pile installed by another embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 1 shows a piling rig 1 upon which a continuous flight auger 2 is mounted. Concrete can be supplied to the tip 3 of the auger 2 by way of a pipeline 4. The auger 2 includes a flight 5 which, as well as helping the auger 2 to penetrate the ground, also serves to remove soil from the bore hole which is to be formed. A retractable element 6, shown in more detail in Figure 2, is provided at the edge of the flight 5 near the bottom of the auger 2. This retractable element 6 is movable between its retracted position and an extended position, indicated by way of broken lines in Figure 2, in which position it projects beyond the circumference of the flight 5 of the auger 2.
In use, the auger 2 is rotated and allowed to penetrate the ground to a predetermined depth. Normally, the rate of rotation and the rate of penetration are controlled so that there is some degree of shearing between the soil on the auger flight 5 and the soil 11 surrounding the auger 2. When the auger 2 has reached a predetermined depth, the retractable element 6 is moved to its extended position (shown by broken lines in Figure 2) and the auger is rotated. In some embodiments, the soil 11 surrounding the auger 2 at this point is thereby displaced so as to create a generally annular void. Alternatively, the retractable element 6 may be shaped and positioned to as to cut into the soil upon extension, the cut soil then being carried away up the auger flight 5 when the element 6 is retracted. Once the void has been created, the element 6 is retracted and the auger 2 is withdrawn from the ground. As the auger 2 is withdrawn, concrete is pumped to the tip 3 of the auger 2 by way of pipeline 4 and the hollow stem 14 of the auger 2. This concrete fills up the bore hole, including the void, so as to form a pile 7, the bottom part of which is shown in profile in Figure 3. In some embodiments of the present invention, concrete may be delivered directly to the void by way of an opening 15 located on the retractable element 6 and communicating with the hollow stem 14 of the auger 2. This can help to avoid premature collapse of the void.
The shape of the pile 7 in the region 8 of enhanced diameter is dependent upon the particular retractable element used. Either or both the lower surface 12 as and the upper surface 13 may be straight, concave or convex, or any other shape. In the particular embodiment shown, the region 8 is 2m from the base of the pile 7.
An alternative pile 9 is shown in profile in Figure 4. This pile 9 has a projection 10 which describes a helix about the axis of the pile, and acts as a region of enhanced diameter. The projection 10 is formed by progressing the auger 2 to the required depth, moving the element 6 into its extended position, and rotating the auger 2 as it is withdrawn. Concrete is pumped to the tip 3 of the auger during withdrawal so as to fill the bore hole and also to fill the surrounding helical void as it is being created by way of the displacement of soil by the element 6.

Claims

CLAIMS ;
1. A continuous flight piling auger, wherein the auger includes at least one retractable element which may be extended so as to project beyond the circumference of the flight or flights of the auger, characterised in that the at least one retractable element is located in a circumferential part of the auger flight or flights.
2. An auger as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one retractable element is operable to discharge concrete.
3. An auger as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one retractable element extends across two or more flights.
4. An auger as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the auger comprises a hollow stem through which concrete may be delivered.
5. An auger as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one retractable element includes an opening which communicates with the hollow stem of the auger and through which concrete may be delivered.
6. An auger as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one retractable element is located at or near the tip of the auger.
7. An auger as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the at least one retractable element is located away from the tip of the auger.
8. A method of installing a pile using a continuous flight auger, wherein: i) the auger is rotated and allowed to penetrate the ground to a predetermined depth so as to define a bore hole; ii) a retractable element located on a circumferential part of the auger flight or flights is extended so as to project beyond the circumference of the flight or flights of the auger and thereby to cut or displace a region of soil surrounding the rotating auger so as to form a void; and iii) the auger is withdrawn while concrete is supplied to the tip of the auger so as to fill the bore hole and the void.
9. A method according to claim 8 , wherein concrete is supplied, by way of the retractable element, to the void left by the cut or displaced material.
10. A method according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the auger is rotated during withdrawal with the retractable element extended.
11. A method according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the retractable element is retracted before withdrawal of the auger.
12. A method according to claim 11, wherein the auger is not rotated during withdrawal .
13. A method according to any one of claims 8 to 12, wherein soil is cut by the retractable element when extended during rotation of the auger and is carried onto the flight or flights of the auger.
14. A method according to any one of claims 8 to 12, wherein soil is displaced by the retractable element when extended during rotation of the auger and is compacted into the ground surrounding the auger.
PCT/GB1997/002558 1996-09-26 1997-09-22 Bearing capacity enhancement for piling applications WO1998013554A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU43119/97A AU4311997A (en) 1996-09-26 1997-09-22 Bearing capacity enhancement for piling applications

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB9620251.0A GB9620251D0 (en) 1996-09-26 1996-09-26 Bearing capacity enhancement for piling applications
GB9620251.0 1996-09-26

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1998013554A1 true WO1998013554A1 (en) 1998-04-02

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ID=10800641

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB1997/002558 WO1998013554A1 (en) 1996-09-26 1997-09-22 Bearing capacity enhancement for piling applications

Country Status (4)

Country Link
AU (1) AU4311997A (en)
GB (2) GB9620251D0 (en)
TW (1) TW353689B (en)
WO (1) WO1998013554A1 (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000061877A1 (en) 1999-04-09 2000-10-19 Cementation Foundations Skanska Limited Bearing capacity enhancement for piling applications
US7226246B2 (en) 2000-06-15 2007-06-05 Geotechnical Reinforcement, Inc. Apparatus and method for building support piers from one or successive lifts formed in a soil matrix
US9169611B2 (en) 2000-06-15 2015-10-27 Geopier Foundation Company, Inc. Method and apparatus for building support piers from one or more successive lifts formed in a soil matrix

Families Citing this family (6)

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GB2377235A (en) * 2001-07-17 2003-01-08 Cie Du Sol Drilling tool
GB2400869B (en) * 2003-04-22 2006-11-15 Cie Du Sol Threading equipment
WO2004101897A1 (en) * 2003-05-15 2004-11-25 Pass, Jonathan, Charles A method of constructing a pile
FR2889241B1 (en) * 2005-07-28 2013-05-17 Cie Du Sol TARIERE A MOBILE ERGOT
EP1748108B1 (en) * 2005-07-28 2010-09-08 Soletanche Freyssinet Auger for piling
GB2440939B (en) * 2006-04-18 2009-08-05 Cie Du Sol Cutting head provided with threading means

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GB1391110A (en) * 1972-09-11 1975-04-16 Turzillo L A Methods and means for producing pile or like structural columns in situ
AU586947B2 (en) * 1987-03-09 1989-07-27 Catawa Pty Ltd Improvements in piles and ground drills
JPH01295913A (en) * 1988-05-24 1989-11-29 Tousen Asano Paul Kk Constructing method for enlarged bulb of large caliber pile, and its apparatus

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DE2709030C2 (en) * 1977-03-02 1985-05-15 Stahl- Und Apparatebau Hans Leffer Gmbh, 6602 Dudweiler Rotary drill bit with swivel blades
AU634150B2 (en) * 1988-08-29 1993-02-18 Catawa Pty Ltd Drills for piles and soil stabilization
ZA935287B (en) * 1992-07-24 1994-04-26 Wagstaff Piling Pty Ltd Apparatus and method for forming piles

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GB1391110A (en) * 1972-09-11 1975-04-16 Turzillo L A Methods and means for producing pile or like structural columns in situ
AU586947B2 (en) * 1987-03-09 1989-07-27 Catawa Pty Ltd Improvements in piles and ground drills
JPH01295913A (en) * 1988-05-24 1989-11-29 Tousen Asano Paul Kk Constructing method for enlarged bulb of large caliber pile, and its apparatus

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000061877A1 (en) 1999-04-09 2000-10-19 Cementation Foundations Skanska Limited Bearing capacity enhancement for piling applications
US7226246B2 (en) 2000-06-15 2007-06-05 Geotechnical Reinforcement, Inc. Apparatus and method for building support piers from one or successive lifts formed in a soil matrix
US9169611B2 (en) 2000-06-15 2015-10-27 Geopier Foundation Company, Inc. Method and apparatus for building support piers from one or more successive lifts formed in a soil matrix

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB9720142D0 (en) 1997-11-26
TW353689B (en) 1999-03-01
GB2316700B (en) 1998-07-22
GB9620251D0 (en) 1996-11-13
GB2316700A (en) 1998-03-04
AU4311997A (en) 1998-04-17

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