WO1984001062A1

WO1984001062A1 - Electric machine

Info

Publication number: WO1984001062A1
Application number: PCT/DE1983/000145
Authority: WO
Inventors: Erich Rabe
Original assignee: Erich Rabe
Priority date: 1982-08-27
Filing date: 1983-08-22
Publication date: 1984-03-15
Also published as: DE3231966A1; EP0118471A1

Abstract

The electric machine (1) comprises for the obtention of an excitation field at least one pair of permanent magnetic poles and at least one conductor track (7) which may be circulated by an electric current. The pair of magnetic poles is formed by a disc-shaped permanent magnet (2), while the electrically conducting track (7) has the shape of a flat coil arranged as at least one layer on a support (6). Each conductor track (7) on the support (6) is arranged with at least the region of its active section (11) inside the geometry of the rotating permanent magnet (2) and extends, inside said section (11), with an angular and registering relationship with respect to the neutral region (16) of the magnetic poles of the permanent magnet (2) arranged about the shaft (14) so that the inner width (16) of the conduction tracks (7) forms, vis-à-vis to the outer width (25), the same angle as with respect to the neutral region (16) of the permanent magnet (2) and so that during its rotation about the axis x, each track (7) sweeps in parallel the neutral region (16) during a given time.

Description

Electrical machine

The invention relates to an electrical machine which has at least one permanent, magnetic pole pair and at least one conductor path through which an electrical current can flow to generate an excitation field, the magnetic pole pair being formed in torrents of a permanent magnet and this permanent magnet rotating about an axis in the housing the machine is arranged, and this permanent magnet is disc-shaped and connected to the shaft of the machine, as is the electrical conductor track as a flat coil and is attached at least in one layer to a supporting body, and in which machine the geometry of the conductor track is adapted analogously to the geometry of the permanent magnet is, and this geometry of the Permenentmagneten is that its magnetic poles ent in segment arrangement According to the number of poles running radially, are placed, and the inner diameter of this permanent magnet has a smaller pole spacing than its outer diameter, just as the individual magnetic poles of magnetic fields belonging together are separated from one another by a neutral zone.

It is generally known that, in particular, DC motors are equipped with permanent magnets and that they generate the magnetic excitation field with a shunt characteristic. Either a permanent magnetic field or an excited sink can be used as a rotor. In such electrical machines, the commutation takes place by means of carbon brushes or by means of electronic circuits, these electronic circuits being controlled in phase by sensors. An EMF (EMF = electromotive force) generated by the rotary movement of the rotating machine part has a uniform course of magnetic field lines and the course of the rotating machine part, i.e. of the rotor itself, has a sinusoidal shape in the magnetic field. This EMF also has a corresponding zero crossing and reverses its current direction after passing through it. The reversal of the current direction can take place by means of known commutation means.

With the advancing development of electronic components, in particular those such as semiconductors, electronic commutation circuits can be used in such electrical machines which use these semiconductors to reverse the direction of the current depending on the pole. In such machines, the angular positions of the rotor are generally light by means of sensors, such as Hall elements barriers, high-frequency circuits or static sensors, displayed, according to their sign, these values obtained from the angular positions, are further processed in amplifier circuits, such as power circuits. Since these machines have an even number of poles, it is possible to use circuits which carry out a 180-degree reversal of the current direction and thus in accordance with a predetermined sinusoidal shape of the EMF. The switching point of the reversal is the zero crossing of the sinusoidal shape of this EMF, which also corresponds to the neutral zone of the permanent magnet. In the starting phase of such an electrical machine, the frequency is zero, so that the EMF of this machine is also zero. The current flowing through the machine results from the series connection of the applied voltage, the internal resistance of the winding and the voltage drop at the switching elements, such as the transistors, etc. This current is otherwise constant, unless a voltage is induced by the EMF, which the applied voltage opposes and thereby limits this current. However, since the voltage is sinusoidal and the current is rectangular, the current flow is not constant when viewed over a phase angle of 180 degrees. The current at the zero crossings is therefore high compared to the maximum EMF and the EMF located in the middle of the sinusoidal shape. For the control of such a machine, transistors are usually used, which represent a series resistor for the driving winding as a switch. In such a machine, the predetermined and thus uncontrollable power loss of the transistors and the associated limitation of the efficiency of the overall circuit make it impossible to wind the machine with variable current, in accordance with its sinusoidal shape, head for. Another loss of a machine equipped with such a circuit is that the magnetic force, ie the torque of the motor, is very poor in these angular positions, which has a double negative effect on the efficiency of the machine. In cases where such a machine with a winding carrier that has an iron armature is used, in addition to these phenomena, the holding forces of the magnet with respect to the iron armature can also occur, which must also be overcome by the rotor (cf. DE-OS 29 53 828).

Accordingly, the invention has for its object not only to eliminate the above, not always cheap own business, but to further develop the electrical machine in such a way that it can be operated with a very high efficiency and yet be easily manufactured, and also this machine magnetizations of peripheral components avoids, as is also made possible by such a conductor routing, which, even when the current-carrying conductor tracks are arranged on both sides on a support body, remain at an angle in the effective range of the permanent magnetic field.

This object is achieved, according to the invention, in an electrical machine of the type mentioned at the outset in that each current path which is attached to the support body and has current-carrying flow is arranged at least with the area of its effective section within the geometry of the rotating permanent magnet, that each conductor path is within this section angular and congruent to the neutral zone of the magnetic poles of the permanent magnet arranged around the shaft, in such a way that the inner width of the conductor tracks in relation to the outer width derselbeπ is provided at the correct angle to the neutral zone of the permanent magnet, and each conductor track covered this neutral zone for a certain period of time in parallel with its rotation around the axis.

This measure not only advantageously achieves the object on which the invention is based, but further advantages are also achieved. By designing the machine according to the invention, conductor tracks with a large cross section can be attached to the carrier plate, thereby reducing the ohmic losses of the conductor tracks through which current flows. Another advantage can be seen in the fact that the production of the current-carrying conductor tracks, not least because of their orientation on the

Carrier plate, can be done very easily, which significantly favors the price of the machine. The cross section of the conductor tracks and / or their number can also be very easily aligned with the existing volume of the angular space on the carrier plate, so. that the conductor tracks can be optimized very well to the requirements of the performance of the machine.

Another, and certainly very significant advantage can be seen in the fact that the conductor tracks and thus also their carrier plates can be manufactured with a very good flatness, as a result of which the magnetic air gaps, ie the gap between the permanent magnetic field and the conductor track, can be reduced. By creating sufficiently large free spaces between the bundles of conductor tracks on the carrier plate, sensors for detecting the magnetic angles can be attached to the respective carrier plate without these sensors having to have a great height, which could then inevitably protrude into the air gap. The sensors can be mounted on the carrier plate so that their cantilever height corresponds to the cantilevered height of the conductor tracks.

Another advantage can be seen in the fact that the use of large material cross-sections on the conductor tracks facilitates the dissipation of the heat which occurs, which can take place in particular on the outer conductor track parts. In addition, the conductor tracks can act in a multilayer construction on the same shaft, which results in a compact design of the machine with simple means.

Some of the possible exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown schematically in the drawings. It shows:

Fig. 1 shows a cross section through an electrical

Machine with rotating, permanent magnetic field and fixed conductor track or

Carrier plate,

2 shows a plan view of a permanent magnetic plate with a plurality of magnetic poles aligned therein,

3 shows a plan view of a carrier plate with a magnetic plate projected beneath it and some conductor tracks applied to the carrier plate, as well as sensors arranged on this plate,

4 shows a diagram of a sinusoidal voltage curve, in which, in addition to a first output voltage, offset an angle of rotation of 90 degrees, second voltage is faded in, the waveforms of the sine curves being straightforward due to the simpler drawing,

5 shows a diagram of a rectangular current curve analogous to the dashed curve of the voltage curve in FIG. 4, through the conductor tracks as a function of the control angle of the sensors according to FIG. 3,

6 shows a diagram of a likewise rectangular current profile analogous to the solid curve of the voltage profile in FIG. 4, through the conductor tracks depending on the control angle of the sensors according to FIG. 3, but by

90 degrees out of phase with respect to the current profile according to FIG. 5,

7 is a diagram of a torque generated by the current profiles ge FIGS. 5 and 6 over the respective revolution of the machine,

8 is a diagram of the EMF curve with an excess voltage generated by the switched operating voltage as an effective power consumption of the machine,

Fig. 9 is a plan view of a carrier plate with in

Meander shape on this arranged conductor tracks,

10 is a plan view of a carrier plate with conductor tracks arranged in a wedge shape thereon and ferromagnetic material indicated by dash-dotted lines, and Fig. 11 shows a cross section through an electrical

Machine each with a permanent magnet and two conductor tracks arranged symmetrically to this, each of which is comprised of a ferromagnetic material, and this

Material forms the magnetic yoke, the section running through the conductor tracks in the plane XI-XI in FIG. 10.

The electrical machine 1 according to the invention is essentially composed of a permanent magnetic field, ie a permanent magnet 2, and a magnetic field 3 generated by current flow, of which the permanent magnetic field, ie the permanent magnet 2, consists of at least one magnetic body 4 and the electromagnetic field 3 consists of at least one interconnect system 5. The permanent magnet 2 may consist of a magnetic plate with a plurality of magnetic poles (NS) arranged and aligned therein, as shown in FIG. 2, or of a series of individual magnets which are to be arranged concentrically about an axis X of the machine 1. Such designs of permanent magnetic fields, ie of permanent magnets 2, are shown or indicated in their basic structure, which, regardless of their design, are preferably designed as the rotating part, ie the rotor, of the machine. The conductor track system 5, through which a current flows through against the permanent magnet 2, is essentially formed by a carrier plate 6 and at least one conductor track 7 mounted thereon, the conductor track, depending on the application of the machine 1, precisely in its geometry and material thickness represents defined coating on the carrier plate 6. The geometry of the conductor track 7 can be in one piece, for example meandering acc. Fig. 9 or in several pieces, for example wedge-shaped. 10, and the carrier plate 6, in particular for reasons of a more compact construction of the machine 1, can be equipped on both sides with at least one such conductor track 7.

In the embodiment of the electrical machine 1 shown in FIG. 1 shown here, the carrier plate 6 with the at least one Lei terbahn 7 mounted thereon via stud bolts 8 is placed on a base plate 9 of the machine housing and thus arranged stationary in this housing. The carrier plate 6 , which is preferably circular, is on both sides, ie provided on its top and bottom with a Lei terbahn 7, these conductor tracks, in particular angular or offset by a predetermined electrical angle to each other and only separated from the carrier plate 6, are attached to this. For the purpose of connecting the current-carrying conductors of these conductor tracks 7 on the top and bottom of the carrier plate 6, the respective ends of these conductor tracks are contacted through by connections 10, so that the currents to be conveyed through them flow through these conductor tracks 7. The geometry of the conductor tracks 7 and here in particular the sections 11 thereof, which in connection with the permanent magnetic fields, i.e. the permanent magnet 2, which generate EMF, is designed so that the individual conductor tracks 7 are arranged radially on the carrier plate 6. This radial arrangement and thus also the geometry of the acting one

Conductor tracks 7 are made such that all the conductor tracks 7 are each offset by an equal angle α, extend from the outer edge 12 of the carrier plate 6 to the center 13 thereof, and their imaginary, extended axes at a common point in this center 13 meet. This common point, ie the center 13, is the center point, for example in the case of a circular carrier plate 6 the center of the circle through which the shaft 14 of the machine 1 is also guided. In this way, the individual conductor tracks 7 form segment-shaped sections, similar to pieces of cake which have the same to approximately the same material application, for example copper, over the effective length. The material order, which is firmly applied and can hardly be separated again from the carrier plate 6 without destroying the conductor track 7, is dimensioned according to the desired output of the machine 1, according to width and thickness, and can be connected to the carrier plate 6 by gluing or otherwise. The conductor tracks 7 themselves can be cut, ie milled or punched, during the mechanical production thereof, or they can be etched out of a solid material during the galvanic production thereof. Through these types of manufacture, free gaps 15 are formed between the individual conductor tracks 7, so that the conductor tracks 7 with the desired geometry, for example the meander or the wedge (FIGS. 9, 10), are formed from an original, plate-shaped coating of the carrier plate 6.

Analogous to the conductor tracks 7, which are also sector-shaped even with a meaπder-shaped design. Form free gaps 15, the permanent, magnetic fields on the permanent magnet 2 are also preferably sector-shaped, wherein when the permanent-magnetic field is designed as a single magnetic disk, it has several magnetic zones or poles (NS). These magnetic zones or poles (NS) are aligned so that their respective neutral zone 16, intended as a line, runs at the same angle of rotation as the conductor tracks 7. This way when turning the Perma nentmagneten 2 about its axis X, ie with the shaft 14, each neutral zone 16 for a short moment in register with the respective conductor 7, whereby all the conductors in succession for this short moment with the neutral zone 16 in length and direction parallel and run congruently.

In the illustration of the permanent magnet 2 this is designed according to FIG. 2 as a disk, and there are eight magnetic fields or poles (NS) provided on the sem, each of which has a different polarity to the north (N) and south (S) . The neutral zones 16 lie between these different polarities and exert no influence on the individual conductor tracks 7. Corresponding to the wedge-shaped design of the individual permanent magnetic fields on the permanent magnet 2, their pole lengths 17, 18 are different, this difference resulting solely from the difference between the outer diameter 19 and the inner diameter 20 of the permanent magnet. 2, ie its disc. Due to these different pole lengths, the respective current-carrying conductor track 7 is also adapted to the difference in pole lengths 17, 18 and thus also the pole width with respect to its effective section 11 or its width. This measure according to the invention is particularly important, since the reversal of the respective current direction in the conductor tracks 7 is only optimal due to the commutation that has taken place if it takes place in the neutral zone 16. For this reason, all the strands 21, 22 connecting the individual conductor tracks 7 to one another, in particular approximately "parallel" to the inner and outer sheath 23, 24 of the carrier plate 6 and also outside the inner and outer diameter 20, 19 of the permanent magnet 2 and thus whose magnet width is provided, which has the consequence that a reduction in the torque M of the Machine 1 does not occur.

Analogous to the pole lengths 17, 18 of the individual permanent, magnetic fields on the permanent magnet 2, the conductor tracks 7, which are combined into bundles per field, have different widths 25, 26. The total width of a permanent-magnetic pole, ie the pole length 17, is the maximum possible width of a sector-shaped magnetic field on the permanent magnet 2, to which the width 25, 26 of a bundle of conductor tracks 7 on the carrier plate 6 is approximately half the width of this permanent -magnetic field corresponds. The pole length 17, 18 thus relates to the width of the bundle of conductor tracks 7 according to the exemplary embodiment of the machine 1 shown here, such as 2: 1. The width 25 of such a bundle on a pitch circle 27 on the large diameter of the carrier plate 6 is accordingly the width of the Conductor tracks 7, which are effectively flowed through by the current. This width at the pitch circle 27 is in turn identical to the diameter 19 of the outer circumference or jacket of the permanent magnetic field on the permanent magnet 2, as is the width 26 of such a bundle at the smaller opening diameter 20 of the carrier plate 6 at the pitch circle 28 of the width of the still effective Current flowing through conductor tracks 7 on this inner circumference, ie the inner jacket, corresponds. The pitch circle 27 on the larger diameter of the carrier plate 6 coincides with the larger diameter 19 of the permanent magnet 2 on its outer jacket, and the pitch circle 28 on the smaller diameter of the carrier plate 6 coincides with the smaller diameter of the permanent magnet 2 on its inner jacket. In. The representation of the effective geometry of the conductor tracks 7 according to FIG. 3 indicates the direction of the current flow with an arrow 29. In the moment of the rotating captured in this figure Permanent magnet 2, this arrow 29 runs from south "S" to north "N", so that the current sent through conductor tracks 7 also flows through these conductor tracks in this direction. The conductors 7 aligned in this way on the carrier plate 6, due to their geometry and current flow, as well as arrangement and material thickness on the one hand, and field distribution over the magnetic disk or the permanent magnet 2 on the other hand, cause a constant to approximately constant torque in a wide range. M is reached on machine 1. This desired, induced, constant torque M according to FIG. 7 is graphically plotted as a function of the electrical angle, in particular in the diagram according to FIG. 4. This diagram in FIG. 4 shows the voltage curve U ₁ as it occurs by cutting field lines in a machine 1 with the configuration according to FIGS. 1 to 3. Analogously to this diagram, a voltage was obtained which, plotted over an angle of rotation, ie a rotation of 360 electrical degrees, is composed of a 45 degree voltage increase 30, a 90 degree constant voltage profile 31 and a further 45 degree voltage decrease 32, whereby Seen over the entire angle of rotation, these conditions are reversed and they therefore have a positive and negative phase due to the polarity reversal. This course of the voltage, ie the EMF, means that in an electrical angle of 2 x 90 degrees it is advantageous to let a current flow only during this time, which then delivers optimal torques M to the shaft 14 of the machine 1. From this knowledge it also results that a current flows only in half, ie 50%, rotation of the shaft 14 of the rotor per phase. However, since the machine 1 is to deliver a torque M to the shaft 14 during its full, ie 100%, rotation, the invention provides for a second conductor track 7 opposite the permanent magnet to feed the field on the permanent magnet 2 with current and this conductor track electrically shifted by 90 degrees to the. Arrange carrier plate 6. In the diagram, according to FIG. 4, the voltage curve U _{2 of} this second conductor 7 is shown in dashed lines. The current profiles I ₁ and I _{2 are} analogous to these voltage profiles U ₁ and U ₂ according to FIG. 4, which is shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. Here, too, the current curves I ₁ , I ₂ belonging to the voltage curves U ₁ , U ₂ are plotted as solid (FIG. 6) or dashed (FIG. 5) lines as maximum values of the on-times of these currents.

From these voltage profiles U ₁ , U ₂ hzw. Current curves I ₁ , Im from FIGS. 4 to 6 and here resulting from the solid lines, result in a voltage curve at the coil or the conductor tracks 7 according to FIG. 8. The hatched area in this FIG. 8, which indicates a phase , indicates the positive and negative pole course taking place in the respective 90-degree sector and thus the voltage increase 33. This voltage increase 33 results from the applied operating voltage, so that the representation of the hatched field means that energy is supplied to the machine 1 only during this time. This also shows that the current flow is only effective in the range of the maximum EMF and that it runs synchronously from the start of the machine 1 up to its target speed. This also means that there is no slip between the exciting applied voltage and the EMF induced by the magnetic field. The machine 1 therefore runs from the start to all of its subsequent speeds, even in the maximum possible interaction, with regard to its rotating permanent magnet 2 (rotor) and current-carrying conductor tracks 7 (stator) their torque M constant.

By shifting the current flow I ₁ , I ₂ in quadrants of 4 x 90 degrees, it follows that even with the maximum amount of switching electronics (also for 4 x 90 degrees), a largely constant torque M on the shaft 14 of the machine 1 and this, as can also be seen from the illustration in FIG. 7, is maintained over the entire revolution of the machine. From this. Fig. 7 can also be seen that the torque line for the torque M runs approximately as a straight line. Even if there are minimal deviations from this straight line, they are irrelevant because. they are compensated for by the flywheel mass of the rotating magnet, ie the permanent magnet 2, which is present anyway. The fact that the magnetic field, ie the permanent, magnetic field, is formed only by a two-pole magnet or by a multi-pole magnet is also of secondary importance for the optimal functioning of the machine 1. Analogous to the representations of the voltage profiles U ₁ , U ₂ (FIG. 4) and current profiles I ₁ , I ₂ (FIGS. 5, 6), as well as the voltage increase 33 (FIG. 8), the torque M of the machine 1 according to FIG 7 plotted over the same electrical angle of rotation.

The production of the current-carrying conductor tracks 7 takes place according to a series of criteria which are crucial for the optimal operation of the machine 1.

When dimensioning the conductor tracks 7, it is necessary to keep the pure ohmic resistance in these tracks as low as possible. With a predetermined number of conductor tracks 7, this means that the non-effective conductor track parts 38, 39 of the conductor tracks, that is, the parts that are not in the magnetic field of the permanent magnet 2 are to be kept as short as possible and as large as possible in cross section. This also means that the ratio of pole spacing 17, 18 to beam width 25, 26 is an important factor. It has been shown that this ratio is optimally around 50% of the pole width 17, 18, which also corresponds to 90 degrees of the electrical width.

The conductor tracks 7 can be produced in a simple manner, so that, for example, in the manner of the “printed circuits”, conductive material, for example copper, being applied to a carrier, ie the carrier plate 6, advantageously on both sides. This material is then worked out in the configuration of the desired conductor track 7 by means of a mechanical or galvanic working process, for example by milling, punching or etching. The conductor tracks 7 can be connected in parallel or in series on both sides in accordance with the electrical requirements, in particular galvanic through-contacting as connection 10 having advantages in processing. Depending on the application, the conductor tracks 7 can have the configuration of a meander (FIG. 9) or else the shape of a wedge coil, for example in the form of a single coil (FIG. 10). It is also advantageous to offset different electrical angles, for example 90 degrees, on the front or Back of the carrier plate 6, to be processed so that both conductor tracks 7, but insulated from one another by the carrier plate 6, can be present on one surface. It is also possible to process the conductor tracks 7 using so-called multilayer technology. Several conductor tracks 7 are connected to one another here, and the tracks are connected in parallel or in series or around in accordance with the electrical requirements a different, predetermined angle, switched. Of course, other angular arrangements can also be implemented, for example those with a division of 120 degrees. The galvanic production of the conductor tracks 7 is often limited only by the necessary material thickness of the same. However, these limits can be avoided by creating the conductor tracks 7 by means of a milling technique, for example using an NC-controlled machine with controlled programming. There are almost no limits to the strengths and thus the cross sections of the conductor tracks 7, and it is also possible to produce almost all types of conductor tracks 7 that occur in practice with such a manufacturing technique. If a so-called multi-spindle technology of the machines processing the conductor tracks 7 is also used, a rational and inexpensive manufacture of such conductor tracks on carrier plates 6 is possible.

It is furthermore expedient to include the sensors 34 required for the switching process in the air gap 35 between the stator, ie support plate 6, and the rotor, ie permanent magnets 2. to involve. Here, such as Hall switch generators, are also fixed as Hall switches or sensors on the carrier plate 6 and attached to the corresponding electrical angular positions. This arrangement and design means that the switching frequency of the Hall generator or sensor 34 can be used immediately as a setpoint speed generator and thus additional tachometer generators become superfluous. The sensors 34, ie Hall generators or Hall switches, also make clear statements about the polarity of the permanent magnetic field, ie. of the permanent magnet 2, and identify these statements as "L" or "H" signals. With the placement of the Hall switch or sensors 34 on the carrier plate 6, the switching insert can also be clearly defined. Here it is also advantageous to use a second Hall switch 34 'for determining a specific target speed, but its electrical phase is shifted by 90 degrees with respect to the commutating, first Hall switch 34'. The effect of this second Hall switch 34 'influences a downstream pulse width control, which causes the electronics to change the switch-on angle when the desired target speed of the motor 1 is reached and thus to change the width of the switching pulses themselves. This ensures that when the motor is not loaded, ie machine 1, the pulse width becomes very narrow and centers in the direction of the center. This

Type of control (electronics according to a known pulse width change) also takes fluctuations in the supply voltage and load changes of the machine 1. When using two conductor tracks 7 offset by 90 electrical degrees, the second Hall generator or Hall switch 34 'can be used to control the second circuit become. The Hall generators or sensors 34, 34 'for the control are then used crosswise, i.e. the first Hall switch 34 controls the first coil and controls the second coil and the second Hall switch 34 'controls the second coil and controls the first coil. This provides a simple control circuit that detects all the parameters that occur, such as load, voltage, temperature and resistance changes in the circuit, in their control characteristics.

For some applications it can be advantageous not to have the sensors 34, 34 'or Hall switches switched at zero crossing, especially not if they are intended to influence a switching logic connected downstream. 11, the rotating permanent magnet 2 is arranged in the center between two carrier plates 6 for conductor tracks 7, these conductor tracks 7 being additionally comprised of a ferromagnetic material 36. The ferromagnetic material 36, as is also shown by a section through the carrier plate 6 in the plane XI-XI in FIG. 10, is preferably provided in the free spaces 37 between the conductor tracks 7 and also outside the same. In this way, the field concentration of the magnetic field, for example the permanent magnet 2, is increased, so that in this. If the conductor track parts 38, 39 lying outside the magnetic fields are also detected and used to drive the rotor. This detection of the conductor track parts 38, 39 has shown that an increase in the torque M by about 28% is still possible. These conductor track parts 38, 39 were also detected based on the knowledge that the magnetic force also acts transversely to the field lines of the magnetic field, ie those of the permanent magnet 2. Since the ferromagnetic material 36 is not electrically conductive, the spaces 37 between the conductor tracks 7 on the respective carrier plate 6 can be filled with this material 36, and the material 36 itself can also be used as a carrier of the carrier plate 6. This material 36 can also be connected to the respective end shield 40, 41 of the housing of the machine 1, thereby creating a simple possibility for quickly transferring the heat generated in the machine to the outside.

Regardless of whether the carrier plate 6 has the free spaces 37 or these are filled with a ferromagnetic material 36, the magnetic field, ie the permanent magnet 2, of each machine 1 is on one, preferably pot-shaped plate 42 attached, which consists of a magnetizable material, such as steel. This plate 42 is clamped on the shaft 14 of the machine 1 and rotates about the axis of rotation X with this shaft. For the purpose of magnetic inference of the permanent magnet 2, a further disk 43 is arranged on the same shaft 14, which, like the plate 42, also rotates with the shaft 14. The shaft 14 itself, which is rotatably mounted in the housing of the machine 1, is. taken in bearings 43, and these bearings are provided on the end plates 40, 41 of the machine 1. The end shields 40, 41 of the machine 1 are connected either directly via screwing means 45, as shown in FIG. 1, or indirectly via spacers 46, as shown in FIG. 11. Such connections of end shields 40, 41 are, however, generally known, so that they will not be discussed further here.

Investigations with such a machine, however, have shown that it is advantageous if the magnetic field, i.e. the permanent magnet 2, receiving plate 42 has a collar 47 at its edge. This collar 47, which extends both around the circumference and by a certain depth on the jacket of the permanent magnet 2, holds this permanent magnet radially on the plate 42, this collar 47 absorbing the circumferential forces from the centrifugal force of the permanent magnet.

1, an exemplary embodiment with a disk-shaped permanent magnet 2 as a permanent magnetic field and a carrier plate 6 together with conductor tracks 7 is assumed. It is also possible to axially the same arrangement, ie in the longitudinal direction of the shaft 14 multiply. For example, it is possible to use four permanent magnets 2 and four conductor tracks 7 ver. It is also possible to use three permanent magnets 2 together with conductor tracks 7 as a rotor and to use two further permanent magnets 2 along with conductor tracks 7 on the same drive axis or shaft 14 and the same bearing as a generator. When using different numbers of poles, a frequency converter can be produced in a simple manner, which switches, for example, from direct voltage to 400 Hz alternating voltage.

In particular, a phase shift of e.g. Reach 3 x 120 degrees. Another great possibility is that, unlike conventional direct current machines that use brushes for commutation, no such brushes are used here, and the wear on the machine is therefore limited to the bearings, which in turn ensures a long service life. It is also possible with this arrangement to use electrical generators, e.g. Alternators for motor vehicles, starters for such and alternator-starter combinations to manufacture and operate without wearing parts. It is essential for the optimal functioning of the machine 1 that the pie-shaped conductor tracks 7 sweep across the neutral zones 16 at an angle (angle of rotation α).

Claims

Patent claims

1. Electrical machine which has at least one permanent-magnetic pole pair and at least one conductive path through which an electrical current can be generated to generate an excitation field, the magnetic pole pair being designed in the form of a permanent magnet and this permanent magnet being arranged in the housing of the machine rotating about an axis , as well as this permanent magnet is disc-shaped and connected to the shaft of the machine, as is the electrical conductor track as a flat coil and at least one layer is attached to a support body, and in which machine the geometry of the conductor track is adapted analogously to the geometry of the permanent magnet, as well as this Geometry of the permanent magnet is that its magnetic poles are placed radially in a segment arrangement corresponding to the number of poles, and the inner diameter of this permanent magnet has a smaller pole spacing than its outer diameter, as does the individual The magnetic poles of magnetic fields belonging together are separated from one another by a neutral zone, characterized in that each conductive path (7), which is attached to the supporting body (6) and has a current-flow area at least with the area of its effective section (11) within the geometry of the rotating permanent magnet (2nd ) is arranged so that each conductor track (7) within this section (11) at an angle and congruent to the neutral zone (16) of the magnetic poles of the permanent magnet (2) arranged around the shaft (14), in such a way that the inner Width (26) of the conductor tracks (7) in relation to the outer width (25) of the same angle to the neutral zone (16) of the Permanent magnet (2) is provided, and each conductor track (7) when it rotates about the axis (X) this neutral zone (16) for a certain period of time coating parallel.

2. Machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the conductor tracks (7) are connected to an electronic circuit for the purpose of their commutation.

3. Machine according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that for switching the electronic circuit on the carrier plate (6) sensors (34) are arranged, and that these sensors the positioning of the rotating magnetic poles of the permanent magnet (2) relative to the location of specify the conductor tracks (7) forming the stator of the machine.

4. Machine according to claim 3, characterized in that the sensors (34) are designed as Hall generators or Hall switches and in the neutral zone (16) of the

Permanent magnets (2) are arranged on the carrier plate (6), and that these sensors (34) can be switched by the rotating permanent magnet (2) and thereby carry out a current switchover on the conductor tracks (7).

5. Machine according to claim 3, characterized in that a plurality of sensors (34), designed as Hall switches or Hall genes, arranged on the circumference of the carrier plate (6) and thus the stator carrier, as well as these sensors in particular electrically offset by 90 degrees, are placed on this carrier plate (6), and that at least one of the sensors for commutation and the other of the sensors for phase control can be used.

6. Machine according to claim 1, in which the carrier plate in a special stator arrangement in several planes as a multilayer plate and the conductor tracks are in each case in cover on this respective carrier plates, characterized in that the conductor tracks (7) by a predetermined value electrically offset the respective carrier plate (6) are arranged.

7. Machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the voltage curves (U ₁ , U ₂ ) lying in a sinusoidal curve have an increase (30) over an effective range to a decrease (32) and an EMF constant over a range, and in that the rise (30) and the descent (32) are parts of this sine curve, just as the section (31) lying between them is a constant EMF.

8. Machine according to claim 7, characterized in that the rise (30) and the descent (32) each 45 ° and the constant portion (31) have 90 ° of the rotation angle of the machine plotted on the sine curve.

9. Machine according to claim l, characterized in that the carrier plate (6) has conductor tracks (7) on both sides, and that these conductor tracks are interconnected by through-contacting (connection 10) either in series or in parallel.

10. Machine according to claim 9, characterized in that the plated-through hole (10) can be carried out pole-wise, corresponding to the pole arrangement.

11. Machine according to claim 9, characterized in that the carrier plate (6) on each side a continuous, electrically in series conductor track

(7), and that this conductor track (7) with its one. End at the beginning of the underlying conductor track (7) as well as with its beginning at the end of the other, preceding conductor track (7).

12. Machine according to claim 9, characterized in that further carrier plates (6) with. Conductor tracks (7) are provided, and that these conductor tracks are electrically offset from one another by 90 ° each, arranged coaxially to the axis (X) of the permanent magnets (2).

13. Machine according to claim 9, characterized in that a plurality of conductor tracks (7) multi-layered (multi-layered) one above the other and their electrical angles are electrically offset from one another by an angle adapted to a control electronics.

14. Machine according to at least one of claims 1-13, characterized in that in particular to increase the machine power, several similar motor systems are arranged coaxially to the axis (X).

15. Machine according to claim 14, characterized in that parts of these engine systems of upstream and / or downstream engine systems can be used.

16. Machine according to claim 14, characterized in that a part of these systems are designed as a motor and a further part of these systems as a generator.

17. Machine according to claim 16, characterized in that a frequency conversion can be carried out by the choice of the number of poles in these systems.

18. Machine according to claim 16, characterized in that a three-phase current can be generated by arranging several conductor tracks (7) in the generator part, but out of phase.

19. Machine according to claim 1, in which the permanent magnet (2) is mounted on a plate carrying it and is magnetically short-circuited by a further disk, characterized in that the plate (42) has a collar (47) on its circumference.

20. Machine according to claim 19, characterized in that the collar (47), at least partially, encompasses the permanent magnet (2) on its circumference.