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US3605007A - Dc power supply regulated by a shunt transistor whose bias voltage is varied by transistor means to stabilize load voltage - Google Patents

Dc power supply regulated by a shunt transistor whose bias voltage is varied by transistor means to stabilize load voltage Download PDF

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US3605007A
US3605007A US847670A US3605007DA US3605007A US 3605007 A US3605007 A US 3605007A US 847670 A US847670 A US 847670A US 3605007D A US3605007D A US 3605007DA US 3605007 A US3605007 A US 3605007A
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transistor
emitter
resistor
collector
base
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US847670A
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Robert E Jehle
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US Department of Navy
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05FSYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F3/00Non-retroactive systems for regulating electric variables by using an uncontrolled element, or an uncontrolled combination of elements, such element or such combination having self-regulating properties
    • G05F3/02Regulating voltage or current
    • G05F3/08Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable is dc
    • G05F3/10Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable is dc using uncontrolled devices with non-linear characteristics
    • G05F3/16Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable is dc using uncontrolled devices with non-linear characteristics being semiconductor devices
    • G05F3/18Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable is dc using uncontrolled devices with non-linear characteristics being semiconductor devices using Zener diodes

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  • the present invention relates to electronic power supplies and more particularly to highly accurate adjustable regulated direct current supplies wherein there is included a voltage dropping resistor in series between the unregulated source and the load, and a transistor shunting the load to draw variable current through the voltage dropping resistor to oppose change in voltage across the load and a transistorized series network that monitors the load voltage and operates to vary the bias of the shunt transistor to stabilize the load voltage while drawing current that is a minute percentage of the load current.
  • the general purpose of this invention is to provide a highly stable and accurate variable power supply that has all the advantages of similarly employed prior art devices and has none of the above described disadvantages.
  • the present invention provides a unique arrangement of circuits wherein a DC power source is connected in series with a current-limiting resistor and the load, a shunt transistor has its emitter-collector in parallel with the load and its base connected to receive the output of a series connected constant voltage means, which means receives said source as its input, whereby instability and inaccuracy are avoided.
  • Another object is to provide a series-shunt regulated variable power supply wherein only an extremely minute fraction of the load current passes through the series regulation circuit.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment illustrating the principle of this invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic wiring diagram of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1;
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 are schematics of alternate embodiments made in accordance with the principle of this invention.
  • the load 11 is equal to the algebraic sum of the output voltage V, of theseries means 14 and the emitter-base voltage V of the shunt transistor 18.
  • V is relatively small, as for example, 0.2 to 0.5 volts compared to V, which is usually in excess of 25 volts.
  • the series means 14 provides a constant voltage V, at its output no matter how the input E varies since it includes a feedback loop as will be explained hereinafter. In the event of a short circuit across the load, the series resistor 12 will limit the current drawn from the DC supply 10 while only a small fractional part thereof will flow in the series means 14 and the major portion will flow through the shunt transistor 18.
  • the series means I4 comprises an input shunt capacitor 21 for filtering and smoothing the DC input E
  • a resistor 22 connects input 13 to the collector 23 of series regulating transistor 24.
  • Resistors 25 and 26 provide the base 27 bias via the collector 28 of control amplifier transistor 29.
  • Zener diode 30 insures that a relatively constant voltage is supplied at the emitter 31 of transistor 24, which also maintains a constant voltage for transistor 29.
  • Capacitor 32 reduces the noise present at the base 33 of transistor 29, which is tied to the movable arm 34 of potentiometer 35, which, with arm resistors 36 and 37, forms a voltage divider connected across the output of the emitter-base of transistor 24.
  • Limiting resistor 38 and zener diode 39 provide a constant reference voltage at the emitter 40 of control amplifier transistor 29, which is relatively independent of changes in the output V
  • the series constant voltage means operates generally as follows: The variable output voltage V, is selected by adjusting the arm 34 of the potentiometer 35. If, however, the voltage V, should thereafter change, the voltage at the divider arm and so the base (33) voltage at the control amplifier transistor 29 will be altered. Since this transistor is an amplifier, this change in V, is amplified and appears directly at the base 27 of the series regulating transistor 24. The base voltage change effectively alters the collector-emitter resistance and thereby compensates for the change in V, to return to the originally selected voltage.
  • this series circuit is a closed loop in that the output V is fed back to a series control while the shunt circuit (transistor 18) is an open loop configuration.
  • the series voltage means 14 and the shunt transistor circuit are identical to those previously described.
  • the regulated output E is the sum of the series voltage V, and the base-emitter voltage V of the shunt transistor I8, it is clear that small changes in V have not been entirely compensated, although they are of a small magnitude.
  • a second shunt circuit 41 which comprises a transistor 42 whose emitter 43 and collector 44 are connected across the load 11 via resistors 45 and 46 is provided.
  • the base 47 is connected to the junction between the parallel connected combination of resistor 48 and zener diode 49.
  • the voltage across the load E is equal to the sum of the drop V, across the zener diode 49 and the drop V across the resistor 48. Since V, is a reference or fixed value, than any change in E appears entirely across the resistor 48 and therefore at the base 47 of transistor 42, which in turn changes (amplifies) the voltage at the collector 44. This change is reflected across resistor 46 and via resistor 50 is coupled to the base 33 of control amplifier transistor 29, which in turn is reflected to the series regulator 24 to alter V, to compensate for changes in V of the shunt transistor. (It should be noted that in this embodiment the shunt is a closed loop in that a voltage change therein is fed back to control V, in the series means 14.)
  • a transistor regulated DC power supply which comprises:
  • a shunt transistor having its emitter electrically connected intermediate said resistor and one of said pair of terminals and its collector connected to the other of said pair of terminals,
  • a series-regulating transistor having an emitter, collector and a base element
  • a voltage divider means having an adjustable output arm intermediate the ends thereof,
  • a secondary shunt transistor having an emitter, collector and a base element
  • a shunt transistor having its emitter electrically connected intermediate said resistor and one of said pair of terminals and its collector connected to the other of said pair of terminals,
  • a series-regulating transistor having an emitter, collector and a base element
  • a voltage divider means having an adjustable output arm intermediate the ends thereof,
  • control amplifier transistor having an emitter, collector and a base element
  • first electrical means connecting said adjustable arm to said base of said control transistor, and connecting said collector thereof to said base of said regulating transistor
  • a reference transistor having an emitter, collector and a base element

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Continuous-Control Power Sources That Use Transistors (AREA)

Abstract

An adjustable DC power supply regulated by the combination of a voltage dropping resistor in series between the DC source and the load, a transistor shunting the load, and other transistor circuitry that monitors the load voltage while drawing very little current, and responds to any load voltage change to adjust the bias on the shunt transistor in a direction to change the current drawn by the shunt transistor and thereby to change the voltage drop across the voltage dropping resistor to oppose change in load voltage.

Description

United States Patent Inventor Appl. No. Filed Patented Assignee DC POWER SUPPLY REGULATED BY A SHUNT TRANSISTOR WHOSE BIAS VOLTAGE IS VARIED BY TRANSISTOR MEANS TO STABILIZE LOAD VOLTAGE Primary Examiner-Gerald Goldberg Attorneys-Louis A. Miller, Louis B. Applebaum and Ernest F. Weinberger ABSTRACT: An adjustable DC power supply regulated by the combination of a voltage dropping resistor in series between the DC source and the load, a transistor shunting the load, and
4 Chins 4 Dn'inl other transistor circuitry that monitors the load voltage while US. Cl 323/22 T, drawing very little current, and responds to any load voltage 307/297, 323/38 change to adjust the bias on the shunt transistor in a direction Int. Cl G05f 1/60 to change the current drawn by the shunt transistor and Field of Search 323/4, 9, thereby to change the voltage drop across the voltage 16-22, 22 T, 7, 8, 38; 307/297 dropping resistor to oppose change in load voltage.
a: /5 m T T 4 90 k F l PATENTED SEP14|97| SHEET 3 BF 3 INVENTOR. iPaBEAT Z. J5me 63mm wmg m A 7 rokza gs DC POWER SUPPLY REGULATED BY A SHUNT TRANSISTOR WHOSE BIAS VOLTAGE IS VARIED BY TRANSISTOR MEANS TO STABILIZE LOAD VOLTAGE BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to electronic power supplies and more particularly to highly accurate adjustable regulated direct current supplies wherein there is included a voltage dropping resistor in series between the unregulated source and the load, and a transistor shunting the load to draw variable current through the voltage dropping resistor to oppose change in voltage across the load and a transistorized series network that monitors the load voltage and operates to vary the bias of the shunt transistor to stabilize the load voltage while drawing current that is a minute percentage of the load current.
2. Description of the Prior Art In the field of regulated power supplies, it has been the general practice to employ series connected supplies wherein a fault element controls or cuts off a series component under extreme load conditions. This inherently demand that high load currents are carried by the series component. The output drop initiates the prevention of damage to the series component. Such devices have been unsatisfactory in that high currents or the entire load current passes through a particular component producing an excessive drop, inefficient operation, and unstable outputs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The general purpose of this invention is to provide a highly stable and accurate variable power supply that has all the advantages of similarly employed prior art devices and has none of the above described disadvantages. To attain this, the present invention provides a unique arrangement of circuits wherein a DC power source is connected in series with a current-limiting resistor and the load, a shunt transistor has its emitter-collector in parallel with the load and its base connected to receive the output of a series connected constant voltage means, which means receives said source as its input, whereby instability and inaccuracy are avoided.
An object of the present invention is to provide an inexpensive, highly accurate, simple regulated variable power supply having overload protection.
Another object is to provide a series-shunt regulated variable power supply wherein only an extremely minute fraction of the load current passes through the series regulation circuit.
Other objects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will be readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals designate like parts throughout the figures thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment illustrating the principle of this invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic wiring diagram of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1; and
FIGS. 3 and 4 are schematics of alternate embodiments made in accordance with the principle of this invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS the load 11 is equal to the algebraic sum of the output voltage V, of theseries means 14 and the emitter-base voltage V of the shunt transistor 18. As a general rule, V is relatively small, as for example, 0.2 to 0.5 volts compared to V, which is usually in excess of 25 volts. The series means 14 provides a constant voltage V, at its output no matter how the input E varies since it includes a feedback loop as will be explained hereinafter. In the event of a short circuit across the load, the series resistor 12 will limit the current drawn from the DC supply 10 while only a small fractional part thereof will flow in the series means 14 and the major portion will flow through the shunt transistor 18.
In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2, the series means I4 comprises an input shunt capacitor 21 for filtering and smoothing the DC input E A resistor 22 connects input 13 to the collector 23 of series regulating transistor 24. Resistors 25 and 26 provide the base 27 bias via the collector 28 of control amplifier transistor 29. Zener diode 30 insures that a relatively constant voltage is supplied at the emitter 31 of transistor 24, which also maintains a constant voltage for transistor 29. Capacitor 32 reduces the noise present at the base 33 of transistor 29, which is tied to the movable arm 34 of potentiometer 35, which, with arm resistors 36 and 37, forms a voltage divider connected across the output of the emitter-base of transistor 24. Limiting resistor 38 and zener diode 39 provide a constant reference voltage at the emitter 40 of control amplifier transistor 29, which is relatively independent of changes in the output V The series constant voltage means operates generally as follows: The variable output voltage V, is selected by adjusting the arm 34 of the potentiometer 35. If, however, the voltage V, should thereafter change, the voltage at the divider arm and so the base (33) voltage at the control amplifier transistor 29 will be altered. Since this transistor is an amplifier, this change in V, is amplified and appears directly at the base 27 of the series regulating transistor 24. The base voltage change effectively alters the collector-emitter resistance and thereby compensates for the change in V, to return to the originally selected voltage.
It should be noted that this series circuit is a closed loop in that the output V is fed back to a series control while the shunt circuit (transistor 18) is an open loop configuration.
Referring now to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, the series voltage means 14 and the shunt transistor circuit are identical to those previously described. Bearing in mind that the regulated output E is the sum of the series voltage V, and the base-emitter voltage V of the shunt transistor I8, it is clear that small changes in V have not been entirely compensated, although they are of a small magnitude. In order to provide such compensation, a second shunt circuit 41, which comprises a transistor 42 whose emitter 43 and collector 44 are connected across the load 11 via resistors 45 and 46 is provided. The base 47 is connected to the junction between the parallel connected combination of resistor 48 and zener diode 49. The voltage across the load E is equal to the sum of the drop V, across the zener diode 49 and the drop V across the resistor 48. Since V, is a reference or fixed value, than any change in E appears entirely across the resistor 48 and therefore at the base 47 of transistor 42, which in turn changes (amplifies) the voltage at the collector 44. This change is reflected across resistor 46 and via resistor 50 is coupled to the base 33 of control amplifier transistor 29, which in turn is reflected to the series regulator 24 to alter V, to compensate for changes in V of the shunt transistor. (It should be noted that in this embodiment the shunt is a closed loop in that a voltage change therein is fed back to control V, in the series means 14.)
Considering for the moment the reference or fixed voltage at zener diode 39, it is clear that this diode has passing therethrough the emitter-collector current of transistor 29, which is functionally an amplifier. Thus, as the base voltage (or V,) changes, this change is amplified and appears in the emitter-collector current which passes through reference diode 39. Although under ordinary conditions a zener diode will maintain a constant voltage, if the current therethrough changes (depending on operating region) the voltage will be slightly altered, since this voltage as well as the change is in the emitter-base circuit it amplified. It has been found that for a certain specific zener diode, a current difference from 1 to 2 milliamperes results in a voltage change from 10.00 to l0.05 volts. In order to overcome this inherent limitation, an additional transistor 51 is inserted in series with emitter resistor 52 across the divider circuit. The voltage across resistor 52 is coupled as the fixed reference voltage to the emitter 40 of control transistor 29. The junction between resistor 53 and zener diode 54 is tied to the base 55 of transistor 51. These two elements are also in parallel with the divider so that the change in current through the zener is relatively small and the reference potential is at the emitter 56 (across resistor 52 Typical operating differences in regulation between the circuits of FIGS. 2. l and 4 are as follows:
All of these circuits can be short circuited at the output without any damage to the components and by proper selection of the specific transistors and diodes temperature compensation can be readily incorporated,
lclaim:
l. A transistor regulated DC power supply which comprises:
a source of electrical energy,
a current limiting resistor,
a pair 01 iutput terminals,
a series l op circuit having therein said source, said resistor and sa 1 output terminals,
a shunt transistor having its emitter electrically connected intermediate said resistor and one of said pair of terminals and its collector connected to the other of said pair of terminals,
an input capacitor connected across said emitter and collector of said shunt transistor,
electrical means connecting the output of said voltage means to the base of said shunt transistor,
a series-regulating transistor having an emitter, collector and a base element,
a voltage divider means having an adjustable output arm intermediate the ends thereof,
a control amplifier transistor having an emitter, collector,
and a base element.
a second series loop circuit including therein said source, said emitter, said collector of said regulating transistor and said voltage divider means,
first electrical means connecting said adjustable arm to said base of said control transistor,
a series combination of a first resistor and a zener diode connected intermediate said emitter of said regulating transistor and said collector of said control amplifier transistor,
a second electrical means connecting said emitter of said control transistor and the junction of said zener diode and said first resistor, and
third electrical means connecting said emitter of said regulatmg transistor to said base of said shunt transistor.
2. The regulated supply accordingly to claim 1, further including:
a secondary shunt transistor having an emitter, collector and a base element,
an emitter resistor,
a collector resistor,
a series network including said emitter resistor said secondary shunt transistor emitter and collector, and said c]- lector resistor connected across said pair of output terminals,
a second series combination of a second resistor and a second zener diode connected intennediate said pair of output terminals and having said base of said secondary shunt transistor connected to the junction of said second resistor and zener diode, and
a coupling resistor connected intermediate said collector of said secondary shunt transistor and said base of said control transistor,
a second electrical means connecting said emitter of said control transistor and the junction of said zener diode and said first resistor and third electrical means connecting said emitter of said regulating transistor to said base of said shunt transistor.
3. A transistor regulated DC power supply which comprises:
a source of electrical energy,
a current limiting resistor,
a pair of output terminals,
a series loop circuit having therein said source, said resistor and said output terminals,
a shunt transistor having its emitter electrically connected intermediate said resistor and one of said pair of terminals and its collector connected to the other of said pair of terminals,
electrical means connecting the output of said voltage means to the base of said shunt transistor,
an input capacitor connected across said emitter and collector of said shunt transistor,
a series-regulating transistor having an emitter, collector and a base element,
a voltage divider means having an adjustable output arm intermediate the ends thereof,
a control amplifier transistor having an emitter, collector and a base element,
a second series loop including therein said source, said emitter, said collector of said regulating transistor, and said voltage divider means,
first electrical means connecting said adjustable arm to said base of said control transistor, and connecting said collector thereof to said base of said regulating transistor,
a reference transistor having an emitter, collector and a base element,
an emitter resistor,
a base resistor,
a reference zener diode,
second electrical means connecting in parallel across said divider means two circuits, one of said circuits including in series said collector, emitter and said emitter resistor of said reference transistor, the other of said circuits including in series said base resistor and said zener,
third electrical means connecting the junction of said reference zener and said base resistor to said base of said reference transistor,
fourth electrical means connecting said emitters of said control and reference transistors, and
fifth electrical means connecting said emitter of said regulating transistor to said base of said shunt transistor.
4. The regulated @Bifictfikifi t o claim 3, further in- I cludig a secondary shunt transistor having an emitter, co llector and a base element, a emitter resistor,
a collector resistor,
a series network including said emitter resistor, said secon Q

Claims (4)

1. A transistor regulated DC power supply which comprises: a source of electrical energy, a current limiting resistor, a pair of output terminals, a series loop circuit having therein said source, said resistor and said output terminals, a shunt transistor having its emitter electrically connected intermediate said resistor and one of said pair of terminals and its collector connected to the other of said pair of terminals, an input capacitor connected across said emitter and collector of said shunt transistor, electrical means connecting the output of said voltage means to the base of said shunt transistor, a series-regulating transistor having an emitter, collector and a base element, a voltage divider means having an adjustable output arm intermediate the ends thereof, a control aMplifier transistor having an emitter, collector, and a base element, a second series loop circuit including therein said source, said emitter, said collector of said regulating transistor and said voltage divider means, first electrical means connecting said adjustable arm to said base of said control transistor, a series combination of a first resistor and a zener diode connected intermediate said emitter of said regulating transistor and said collector of said control amplifier transistor, a second electrical means connecting said emitter of said control transistor and the junction of said zener diode and said first resistor, and third electrical means connecting said emitter of said regulating transistor to said base of said shunt transistor.
2. The regulated supply accordingly to claim 1, further including: a secondary shunt transistor having an emitter, collector and a base element, an emitter resistor, a collector resistor, a series network including said emitter resistor said secondary shunt transistor emitter and collector, and said collector resistor connected across said pair of output terminals, a second series combination of a second resistor and a second zener diode connected intermediate said pair of output terminals and having said base of said secondary shunt transistor connected to the junction of said second resistor and zener diode, and a coupling resistor connected intermediate said collector of said secondary shunt transistor and said base of said control transistor, a second electrical means connecting said emitter of said control transistor and the junction of said zener diode and said first resistor and third electrical means connecting said emitter of said regulating transistor to said base of said shunt transistor.
3. A transistor regulated DC power supply which comprises: a source of electrical energy, a current limiting resistor, a pair of output terminals, a series loop circuit having therein said source, said resistor and said output terminals, a shunt transistor having its emitter electrically connected intermediate said resistor and one of said pair of terminals and its collector connected to the other of said pair of terminals, electrical means connecting the output of said voltage means to the base of said shunt transistor, an input capacitor connected across said emitter and collector of said shunt transistor, a series-regulating transistor having an emitter, collector and a base element, a voltage divider means having an adjustable output arm intermediate the ends thereof, a control amplifier transistor having an emitter, collector and a base element, a second series loop including therein said source, said emitter, said collector of said regulating transistor, and said voltage divider means, first electrical means connecting said adjustable arm to said base of said control transistor, and connecting said collector thereof to said base of said regulating transistor, a reference transistor having an emitter, collector and a base element, an emitter resistor, a base resistor, a reference zener diode, second electrical means connecting in parallel across said divider means two circuits, one of said circuits including in series said collector, emitter and said emitter resistor of said reference transistor, the other of said circuits including in series said base resistor and said zener, third electrical means connecting the junction of said reference zener and said base resistor to said base of said reference transistor, fourth electrical means connecting said emitters of said control and reference transistors, and fifth electrical means connecting said emitter of said regulating transistor to said base of said shunt transistor.
4. The regulated supply according to claim 3, further including: a secondary shunt transistor having an emitter, collector and a baSe element, a emitter resistor, a collector resistor, a series network including said emitter resistor, said secondary shunt transistor emitter and collector, and said collector resistor connected across said pair of output terminals, a second series combination of a second resistor and a second zener diode connected intermediate said pair of output terminals and having said base of said secondary shunt transistor connected to the junction of said second resistor and zener diode, and a coupling resistor connected intermediate said collector of said secondary shunt transistor and said base of said control transistor.
US847670A 1969-08-05 1969-08-05 Dc power supply regulated by a shunt transistor whose bias voltage is varied by transistor means to stabilize load voltage Expired - Lifetime US3605007A (en)

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3800095A (en) * 1971-08-27 1974-03-26 Microsystems Int Ltd Power supply circuit for an electronic telephone set
US4027263A (en) * 1975-04-24 1977-05-31 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Frequency generator
US20160028310A1 (en) * 2013-03-13 2016-01-28 Schneider Electric USA, Inc. Supply regulation circuit with energy efficient digital control

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2850695A (en) * 1955-08-03 1958-09-02 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Current supply apparatus for load voltage regulation
US2917700A (en) * 1955-08-02 1959-12-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Current supply apparatus
US3124698A (en) * 1964-03-10 Source
US3152296A (en) * 1959-11-30 1964-10-06 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Regulated power conversion system
US3295052A (en) * 1963-04-30 1966-12-27 United Aircraft Corp D. c. regulation circuit

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3124698A (en) * 1964-03-10 Source
US2917700A (en) * 1955-08-02 1959-12-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Current supply apparatus
US2850695A (en) * 1955-08-03 1958-09-02 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Current supply apparatus for load voltage regulation
US3152296A (en) * 1959-11-30 1964-10-06 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Regulated power conversion system
US3295052A (en) * 1963-04-30 1966-12-27 United Aircraft Corp D. c. regulation circuit

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3800095A (en) * 1971-08-27 1974-03-26 Microsystems Int Ltd Power supply circuit for an electronic telephone set
US4027263A (en) * 1975-04-24 1977-05-31 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Frequency generator
US20160028310A1 (en) * 2013-03-13 2016-01-28 Schneider Electric USA, Inc. Supply regulation circuit with energy efficient digital control
US9692300B2 (en) * 2013-03-13 2017-06-27 Schneider Electric USA, Inc. Supply regulation circuit with energy efficient digital control

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