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US2859512A - Method of bonding a titanium member to a ceramic surface - Google Patents

Method of bonding a titanium member to a ceramic surface Download PDF

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Publication number
US2859512A
US2859512A US575617A US57561756A US2859512A US 2859512 A US2859512 A US 2859512A US 575617 A US575617 A US 575617A US 57561756 A US57561756 A US 57561756A US 2859512 A US2859512 A US 2859512A
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Prior art keywords
metal
ceramic surface
titanium
ceramic
bonding
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Expired - Lifetime
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US575617A
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Dijksterhuis Popko Reinder
Hovingh Albertus Remko
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US Philips Corp
North American Philips Co Inc
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US Philips Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J9/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture, installation, removal, maintenance of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof; Recovery of material from discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J9/40—Closing vessels
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B37/00—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating
    • C04B37/02—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles
    • C04B37/023—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles characterised by the interlayer used
    • C04B37/026—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles characterised by the interlayer used consisting of metals or metal salts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J5/00—Details relating to vessels or to leading-in conductors common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J5/20—Seals between parts of vessels
    • H01J5/22—Vacuum-tight joints between parts of vessel
    • H01J5/26—Vacuum-tight joints between parts of vessel between insulating and conductive parts of vessel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/65—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
    • C04B2235/658—Atmosphere during thermal treatment
    • C04B2235/6581—Total pressure below 1 atmosphere, e.g. vacuum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/02—Aspects relating to interlayers, e.g. used to join ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/12—Metallic interlayers
    • C04B2237/123—Metallic interlayers based on iron group metals, e.g. steel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
    • C04B2237/32—Ceramic
    • C04B2237/34—Oxidic
    • C04B2237/343—Alumina or aluminates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
    • C04B2237/40—Metallic
    • C04B2237/403—Refractory metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/62—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising holes, channels or other types of openings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/70—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising layers of a specific, unusual thickness
    • C04B2237/708—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising layers of a specific, unusual thickness of one or more of the interlayers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/74—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising at least two different interlayers separated by a substrate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/76—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising at least one member in the form other than a sheet or disc, e.g. two tubes or a tube and a sheet or disc
    • C04B2237/765—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising at least one member in the form other than a sheet or disc, e.g. two tubes or a tube and a sheet or disc at least one member being a tube
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2893/00—Discharge tubes and lamps
    • H01J2893/0033—Vacuum connection techniques applicable to discharge tubes and lamps
    • H01J2893/0037—Solid sealing members other than lamp bases
    • H01J2893/0041—Direct connection between insulating and metal elements, in particular via glass material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
    • Y10T29/49124—On flat or curved insulated base, e.g., printed circuit, etc.
    • Y10T29/4913—Assembling to base an electrical component, e.g., capacitor, etc.
    • Y10T29/49144—Assembling to base an electrical component, e.g., capacitor, etc. by metal fusion

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method of vacuum-tight fastening of a metal object to a ceramic surface and, more particularly, to an electric discharge tube having at least one supply conductor secured in a vacuum-tight manner to one or more ceramic surfaces.
  • titaniumand zirconium-containing alloys adhere satisfactorily to ceramic surfaces, more particularly, of alundem. It is common practice to coat first the ceramic surface with a layer of Ti, to which the metal objects can be soldered. The titanium is applied in the form of TiH and decomposed by heating in a nonoxidizing atmosphere. It is also known that silver solder to which Li, P or Mn is added, is suitable to solder an object to a ceramic surface, the admixtures forming a vitreous compound with the ceramic surface. In order to obtain a satisfactory adhesion, the ceramic surface may be coated previously with oxides of vanadium, niobium or tantalum.
  • a very simple method of fastening a metal object to a ceramic surface is obtained, if the metal object of titanium or zirconium is brought into contact with the ceramic surface with the interposition of a layer of metal or metal alloy having a lower melting-point than Zr, in which Ti or Zr can dissolve to a small extent, after which the temperature is raised in vacuo to an extent such that the intermediate metal melts and adheres to the ceramic surface owing to the Ti or Zr dissolved in the metal.
  • the heating operation may be continued until such a quantity of Ti or Zr has dissolved in the intermediate metal that the melting-point reaches or exceeds the heating temperature, so that during the heating operation the metal solidifies.
  • Suitable intermediate metals are nickel, iron, cobalt.
  • the ceramic material consists preferably of alumina, since its expansion coefficient corresponds approximately to that of Ti and Zr.
  • the effect obtained is very likely due to the phenomenon that the Ti or Zr dissolves in the liquid intermediate metal, which need in itself not adhere to the ceramic surface, the dissolved Ti or Zr thus enabling a moistening of the ceramic surface, so that the metal adheres to the ceramic surface. Owing to the solution of Ti or Zr the melting-point of the intermediate metal increases gradually, so that after some time the metal can solidify during the heating operation.
  • the titanium discs provision is made of ceramic discs 15, 16 and 17, having a height such that the correct distance between the electrodes is obtained, when the parts of the tube are piled upon one another.
  • the discs and the ceramic end surfaces of the cylinders provision is made of rings 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 made for example of Ni, Fe or C0, the thickness of which must be extremely small, for example 5 to 10 ,u, since otherwise too great a quantity of Ti is dissolved in the metal.
  • the melting of these rings does not affect markedly the electrode spacings.
  • the tube is exhausted under a vacuum bell. During the degassing the heating operation may be performed in the conventional manner, for example by means of high-frequency currents.
  • connection of titanium or zirconium the ceramic material with the interposition of one of the said metals or alloys with a lower melting-point may have any shape within the scope of the invention.
  • a method of securing a metal object to a ceramic surface in a vacuum comprising placing between said metal object constituted of titanium and said ceramic surface a metal layer of a thickness between 5n and 10 4 selected from the group consisting of nickel, iron and cobalt in which titanium is soluble to a small extent, said metal layer abutting both said titanium and ceramic surface, heating the assembly in a vacuum to a constant temperature above the melting point of said metal layer but below the melting point of titanium whereby said metal layer dissolves titanium from the abutting surface thereof to form an intermediate alloy therewith which wets and bonds titanium and the ceramic surface to join the same.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Ceramic Products (AREA)

Description

1958 P. R. DIJKSTERHUIS ET AL 2,859,512
METHOD OF BONDING A TITANIUM MEMBER TO A CERAMIC SURFACE Filed April 2, 1956 INVENTORS POPKO REINDER KSTERHUIS ALBERTUS REM MOVING AGENT nite States METHUD OF BONDlNG A TITANTUNI MEMBER TO A CERAMIC SURFACE Popko Reinder Dijksterhuis and Albertus Remko Hovingh, Eindhoven, Netherlands, assignors, by mesne assignments, to North American Philips Company, Inc., New York, N. Y., a corporation of Delaware The invention relates to a method of vacuum-tight fastening of a metal object to a ceramic surface and, more particularly, to an electric discharge tube having at least one supply conductor secured in a vacuum-tight manner to one or more ceramic surfaces.
It is known that titaniumand zirconium-containing alloys adhere satisfactorily to ceramic surfaces, more particularly, of alundem. It is common practice to coat first the ceramic surface with a layer of Ti, to which the metal objects can be soldered. The titanium is applied in the form of TiH and decomposed by heating in a nonoxidizing atmosphere. It is also known that silver solder to which Li, P or Mn is added, is suitable to solder an object to a ceramic surface, the admixtures forming a vitreous compound with the ceramic surface. In order to obtain a satisfactory adhesion, the ceramic surface may be coated previously with oxides of vanadium, niobium or tantalum.
However, all these known methods are comparatively complicated. In accordance with the invention a very simple method of fastening a metal object to a ceramic surface is obtained, if the metal object of titanium or zirconium is brought into contact with the ceramic surface with the interposition of a layer of metal or metal alloy having a lower melting-point than Zr, in which Ti or Zr can dissolve to a small extent, after which the temperature is raised in vacuo to an extent such that the intermediate metal melts and adheres to the ceramic surface owing to the Ti or Zr dissolved in the metal. The heating operation may be continued until such a quantity of Ti or Zr has dissolved in the intermediate metal that the melting-point reaches or exceeds the heating temperature, so that during the heating operation the metal solidifies. Suitable intermediate metals are nickel, iron, cobalt. The ceramic material consists preferably of alumina, since its expansion coefficient corresponds approximately to that of Ti and Zr.
The effect obtained is very likely due to the phenomenon that the Ti or Zr dissolves in the liquid intermediate metal, which need in itself not adhere to the ceramic surface, the dissolved Ti or Zr thus enabling a moistening of the ceramic surface, so that the metal adheres to the ceramic surface. Owing to the solution of Ti or Zr the melting-point of the intermediate metal increases gradually, so that after some time the metal can solidify during the heating operation.
The invention will be described more fully with reference to a drawing, which shows one embodiment of a discharge tube manufactured by carrying out the method according to the invention.
Referring to the figure, reference numeral 1 designates a titanium disc, to which the anode cylinder 5 is secured, 2 designates the titanium disc to which the grid atent O 6 is fastened and the titanium disc 3 supports the cathode 7. One end of the filament wire 8 is secured to the cathode disc 3, the other end of the titanium disc 4.
Between the titanium discs provision is made of ceramic discs 15, 16 and 17, having a height such that the correct distance between the electrodes is obtained, when the parts of the tube are piled upon one another. Between the discs and the ceramic end surfaces of the cylinders provision is made of rings 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 made for example of Ni, Fe or C0, the thickness of which must be extremely small, for example 5 to 10 ,u, since otherwise too great a quantity of Ti is dissolved in the metal. The melting of these rings does not affect markedly the electrode spacings. The tube is exhausted under a vacuum bell. During the degassing the heating operation may be performed in the conventional manner, for example by means of high-frequency currents. Then the heating of the metal discs 1 to 4 is raised to a temperature such that the rings 9 to 14 melt. A small quantity of Ti then dissolves in the molten metal of the rings 9 to 14 and produces a moistening of the ceramic surfaces with this metal, so that a satisfactory adhesion is obtained. At the same time the melting temperature of the liquid metal increases, so that during the heating operation this metal can solidify. The hot Tior Zi-discs operate in this case at the same time as a getter, so that a satisfactory vacuum is obtained in the tube, after the parts of the tube have been soldered to one another. Subsequent to cooling the tube may be removed from the bell. The method according to the invention is particularly suitable for the manufacture of tubes for very short waves. A tube as shown in the figure may have a diameter of about 10 mms. and a height of for example 12 mms. These dimensions may, however, be chosen greater or smaller in accordance with need without causing difficulties in the establishment of the joints according to the invention.
Although only a single embodiment is described above, it is obvious that the connection of titanium or zirconium the ceramic material with the interposition of one of the said metals or alloys with a lower melting-point may have any shape within the scope of the invention.
What is claimed is:
A method of securing a metal object to a ceramic surface in a vacuum comprising placing between said metal object constituted of titanium and said ceramic surface a metal layer of a thickness between 5n and 10 4 selected from the group consisting of nickel, iron and cobalt in which titanium is soluble to a small extent, said metal layer abutting both said titanium and ceramic surface, heating the assembly in a vacuum to a constant temperature above the melting point of said metal layer but below the melting point of titanium whereby said metal layer dissolves titanium from the abutting surface thereof to form an intermediate alloy therewith which wets and bonds titanium and the ceramic surface to join the same.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,373,117 Hobrock Apr. 10, 1945 2,627,110 Hickey Feb. 3, 1953 2,713,196 Brown July 19, 1955 2,728,425 Day Dec. 27, 1955 2,739,375 Coxe Mar. 27, 1956 2,770,033 Zarth Nov. 3, 1956 2,800,711 Oliphant et a1 July 30, 1957
US575617A 1955-04-23 1956-04-02 Method of bonding a titanium member to a ceramic surface Expired - Lifetime US2859512A (en)

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Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3046651A (en) * 1958-03-14 1962-07-31 Honeywell Regulator Co Soldering technique
US3055465A (en) * 1956-04-07 1962-09-25 Telefunken Gmbh Metal-to-ceramic joint and method of forming
US3088201A (en) * 1959-08-26 1963-05-07 Gen Electric Method of making a ceramic-to-metal seal
US3097931A (en) * 1956-10-29 1963-07-16 Gen Electric Co Ltd Methods of joining graphitic surfaces
US3100339A (en) * 1956-08-30 1963-08-13 Gen Electric Method of making composite bodies
US3106773A (en) * 1961-06-07 1963-10-15 Westinghouse Electric Corp Process for bonding zirconium and alloys thereof
US3116171A (en) * 1961-03-14 1963-12-31 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Satellite solar cell assembly
US3115957A (en) * 1959-02-18 1963-12-31 Eitel Mccullough Inc Art of sealing quartz to metal
US3148038A (en) * 1958-05-27 1964-09-08 Westinghouse Electric Corp Bonding of metal members
US3209450A (en) * 1962-07-03 1965-10-05 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Method of fabricating semiconductor contacts
US3214833A (en) * 1962-09-25 1965-11-02 George F Erickson Ceramic to metal bonding process
US3371406A (en) * 1965-11-26 1968-03-05 Philips Corp Hermetic electrical lead-in assembly
US3395993A (en) * 1966-06-22 1968-08-06 Gen Electric Titanium activated nickel seal and method of forming it
US3417461A (en) * 1965-12-15 1968-12-24 Northrop Corp Thin-film diffusion brazing of titanium members utilizing copper intermediates
US3444615A (en) * 1961-06-19 1969-05-20 Litton Precision Prod Inc Process of making a helix support
US3479170A (en) * 1966-10-31 1969-11-18 Gen Electric Method of sealing zirconium hydride coated niobium end caps to alumina ceramic envelopes
US3594895A (en) * 1968-07-29 1971-07-27 Russell J Hill Ceramic to metal seal
US3662455A (en) * 1970-12-10 1972-05-16 Sanders Associates Inc Method for preparing an anti-oxidizing, active alloy brazing composition
US3897223A (en) * 1967-03-21 1975-07-29 Arco Nuclear Co Nb joined to alumina with Ni-Ti eutectic seal
US4723862A (en) * 1984-04-20 1988-02-09 Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. Ceramic-metal joint structure
US5057048A (en) * 1989-10-23 1991-10-15 Gte Laboratories Incorporated Niobium-ceramic feedthrough assembly and ductility-preserving sealing process

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2373117A (en) * 1944-07-17 1945-04-10 Bundy Tubing Co Method of uniting metals
US2627110A (en) * 1949-04-12 1953-02-03 Gen Electric Method of bonding nickel structures
US2713196A (en) * 1953-03-17 1955-07-19 Chicago Bridge & Iron Co Method for cladding and product resulting therefrom
US2728425A (en) * 1953-03-30 1955-12-27 Itt Article comprised of a metallic part and a ceramic body
US2739375A (en) * 1952-09-12 1956-03-27 Handy & Harman Joining of non-metallic materials and brazing filler rods therefor
US2770033A (en) * 1951-06-14 1956-11-13 Machlett Lab Inc Method of soldering a thin beryllium member to a metal part
US2800711A (en) * 1954-08-18 1957-07-30 Wall Colmonoy Corp Brazing method

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2373117A (en) * 1944-07-17 1945-04-10 Bundy Tubing Co Method of uniting metals
US2627110A (en) * 1949-04-12 1953-02-03 Gen Electric Method of bonding nickel structures
US2770033A (en) * 1951-06-14 1956-11-13 Machlett Lab Inc Method of soldering a thin beryllium member to a metal part
US2739375A (en) * 1952-09-12 1956-03-27 Handy & Harman Joining of non-metallic materials and brazing filler rods therefor
US2713196A (en) * 1953-03-17 1955-07-19 Chicago Bridge & Iron Co Method for cladding and product resulting therefrom
US2728425A (en) * 1953-03-30 1955-12-27 Itt Article comprised of a metallic part and a ceramic body
US2800711A (en) * 1954-08-18 1957-07-30 Wall Colmonoy Corp Brazing method

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3055465A (en) * 1956-04-07 1962-09-25 Telefunken Gmbh Metal-to-ceramic joint and method of forming
US3100339A (en) * 1956-08-30 1963-08-13 Gen Electric Method of making composite bodies
US3097931A (en) * 1956-10-29 1963-07-16 Gen Electric Co Ltd Methods of joining graphitic surfaces
US3046651A (en) * 1958-03-14 1962-07-31 Honeywell Regulator Co Soldering technique
US3148038A (en) * 1958-05-27 1964-09-08 Westinghouse Electric Corp Bonding of metal members
US3115957A (en) * 1959-02-18 1963-12-31 Eitel Mccullough Inc Art of sealing quartz to metal
US3088201A (en) * 1959-08-26 1963-05-07 Gen Electric Method of making a ceramic-to-metal seal
US3116171A (en) * 1961-03-14 1963-12-31 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Satellite solar cell assembly
US3106773A (en) * 1961-06-07 1963-10-15 Westinghouse Electric Corp Process for bonding zirconium and alloys thereof
US3444615A (en) * 1961-06-19 1969-05-20 Litton Precision Prod Inc Process of making a helix support
US3209450A (en) * 1962-07-03 1965-10-05 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Method of fabricating semiconductor contacts
US3214833A (en) * 1962-09-25 1965-11-02 George F Erickson Ceramic to metal bonding process
US3371406A (en) * 1965-11-26 1968-03-05 Philips Corp Hermetic electrical lead-in assembly
US3417461A (en) * 1965-12-15 1968-12-24 Northrop Corp Thin-film diffusion brazing of titanium members utilizing copper intermediates
US3395993A (en) * 1966-06-22 1968-08-06 Gen Electric Titanium activated nickel seal and method of forming it
US3479170A (en) * 1966-10-31 1969-11-18 Gen Electric Method of sealing zirconium hydride coated niobium end caps to alumina ceramic envelopes
US3897223A (en) * 1967-03-21 1975-07-29 Arco Nuclear Co Nb joined to alumina with Ni-Ti eutectic seal
US3594895A (en) * 1968-07-29 1971-07-27 Russell J Hill Ceramic to metal seal
US3662455A (en) * 1970-12-10 1972-05-16 Sanders Associates Inc Method for preparing an anti-oxidizing, active alloy brazing composition
US4723862A (en) * 1984-04-20 1988-02-09 Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. Ceramic-metal joint structure
US5057048A (en) * 1989-10-23 1991-10-15 Gte Laboratories Incorporated Niobium-ceramic feedthrough assembly and ductility-preserving sealing process

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BE547229A (en)

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