US2575426A

US2575426A - Method of and apparatus for treating edible produce

Info

Publication number: US2575426A
Application number: US793214A
Authority: US
Inventors: James L Parnell
Original assignee: American Machinery Corp
Current assignee: American Machinery Corp
Priority date: 1947-12-22
Filing date: 1947-12-22
Publication date: 1951-11-20
Anticipated expiration: 1968-11-20

Description

Nov. 20, 1951 J. L. PARNELL METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING EDIBLE PRODUCE 8 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Dec. 22, 1947 mm. P .1. a

N 20, 1951 J. L. PARNELL 2,575,425

METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING EDIBLE PRODUCE Filed Dec. 22, 1947 8 Sheets-Sheet 2 W 44 HUI/'56 a 5L ppm Nov, 20, 195] J PARNELL 2,575,426

METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING EDIBLE PRODUCE Filed Dec. 22, 1947 8 Sheets-Sheet 5 J. PARNELL 2,575,426

Nov. 20, 1951 METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING EDIBLE PRODUCE 8 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed Dec.

James A P0/W// Nov. 20, 1951 J. PARNELL 2,575,426

METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING EDIBLE PRODUCE Filed Dec. 22, 1947 8 Sheets-Sheet 5 Nov. 20, 1951 J. PARNELL METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING EDIBLE PRODUCE 8 Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed Dec. 22, 1947 awe/Mm hmesL/ amd/ Nov. 20, 1951 PARNELL 2,575,426

METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING EDIBLE PRODUCE Filed Dec. 22, 1947 8 Sheets-Sheet '7 Nov. 20, 1951 PARNELL 2,575,426

METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING EDIBLE PRODUCE Filed Dec. 22, 1947 8 Sheets-Sheet 8 Jam; 1 Par/7e 'heat and air currents to remove Patented Nov. 20, 1951 METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING'EDIBLE PRODUCE James Li Parnell, Orlando, Fla.., assignor to American Machinery Corporation, Orlando,

Fla., a corporation 01' Florida Application December 22, 1947, Serial No. 793,214

This application is a continuation-in-part of my prior application Serial No. 683,659, filed July 15, 1946, now abandoned.

This invention relates to a method of and apparatus for the treatment of produce such as vegetables and fruits, to prepare them for packing and shipping and, more particularly, to the treatment of produce in such a manner as to completely dry the surfaces of the produce and to kill bacteria or other organisms which can be killed without injury to the produce and these including those which are most commonly the cause of spoilage during the shipment and storage stage between the producer and the consumer.

The produce packers absorb considerable loss of their products during the transportation and storage thereof due to the development of bacterial soft rot in potatoes which is caused by the organism Bacillus carotovorus, whereas citrus fruits are primarily damaged by blue mold, while the loss in peaches is principally due to brown rot. Various attempts have been made to overcome these losses by treating the produce to remove the surface moisture therefrom. It is well recognized that surface moisture on produce promotes the development of these organisms, particularly within surface depressions such as potato eyes, cuts, bruises or the like. Therefore,

,it has been the practice to pass the produce through a drying machine where it is subject to this surface moisture.

In all of the prior art methods and apparatus, the heating has been effected by currents of air that have been heated by steam radiators to temperatures ranging up to 145 F. It has been the theory that the hot air would evaporate the moisture on the surface of the produce but would not affect the produce as long as the temperature was not raised above the neighborhood of this specified point. This treatment has not been completely effective, however, due to the fact that the surfaces of the produce were not always dried .and invariably there was always a certain amount of moisture left within in any depressions in the surfaces, due to the poor air circulation within these depressions. Consequently, these prior art methods and apparatus have basically failed in their purpose.

Having in mind the defects of the prior art methods and apparatus, it is an object of this invention to provide a process, and means for effecting the process, by which the surfaces of the produce are raised to a temperature that is sufficient to not only evaporate all moisture 23 Claims. (01. 99-154) therefrom, but is also suflicient to kill any bacteria or other organisms which can be killed without injury to the produce and that are present on the surfaces, and particularly within any depressions within the surfaces. A suflioient volume of air current should be passed over the produce to take up all evaporation and thereby expedite the drying operation. It is contemplated and a commercial necessity that this treatment should be effected within short periods of time so that large volumes of produce may be processed within normal operating periods and that the surface temperature may be elevated without obtaining excessive temperatures in the underlying tissues of the produce. The apparatus for performing the process should also incorporate simplicity of design and economy oi. operation.

The foregoing and other objects ancillary thereto are preferably accomplished, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, by subjecting the produce to infra-red irradiation. Specifically, the produce is fed onto an endless conveyor that is disposed within an elongated drying chamber with infra-red lamps positioned above the conveyor. Air is supplied at different points along the length of the chamber so as to pass around, between and over the produce to take up the moisture evaporated therefrom The moisture laden air is expelled from the chamber at the end at which the undried produce is fed into the chamber so that it does not contact the dried produce. If desired, this air may be dehumidifled and it may be preheated so as to increase its moisture absorption capacity and to assist in the drying operation. In addition, the conveyor may be in the form of a heat absorbing grid composed of a plurality of metal rollers that will be heated by the action of the infra-red irradiation and will thereby assist with the drying operation and will heat the air passing therearound to increase its moisture absorption capacity.

The infra-red lamps are preferably disposed about six inches above the bed of the conveyor so that they will lie about four inches above the tops of the produce on the conveyor and the conveyor is driven, preferably, as a speed that will transport the produce through the machine within a period of time to obtain maximum results on the organisms that it is desired to control. It has been found that by treating produce with infra-red irradiation the temperature of the produce surfaces, and the moisture film thereon, is raised very rapidly to a degree that is not only above the point of evaporation, but is also above the death point of such bacteria and other organisms that are present on the surfaces. Furthermore, the infra-red irradiation penetrates the areas of all cracks and depressions in the surfaces and increases the surface temperature within these areas Just as efliciently as it does the smooth, exposed areas. This heating action is a unique property of infra-red irradiation in that it generates heat at the surface against which it impinges rather than dispersing heat through the intermediate air.

The conveyor is composed of rollers which are rotated as they are moved so that they cause the produce thereon to-roll as it passes beneath the lamps. Consequently, all of the surfaces of the produce are exposed to the infra-red irradiation. In view of the fact that the heating per se is effected by the infra red irradiation, it is necessary to circulate through the machine and around the produce only enough air to take up the evaporated moisture, which is but a small part or fraction, approximately one-seventh, of

the volume of air that is required to evaporate the surface moisture by the heat content of the circulated air. Furthermore, by preheating the air, its moisture absorbefacient capacity is increased so that it may more efiiciently remove the moisture and may even assist in the evaporation thereof. If desired, a bank of ultra-violet lamps may be mounted above the conveyor so as to subject the produce to their germicidal action.

The novel features that are considered characteristic of the invention. are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to its organization and its method of operation, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference characters indicate like parts throughout, and in which:

Figure 1 is a cross sectional view taken longitudinally through a preferred form of produce treating apparatus;

Figure 2 is a cross sectional view taken on line 22 of Fig. 1;

Figure 3 is an end view in elevation of a segment of an endless conveyor comprising rollers;

Figure 4a is a longitudinal vertical section of the supply-discharge end half of the final commercial embodiment of the invention;

Figure 4b is a similar view of the diversion end half of the same;

Figure 5a is a longitudinal horizontal section on line 55 of Fig. 4a;

Figure 5b is a similar view on line 5-5 of Fig. 4b;

Figure 6 is a transverse vertical section on line 6-6 of Figure 4b;

Figure 7 is a transverse vertical section on line 1-1 of Figure 4b;

Figure 8 is a front elevation of the supplydischarge end of the machine; and

Figure 9 is a fragmentary prospective view of the transverse mechanism at the diversion end of the machine.

A method of and apparatus for drying and treating produce, to overcome the defects hereinbefore enumerated, should have the totally distinct characteristics of raising the surface temperature of the produce, including any depressions therein, not only above the evaporation point but also to or above the death point of the bacteria and other organisms that may be prescut (1. e... may be killed without injury to the produce) and of creating this temperature very rapidly and efliciently. Accordingly, one embodiment of the invention, referring to Figs. 1 and 2 of the drawings is constituted by a machine composed of an elongated housing i0 forming a drying chamber or passage and having an endless conveyor ll positioned longitudinally therein and a plurality of infra-red lamps l2 and ultra-violet lamps l2 in the top thereof for directing irradiation down upon the bed formed by the upper run of the conveyor H.

A supply opening i3 is located at one end of the housing In just above the bed of the conveyor II and a chute i4 is mounted therein to receive produce P from the conveyor id of an adjacent machine, such as a washer. A curtain i6. of any desired type is suspended over the opening i3 to prevent the free passage .of air therethrough. A discharge opening I! is located at the other end of the housing It) immediately adjacent the end of the bed of the conveyor Ii with a chute i8 positioned therein to receive the produce P as it rolls from the conveyor Ii. A curtain I9 is suspended over the opening It to inhibit air passage therethrough. The housing it has two openings at its supply end, one opening 20 in the bottom thereof through which air is supplied to the chamber, and the other opening 2| being located in the top of the housing W for the discharging of air therefrom.

A conduit 22 is in communication with the discharge opening 2! and is connected with an air pump 23 which evacuates the air from the chamber I0 and discharges it through a conduit 24. The conduit 23 is in communication with two pipes 25 and 26 and also with a branch conduit 21. A damper 28 is mounted within the conduit 24 and dampers 29 and 30 are positioned in the mouths of the pipes 25 and 26 respectively so that the air evacuated from the chamber ID by the pump may be recirculated through the branch conduit 21, or it may be discharged through the pipe 25 and fresh air drawn to the branch conduit 21 through the pipe 26. When the

dampers

28, 29 and 30 are in the positions shown in Fig. 1, the latter action takes place. The air that is fed into the branch conduit 21 may be passed through a condenser Si or dehumidifier to remove the moisture therein, from which it may be passed to a filter 32 for the removal of any foreign matter or additional moisture, after which it may be passed to a heat exchanger 33 for either cooling or heating the air before it is then fed through the supply opening 20 and into the housing It).

If desired, a pump 34 may be positioned to force the air through the supply opening 2|]. On the other hand, this pump can be dispensed with, the suction of the pump 23 being relied upon to draw the necessary quantity of fresh air into the chamber. The use of the pump 36 is desirable, however, when dehumidified or preheated air is employed as it supplies sufficient air to maintain the pressure within the housing 10 above the surrounding atmospheric pressure and thereby eliminates the seepage of untreated air into the housing 10 through the openings l3 and IT. A plurality of baflies 35 are mounted in front of the supply opening 20 to distribute the air throughout the length of the chamber [0 so that a sub stantially even volume passes up through the conveyor H and around the produce P supported thereon.

The conveyor H is composed of a plurality of rollers 36 that, as best shown in Fig. 2, have trun- EWTMQQ nions 81 mounted on each end and these trunnions 81 are journaled in, and form the pivots for. adjacent links of an endless sprocket chain 34, as best shown in Fig. 3. By this arrangement, the rollers 38 are joined together to form the equivalent of an endless belt, but due to their pivotal mountings in the chain 38, are capable of individual rotation. The chains 38 are mounted on sets of sprockets 39 and 40 which are positioned at opposite ends of the housing ID, one set of sprockets 39 being mounted on an idler shaft 4 I, whereas the other set of sprocket 40 is mounted on a driven shaft 42 which drives the conveyor ll. Supporting ledges 43 are mounted on the side walls of the housing i and in line with the runs of the conveyor H so that the rollers 36 may be supported in a plane and rotated by contact therewith as the conveyor H is driven. The bed of the conveyor is supported in a fixed plane so that the produce P will be evenly spaced from the lamps l2 and i2 and the rollers 36 are rotated in order to roll the produce P supported thereon so that all of their surfaces will be exposed to the infra-red irradiation produced by the lamps l2, and the ultra-violet irradiation produced by the lamps l2. Guard plates 44 are mounted on the sides of the housing [0 and just above the bed of the conveyor II in order to prevent the produce P from rolling laterally from the conveyor.

To review the operation of the machine, it will be understood that the produce P is fed from the conveyor M of the preceding machine onto the chute it so that it will roll through the supply opening i3, brushing aside the curtain I6, and onto the bed of the conveyor H. The preceding machine is usually a washer or the like so thatthe produce P is usually damp, if not covered with a film of moisture. The conveyor ll being driven, through the medium of the shaft 4|, is

moved along to transport the produce P through the length of the housing l0 beneath the lamps l2 and iii, the rollers 36 rotating on the ledges 42 and thereby turning the produce P to expose all of its surfaces to the irradiation. At the end of the conveyor run, the produce P drops through the discharge opening I! to the chute I8 from which it may be fed to a grading, boxing or bagging station.

As the produce is transported through the housing Hi the irradiation from the lamps l2 evaporates the moisture from the surfaces of the produce P and the air being supplied through the opening 20 and distributed by the baffles 35 passes up between the rollers 36 and the produce P, taking up the evaporated moisture before it is discharged through the opening 2| by the pump 23. The discharge opening 3! is immediately above the produce supply opening l3 so thatthe moisture-laden air passes over only the wet or untreated produce rather than contacting the dried and treated produce. A sufficient volume of air is passed through the machine to take up all of the moisture as it is evaporated from the produce, and, preferably, although not necessarily, the air is preheated before contacting the produce in order to increase its moisture absorption capacity.

The preheating of the air may be effected by the heater 33, or by a novel arrangement which comprises heat absorbing metal rollers 36 that generate and absorb heat from the infra-red irradiation of the lamps I2, and discharge or radiate this heat through the freshly supplied air as the air passes up between them. The rollers 36 become heated, primarily, while passing along the upper run of the conveyor ll, whereas they radiate their heat, primarily, while passing through the lower run of the conveyor H. In the prior art machines it has been the practice to form the conveyors of non-heat absorbing materials on the theory that a hot conveyor would be injurious to the produce supported thereon. It has been discovered, however, that in the processing of certain types of produce, such as potatoes, the heated grid, formed by the conveyor ll, does not injure the produce but is actually beneficial because it assists in raising the surface temperatures of the produce, as well as preheating the air as described above. The use of a heat absorbing conveyor is not necessarily desirable in treating all types of produce, and therefore the invention is not necessarily restricted to the inclusion of this feature.

In the prior art apparatus, the drying action has been performed by the circulation of hot air around the produce and by passing the produce directly over or within the vicinit of heaters, such as hot-air heater or steam radiators. By these arrangements, all of the drying action is performed by the contact of hot air with the surfaces of the produce. All of these arrangements required the generation of high temperatures and the pumping of large volumes of air through the drying chamber because, due to the relatively poor heat transfer from the air to the surfaces of the produce, a much greater amount of air, by volume, is required to evaporate surface moisture as is required to absorb and carry off the evaporated moisture. These character istics necessarily required the use of larger machines, covering considerable floor space, which were limited in their capacity due to the time required to effect the necessary heat transfer. Furthermore, the drying of the surfaces of the produce has been incomplete and the moisture has not been completely removed, particularly from depressions such as cuts or eyes. Instead, the moisture film has been heated short of total evaporation but to a degree that promotes multiplication 0f the bacteria and other organisms in the produce.

It has now been discovered that all of the moisture can be completely evaporated from all portions of the surfaces of the produce and within a relatively short time, by subjecting the produce to infra-red irradiation which has the inherent phenomena of not radiating or dispersing heat through the air, but of generating heat only by contacting a surface that is relatively nonpervious to this type of radiation. In other words, the infra-red irradiation produced by the lamps I2, does not heat the chamber within the housing In per se. but upon impinging against the surfaces of the produce this irradiation is immediately transformed into heat at the point of contact. Consequently, the heat is created directly at the point at which it is desired, namely, the surfaces of the produce. Furthermore, the irradiation passes into all the depressions equally as efficiently as upon more exposed surfaces.

The irradiation necessarily strikes the exposed surfaces of the conveyor rollers 36, so that it will generate heat on these surfaces if they comprise a material which is impervious to the radiation, such as steel and other metal and materials. On the other hand, if a heated conveyor is not desirable, it may comprise materials that are pervious to infra-red irradiation so that relacam-42c tively little heat is generated. Thus, without the .of the surface temperature for the desired period of time. It is particularly useful in maintaining the temperature of the under surfaces of the produce P'which, at the moment are not exposed to the infra-red irradiation. Where this feature is deemed not to be injurious to the produce P, its inclusion expedites the tretament of the produce P so as to materially increase the volume of produce P that may be processed within any given time.

Whereas the drying ability of infra-red irradiation is of primary importance, it has a greater and even more important distinction in its ability to sterilize the surfaces of the produce by killing these bacteria or other organisms thereon which can be killed under conditions inherent in the present process a heat treatment of about 180 F. is applied for an average of two to two and one-half minutes to the moving surfaces of rolling produce. To be on the safe side. the rolling potatoes may be exposed for three minutes or more. Of course, if the produce was stationary so that the radiation Was concentrated on one surface, then the time of exposure could be reduced to about one minute, so that the treatment would approximate flash pasteurization in this case.

Employing potatoes as an example, their treatment is directed primarily to the elimination of bacterial soft rot which is caused by the organism Bacillus corotovorus, whose thermal deathpoint i about 124 F. for ten minutes. It has now been found that by substantially increasing the temperature, however, the deathpoint is reached much more rapidly. It should be borne in mind that the required temperature is that of the water film and the surface of the potato and not just the temperature to which the potato is exposed. In other words, even though the potato is exposed only to currents of air heated to 145 F., its surface temperature might barely reach 124 F. after prolonged exposure due to the slowness of heat conduction from heated air and cooling effect from the evaporation of water.

In contrast with the prior art methods, the present process, employing infra-red irradiation, rapidly creates very high surface temperatures. This is due to the fact that the heat is generated by the irradiation upon contact with the surfaces so that the heat originates right at the point at which it is desired. Furthermore, since the coefficient of heat absorption by radiation of water is 4.10 or an average of 95% of perfect absorption, the temperature of the water fihn on the potato is elevated very rapidly to substantially the degree of heat generated. 0n the other hand, the coefficient of heat conductivity of air is only .163, so that when air is the method of heat transmission, the rate is very low.

In actual practice, it has been found that b positioning standard commercial infra-red lamps about six inches above the bed of the conveyor, the upper surfaces of the average potato will then lie about four inches from the lamps, and the over-all average irradiation temperature at this distance, and with two minutes exposure, willrange in the vicinity of 190 F. The coemcient of heat absorption from irradiation of the moisture film on the potato being the temperature of this film will be elevated to about F. This temperature for this period of exposure has been determined as sufiicient to inhibit the decaying action of the soft rot organisms. By raising the temperature of the organism to 180 F., its thermal deathpoint is effected much more rapidly and the-enzymes produced by the organisms is inhibited entirely. It is the enzyme that actually produces the decaying act-ion by dissolving the middle cell walls which results in the breakdown of the tissue. This enzyme is entirely inhibited at a temperature of about 145.4 E. Furthermore, the elevated temperature tends to speed the formation of wound-cork in surface injuries, and this cork will protect the potato from attack by later activity of a Bacillus carotovorus organism.

In view of these findings, the infra-red lamps l2 are mounted in the housing Ill about six inches above the bed of the conveyor II and the conveyor II is driven at a speed that will transport the produce P, when treating potatoes, through the housing in in about two to six minutes depending upon the constancy of the surface exposed to said irradiation. In order to further sterilize the produce P, a bank of ultra-violet lamps I! may be positioned within the housing Hi and above the conveyor II. The germicidal action of ultra-violet irradiation is well-known and, although it does not appear to materially attack the organism Bacillus carotovorus, its effeet is beneficial in eliminating or inhibiting other organisms that may be present on the surface of the produce.

Of course, it will be understood that, in the above specification, treatment of potatoes has been emphasized. However, peaches, citrus fruit and other like produce may be treated, in which event, particularly in the -case of thin-skinned fruits such as peaches and plums, the distance of the lamps from the bed may be variedas, for instance, raised to 8 or 10 inches above the bed and the time of exposure to the infra-red light may be shortened or prolonged according to the nature of the product being treated." 'Also, it may be found desirable, in some cases, such as in the case of relatively soft, thin-skinned produce, to employ rollers or a conveying bed of some other less heat absorbing and radiating material than metal. In practice wood has been found to be quite satisfactory in such cases.

Subsequent to the above findings and practice, I have found that the principles thereof may be eflicaciously carried out, for general commercial usages, by the method and apparatus'hereinafter to be described as a continuation of the foregoing invention and which apparatus is, at present, a standard commercial machine.

Referring to Figures 4a and 4b of the drawings, it will be observed that the most outstanding change has been (1) the provision of means for transferring the potatoes, or other articles, being processed, from the top flight of the live roller conveyor to the bottom flight at the end ofthe structure (where they were formerly discharged the conveyor traveling through said passages, re-

spectively, and the drying-air flowing from one end of said duct or channel to the other in reverse direction to the travel of the said conveyor.

Due to these changes, the potential dryin ability of the air stream is utilized for pre-drying the product and, after subjection to infra-red light irradiation, for a post or final drying of the product instead of depending largely upon the infra-red source of heat for drying effect. The resultant advantage of these changes is a material reduction in the number of the costly infrared lamps required with their attendant cost of replacement and electricity consumption, and other marked reduction in cost of other equipment and operation, while effecting the complete drying of the product and inhibiting the rutproducing action of the bacteria above mentioned. It will be noted further that the intake blower 34 and the apparatus 3|, 32 and 33 (Fig. l) for dehumidifying, filtering and recirculating air, which had already passed once through the machine, have been eliminated.

After the above modifications were made, including making the duct or chamber (64, 65 and 66) airtight, it was found that with the exhaust fans doing all of the work of creating a stream of drying air through the machine, there was negative pressure throughout the entire air channel below that of the atmosphere. It has become apparent that the drying step in the process is greatly facilitated by rarefaction of the air within the housing and that the effect of this condition is largely responsible for the rapid completion of surface evaporation during the-passage of the produce through the postdrying when it is not subjected to infra-red Y irradiation.

This permits the reduction in the number and the area of the infra-red lamp bank proportionate to the time of exposure sufficient to inhibit the action of the rot producing organisms only. Actually, subsequent experience in the shipment and storage of potatoes which were processed throu h the machine, shown in Figures 4a to 9, inclusive, has been that practically no rotting or other deterioration of the produce has occurred. The reason for this is not understood I fully. However, it is believed that the application of the various increments of heat to the surfaces of the product by infra-red radiation, by the heated air currents traveling in opposition to the movement of the product, by the conduction or absorption of heat by the conveyor, by increasing the air tightness of the housing, by introduction of the partition 62 which divides the housing into two passages, and by rarefaction of the air throughout the entire housing, has resulted in the advantages of the machine shown in Figures 4a to 9.

Referring now to the drawings with particularity, housing 45 of the machine, shown in Figures 4a to 9, inclusive, is approximately forty .40) feet long and approximately six (6) feet wide, with the exception of the widened diversion compartment 66 at the rear end of the machine, and four (4-) feet high. The housing 45 issupported by legs 4% in order to give it the desired elevation above the floor or other supporting surface. Although it is necessary to provide openings for entrance and exit of air and the potatoes or other produce, the housing in other respects is made as nearly airtight as possible. The produce entry and discharge openings 12 and 63, respectively, are provided with curtains I (H and I02 of any type, common in the art, to restrict air ingress to a minimum, these curtains being shown herein as of the mop-type.

The main conveyor 41, which transports the potatoes or other produce to be processed through the machine in a lengthwise direction, is essentially the same as that described in connection with Figures 1, 2 and 3. Its rollers 48 are arranged in customary manner with their ends pivotally connected with endless sprocket chains 49 that are operatively mounted on aligned pairs of direction-change sprockets 50. The sprockets of each pair are supported by transverse shafts 5|, of which all are idlers except the upper one at the diversion end of the machine (Figs. 4b, 6 and 9) which has an extended end 5m to which is fixed a driven sprocket 52 connected by sprocket chain 53 with sprocket 54 secured to countershaft 55 journalled in suitable bearings 56 and 51 on top of housing 45. The countershaft has a sprocket 58 fixed thereto which is driven through the medium of sprocket chain 59 by constant-speed electric motor 60. The diameter ratios of the sprockets involved in transmission of power from the motor to the main conveyor are such that the conveyor will move at a speed of approximately twenty (20) feet per minute. The effective length (sum of horizontal flights) being approximately seventyflve (75) feet, the time of passage of the produce through both horizontal flights, or drying time, will be approximately three and one-half (3 minutes, which has been found to be a suflicient duration for potatoes under favorable condition; however, this time element may be varied according to conditions.

A horizontal partition 62 is provided between the top and bottom flights of the conveyor 41. This partition connects the side walls of the housing 45 and extends lengthwise from the entry and discharge openings 12 and 63 to a point near the diversion, or transfer, end 66 of the housing to divide the latter into parallel upper and lower passages 64 and which communicate with each other at the closed diversion compartment 66.

Improved track rails 6| are provided for supporting the working flights of the conveyor and their load of produce (instead of the ledges 43 shown in Figures 1 to 3 inclusive) and are sustained in position by the partition 62 and by the bottom wall or floor of the housing 45 by securing said rails thereto, although the rails Bl may be otherwise supported. As shown most clearly in Figure 7, each track railmay be in the form of a channel bar disposed in inverted position with the edges of its flanges extending downwardly and with the conveyor rollers bearing upon the cross web for rolling contact therewith. Referring now to Figures 5a and 5b, it will be observed that the entire track for each conveyor fli ht comprises a plurality of aligned sections, each section being composed of a pair of rails which are in converging relationship lengthwise of the flight with which they are associated and which are eouallv s aced on opposite sides of the center line of the flight. Due to this arrangement, individual rollers will have properly balanced support. but, as they roll over the rails,

the points of support will vary throughout the length of the rollers. In this way, continual wear at any particular point will be prevented. Also. there will be better support afforded for the central portion of each roller where the lead of produce exerts its vertical strain.

It will be noted further that the rails of each track section converge, but, in the present machine, convergence terminates short of intersection. This is to afford varying points of contact from one end of the section to the other but to avoid any rocking or wobbling of the rollers which might occur if the converging ends of the rails were brought too close together, and thus too near to the center line of the conveyor flight, unless the ends of each track section overlap or extend one beyond the other as may be done.

Whereas in the machine of Figures 1, 2 and 3, the bank of infra-red lamps was co-extensive with the entire top flight of the conveyor, the bank of lamps 61, in the machine in Figures 4a to 9. are disposed throughout approximately the last twenty (20) feet of extent of passage 64 considering the direction of movement of the too flight of the conveyor. This position permits travel of the wet potatoes for about to 18 feet from the sup ly opening 12 to subject them to pre-drying before reaching the infra-red irradiation area. There are approximately 288 lam s in the bank and they are connected electrically with a suitable source of current through circuit control apparatus which is desi nated generally by the numeral 68. The specific characteristics of these lam s and the spacing of them from the too flight of the main conveyor are substantiallv the same as in the original machine illustrated in Figures 1 to 3 inclusive. The time of exposure of each potato or other item of produce to infra-red irradiation has been reduced by the chan e in extent of the lamp bank to approximat'ely one minute.

Air enters the lower passa e 65 of the housing through a unit heater 69 which is positioned in the air intake opening 10. This heater may be a standard steam space heater. now an article of commerce. such as the one shown in the drawin s. which is box-like in structure with heating elements 69a of the fln-and-tube tvne forming its side walls. The tubes of the heating elements are connected with headers 69!) at the corners of the structure. which in turn are connected by piping 690 with a so rce of steam (not sho n). An im ervious wall 69d c oses the bottom of the structure but the up er part of the same is o en. Therefore. air dra n into the lo er passage of the housing through openin 'lllflrst en ers the heater throu h the heating elements f rm n the sides thereof and then moves upwardlv through the o en top thereof as indicated by the arrows in Figure 4a. Although this type of heater, which was currentlv available, has been chosen. it is to be understood that some other means for heating the incoming air may be substituted without departing from the sco e of the resent invention. For instance. steam nines runnin len thwise of the lo er passa e 85 mi ht ser e the nurnose. Furthermore, I do not desire to be limited to the use of steam as the heating medium. Electricity, for instance. might be used ins ead.

Air-is drawn into the, hous n throu h the heater R9 and the intake rmenino- In nreferahlv hv means of elentricallv opera ed air exha sting means H m mteri on fnn of the. housin 55 at or near the supply opening 12 where the potatoes, or the produce, are deposited upon the top flight of the main conveyor belt. The exhausting means may be a pair of exhaust fans such as those shown particularly in Figures 4a and 8 which are mounted in outlet openings 13 in hood 14, which is preferably an integral part of housing 45. It has been found that the desired rate of evacuation of air through the outlet openings 13 will be attained by the use of 24-inch fans driven by one-half horsepower motors, such as those indicated at I5, at approximately 1750 R. P. M. Both motors are connected with a suitable source of electric current through control mechanism not shown. While actually using two fans and motive power of the characteristics just mentioned, it is to be understood that I do not intend to be limited to the specific exhausting means disclosed in the present application. It might be found desirable to use one large exhaust fan instead of two smaller ones, or to use a blower of the type disclosed in Figure 1. Regardless of the precise type of air exhaustion means which may be chosen, the fact that air is sucked through the interior of the housing instead of being blown in through the intake opening has been found to have two distinct advantages. First, the air stream has negative pressure and, second, the flow of air is smooth and free from turbulence.

Referring particularly to Figs. 4b, 5b, 6 and 9, construction of the mechanism for transferring or diverting potatoes from the top flight of the main conveyor to the bottom flight thereof should be readily understood. It will be observed that the housing of the machine is widened at this location to accommodate the transfer mechanism. To a maximum reasonable extent this enlarged part of the housing has been made airtight. Two parallel transfer belts l6 and T7 are mounted on supporting pairs of rollers 18 and I9 fixedly attached to horizontal shafts and BI that are disposed parallel to each other at opposite sides of the main conveyor within the enlarged housing section. These shafts are journaled in suitable bearings and the one at the left side of the machine (Fig. 6) has a sprocket 82 which is connected by sprocket chain 83 with an individual motor 8d, which is connected with the source of electric current for the other motors and operates at such constant speed that both transfer belts will move in the direction of the arrows at the same speed as the main conveyor. The location of shafts 80 and BI and the diameter of rollers I8 and I9 are such that the upper flight of each belt will be slightly lower than the top flight of the main conveyor and the lower flight of each belt will be slightly elevated above the bottom flight of the main conveyor. This permits both flights of transfer belt 11 to extend through the space between flights of the main conveyor.

Transfer belt 16 is disposed adjacent to the upper driven shaft of the main conveyor at the diversion end of the machine. An inclined chute 85 is mounted to bridge the gap between transfer belt 16 and the main conveyor where it changes direction around the sprocket wheels on the driven shaft just mentioned. This chute causes the potatoes, or other produce to be deposited on the upper flight of transfer belt I6 for movement in the direction of the arrows.

In order to prevent small potatoes from becoming stuck in the valleys between rollers of the main conveyor in such a manner that they otherwise would continue to the lower flight, ejector strips 86 of well-known construction are mounted on the driven conveyor shaft 5la. A combined 13 retaining and deflecting wall 81 of just the required height extends from'the lower end of chute 88 to surround the effective area of the upper flight of transfer belt 18. At the right side of the machine (near side, Fig. 9) a second chute 88 is inclined forwardly and downwardly from the upper flight of belt 16 to the lower flight of belt 11. Continuations of the wall 81 form the sides of this chute. In effect, walls 81 channel the produce from chute 85 to chute 88. Due to the features of construction just described, potatoes or other produce will be ejected from the top flight of the main conveyor through chute 85 onto belt 16 and will be moved to the right of the machine and discharged through chute 88 onto the lower flight of belt 11, which latter flight moves toward the left and will convey the potatoes to the bottom flight of the main conveyor. A third chute 89 leads from the lower flight of transfer belt 11 downwardly and forwardly to the upper surface of the bottom flight of the main conveyor. Two diagonal deflectors 90 and Si overlie the lower flight of belt 11 and are connected with a retaining wall 92 which extends across the bottom flight of the main conveyor immediately in rear of belt 11. Deflector 90, which is nearer to chute 88 has its right rear half undercut to provide an aperture 93. As the processed articles are deposited upon the lower flight of belt 11 and are moved thereby toward the left side of the machine, approximately half of them will be deflected immediately onto the lower flight oi the main conveyor, whereas the other half will move through aperture 93 and will be deflected by deflector 8| onto the main conveyor. This distributing mechanism prevents excessive accumulation of produce on the far side of the main conveyor.

At the front end of the machine there are two laterally extending conveyor belts for transporting the product to and from the machineone (not shown) depositing the cleaned, wet potatoes, or other processed articles, onto chute 94 which directs them through supply opening 12 onto the top flight of the main conveyor for movement in the direction of the arrows; and the other conveyor belt 95 being partially contained within the open framework 46 of the machine, directly in front of the discharge opening 63 and slightly below the same. 95 is trained around a roller 96 mounted on a shaft 91 journaled in bearings 98 and located at such height that its upper flight of belt 95 will pass in front of the direction-change sprocket shaft which is disposed directly beneath the discharge opening 63. A discharge chute 99 bridges the gap between the main conveyor at this point and the upper surface of the conveyor belt. The other end of the conveyor belt may extend to a grader or bagging machine, if desired.

Should there be an undesirable temperature drop between the upper and

lower passages

84 and 65 of the housing, or the temperature of the air otherwise needs to be raised, a booster heater 99 has been installed in the upper part of the diversion compartment 66 within the air-stream and covered by the hood I00.

The operation of the machine (shown in Figs. 4a to 9) will now be described. When the infrared lamps 61 are turned on and the exhaust fans 13 and the various conveyors operating, wet potatoes, delivered to chute 94 from the washing machine, will enter supply opening 12 where they will settle into valleys between rollers of the main One end of the conveyor belt conveyor. The entrance of potatoes should be delayed, of course, until the infra-red lamps and the heated air entering through heater 88 have heated the interior of the machine to working temperatures. As the potatoes move from the supply opening 12 toward the bank of lamps 81, they will go through a pre-heating stage which will reduce the surface water to a very thin film, which film is believed to be desirable. Because water is relatively opaque to infra-red light rays. it is thought that the presence of a thin fllm of water aids the skins of the potatoes in directly absorbing most of the radiated heat at the surface with only a little penetrating to the interior tissues through conduction. Due to the spacing of the infra-red lamps from the top flight of the conveyor, the outer surfaces of the produce will be raised to a temperature in the order of 180' I". Because the potatoes are being continually reversed or rotated in position by the conveyor rollers, approximately one-half of the surface area will be exposed at a time. During the approximately one minute which is required for each potato to pass through the infra-red irradiation area, the surfaces thereof will have been maintained at the bacteria-killing temperature Just long enough to accomplish the desired result without cooking or otherwise injuring the rest of the potato. In addition to bacteria-destruction, the heat applied by the infra-red irradiation will aid in the evaporation of moisture from the surfaces of the produce. When the potatoes leave the infra-red irradiation area, they will enter the diversion compartment of the housing. Here they will be deposited by chute on transfer belt 18. When they reach the deflecting portion of wall 81 at the right side of the compartment, they will be deflected through chute 88 onto transfer belt 11, which will reverse their direction of movement. Deflector will send half of the stream of potatoes through chute 89 onto the rear side of the bottom flight of the main conveyor, whereas the other half of the stream will pass through aperture 83 and upon encountering deflector 9i will join the first half of the stream on the far side bottom conveyor flight. Passing through the lower passage 85, the potatoes in damp condition will be completely dried by the steam of comparatively dry heated air which is coming in through intake opening 10.

Considering the drying of the potatoes, or other produce, separately from the bacteria-killing or inhibiting action of the infra-red irradiation for a moment, it should be readily understood that several increments of heat make up the total drying heat appliedduring movement through both passages. The heated air entering intake opening 18 furnishes one increment. Because of the blackening of the rollers of the main conveyor, another increment of heat will have been absorbed through exposure to infra-red rays which penetrate through the spaces between potatoes on the conveyor. Thi increment will be applied to the produce through conduction. A still further heat increment will be applied through convection by branch currents of the air stream which infiltrate between rollers of the main conveyor and are deflected by the partition wall 82 back through the spaces between potatoes into the main stream. All of these heat increments will be combined in the upper passage 64. In the lower passage, the potatoes will be heated by the main air stream and by contact with the conveyor rollers, which will have retained some of the absorbed heat, before being discharged in dry condition through opening. Due to the negative (sub-atmospheric) pressure of the air in the lower passage, and also to its heated comparatively dry condition because of having just entered through the heater, drying of the produce is accelerated and is accomplished completely before the discharge opening is reached.

It should be apparent that the final commercial embodiment of my invention is a machine which is highly efficient in conservation of heat and which consumes a minimum of electric energy for operation of the infra-red lamps. There is further economy in the utilization of space in the building which houses the drying machine together with the cooperating washing and grading apparatus. Utilization of the bottom flight of the main conveyor for the post-drying step of the process has made it unnecessary to carry out this step in a separate housing, which would have to be of substantially the same length as the main housing of the machine, making an overall length of nearly ninety (90) feet.

The following is a table of internal air pressure, velocity and temperature reading recorded during actual operation of the final standard commercial machine illustrated in Figures 4a to 9 of the drawings:

It is to be understood that the foregoing quantitative readings represent conditions of operation which obtained at a certain time and under favorable circumstances. In future operations under different conditions, internal pressure, temperature and velocity of the air flow may be varied to meet the need for satisfactory results.

The table is introduced principally to demonstrate that there is a reduction of pressure in the machine as herein described and that ther are progressive changes in velocity and temperature at different points in the machine.

Although certain specific embodiments of the invention are shown and described, it is quite obvious that many modifications thereof are possible. The invention, therefore, is not to be restricted except insofar as is necessitated by the prior art and by the spirit of the appended claims. That which is claimed as new is:

1. The method of treating produce, such as whole fruits and vegetables, to kill rot-producing organisms thereon without substantially dehydrating or cooking the produce internally, which method includes rapidly elevating the temperature of the surfaces of the produce from a noncooking temperature to a temperature of the order of about 180 F., maintaining the surface of the produce at said high temperature for a sufiicient period of time to kill said organisms thereon while simultaneously subjecting the surfaces of the produce to a current of dry pre-heated air having a temperature of 100 F. to 150 F., and then immediately lowering the temperature of the surfaces of the produce to a non-cooking temperature to prevent dehydrating and cookin the produce internally.

2. The method of treating produce, such as whole fruits and vegetables having moist surrated moisture away faces, to dry the same and inhibit the rot-producing action of certain organisms which comprises drating or cooking the produce internally, which method includes rapidly elevating the temperature of the surfaces of the produce from a noncooking temperature to a temperature of the order of about 180 F. by exposing the produce to infra-red heat rays, maintaining the surface of the produce exposed to said infra-red heat rays and at said high temperature for a suflicient period of time to kill said organisms thereon, while simultaneously subjecting the surfaces of the product to a current of dry pre-heated air and then immediately lowering the temperature of the surfaces of the produce to a non-cooking temperature to prevent dehydrating and cooking the produce internally.

4. The method of treating produce, such as whole fruits and vegetables, to kill rot-producing organisms thereon without substantially dehydrating or cooking the produce internally, which method includes rapidly elevating the temperature of the surfaces of the produce from a noncooking temperature to a temperature of the order of about 180 F. by exposing the produce to infra-red heat rays, maintainin the surface of the produce exposed to said infra-red heat rays and at said high temperature for a sufficient period of time to kill said organisms thereon, while simultaneously subjecting the surfaces of the product to a current of dry pre-heated air having a temperature of F. to F. and then immediately lowering the temperature of the surfaces of the produce to a non-cooking temperature to prevent dehydrating and cooking the produce internally.

5. The method of treatin produce, such as fruit and vegetables, to kill rot-producing bacteria and other organisms on the surface of the produce without substantially dehydrating or cooking the produce internally, said produce having surface moisture, which method includes exposing said produce to infra-red heat rays of suificient intensity to rapidly elevate the temperature of the surface moisture on said produce to a temperature of the order of about F. or higher, before any substantial evaporation occurs whereby said bacteria and other organisms in contact with said heated moisture are heated to the death temperature of said bacteria and other organisms, and maintaining said surface moisture on the produce at said temperature for a suflicient length of time to effect the killing of said bacteria and other organisms and to evaporate the surface moisture and simultaneously subjecting the surfaces of the produce to a current of dry pre-heated air to carry the evapofrom the produce as the moisture evaporates.

6. The method of treating produce, such as fruits and vegetables, to kill rot-producing bacteria and other organisms on the surface of the produce without substantially dehydrating or cooking the produce internally, said produce having surface moisture, which method includes exposing said produce to infra-red heat rays of sufficient intensity to rapidly elevate the temperature of the surface moisture on said produce to a temperature of the order of about 180 F. or higher, before any substantial evaporation occurs 17 whereby said bacteria and other organisms in contact with said heated moisture are heated to the death temperature of said bacteria and other organisms, and maintaining said surface moisture on the produce at said temperature for a suflicient length of time to eilect the killing of said bacteria and other organisms and to evaporate the surface moisture and simultaneously subjecting the surfaces of the produce to a current of dry pre-heated air having a temperature of 100 F. to 150 F. to carry the evaporated moisture away from the produce as the moisture evaporates. 'l. The process of treating wet edible produce to dry the same and inhibit rot-producing action of certain organisms and which includes placing the produce into a confined area, sucking air therethrough and heated in excess of 100 F., and discharging said air from said area at the entry of said produce, moving said produce through said cream a direction counter to said flow of heated air to first subject the produce to a predrying step, and, at a point intermediate said passage of said produce in said area, exposing the produce to infra-red irradiation treating step in the presence of said heated flow of air, and then subjecting said produce to the action of said heated air only for a distance from the infra-red irradiation step to the intake of said heated air into said area.

.8. The process of treating wet edible produce to dry its surface and inhibit rot-producing action of certain organisms and which includes placing the produce into a confined area, sucking air therethrough and heated in excess of 100 F. from the produce discharge end to the produce entry end and discharge said air at said entry end, moving said produce through said area in, a directioncounter to said fiow of heated air,

and, at a point intermediate said passage of said produce in said area exposing the produce to infra-red irradiation at a surface temperature in the order of 180 F. for a period to flash-pasteur- 'of certain organisms which includes moving the produce in a, definite course occupying approximately 3 minutes of time through a confined space containing a stream of air flowing counter to the direction of movement of the produce and which has been heated to a temperature in excess of 100 F., and exposing the produce to infrared irradiation in the order of 180 F. throughout a period of approximately one minute commencing after partially pre-air-drying of said produce immediately after beginning its movement through said course.

10. The method of treating wet edible produce to dry the same and inhibit rot-producing action of certain organisms which includes moving the produce in a definite course through a confined space containin a stream of air heated to a temperature in excess of 100 F. and has a pressure value below that of the outside atmosphere, and exposing the produce to infra-red irradiation at an intermediate point in its course of movement.

11. The method of treating edible produce to dry the same and inhibit rot-producing action of certain organisms which-includes imparting translatory movement to the produce in the delinite course through a confined space containing a stream of air which has been heated to a temperature in excess of 100 F. and has a pressure value below that of the outside atmosphere, ex-

posing the produce to infra-red irradiation at an intermediate point in it course of movement, and turning the produce while passing through its course.

12. In a process of treating wet edible produce to dry the same and inhibit rot-producing action *of certain organisms and which includes placing the produce into a confined area having a pres;- sure therein reduced from normal atmospheric air pressure by drawing air therethrough and heated in excess of 100 F. moving said produce through said area in a direction counter to said flow of heated air, and, at a point removed from the entry of said produce into said area, exposing the produce to infra-red irradiation.

13. In a process of treating wet edible produce todry the same and inhibit rot-producing action 01' certain organisms and which includes placing the produce into a confined area having a pressure therein reduced from normal atmospheric air pressure by drawing air therethrough and heated in excess of 100 F., moving said produce through said area in a direction counter to said flow of heated air, exposing the produce to infrared irradiation, and subsequently subjecting the said produce to the action of said heated air only.

14. A machine for drying edible produce and inhibiting rot-producing action of certain organisms, particularly with respect to whole fruits and vegetables having moist surfaces, said machine having a confined duct orpassage through which said produce passes from a point of entry to a point of discharge of said produce, an air suction device communicating with said passage and disposed adjacent the point of entry of said produce into said passage and arranged to draw air through said passage from a point at least adjacent to said produce discharge, conveying means for conducting said produce thru said passage from said point of entry to said point of discharge, and heating means for heating the air introduced into said passage.

15. A machine as set forth in claim 14 further characterized by infra-red ray generating mean disposed in said passage at points remote from and between the produce entry point and discharge point.

16. A machine for drying whole edible fruits and vegetables and inhibiting rot-producing action of certain organisms, said machine having an elongated substantially horizontal housing forming a confined treatin passage through which said produce passes from a point of entry to a point of discharge, an endless air-pervious conveyor supported in a generally horizontal position within said housing and adapted to provide a produce receiving bed, means for driving said conveyor, a source of infra-red heat rays positioned in said housing 'to direct infra-red heat rays upon the produce supported on said conveyor, an air space in said passage extending along and above and below said conveyor within said passage, a source of heated air, means introducing said heated air into said passage, an air suction device communicating with said passage and arranged to draw said air through said passage and exhaust said air from said passage, said air introduction means and said air suction device being disposed respectively above and below the generally horizontal plane of the conveyor, whereby the heated air is caused to pass along and through portions of said conveyor in its travel in said passage.

ing device.

19 17. A machine as set forth in claim 16 wherein said means introducing heated air into said treating passage included a forced air introduc- 18. An apparatus of the character described for treating produce to dry the surface thereof and to kill bacteria and other organisms thereon without internally dehydrating or cooking the produce, which apparatus includes, in combina-' tion, an elongated housing constituting a produce treating chamber, an endless conveyor having an air pervious flight supported horizontally in said chamber and having produce supporting spaced live rollers, the flight of said conveyor being adapted to support produce resting on the live rollers thereof, means for driving the conveyor,

means engaging said live rollers for causing said rollers to rotate as the conveyor progresses, whereby produce resting on said rollers is rotated on the conveyor, a source of infra-red heat rays positioned in the chamber above said flight of the conveyor to direct infra-red heat rays downwardly on produce supported on said flight of said conveyor, inlet means at one end of the chamber for directing produce upon one end of said flight of said conveyor, a discharge opening at the opposite end of the chamber through which produce may pass from said conveyor, an air space in the chamber extending along and above and below said flight of said conveyor, means for introducing heated air into one end portion of said air space, air suction means at the produce inlet end of the chamber and in communication with said air space, and bafile means in the air space disposed to direct the heated air to pass through said conveyor, whereby the air flow is through said chamber and along and through said conveyor.

19. An apparatus of the character described for treating produce to dry the surface thereof and to kill bacteria and other organisms thereon without internally dehydrating or cooking the produce, which apparatus includes, in combination, an elongated housing constituting a produce treating chamber, an endless conveyor having upper and lower flights supported horizontally in said chamber and having live produce supporting rollers, the upper flight of said conveyor being adapted to support produce resting on the live rollers thereof, means for driving the conveyor, means engaging said live rollers for causing said rollers to rotate as the conveyor progresses, whereby produce resting on said rollers is rotated on the conveyor, 2. source of infra-red heat rays positioned in the chamber above the upper flight of the conveyor to direct infra-red heat rays downwardly on produce supported on the upper flight of said conveyor, inlet means at one end of the chamber for directing produce upon one end of said upper flight of said conveyor, a discharge opening at the opposite end of the chamber through which produce may pass from the opposite end of said conveyor, an air space in the chamber extending along and underneath the lower flight of said conveyor, means for introducing heated air into one end of said air space, and air exhaust means above the upper flight of the conveyor at the end of the .chamber where said produce inlet means is located, whereby heated air is drawn upwardly from said air space through the lower and upper flights of the conveyor and the rollers of the conveyor are heated.

20. Apparatus as set forth in claim 19 and heated air beneath said lower conveyor flight to diflerent areas thereof.

21. A machine for drying edible produce and inhibiting rot-producing action of certain organisms, particularly with respect to whole fruits and vegetables, said machine having a duct or enclosed passage comprising two portions substantially co-extensive and communicating at one of their adjacent ends, the other free ends of said passage portions providing entry and discharge points for said produce, air-restrictin certain means at said free ends of said passage, said passage having an air inlet at said produce discharge end portion, and air-heater at said air inlet, an air suction device communicating with said produce entry end portion of said passage, a movable conveyor having one reach or flight disposed in one portion of saidpassage and another reach or flight disposed in the other portion of said passage, and a transfer device at the communicating ends of said portions of said passage for diverting said produce from the upper surface of one flight of said conveyor to the upper surface of said other flight, whereby said produce is moved through said passage from its point of entry to its point of discharge in opposition to the flow of heater air through said passage.

having baffles in said air space distributing the 22. A machine for drying potatoes or similar produce and for treating the produce to inhibit the rot-producing action of certain organisms which comprises a housing, an endless conveyor .operatively mounted in the housing and arranged to provide top and bottom horizontal flights adapted to convey the produce in one direction on the top flight and in the opposite direction on the bottom flight, means for transferring produce from the top flight to the bottom flight at the descending end of the conveyor, a horizontal partition wall located in th housing between flights of the conveyor to divide the housing into upper and lower passages which intercommunicate at the descending end of the conveyor, a generator of infra-red light rays disposed in the upper passage above the top flight of the conveyor, means forcreating a stream of air in the housing and moving through the passages in a direction counter to that of the conveyor and at a rate to create an internal pressure within said passage below atmospheric pressure. and means for heating the air stream.

23. A machine for drying potatoes or similar produce and for treating the produce to inhibit the rot-producing action of certain organisms which comprises a housing, an endless conveyor operatively mounted in the housing and arranged to provide top and bottom horizontal flights adapted to convey the produce in one direction on the top flight and in the opposite direction on the bottom flight, means for transferring produce from the top flight to the bottom flight at the descending end of the conveyor, a horizontal partition wall located in the housing between flights of the conveyor to divide the housing into upper and lower passages which intercommunicate at the descending end of the conveyor, a generator of fiIra-red light rays disposed in the upper passage above the top flight of the conveyor near the descending end thereof, the housing having an air intake opening in the lower passage near the ascending end of the conveyor and an air outlet opening in the upper passage near -the ascending end of the conveyor, means for exhausting air through the outlet opening at a rate to create an internal pressure within said passage below atmospheric, and means for heating the air at the intake opening.

JAMES L. PARNELL.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date Parker Feb. 19, 1918 Benjamin May 4, 1920 Wagner Dec. 7, 1926 Hoermann June 14, 1932 Jones Feb. 14, 1933 Gentele May 2, 1939 Cowl Jan. 6, 1942 Number 22 Name Date Gentele Jan. 19, 1943 Arthur Aug. 10, 1943 Olsen May 23, 1944 Baumann June 20, 1944 Burnett Sept. 26, 1944 Ross et a1. Dec. 18, 1945 Birdseye Apr. 29, 1947 Gullo Oct. 5, 1948 OTHER REFERENCES Electronic Processing, Scientific American, March 1944, pages 106, 107, and 108.

Infra-red Radiation, pages 229 and 230 of the 15 magazine The Chemical Age, March 4, 1944;

vol. L, No. 1288.

Claims

1. THE METHOD OF TREATING PRODUCE, SUCH AS WHOLE FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, TO KILL ROT-PRODUCING ORGANISMS THEREON WITHOUT SUBSTANTIALLY DEHYDRATING OR COOKING THE PRODUCE INTENALLY, WHICH METHOD INCLUDES RAPIDLY ELEVATING THE TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACES OF THE PRODUCE FROM A NONCOOKING TEMPERATURE TO A TEMPERATURE FOR A SUFFIDER OF ABOUT 180* F., MAINTAINING THE SURFACE OF THE PRODUCE AT SAID HIGH TEMPERATURE FOR A SUFFICIENT PERIOD OF TIME TO KILL SAID ORGANISMS THEREON WHILE SIMULTANEOUSLY SUBJECTING THE SURFACE OF THE PRODUCE TO A CURRENT OF DRY PRE-HEATED AIR HAVING A TEMPERATURE OF 100* F. TO 150* F., AND THEN IMMEDIATELY LOWERING THE TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACES OF THE PRODUCE TO A NON-COOKING TEMPERATURE TO PREVENT DEHYDRATING AND COOKING THE PRODUCE INTERNALLY.