US20170305992A1 - Novel peptides and combination of peptides for use in immunotherapy against various tumors - Google Patents

Abstract

A method of treating a patient who has hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), colorectal carcinoma (CRC), glioblastoma (GB), gastric cancer (GC), esophageal cancer, NSCLC, pancreatic cancer (PC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer (PCA), ovarian cancer (OC), melanoma, breast cancer (BRCA), CLL, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), SCLC, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), AML, gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma (GBC, CCC), urinary bladder cancer (UBC), and uterine cancer (UEC) includes administering to said patient a composition containing a population of activated T cells that selectively recognize cells in the patient that aberrantly express a peptide. A pharmaceutical composition contains activated T cells that selectively recognize cells in a patient that aberrantly express a peptide, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, in which the T cells bind to the peptide in a complex with an MHC class I molecule, and the composition is for treating the patient who has HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH, PCA, OC, melanoma, BRCA, CLL, MCC, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, and/or UEC. A method of treating a patient who has HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH, PCA, OC, melanoma, BRCA, CLL, MCC, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, and/or UEC includes administering to said patient a composition comprising a peptide in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereby inducing a T-cell response to the HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH, PCA, OC, melanoma, BRCA, CLL, MCC, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, and/or UEC.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/082,978, filed Mar. 28, 2016, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/139,189, filed Mar. 27, 2015, and Great Britain Application No. 1505305.1, filed Mar. 27, 2015, the content of each these applications is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED AS A COMPLIANT ASCII TEXT FILE (.txt)
• Pursuant to the EFS-Web legal framework and 37 CFR §§1.821-825 (see MPEP §2442.03(a)), a Sequence Listing in the form of an ASCII-compliant text file (entitled “Sequence_Listing_2912919-042022_ST25.txt,” created on Jun. 22, 2017, and 44,971 bytes in size) is submitted concurrently with the instant application, and the entire contents of the Sequence Listing are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD
• The present invention relates to peptides, proteins, nucleic acids and cells for use in immunotherapeutic methods. In particular, the present invention relates to the immunotherapy of cancer. The present invention furthermore relates to tumor-associated T-cell peptide epitopes, alone or in combination with other tumor-associated peptides that can for example serve as active pharmaceutical ingredients of vaccine compositions that stimulate anti-tumor immune responses, or to stimulate T cells ex vivo and transfer into patients. Peptides bound to molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or peptides as such, can also be targets of antibodies, soluble T-cell receptors, and other binding molecules.
• The present invention relates to several novel peptide sequences and their variants derived from HLA class I molecules of human tumor cells that can be used in vaccine compositions for eliciting anti-tumor immune responses, or as targets for the development of pharmaceutically/immunologically active compounds and cells.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer ranged among the four major non-communicable deadly diseases worldwide in 2012. For the same year, colorectal cancer, breast cancer and respiratory tract cancers were listed within the top 10 causes of death in high income countries (www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/).
• Epidemiology
• In 2012, 14.1 million new cancer cases, 32.6 million patients suffering from cancer (within 5 years of diagnosis) and 8.2 million cancer deaths were estimated worldwide (Ferlay et al., 2013; Bray et al., 2013).
• Within the groups of brain cancer, leukemia and lung cancer the current invention specifically focuses on glioblastoma (GB), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), non-small cell and small cell lung cancer (NSCLC and SCLC), respectively.
• GB is the most common central nervous system malignancy with an age-adjusted incidence rate of 3.19 per 100,000 inhabitants within the United States. GB has a very poor prognosis with a 1-year survival rate of 35% and a 5-year survival rate lower than 5%. Male gender, older age and ethnicity appear to be risk factors for GB (Thakkar et al., 2014).
• CLL is the most common leukemia in the Western world where it comprises about one third of all leukemias. Incidence rates are similar in the US and Europe, and estimated new cases are about 16,000 per year. CLL is more common in Caucasians than in Africans, rarer in Hispanics and Native Americans and seldom in Asians. In people of Asian origin, CLL incidence rates are 3 fold lower than in Caucasians (Gunawardana et al., 2008). The five-year overall survival for patients with CLL is about 79% (www.cancer.net/cancer-types/leukemia-chronic-lymphocytic-cll/statistics).
• Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide and the leading cause of death from cancer in many countries. Lung cancer is subdivided into small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. NSCLC includes the histological types adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma and accounts for 85% of all lung cancers in the United States. The incidence of NSCLC is closely correlated with smoking prevalence, including current and former smokers and the five year survival rate was reported to be 15% (World Cancer Report, 2014; Molina et al., 2008).
• Therapy
• Breast Cancer
• The standard treatment for breast cancer patients depends on different parameters: tumor stage, hormone receptor status and HER2 expression pattern. The standard of care includes complete surgical resection of the tumor followed by radiation therapy. Chemotherapy with mainly anthracyclines and taxanes may be started prior to or after resection. Patients with HER2-positive tumors receive the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab in addition to the chemotherapeutics (S3-Leitlinie Mammakarzinom, 2012). Breast cancer is an immunogenic cancer entity and different types of infiltrating immune cells in primary tumors exhibit distinct prognostic and predictive significance. A large number of early phase immunotherapy trials have been conducted in breast cancer patients. Clinical data on the effects of immune checkpoint modulation with ipilimumab and other T cell-activating antibodies in breast cancer patients are emerging (Emens, 2012).
• Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
• While CLL is not curable at present, many patients show only slow progression of the disease or worsening of symptoms. For patients with symptomatic or rapidly progressing disease, several treatment options are available. These include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immune-based therapies like monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antigen-receptors (CARs) and active immunotherapy, and stem cell transplants.
• Several completed and ongoing trials are based on engineered autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells with CD19 specificity (Maus et al., 2014). So far, only the minority of patients showed detectable or persistent CARs. One partial response (PR) and two complete responses (CR) have been detected in the CAR T-cell trials by Porter et al. and Kalos et al. (Kalos et al., 2011; Porter et al., 2011).
• Active immunotherapy includes the following strategies: gene therapy, whole modified tumor cell vaccines, DC-based vaccines and tumor associated antigen (TAA)-derived peptide vaccines.
• Several TAAs are over-expressed in CLL and are suitable for vaccinations. These include fibromodulin (Mayr et al., 2005), RHAMM/CD168 (Giannopoulos et al., 2006), MDM2 (Mayr et al., 2006), hTERT (Counter et al., 1995), the oncofetal antigen-immature laminin receptor protein(OFAiLRP) (Siegel et al., 2003), adipophilin (Schmidt et al., 2004), survivin (Granziero et al., 2001), KW1 to KW14 (Krackhardt et al., 2002) and the tumor-derived IgVHCDR3 region (Harig et al., 2001; Carballido et al., 2012). A phase I clinical trial was conducted using the RHAMM-derived R3 peptide as a vaccine. 5 of 6 patients had detectable R3-specific CD8+ T-cell responses (Giannopoulos et al., 2010).
• Colorectal Cancer
• Depending on the colorectal cancer (CRC) stage, different standard therapies are available for colon and rectal cancer. Standard procedures include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy for CRC (Berman et al., 2015a; Berman et al., 2015b).
• Latest clinical trials analyze active immunotherapy as a treatment option against CRC. Those strategies include the vaccination with peptides from tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), whole tumor cells, dendritic cell (DC) vaccines and viral vectors (Koido et al., 2013).
• Peptide vaccines have so far been directed against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), mucin 1, EGFR, squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cells 3 (SART3), beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG), Wilms' Tumor antigen 1 (WT1), Survivin-2B, MAGE3, p53, ring finger protein 43 and translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane 34 (TOMM34), or mutated KRAS. In several phase I and II clinical trials patients showed antigen-specific CTL responses or antibody production. In contrast to immunological responses, many patients did not benefit from peptide vaccines on the clinical level (Koido et al., 2013; Miyagi et al., 2001; Moulton et al., 2002; Okuno et al., 2011).
• Dendritic cell vaccines comprise DCs pulsed with either TAA-derived peptides, tumor cell lysates, apoptotic tumor cells, or tumor RNA or DC-tumor cell fusion products. While many patients in phase I/II trials showed specific immunological responses, only the minority had a clinical benefit (Koido et al., 2013).
• Esophageal Cancer
• The primary treatment strategy for esophageal cancer depends on tumor stage and location, histological type and the medical condition of the patient. Chemotherapeutic regimens include oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil, carboplatin plus paclitaxel, cisplatin plus fluorouracil, FOLFOX and cisplatin plus irinotecan. Patients with HER2-positive tumors should be treated according to the guidelines for gastric cancer, as randomized data for targeted therapies in esophageal cancer are very limited (Stahl et al., 2013).
• Data on immunotherapeutic approaches in esophageal cancer are scarce, as only a very limited number of early phase clinical trials have been performed. A vaccine consisting of three peptides derived from three different cancer-testis antigens (TTK protein kinase, lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus K and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II mRNA binding protein 3) was administered to patients with advanced esophageal cancer in a phase I trial with moderate results. Intra-tumoral injection of activated T cells after in vitro challenge with autologous malignant cells elicited complete or partial tumor responses in four of eleven patients in a phase I/II study (Toomey et al., 2013).
• Gastric Cancer
• Gastric cancer (GC) begins in the cells lining the mucosal layer and spreads through the outer layers as it grows. Four types of standard treatment are used. Treatment for gastric cancer may involve endoscopic or surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or chemoradiation (Leitlinie Magenkarzinom, 2012).
• The efficacy of current therapeutic regimens for advanced GC is poor, resulting in low 5-year survival rates. Immunotherapy might be an alternative approach to ameliorate the survival of GC patients. Adoptive transfer of tumor-associated lymphocytes and cytokine induced killer cells, peptide-based vaccines targeting HER2/neu, MAGE-3 or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 and 2 and dendritic cell-based vaccines targeting HER2/neu showed promising results in clinical GC trials. Immune checkpoint inhibition and engineered T cells might represent additional therapeutic options, which is currently evaluated in pre-clinical and clinical studies (Matsueda and Graham, 2014).
• Glioblastoma
• The therapeutic options for glioblastoma (WHO grade IV) are very limited. Different immunotherapeutic approaches are investigated for the treatment of GB, including immune-checkpoint inhibition, vaccination and adoptive transfer of engineered T cells.
• Different vaccination strategies for GB patients are currently investigated, including peptide-based vaccines, heat-shock protein vaccines, autologous tumor cell vaccines, dendritic cell-based vaccines and viral protein-based vaccines. In these approaches peptides derived from GB-associated proteins like epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) or heat shock proteins or dendritic cells pulsed with autologous tumor cell lysate or cytomegalovirus components are applied to induce an anti-tumor immune response in GB patients. Several of these studies reveal good safety and tolerability profiles as well as promising efficacy data.
• Adoptive transfer of genetically modified T cells is an additional immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of GB. Different clinical trials currently evaluate the safety and efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor bearing T cells directed against HER2, IL-13 receptor alpha 2 and EGFRvIII (Ampie et al., 2015).
• Liver Cancer
• Disease management depends on the tumor stage at the time of diagnosis and the overall condition of the liver. Chemotherapy against HCC includes combinations of doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin for systemic therapy and doxorubicin, floxuridine and mitomycin C for hepatic artery infusions. However, most HCC show a high resistance to chemotherapeutics (Enguita-German and Fortes, 2014).
• Therapeutic options in advanced non-resectable HCC are limited to Sorafenib, a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (Chang et al., 2007; Wilhelm et al., 2004). Sorafenib is the only systemic drug confirmed to increase survival by about 3 months and currently represents the only experimental treatment option for such patients (Chapiro et al., 2014; Llovet et al., 2008).
• Lately, a limited number of immunotherapy trials for HCC have been conducted. Cytokines have been used to activate subsets of immune cells and/or increase the tumor immunogenicity (Reinisch et al., 2002; Sangro et al., 2004). Other trials have focused on the infusion of Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes or activated peripheral blood lymphocytes (Shi et al., 2004; Takayama et al., 1991; Takayama et al., 2000).
• So far, a small number of therapeutic vaccination trials have been executed. Butterfield et al. conducted two trials using peptides derived from alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) as a vaccine or DCs loaded with AFP peptides ex vivo (Butterfield et al., 2003; Butterfield et al., 2006). In two different studies, autologous dendritic cells (DCs) were pulsed ex vivo with autologous tumor lysate (Lee et al., 2005) or lysate of the hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 (Palmer et al., 2009). So far, vaccination trials have only shown limited improvements in clinical outcomes.
• Melanoma
• The standard therapy in melanoma is complete surgical resection with surrounding healthy tissue Therapeutic options include monochemotherapy, polychemotherapy and targeted therapies with specific inhibitors (S3-Leitlinie Melanom, 2013).
• Several different vaccination approaches have already been evaluated in patients with advanced melanoma. So far, phase III trials revealed rather disappointing results and vaccination strategies clearly need to be improved. Therefore, new clinical trials, like the OncoVEX GM-CSF trial or the DERMA trial, aim at improving clinical efficacy without reducing tolerability (www.cancerresearchuk.org).
• Adoptive T cell transfer shows great promise for the treatment of advanced stage melanoma. In vitro expanded autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes as well as T cells harboring a high affinity T cell receptor for the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1 had significant beneficial and low toxic effects upon transfer into melanoma patients. Unfortunately, T cells with high affinity T cell receptors for the melanocyte specific antigens MART1 and gp100 and the cancer-testis antigen MAGEA3 induced considerable toxic effects in clinical trials. Thus, adoptive T cell transfer has high therapeutic potential, but safety and tolerability of these treatments needs to be further increased (Phan and Rosenberg, 2013; Hinrichs and Restifo, 2013).
• Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
• Treatment options are determined by the type (small cell or non-small cell) and stage of cancer and include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted biological therapies such as bevacizumab, erlotinib and gefitinib (S3-Leitlinie Lungenkarzinom, 2011).
• To expand the therapeutic options for NSCLC, different immunotherapeutic approaches have been studied or are still under investigation. While vaccination with L-BLP25 or MAGEA3 failed to demonstrate a vaccine-mediated survival advantage in NSCLC patients, an allogeneic cell line-derived vaccine showed promising results in clinical studies. Additionally, further vaccination trials targeting gangliosides, the epidermal growth factor receptor and several other antigens are currently ongoing. An alternative strategy to enhance the patient's anti-tumor T cell response consists of blocking inhibitory T cell receptors or their ligands with specific antibodies. The therapeutic potential of several of these antibodies, including ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, MPDL3280A and MEDI-4736, in NSCLC is currently evaluated in clinical trials (Reinmuth et al., 2015).
• Ovarian Cancer
• Surgical resection is the primary therapy in early as well as advanced stage ovarian carcinoma (S3-Leitlinie maligne Ovarialtumore, 2013).
• Immunotherapy appears to be a promising strategy to ameliorate the treatment of ovarian cancer patients, as the presence of pro-inflammatory tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, especially CD8-positive T cells, correlates with good prognosis and T cells specific for tumor-associated antigens can be isolated from cancer tissue.
• Therefore, a lot of scientific effort is put into the investigation of different immunotherapies in ovarian cancer. A considerable number of pre-clinical and clinical studies has already been performed and further studies are currently ongoing. Clinical data are available for cytokine therapy, vaccination, monoclonal antibody treatment, adoptive cell transfer and immunomodulation.
• Phase I and II vaccination studies, using single or multiple peptides, derived from several tumor-associated proteins (Her2/neu, NY-ESO-1, p53, Wilms tumor-1) or whole tumor antigens, derived from autologous tumor cells revealed good safety and tolerability profiles, but only low to moderate clinical effects.
• Adoptive transfer of immune cells achieved heterogeneous results in clinical trials. Adoptive transfer of autologous, in vitro expanded tumor infiltrating T cells was shown to be a promising approach in a pilot trial. In contrast, transfer of T cells harboring a chimeric antigen receptor specific for folate receptor alpha did not induce a significant clinical response in a phase I trial. Dendritic cells pulsed with tumor cell lysate or tumor-associated proteins in vitro were shown to enhance the anti-tumor T cell response upon transfer, but the extent of T cell activation did not correlate with clinical effects. Transfer of natural killer cells caused significant toxicities in a phase II study.
• Intrinsic anti-tumor immunity as well as immunotherapy are hampered by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. To overcome this obstacle immunomodulatory drugs, like cyclophosphamide, anti-CD25 antibodies and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin are tested in combination with immunotherapy. Most reliable data are currently available for ipilimumab, an anti-CTLA4 antibody, which enhances T cell activity. Ipilimumab was shown to exert significant anti-tumor effects in ovarian cancer patients (Mantia-Smaldone et al., 2012).
• Pancreatic Cancer
• Therapeutic options for pancreatic cancer patients are very limited. One major problem for effective treatment is the typically advanced tumor stage at diagnosis.
• Vaccination strategies are investigated as further innovative and promising alternative for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Peptide-based vaccines targeting KRAS mutations, reactive telomerase, gastrin, survivin, CEA and MUC1 have already been evaluated in clinical trials, partially with promising results. Furthermore, clinical trials for dendritic cell-based vaccines, allogeneic GM-CSF-secreting vaccines and algenpantucel-L in pancreatic cancer patients also revealed beneficial effects of immunotherapy. Additional clinical trials further investigating the efficiency of different vaccination protocols are currently ongoing (Salman et al., 2013).
• Prostate Cancer
• The therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer mainly depends on the cancer stage. For locally restricted non-metastasizing prostate cancer, treatment options include active surveillance (wait and watch), complete surgical resection of the prostate and local high dose radiation therapy with or without brachytherapy (S3-Leitlinie Prostatakarzinom, 2014).
• The dendritic cell-based vaccine sipuleucel-T was the first anti-cancer vaccine to be approved by the FDA. Due to its positive effect on survival in patients with CRPC, much effort is put into the development of further immunotherapies. Regarding vaccination strategies, the peptide vaccine prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-TRICOM, the personalized peptide vaccine PPV, the DNA vaccine pTVG-HP and the whole cell vaccine expressing GM-CSF GVAX showed promising results in different clinical trials. Furthermore, dendritic cell-based vaccines other than sipuleucel-T, namely BPX-101 and DCVAC/Pa were shown to elicited clinical responses in prostate cancer patients. Immune checkpoint inhibitors like ipilimumab and nivolumab are currently evaluated in clinical studies as monotherapy as well as in combination with other treatments, including androgen deprivation therapy, local radiation therapy, PSA-TRICOM and GVAX. The immunomodulatory substance tasquinimod, which significantly slowed progression and increased progression free survival in a phase II trial, is currently further investigated in a phase III trial. Lenalidomide, another immunomodulator, induced promising effects in early phase clinical studies, but failed to improve survival in a phase III trial. Despite these disappointing results further lenalidomide trials are ongoing (Quinn et al., 2015).
• Renal Cell Carcinoma
• Initial treatment is most commonly either partial or complete removal of the affected kidney(s) and remains the mainstay of curative treatment (Rini et al., 2008). For first-line treatment of patients with poor prognostic score a guidance elaborated by several cancer organizations and societies recommend the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) sunitinib and pazopanib, the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab combined with interferon-α (IFN-α) and the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus. Based on guidelines elaborated by the US NCCN as well as the European EAU and ESMO, the TKIs sorafenib, pazopanib or recently axitinib are recommended as second-line therapy in RCC patients who have failed prior therapy with cytokines (IFN-α, IL-2). The NCCN guidelines advise also sunitinib in this setting (high-level evidence according to NCCN Category I).
• The known immunogenity of RCC has represented the basis supporting the use of immunotherapy and cancer vaccines in advanced RCC. The interesting correlation between lymphocytes PD-1 expression and RCC advanced stage, grade and prognosis, as well as the selective PD-L1 expression by RCC tumor cells and its potential association with worse clinical outcomes, have led to the development of new anti PD-1/PD-L1 agents, alone or in combination with anti-angiogenic drugs or other immunotherapeutic approaches, for the treatment of RCC (Massari et al., 2015). In advanced RCC, a phase III cancer vaccine trial called TRIST study evaluates whether TroVax (a vaccine using a tumor-associated antigen, 5T4, with a pox virus vector), added to first-line standard of care therapy, prolongs survival of patients with locally advanced or mRCC. Median survival had not been reached in either group with 399 patients (54%) remaining on study however analysis of the data confirms prior clinical results, demonstrating that TroVax is both immunologically active and that there is a correlation between the strength of the 5T4-specific antibody response and improved survival. Further there are several studies searching for peptide vaccines using epitopes being over-expressed in RCC.
• Various approaches of tumor vaccines have been under investigation. Studies using whole-tumor approaches, including tumor cell lysates, fusions of dendritic cells with tumor cells, or whole-tumor RNA were done in RCC patients, and remissions of tumor lesions were reported in some of these trials (Avigan et al., 2004; Holtl et al., 2002; Marten et al., 2002; Su et al., 2003; Wittig et al., 2001).
• Small Cell Lung Cancer
• The treatment and prognosis of SCLC depend strongly on the diagnosed cancer stage. The staging of SCLC based on clinical results is more common than the pathologic staging. The clinical staging uses the results of the physical examination, various imaging tests and biopsies. The standard chemo treatment of SCLC uses the combination of either etoposide or irinotecan with either cisplatin or carboplatin (American Cancer Society, 2015; S3-Leitlinie Lungenkarzinom, 2011).
• The immune therapy presents an excessively investigated field of cancer therapy. Various approaches are studded in the treatment of SCLC. One of the approaches targets the blocking of CTLA-4, a natural human immune suppressor. The inhibition of CTLA-4 intends to boost the immune system to combat the cancer. Recently, the development of promising immune check point inhibitors for treatment of SCLC has been started. Another approach is based on anti-cancer vaccines which is currently available for treatment of SCLC in clinical studies (American Cancer Society, 2015; National Cancer Institute, 2015).
• Acute Myeloid Leukemia
• AML treatment is divided into two phases: induction therapy and post-remission/“consolidation therapy”. Induction therapy is administered to induce remission and consists of combinational chemotherapy. Consolidation therapy consists of additional chemotherapy or hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) (Showel and Levis, 2014).
• Clinical trials are recommended for patients who belong to the prognostic groups unfavorable and intermediate-2. Treatment options include hypomethylating agents (HMAs) as Azacitidine or decitabine, CPX-351, which is a liposomal formulation of daunorubicin and cytarabine in a 1:5 “optimal” molar ratio, and volasertib, which is an inhibitor of polo kinases. Volasertib is given in combination with LDAC (low-dose cytarabine). Several different FLT3 inhibitors can be administered in case of FLT3 mutations. These include sorafenib, which is given in combination with 3+7, quizartinib, a more selective inhibitor of FLT3 ITD that also inhibits CKIT, crenolanib, and midostaurin, an unselective FLT3 ITD inhibitor. Another treatment option is targeting CD33 with antibody-drug conjugates (anti-CD33+ calechiamicin, SGN-CD33a, anti-CD33+ actinium-225), bispecific antibodies (recognition of CD33+ CD3 (AMG 330) or CD33+ CD16) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) (Estey, 2014).
• Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
• NHL has over 60 subtypes. The three most common subtypes are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL, the most common subtype), follicular lymphoma (FL, the second most common subtype) and small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL/CLL, the third most common subtype). DLBCL, FL and SLL/CLL account for about 85% of NHL (Li et al., 2015). Treatment of NHL depends on the histologic type and stage (National Cancer Institute, 2015).
• Spontaneous tumor regression can be observed in lymphoma patients. Therefore, active immunotherapy is a therapy option (Palomba, 2012).
• An important vaccination option includes Id vaccines. B lymphocytes express surface immunoglobulins with a specific amino acid sequence in the variable regions of their heavy and light chains, unique to each cell clone (=idiotype, Id). The idiotype functions as a tumor associated antigen.
• Active immunization includes the injection of recombinant protein (Id) conjugated to an adjuvant (KLH), given together with GM-CSF as an immune adjuvant. Tumor-specific Id is produced by hybridoma cultures or using recombinant DNA technology (plasmids) by bacterial, insect or mammalian cell culture.
• Uterine Cancer
• More than 80% of endometrial cancers occur as endometrioid adenocarcinomas (type I), a form that is associated with estrogen exposure and that is well to moderately differentiated. Treatment of endometrial carcinomas and cervical cancers is stage-dependent (World Cancer Report, 2014).
• There are also some immunotherapeutic approaches that are currently being tested. In a Phase I/II Clinical Trial patients suffering from uterine cancer were vaccinated with autologous dendritic cells (DCs) electroporated with Wilms' tumor gene 1 (WT1) mRNA. Besides one case of local allergic reaction to the adjuvant, no adverse side effects were observed and 3 out of 6 patients showed an immunological response (Coosemans et al., 2013).
• Gallbladder Adenocarcinoma and Cholangiocarcinoma
• Cholangiocarcinoma (CCC) is difficult to treat and is usually lethal. The only curative treatment option is complete resection (RO). The efficacy of biological therapies in biliary tract cancers has been mixed. Drugs targeting blood vessel growth such as sorafenib, bevacizumab, pazopanib and regorafenib are now studied for the treatment of CCC. Additionally, drugs that target EGFR such as cetuximab and panitumumab are used in clinical studies in combination with chemotherapy (American Cancer Society, 2015). For most drugs tested so far disease control and overall survival were not improved significantly but there are further clinical trials ongoing.
• Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common and aggressive malignancy of the biliary tract worldwide. Due to the rarity of carcinomas of the biliary tract in general there are only a few GBC or CCC specific studies, while most of them include all biliary tract cancers. This is the reason why treatment did not improve during the last decades and RO resection still is the only curative treatment option.
• Urinary Bladder Cancer
• The standard treatment for bladder cancer includes surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy (National Cancer Institute, 2015).
• An effective immunotherapeutic approach is established in the treatment of aggressive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Thereby, a weakened form of the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis (bacillus Calmette-Guérin=BCG) is applied as an intravesical solution. The major effect of BCG treatment is a significant long-term (up to 10 years) protection from cancer recurrence and reduced progression rate. In principle, the treatment with BCG induces a local inflammatory response which stimulates the cellular immune response. The immune response to BCG is based on the following key steps: infection of urothelial and bladder cancer cells by BCG, followed by increased expression of antigen-presenting molecules, induction of immune response mediated via cytokine release, induction of antitumor activity via involvement of various immune cells (thereunder cytotoxic T lymphocytes, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and macrophages) (Fuge et al., 2015; Gandhi et al., 2013).
• Considering the severe side-effects and expense associated with treating cancer, there is a need to identify factors that can be used in the treatment of cancer in general and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), colorectal carcinoma (CRC), glioblastoma (GB), gastric cancer (GC), esophageal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pancreatic cancer (PC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer (PCA), ovarian cancer (OC), melanoma, breast cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), small cell lung cancer (SCLC), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma (GBC, CCC), urinary bladder cancer (UBC), uterine cancer (UEC), in particular. There is also a need to identify factors representing biomarkers for cancer in general and the above-mentioned cancer types in particular, leading to better diagnosis of cancer, assessment of prognosis, and prediction of treatment success.
• Immunotherapy of cancer represents an option of specific targeting of cancer cells while minimizing side effects. Cancer immunotherapy makes use of the existence of tumor associated antigens. The current classification of tumor associated antigens (TAAs) comprises the following major groups:
• a) Cancer-testis antigens: The first TAAs ever identified that can be recognized by T cells belong to this class, which was originally called cancer-testis (CT) antigens because of the expression of its members in histologically different human tumors and, among normal tissues, only in spermatocytes/spermatogonia of testis and, occasionally, in placenta. Since the cells of testis do not express class I and II HLA molecules, these antigens cannot be recognized by T cells in normal tissues and can therefore be considered as immunologically tumor-specific. Well-known examples for CT antigens are the MAGE family members and NY-ESO-1.
• b) Differentiation antigens: These TAAs are shared between tumors and the normal tissue from which the tumor arose. Most of the known differentiation antigens are found in melanomas and normal melanocytes. Many of these melanocyte lineage-related proteins are involved in biosynthesis of melanin and are therefore not tumor specific but nevertheless are widely used for cancer immunotherapy. Examples include, but are not limited to, tyrosinase and Melan-A/MART-1 for melanoma or PSA for prostate cancer.
• c) Over-expressed TAAs: Genes encoding widely expressed TAAs have been detected in histologically different types of tumors as well as in many normal tissues, generally with lower expression levels. It is possible that many of the epitopes processed and potentially presented by normal tissues are below the threshold level for T-cell recognition, while their over-expression in tumor cells can trigger an anticancer response by breaking previously established tolerance. Prominent examples for this class of TAAs are Her-2/neu, survivin, telomerase, or WT1.
• d) Tumor-specific antigens: These unique TAAs arise from mutations of normal genes (such as β-catenin, CDK4, etc.). Some of these molecular changes are associated with neoplastic transformation and/or progression. Tumor-specific antigens are generally able to induce strong immune responses without bearing the risk for autoimmune reactions against normal tissues. On the other hand, these TAAs are in most cases only relevant to the exact tumor on which they were identified and are usually not shared between many individual tumors. Tumor-specificity (or -association) of a peptide may also arise if the peptide originates from a tumor-(-associated) exon in case of proteins with tumor-specific (-associated) isoforms.
• e) TAAs arising from abnormal post-translational modifications: Such TAAs may arise from proteins which are neither specific nor overexpressed in tumors but nevertheless become tumor associated by posttranslational processes primarily active in tumors. Examples for this class arise from altered glycosylation patterns leading to novel epitopes in tumors as for MUC1 or events like protein splicing during degradation which may or may not be tumor specific.
• f) Oncoviral proteins: These TAAs are viral proteins that may play a critical role in the oncogenic process and, because they are foreign (not of human origin), they can evoke a T-cell response. Examples of such proteins are the human papilloma type 16 virus proteins, E6 and E7, which are expressed in cervical carcinoma.
• T-cell based immunotherapy targets peptide epitopes derived from tumor-associated or tumor-specific proteins, which are presented by molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The antigens that are recognized by the tumor specific T lymphocytes, that is, the epitopes thereof, can be molecules derived from all protein classes, such as enzymes, receptors, transcription factors, etc. which are expressed and, as compared to unaltered cells of the same origin, usually up-regulated in cells of the respective tumor.
• There are two classes of MHC-molecules, MHC class I and MHC class II. MHC class I molecules are composed of an alpha heavy chain and beta-2-microglobulin, MHC class II molecules of an alpha and a beta chain. Their three-dimensional conformation results in a binding groove, which is used for non-covalent interaction with peptides.
• MHC class I molecules can be found on most nucleated cells. They present peptides that result from proteolytic cleavage of predominantly endogenous proteins, defective ribosomal products (DRIPs) and larger peptides. However, peptides derived from endosomal compartments or exogenous sources are also frequently found on MHC class I molecules. This non-classical way of class I presentation is referred to as cross-presentation in literature (Brossart and Bevan, 1997; Rock et al., 1990). MHC class II molecules can be found predominantly on professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), and primarily present peptides of exogenous or transmembrane proteins that are taken up by APCs e.g. during endocytosis, and are subsequently processed.
• Complexes of peptide and MHC class I are recognized by CD8-positive T cells bearing the appropriate T-cell receptor (TCR), whereas complexes of peptide and MHC class II molecules are recognized by CD4-positive-helper-T cells bearing the appropriate TCR. It is well known that the TCR, the peptide and the MHC are thereby present in a stoichiometric amount of 1:1:1.
• CD4-positive helper T cells play an important role in inducing and sustaining effective responses by CD8-positive cytotoxic T cells. The identification of CD4-positive T-cell epitopes derived from tumor associated antigens (TAA) is of great importance for the development of pharmaceutical products for triggering anti-tumor immune responses (Gnjatic et al., 2003). At the tumor site, T helper cells, support a cytotoxic T cell-(CTL-) friendly cytokine milieu (Mortara et al., 2006) and attract effector cells, e.g. CTLs, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, and granulocytes (Hwang et al., 2007).
• In the absence of inflammation, expression of MHC class II molecules is mainly restricted to cells of the immune system, especially professional antigen-presenting cells (APC), e.g., monocytes, monocyte-derived cells, macrophages, dendritic cells. In cancer patients, cells of the tumor have been found to express MHC class II molecules (Dengjel et al., 2006).
• Elongated peptides of the invention can act as MHC class II active epitopes.
• T-helper cells, activated by MHC class II epitopes, play an important role in orchestrating the effector function of CTLs in anti-tumor immunity. T-helper cell epitopes that trigger a T-helper cell response of the TH1 type support effector functions of CD8-positive killer T cells, which include cytotoxic functions directed against tumor cells displaying tumor-associated peptide/MHC complexes on their cell surfaces. In this way tumor-associated T-helper cell peptide epitopes, alone or in combination with other tumor-associated peptides, can serve as active pharmaceutical ingredients of vaccine compositions that stimulate anti-tumor immune responses.
• It was shown in mammalian animal models, e.g., mice, that even in the absence of CD8-positive T lymphocytes, CD4-positive T cells are sufficient for inhibiting manifestation of tumors via inhibition of angiogenesis by secretion of interferon-gamma (IFNy) (Beatty and Paterson, 2001; Mumberg et al., 1999). There is evidence for CD4 T cells as direct anti-tumor effectors (Braumuller et al., 2013; Tran et al., 2014).
• Since the constitutive expression of HLA class II molecules is usually limited to immune cells, the possibility of isolating class II peptides directly from primary tumors was previously not considered possible. However, Dengjel et al. were successful in identifying a number of MHC Class II epitopes directly from tumors (WO 2007/028574, EP 1 760 088 B1).
• Since both types of response, CD8 and CD4 dependent, contribute jointly and synergistically to the anti-tumor effect, the identification and characterization of tumor-associated antigens recognized by either CD8+ T cells (ligand: MHC class I molecule+peptide epitope) or by CD4-positive T-helper cells (ligand: MHC class II molecule+peptide epitope) is important in the development of tumor vaccines.
• For an MHC class I peptide to trigger (elicit) a cellular immune response, it also must bind to an MHC-molecule. This process is dependent on the allele of the MHC-molecule and specific polymorphisms of the amino acid sequence of the peptide. MHC-class-I-binding peptides are usually 8-12 amino acid residues in length and usually contain two conserved residues (“anchors”) in their sequence that interact with the corresponding binding groove of the MHC-molecule. In this way each MHC allele has a “binding motif” determining which peptides can bind specifically to the binding groove.
• In the MHC class I dependent immune reaction, peptides not only have to be able to bind to certain MHC class I molecules expressed by tumor cells, they subsequently also have to be recognized by T cells bearing specific T cell receptors (TCR).
• For proteins to be recognized by T-lymphocytes as tumor-specific or -associated antigens, and to be used in a therapy, particular prerequisites must be fulfilled. The antigen should be expressed mainly by tumor cells and not, or in comparably small amounts, by normal healthy tissues. In a preferred embodiment, the peptide should be over-presented by tumor cells as compared to normal healthy tissues. It is furthermore desirable that the respective antigen is not only present in a type of tumor, but also in high concentrations (i.e. copy numbers of the respective peptide per cell). Tumor-specific and tumor-associated antigens are often derived from proteins directly involved in transformation of a normal cell to a tumor cell due to their function, e.g. in cell cycle control or suppression of apoptosis. Additionally, downstream targets of the proteins directly causative for a transformation may be up-regulated and thus may be indirectly tumor-associated. Such indirect tumor-associated antigens may also be targets of a vaccination approach (Singh-Jasuja et al., 2004). It is essential that epitopes are present in the amino acid sequence of the antigen, in order to ensure that such a peptide (“immunogenic peptide”), being derived from a tumor associated antigen, leads to an in vitro or in vivo T-cell-response.
• Basically, any peptide able to bind an MHC molecule may function as a T-cell epitope. A prerequisite for the induction of an in vitro or in vivo T-cell-response is the presence of a T cell having a corresponding TCR and the absence of immunological tolerance for this particular epitope.
• Therefore, TAAs are a starting point for the development of a T cell based therapy including but not limited to tumor vaccines. The methods for identifying and characterizing the TAAs are usually based on the use of T-cells that can be isolated from patients or healthy subjects, or they are based on the generation of differential transcription profiles or differential peptide expression patterns between tumors and normal tissues. However, the identification of genes over-expressed in tumor tissues or human tumor cell lines, or selectively expressed in such tissues or cell lines, does not provide precise information as to the use of the antigens being transcribed from these genes in an immune therapy. This is because only an individual subpopulation of epitopes of these antigens are suitable for such an application since a T cell with a corresponding TCR has to be present and the immunological tolerance for this particular epitope needs to be absent or minimal. In a very preferred embodiment of the invention it is therefore important to select only those over- or selectively presented peptides against which a functional and/or a proliferating T cell can be found. Such a functional T cell is defined as a T cell, which upon stimulation with a specific antigen can be clonally expanded and is able to execute effector functions (“effector T cell”).
• In case of targeting peptide-MHC by specific TCRs (e.g. soluble TCRs) and antibodies or other binding molecules (scaffolds) according to the invention, the immunogenicity of the underlying peptides is secondary. In these cases, the presentation is the determining factor.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• In a first aspect of the present invention, the present invention relates to a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 288 or a variant sequence thereof which is at least 77%, preferably at least 88%, homologous (preferably at least 77% or at least 88% identical) to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 288, wherein said variant binds to MHC and/or induces T cells cross-reacting with said peptide, or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof, wherein said peptide is not the underlying full-length polypeptide.
• While the most important criterion for a peptide to function as cancer therapy target is its over-presentation on primary tumor tissues as compared to normal tissues, also the RNA expression profile of the corresponding gene can help to select appropriate peptides. Particularly, some peptides are hard to detect by mass spectrometry, either due to their chemical properties or to their low copy numbers on cells, and a screening approach focusing on detection of peptide presentation may fail to identify these targets. However, these targets may be detected by an alternative approach starting with analysis of gene expression in normal tissues and secondarily assessing peptide presentation and gene expression in tumors. This approach was realized in this invention using mRNA data from a publicly available database (Lonsdale, 2013) in combination with further gene expression data (including tumor samples), as well as peptide presentation data. If the mRNA of a gene is nearly absent in normal tissues, especially in vital organ systems, targeting the corresponding peptides by even very potent strategies (such as bispecific affinity-optimized antibodies or T-cell receptors), is more likely to be safe. Such peptides, even if identified on only a small percentage of tumor tissues, represent interesting targets. Routine mass spectrometry analysis is not sensitive enough to assess target coverage on the peptide level. Rather, tumor mRNA expression can be used to assess coverage. For detection of the peptide itself, a targeted mass spectrometry approach with higher sensitivity than in the routine screening may be necessary and may lead to a better estimation of coverage on the level of peptide presentation.
• The present invention further relates to a peptide of the present invention comprising a sequence that is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 288 or a variant thereof, which is at least 77%, preferably at least 88%, homologous (preferably at least 77% or at least 88% identical) to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 288, wherein said peptide or variant thereof has an overall length of between 8 and 100, preferably between 8 and 30, and most preferred of between 8 and 14 amino acids.
• The following tables show the peptides according to the present invention, their respective SEQ ID NOs, and the prospective source (underlying) genes for these peptides. All peptides in Table 1 and Table 2 bind to HLA-A*02. The peptides in Table 2 have been disclosed before in large listings as results of high-throughput screenings with high error rates or calculated using algorithms, but have not been associated with cancer at all before.

• TABLE 1
  Peptides according to the present invention

  SEQ
  ID
  No.	Sequence	Gene ID(s)	Official Gene Symbol(s)

  1	KLQEKIQEL	1062	CENPE
  2	SVLEKEIYSI	127602	DNAH14
  3	RVIDDSLVVGV	2187	FANCB
  4	VLFGELPAL	8701	DNAH11
  5	GLVDIMVHL	8701	DNAH11
  6	FLNAIETAL	8701	DNAH11
  7	ALLQALMEL	51236,	FAM203A, FAM203B
  		728071
  8	ALSSSQAEV	3833	KIFC1
  9	SLITGQDLLSV	51804	SIX4
  10	QLIEKNWLL	56992	KIF15
  11	LLDPKTIFL	26762	HAVCR1
  12	RLLDPKTIFL	26762	HAVCR1
  13	RLHDENILL	23322	RPGRIP1L
  14	YTFSGDVQL	4312	MMP1
  15	GLPSATTTV	94025	MUC16
  16	SLADLSLLL	134391	GPR151
  17	GLLPSAESIKL	132989	C4orf36
  18	KTASINQNV	81930	KIF18A
  19	KVFELDLVTL	1063	CENPF
  20	ALVEKGEFAL	1063	CENPF
  21	YLMDDFSSL	1293	COL6A3
  22	LMYPYIYHV	54954	FAM120C
  23	ALLSPLSLA	4017,	LOXL2, ENTPD4
  		9583
  24	KVWSDVTPL	4320,	MMP11, MMP13
  		4322
  25	LLWGHPRVALA	25878	MXRA5
  26	VLDGKVAVV	6660	SOX5
  27	GLLGKVTSV	51297	BPIFA1
  28	IKVTDPQLLEL	51297	BPIFA1
  29	KMISAIPTL	94025	MUC16
  30	IITEVITRL	94025	MUC16
  31	GLLETTGLLAT	94025	MUC16
  32	VVMVLVLML	94025	MUC16
  33	TLDRNSLYV	94025	MUC16
  34	TLNTLDINL	94025	MUC16
  35	VIIKGLEEI	3832	KIF11
  36	TVLQELINV	3832	KIF11
  37	QIVELIEKI	3832	KIF11
  38	VLQQESNFL	63967	CLSPN
  39	YLEDGFAYV	5558	PRIM2
  40	KIWEELSVLEV	4102,	MAGEA3, MAGEA6
  		4105
  41	IVTEIISEI	64151	NCAPG
  42	KQMSISTGL	64151	NCAPG
  43	LLIPFTIFM	1237	CCR8
  44	AVFNLVHVV	56923	NMUR2
  45	FLPVSVVYV	56923	NMUR2
  46	ISLDEVAVSL	144455	E2F7
  47	GLNGFNVLL	144455	E2F7
  48	KISDFGLATV	1111	CHEK1
  49	KLIGNIHGNEV	8532	CPZ
  50	ILLSVLHQL	8532	CPZ
  51	LDSEALLTL	84467	FBN3
  52	TIGIPFPNV	83990	BRIP1
  53	AQHLSTLLL	1469	CST1
  54	YLVPGLVAA	64180	DPEP3
  55	HLFDKIIKI	654463	FER1L6
  56	VLQENSSDYQSNL	3188	HNRNPH2
  57	TLYPGRFDYV	338322	NLRP10
  58	HLLGEGAFAQV	699	BUB1
  59	ALADGIKSFLL	5296	PIK3R2
  60	YLFSQGLQGL	2491	CENPI
  61	ALYPKEITL	203102	ADAM32
  62	SLVENIHVL	675	BRCA2
  63	KLLPMVIQL	246	ALOX15
  64	SLYAGSNNQV	246	ALOX15
  65	SLSEKSPEV	158511,	CSAG1, CSAG2
  		728461
  66	AMFPDTIPRV	285220	EPHA6
  67	FLIENLLAA	3166	HMX1
  68	QLMNLIRSV	51124	IER3IP1
  69	LKVLKADVVL	259307	IL4I1
  70	GLTEKTVLV	24137,	KIF4A, KIF4B
  		285643
  71	HMSGKLTNV	55771	PRR11
  72	VLSTRVTNV	55771	PRR11
  73	SVPKTLGV	11280	SCN11A
  74	GLAFLPASV	6570	SLC18A1
  75	ALLDGALQL	6570	SLC18A1
  76	FTAEFLEKV	79801	SHCBP1
  77	ALYGNVQQV	91646	TDRD12
  78	LFQSRIAGV	7579	ZSCAN20
  79	TVLEEIGNRV	9133	CCNB2
  80	VLTGQVHEL	10715	CERS1
  81	ILAEEPIYI	55655	NLRP2
  82	ILAEEPIYIRV	55655	NLRP2
  83	GLLENSPHL	25788	RAD54B
  84	FLLEREQLL	165055	CCDC138
  85	KLLDKPEQFL	342184	FMN1
  86	SLFSNIESV	54848	ARHGEF38
  87	KLLSLLEEA	54848	ARHGEF38
  88	LLLPLELSLA	374946	DRAXIN
  89	SLAETIFIV	3359	HTR3A
  90	AILNVDEKNQV	3359	HTR3A
  91	LLPSIFLMV	3359	HTR3A
  92	RLFEEVLGV	9816	URB2
  93	RLYGYFHDA	6790	AURKA
  94	YLDEVAFML	1238	CCBP2
  95	KLIDEDEPLFL	1767	DNAH5
  96	ALDTTRHEL	93323	HAUS8
  97	KLFEKSTGL	23421	ITGB3BP
  98	FVQEKIPEL	84944	MAEL
  99	TLFGIQLTEA	84944	MAEL
  100	ALQSFEFRV	56130	PCDHB6
  101	SLLEVNEASSV	149628	PYHIN1
  102	GLYPVTLVGV	83696	TRAPPC9
  103	YLADTVQKL	100526761,	CCDC169-
  		54937	SOHLH2, SOHLH2
  104	DLPTQEPALGTT	354	KLK3
  105	AMLASQTEA	4295	MLN
  106	VLLGSVVIFA	4477	MSMB
  107	RVLPGQAVTGV	55247	NEIL3
  108	FIANLPPELKA	6013	RLN1
  109	ILGSFELQL	7047	TGM4
  110	QIQGQVSEV	7047	TGM4
  111	AQLEGKLVSI	3161	HMMR
  112	ILAQDVAQL	24137	KIF4A
  113	FLFLKEVKV	54596	L1TD1
  114	LLFPSDVQTL	23397	NCAPH
  115	ILHGEVNKV	54830	NUP62CL
  116	ALLSSVAEA	9048	ARTN
  117	TLLEGISRA	26256	CABYR
  118	IAYNPNGNAL	3824	KLRD1
  119	SLIEESEEL	284217	LAMA1
  120	LQLJPLKGLSL	6241	RRM2
  121	ALYVQAPTV	9319	TRIP13
  122	SIIDTELKV	9319	TRIP13
  123	QTAPEEAFIKL	150737,	TTC30B, TTC30A
  		92104
  124	ALLLRLFTI	11169	WDHD1
  125	AALEVLAEV	11130	ZWINT
  126	QLREAFEQL	11130	ZWINT
  127	IMKATGLGIQL	154664	ABCA13
  128	SILTNISEV	24	ABCA4
  129	KMASKVTQV	132612	ADAD1
  130	QLYGSAITL	158067	AK8
  131	SLYPHFTLL	440138	ALG11
  132	ALLNNVIEV	57101	ANO2
  133	FLDGRPLTL	83734	ATG10
  134	SLYKSFLQL	527	ATP6V0C
  135	HLDTVKIEV	135152	B3GAT2
  136	LLWDAPAKC	192134	B3GNT6
  137	KLIYKDLVSV	85016	C11orf70
  138	GIINKLVTV	440087	C12orf69
  139	IILENIQSL	55732	C1orf112
  140	FLDSQITTV	255119	C4orf22
  141	NIDINNNEL	57082	CASC5
  142	LLDAAHASI	284992	CCDC150
  143	MLWESIMRV	166979	CDC20B
  144	FLISQTPLL	60437	CDH26
  145	ALEEKLENV	79172	CENPO
  146	VVAAHLAGA	148113	CILP2
  147	GLLSALENV	1269	CNR2
  148	YLILSSHQL	1269	CNR2
  149	NMADGQLHQV	728577,	CNTNAP3B, CNTNAP3
  		79937
  150	VLLDMVHSL	100507170,	CT47A12, CT47A11,
  		255313,	CT47A7, CT47A10,
  		653282,	CT47A9, CT47A8,
  		728036,	CT47A6, CT47A5,
  		728042,	CT47A4, CT47A3,
  		728049,	CT47A2, CT47A1
  		728062,
  		728072,
  		728075,
  		728082,
  		728090,
  		728096
  151	DISKRIQSL	100128553,	CTAGE4, CTAGE10P,
  		220429,	CTAGE16P, CTAGE5,
  		341689,	CTAGE1
  		4253,
  		64693
  152	ILVTSIFFL	643	CXCR5
  153	KLVELEHTL	203413	CXorf61
  154	AIIKEIQTV	1588	CYP19A1
  155	TLDSYLKAV	163720,	CYP4Z2P, CYP4Z1
  		199974
  156	VILTSSPFL	10800	CYSLTR1
  157	ILQDGQFLV	138009	DCAF4L2
  158	YLDPLWHQL	2072	ERCC4
  159	QLGPVPVTI	285966	FAM115C
  160	TLQEWLTEV	167555	FAM151B
  161	NLLDENVCL	26290	GALNT8
  162	GLLGNLLTSL	51608	GET4
  163	GLEERLYTA	29933	GPR132
  164	MLIIRVPSV	80000	GREB1L
  165	SLLDYEVSI	116444	GRIN3B
  166	LLGDSSFFL	283254	HARBI1
  167	LVVDEGSLVSV	92797	HELB
  168	VIFEGEPMYL	84072	HORMAD1
  169	ALADLSVAV	3363	HTR7
  170	FIAAVVEKV	203100	HTRA4
  171	LLLLDVPTA	10437	IFI30
  172	SLYLQMNSLRTE	28426	IGHV3-43
  173	RLIDIYKNV	338567	KCNK18
  174	ALYSGDLHAA	157855	KCNU1
  175	SLLDLVQSL	57536	KIAA1328
  176	VQSGLRILL	57650	KIAA1524
  177	ALINVLNAL	146909	KIF18B
  178	SLVSWQLLL	3814	KISS1
  179	TLGEIIKGV	402569	KPNA7
  180	RLYEEEIRI	3887,	KRT81, KRT83
  		3889
  181	LLWAPTAQA	389812	LCN15
  182	GLQDGFQITV	284194,	LGALS9B, LGALS9C
  		654346
  183	ALSYILPYL	147172	LRRC37BP1
  184	ALDSTIAHL	149499	LRRC71
  185	TLYQGLPAEV	80131	LRRC8E
  186	SLLSLESRL	57408	LRTM1
  187	SILKEDPFL	346389	MACC1
  188	VLGEEQEGV	4108,	MAGEA9, MAGEA9B
  		728269
  189	MAVSDLLIL	2862	MLNR
  190	SLSTELFKV	4622,	MYH4, MYH8
  		4626
  191	AAIEIFEKV	55728	N4BP2
  192	TLLPSSGLVTL	344148	NCKAP5
  193	ALFHMNILL	126206	NLRP5
  194	KLLEEVQLL	126206	NLRP5
  195	VIIQNLPAL	387129	NPSR1
  196	TLHQWIYYL	120406	NXPE2
  197	LGGPTSLLHV	390038	OR51D1
  198	ILTNKVVSV	119678	0R52E2
  199	SVADLAHVL	27334	P2RY10
  200	IMPTFDLTKV	203569,	PAGE2, PAGE2B
  		389860
  201	LLFSLLCEA	51050	PI15
  202	ALAKDELSL	120379	PIH1D2
  203	FLFVDPELV	146850	PIK3R6
  204	SEWGSPHAAVP	5539	PPY
  205	LAFGYDDEL	391004,	PRAMEF17, PRAMEF16
  		654348
  206	GLDAFRIFL	431704	RGS21
  207	KLFETVEEL	6121	RPE65
  208	HLNNDRNPL	6406	SEMG1
  209	VLQTEELVAN	6406	SEMG1
  210	GLAGDNIYL	6582	SLC22A2
  211	LLTTVLINA	6582	SLC22A2
  212	MTLSEIHAV	9153	SLC28A2
  213	ILAVDGVLSV	169026	SLC30A8
  214	ALFETLIQL	139420	SMEK3P
  215	QIADIVTSV	139420	SMEK3P
  216	ALSTVTPRI	166378	SPATA5
  217	LLWPSSVPA	246777,	SPESP1, NOX5
  		79400
  218	SLTGANITV	83932	SPRTN
  219	GVVPTIQKV	64220	STRA6
  220	ALSELERVL	51298	THEG
  221	IMLNSVEEI	387357	THEMIS
  222	LLTGVFAQL	388564	TMEM238
  223	ALHPVQFYL	93587	TRMT10A
  224	LLFDWSGTGRADA	79465	ULBP3
  225	FLPQPVPLSV	57695	USP37
  226	SLAGNLQEL	11023	VAX1
  227	SEMEELPSV	26609,	VCX, VCX3B, VCX3A
  		425054,
  		51481
  228	SLLELDGINLRL	221806	VWDE
  229	YLYELEHAL	80217	WDR96
  230	KLLNMIFSI	2829	XCR1
  231	LLDDIFIRL	143570	XRRA1
  232	LVVGGIATV	84614	ZBTB37
  233	SLFESLEYL	132625	ZFP42

• TABLE 2
  Additional peptides according to the present
  invention

  SEQ ID			Official Gene
  No.	Sequence	Gene ID(s)	Symbol(s)
  234	VLLNEILEQV	64151	NCAPG
  235	SLLNQPKAV	63967	CLSPN
  236	KMSELQTYV	1063	CENPF
  237	ALLEQTGDMSL	1063	CENPF
  238	HLQEKLQSL	1063	CENPF
  239	VIIKGLEEITV	3832	KIF11
  240	SVQENIQQK	3832	KIF11
  241	KQFEGTVEI	675	BRCA2
  242	KLQEEIPVL	1062	CENPE
  243	GLAEFQENV	57405	SPC25
  244	NVAEIVIHI	83540	NUF2
  245	ALLEEEEGV	4103	MAGEA4
  246	ALAGIVTNV	11077	HSF2BP
  247	NLLIDDKGTIKL	983	CDK1
  248	VLMQDSRLYL	983	CDK1
  249	YLYQILQGI	983	CDK1
  250	LMQDSRLYL	983	CDK1
  251	LLWGNLPEI	653820,	FAM72B, FAM72A
  		729533
  252	SLMEKNQSL	24137,	KIF4A, KIF4B
  		285643
  253	KLLAVIHEL	25788	RAD54B
  254	ALGDKFLLRV	4608	MYBPH
  255	FLMKNSDLYGA	79801	SHCBP1
  256	FLNDIFERI	337873,	HIST2H2BC,
  		337874	HIST2H2BD
  257	KLIDHQGLYL	7579	ZSCAN20
  258	QLVQRVASV	5683	PSMA2
  259	GPGIFPPPPPQP	10879	SMR3B
  260	ALNESLVEC	55165	CEP55
  261	GLAALAVHL	2175	FANCA
  262	LLLEAVWHL	2175	FANCA
  263	SIIEYLPTL	79915	ATAD5
  264	TLHDQVHLL	2099	ESR1
  265	FLLDKPQDLSI	346389	MACC1
  266	FLLDKPQDL	346389	MACC1
  267	YLLDMPLWYL	7153	TOP2A
  268	SLDKDIVAL	7153	TOP2A
  269	GLLDCPIFL	2177	FANCD2
  270	TLLTFFHEL	55215	FANCI
  271	VLIEYNFSI	55215	FANCI
  272	FVMEGEPPKL	348654	GEN1
  273	SLNKQIETV	57650	KIAA1524
  274	TLYNPERTITV	10642,	IGF2BP1, IGF2BP3
  		10643
  275	AVPPPPSSV	10642	IGF2BP1
  276	RMPTVLQCV	9622	KLK4
  277	KLQEELNKV	3161	HMMR
  278	VLEDKVLSV	128239	IQGAP3
  279	VLMDEGAVLTL	54596	L1TD1
  280	HLWGHALFL	89866	SEC16B
  281	LLLESDPKVYSL	6491	STIL
  282	SLYALHVKA	79001	VKORC1
  283	ALSELLQQV	9816	URB2
  284	KLMDPGSLPPL	2118	ETV4
  285	MLLDTVQKV	54892	NCAPG2
  286	FLTEMVHFI	93517	SDR42E1
  287	KIQEILTQV	10643	IGF2BP3
  288	SLYKGLLSV	25788	RAD54B
  J = Phosphoserine

• Particularly preferred are the peptides—alone or in combination—according to the present invention selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 288. More preferred are the peptides—alone or in combination—selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 126 (see Table 1), and their uses in the immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), colorectal carcinoma (CRC), glioblastoma (GB), gastric cancer (GC), esophageal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pancreatic cancer (PC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer (PCA), ovarian cancer (OC), melanoma, breast cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), small cell lung cancer (SCLC), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma (GBC, CCC), urinary bladder cancer (UBC), uterine cancer (UEC).
• Most preferred are the peptides—alone or in combination—selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 274, 14, 21, 23, 25, 157, 168, 11, 253, 85, 89, 40, 264, 155, 233, and 245 (see Tables 1, 2, and 10), and their uses in the immunotherapy of HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, and CLL.
• The present invention furthermore relates to peptides according to the present invention that have the ability to bind to a molecule of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I or—in an elongated form, such as a length-variant—MHC class -II.
• The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the present invention wherein said peptides (each) consist or consist essentially of an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 288.
• The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the present invention, wherein said peptide is modified and/or includes non-peptide bonds.
• The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the present invention, wherein said peptide is part of a fusion protein, in particular fused to the N-terminal amino acids of the HLA-DR antigen-associated invariant chain (Ii), or fused to (or into the sequence of) an antibody, such as, for example, an antibody that is specific for dendritic cells.
• The present invention further relates to a nucleic acid, encoding the peptides according to the present invention. The present invention further relates to the nucleic acid according to the present invention that is DNA, cDNA, PNA, RNA or combinations thereof.
• The present invention further relates to an expression vector capable of expressing and/or expressing a nucleic acid according to the present invention.
• The present invention further relates to a peptide according to the present invention, a nucleic acid according to the present invention or an expression vector according to the present invention for use in the treatment of diseases and in medicine, in particular in the treatment of cancer.
• The present invention further relates to antibodies that are specific against the peptides according to the present invention or complexes of said peptides according to the present invention with MHC, and methods of making these.
• The present invention further relates to T-cell receptors (TCRs), in particular soluble TCR (sTCRs) and cloned TCRs engineered into autologous or allogeneic T cells, and methods of making these, as well as NK cells or other cells bearing said TCR or cross-reacting with said TCRs.
• The antibodies and TCRs are additional embodiments of the immunotherapeutic use of the peptides according to the invention at hand.
• The present invention further relates to a host cell comprising a nucleic acid according to the present invention or an expression vector as described before. The present invention further relates to the host cell according to the present invention that is an antigen presenting cell, and preferably is a dendritic cell.
• The present invention further relates to a method for producing a peptide according to the present invention, said method comprising culturing the host cell according to the present invention, and isolating the peptide from said host cell or its culture medium.
• The present invention further relates to said method according to the present invention, wherein the antigen is loaded onto class I or II MHC molecules expressed on the surface of a suitable antigen-presenting cell or artificial antigen-presenting cell by contacting a sufficient amount of the antigen with an antigen-presenting cell.
• The present invention further relates to the method according to the present invention, wherein the antigen-presenting cell comprises an expression vector capable of expressing or expressing said peptide containing SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No.: 288, preferably containing SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No.: 126, or a variant amino acid sequence.
• The present invention further relates to activated T cells, produced by the method according to the present invention, wherein said T cell selectively recognizes a cell which expresses a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence according to the present invention.
• The present invention further relates to a method of killing target cells in a patient which target cells aberrantly express a polypeptide comprising any amino acid sequence according to the present invention, the method comprising administering to the patient an effective number of T cells as produced according to the present invention.
• The present invention further relates to the use of any peptide as described, the nucleic acid according to the present invention, the expression vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, the activated T lymphocyte, the T cell receptor or the antibody or other peptide- and/or peptide-MHC-binding molecules according to the present invention as a medicament or in the manufacture of a medicament. Preferably, said medicament is active against cancer.
• Preferably, said medicament is suitable and used for a cellular therapy, a vaccine or a protein based on a soluble TCR or antibody.
• The present invention further relates to a use according to the present invention, wherein said cancer cells are HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, or CLL cells.
• The present invention further relates to biomarkers based on the peptides according to the present invention, herein called “targets” that can be used in the diagnosis of cancer, preferably HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, and CLL. The marker can be either over-presentation of the peptide(s) themselves, or over-expression of the corresponding gene(s). The markers may also be used to predict the probability of success of a treatment, preferably an immunotherapy, and most preferred an immunotherapy targeting the same target that is identified by the biomarker. For example, an antibody or soluble TCR can be used to stain sections of the tumor to detect the presence of a peptide of interest in complex with MHC.
• Optionally the antibody carries a further effector function such as an immune stimulating domain or toxin.
• The present invention also relates to the use of these novel targets in the context of cancer treatment.
• DCAF4L2 encodes the DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 4-like 2. The specific function of this protein remains to be elucidated; nevertheless the DCAF4L2 gene was shown to be associated with optic disc morphology and cleft lip development (Springelkamp et al., 2015; Beaty et al., 2013).
• Stimulation of an immune response is dependent upon the presence of antigens recognized as foreign by the host immune system. The discovery of the existence of tumor associated antigens has raised the possibility of using a host's immune system to intervene in tumor growth. Various mechanisms of harnessing both the humoral and cellular arms of the immune system are currently being explored for cancer immunotherapy.
• Specific elements of the cellular immune response are capable of specifically recognizing and destroying tumor cells. The isolation of T-cells from tumor-infiltrating cell populations or from peripheral blood suggests that such cells play an important role in natural immune defense against cancer. CD8-positive T-cells in particular, which recognize class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-bearing peptides of usually 8 to 10 amino acid residues derived from proteins or defect ribosomal products (DRIPS) located in the cytosol, play an important role in this response. The MHC-molecules of the human are also designated as human leukocyte-antigens (HLA).
• The term “T-cell response” means the specific proliferation and activation of effector functions induced by a peptide in vitro or in vivo. For MHC class I restricted cytotoxic T cells, effector functions may be lysis of peptide-pulsed, peptide-precursor pulsed or naturally peptide-presenting target cells, secretion of cytokines, preferably Interferon-gamma, TNF-alpha, or IL-2 induced by peptide, secretion of effector molecules, preferably granzymes or perforins induced by peptide, or degranulation.
• The term “peptide” is used herein to designate a series of amino acid residues, connected one to the other typically by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino and carbonyl groups of the adjacent amino acids. The peptides are preferably 9 amino acids in length, but can be as short as 8 amino acids in length, and as long as 10, 11, 12, or 13 amino acids or longer, and in case of MHC class II peptides (elongated variants of the peptides of the invention) they can be as long as 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 or more amino acids in length.
• Furthermore, the term “peptide” shall include salts of a series of amino acid residues, connected one to the other typically by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino and carbonyl groups of the adjacent amino acids. Preferably, the salts are pharmaceutical acceptable salts of the peptides, such as, for example, the chloride or acetate (trifluoroacetate) salts. It has to be noted that the salts of the peptides according to the present invention differ substantially from the peptides in their state(s) in vivo, as the peptides are not salts in vivo.
• The term “peptide” shall also include “oligopeptide”. The term “oligopeptide” is used herein to designate a series of amino acid residues, connected one to the other typically by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino and carbonyl groups of the adjacent amino acids. The length of the oligopeptide is not critical to the invention, as long as the correct epitope or epitopes are maintained therein. The oligopeptides are typically less than about 30 amino acid residues in length, and greater than about 15 amino acids in length.
• The term “polypeptide” designates a series of amino acid residues, connected one to the other typically by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino and carbonyl groups of the adjacent amino acids. The length of the polypeptide is not critical to the invention as long as the correct epitopes are maintained. In contrast to the terms peptide or oligopeptide, the term polypeptide is meant to refer to molecules containing more than about 30 amino acid residues.
• A peptide, oligopeptide, protein or polynucleotide coding for such a molecule is “immunogenic” (and thus is an “immunogen” within the present invention), if it is capable of inducing an immune response. In the case of the present invention, immunogenicity is more specifically defined as the ability to induce a T-cell response. Thus, an “immunogen” would be a molecule that is capable of inducing an immune response, and in the case of the present invention, a molecule capable of inducing a T-cell response. In another aspect, the immunogen can be the peptide, the complex of the peptide with MHC, oligopeptide, and/or protein that is used to raise specific antibodies or TCRs against it.
• A class I T cell “epitope” requires a short peptide that is bound to a class I MHC receptor, forming a ternary complex (MHC class I alpha chain, beta-2-microglobulin, and peptide) that can be recognized by a T cell bearing a matching T-cell receptor binding to the MHC/peptide complex with appropriate affinity. Peptides binding to MHC class I molecules are typically 8-14 amino acids in length, and most typically 9 amino acids in length.
• In humans there are three different genetic loci that encode MHC class I molecules (the MHC-molecules of the human are also designated human leukocyte antigens (HLA)): HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C. HLA-A*01, HLA-A*02, and HLA-B*07 are examples of different MHC class I alleles that can be expressed from these loci.

• TABLE 1
  Expression frequencies F of HLA-A*02 and HLA-A*24 and the most
  frequent HLA-DR serotypes. Frequencies are deduced from haplotype
  frequencies Gf within the American population adapted from Mori et al.
  (Mori et al., 1997) employing the Hardy-Weinberg formula F = 1 −
  (1 − Gf)2. Combinations of A*02 or A*24 with certain HLA-DR
  alleles might be enriched or less frequent than expected from their
  single frequencies due to linkage disequilibrium. For details refer
  to Chanock et al. (Chanock et al., 2004).

  		Calculated phenotype
  Allele	Population	from allele frequency
  A*02	Caucasian (North America)	49.1%
  A*02	African American (North America)	34.1%
  A*02	Asian American (North America)	43.2%
  A*02	Latin American (North American)	48.3%
  DR1	Caucasian (North America)	19.4%
  DR2	Caucasian (North America)	28.2%
  DR3	Caucasian (North America)	20.6%
  DR4	Caucasian (North America)	30.7%
  DR5	Caucasian (North America)	23.3%
  DR6	Caucasian (North America)	26.7%
  DR7	Caucasian (North America)	24.8%
  DR8	Caucasian (North America)	5.7%
  DR9	Caucasian (North America)	2.1%
  DR1	African (North) American	13.20%
  DR2	African (North) American	29.80%
  DR3	African (North) American	24.80%
  DR4	African (North) American	11.10%
  DR5	African (North) American	31.10%
  DR6	African (North) American	33.70%
  DR7	African (North) American	19.20%
  DR8	African (North) American	12.10%
  DR9	African (North) American	5.80%
  DR1	Asian (North) American	6.80%
  DR2	Asian (North) American	33.80%
  DR3	Asian (North) American	9.20%
  DR4	Asian (North) American	28.60%
  DR5	Asian (North) American	30.00%
  DR6	Asian (North) American	25.10%
  DR7	Asian (North) American	13.40%
  DR8	Asian (North) American	12.70%
  DR9	Asian (North) American	18.60%
  DR1	Latin (North) American	15.30%
  DR2	Latin (North) American	21.20%
  DR3	Latin (North) American	15.20%
  DR4	Latin (North) American	36.80%
  DR5	Latin (North) American	20.00%
  DR6	Latin (North) American	31.10%
  DR7	Latin (North) American	20.20%
  DR8	Latin (North) American	18.60%
  DR9	Latin (North) American	2.10%
  A*24	Philippines	65%
  A*24	Russia Nenets	61%
  A*24:02	Japan	59%
  A*24	Malaysia	58%
  A*24:02	Philippines	54%
  A*24	India	47%
  A*24	South Korea	40%
  A*24	Sri Lanka	37%
  A*24	China	32%
  A*24:02	India	29%
  A*24	Australia West	22%
  A*24	USA	22%
  A*24	Russia Samara	20%
  A*24	South America	20%
  A*24	Europe	18%

• The peptides of the invention, preferably when included into a vaccine of the invention as described herein bind to A*02. A vaccine may also include pan-binding MHC class II peptides. Therefore, the vaccine of the invention can be used to treat cancer in patients that are A*02 positive, whereas no selection for MHC class II allotypes is necessary due to the pan-binding nature of these peptides.
• If A*02 peptides of the invention are combined with peptides binding to another allele, for example A*24, a higher percentage of any patient population can be treated compared with addressing either MHC class I allele alone. While in most populations less than 50% of patients could be addressed by either allele alone, a vaccine comprising HLA-A*24 and HLA-A*02 epitopes can treat at least 60% of patients in any relevant population. Specifically, the following percentages of patients will be positive for at least one of these alleles in various regions: USA 61%, Western Europe 62%, China 75%, South Korea 77%, Japan 86% (calculated from www.allelefrequencies.net).
• In a preferred embodiment, the term “nucleotide sequence” refers to a heteropolymer of deoxyribonucleotides.
• The nucleotide sequence coding for a particular peptide, oligopeptide, or polypeptide may be naturally occurring or they may be synthetically constructed. Generally, DNA segments encoding the peptides, polypeptides, and proteins of this invention are assembled from cDNA fragments and short oligonucleotide linkers, or from a series of oligonucleotides, to provide a synthetic gene that is capable of being expressed in a recombinant transcriptional unit comprising regulatory elements derived from a microbial or viral operon.
• As used herein the term “a nucleotide coding for (or encoding) a peptide” refers to a nucleotide sequence coding for the peptide including artificial (man-made) start and stop codons compatible for the biological system the sequence is to be expressed by, for example, a dendritic cell or another cell system useful for the production of TCRs.
• As used herein, reference to a nucleic acid sequence includes both single stranded and double stranded nucleic acid. Thus, for example for DNA, the specific sequence, unless the context indicates otherwise, refers to the single strand DNA of such sequence, the duplex of such sequence with its complement (double stranded DNA) and the complement of such sequence.
• The term “coding region” refers to that portion of a gene which either naturally or normally codes for the expression product of that gene in its natural genomic environment, i.e., the region coding in vivo for the native expression product of the gene.
• The coding region can be derived from a non-mutated (“normal”), mutated or altered gene, or can even be derived from a DNA sequence, or gene, wholly synthesized in the laboratory using methods well known to those of skill in the art of DNA synthesis.
• The term “expression product” means the polypeptide or protein that is the natural translation product of the gene and any nucleic acid sequence coding equivalents resulting from genetic code degeneracy and thus coding for the same amino acid(s).
• The term “fragment”, when referring to a coding sequence, means a portion of DNA comprising less than the complete coding region, whose expression product retains essentially the same biological function or activity as the expression product of the complete coding region.
• The term “DNA segment” refers to a DNA polymer, in the form of a separate fragment or as a component of a larger DNA construct, which has been derived from DNA isolated at least once in substantially pure form, i.e., free of contaminating endogenous materials and in a quantity or concentration enabling identification, manipulation, and recovery of the segment and its component nucleotide sequences by standard biochemical methods, for example, by using a cloning vector. Such segments are provided in the form of an open reading frame uninterrupted by internal non-translated sequences, or introns, which are typically present in eukaryotic genes. Sequences of non-translated DNA may be present downstream from the open reading frame, where the same do not interfere with manipulation or expression of the coding regions.
• The term “primer” means a short nucleic acid sequence that can be paired with one strand of DNA and provides a free 3′-OH end at which a DNA polymerase starts synthesis of a deoxyribonucleotide chain.
• The term “promoter” means a region of DNA involved in binding of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.
• The term “isolated” means that the material is removed from its original environment (e.g., the natural environment, if it is naturally occurring). For example, a naturally-occurring polynucleotide or polypeptide present in a living animal is not isolated, but the same polynucleotide or polypeptide, separated from some or all of the coexisting materials in the natural system, is isolated. Such polynucleotides could be part of a vector and/or such polynucleotides or polypeptides could be part of a composition, and still be isolated in that such vector or composition is not part of its natural environment.
• The polynucleotides, and recombinant or immunogenic polypeptides, disclosed in accordance with the present invention may also be in “purified” form. The term “purified” does not require absolute purity; rather, it is intended as a relative definition, and can include preparations that are highly purified or preparations that are only partially purified, as those terms are understood by those of skill in the relevant art. For example, individual clones isolated from a cDNA library have been conventionally purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. Purification of starting material or natural material to at least one order of magnitude, preferably two or three orders, and more preferably four or five orders of magnitude is expressly contemplated. Furthermore, a claimed polypeptide which has a purity of preferably 99.999%, or at least 99.99% or 99.9%; and even desirably 99% by weight or greater is expressly encompassed.
• The nucleic acids and polypeptide expression products disclosed according to the present invention, as well as expression vectors containing such nucleic acids and/or such polypeptides, may be in “enriched form”. As used herein, the term “enriched” means that the concentration of the material is at least about 2, 5, 10, 100, or 1000 times its natural concentration (for example), advantageously 0.01%, by weight, preferably at least about 0.1% by weight. Enriched preparations of about 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% by weight are also contemplated. The sequences, constructs, vectors, clones, and other materials comprising the present invention can advantageously be in enriched or isolated form. The term “active fragment” means a fragment, usually of a peptide, polypeptide or nucleic acid sequence, that generates an immune response (i.e., has immunogenic activity) when administered, alone or optionally with a suitable adjuvant or in a vector, to an animal, such as a mammal, for example, a rabbit or a mouse, and also including a human, such immune response taking the form of stimulating a T-cell response within the recipient animal, such as a human. Alternatively, the “active fragment” may also be used to induce a T-cell response in vitro.
• As used herein, the terms “portion”, “segment” and “fragment”, when used in relation to polypeptides, refer to a continuous sequence of residues, such as amino acid residues, which sequence forms a subset of a larger sequence. For example, if a polypeptide were subjected to treatment with any of the common endopeptidases, such as trypsin or chymotrypsin, the oligopeptides resulting from such treatment would represent portions, segments or fragments of the starting polypeptide. When used in relation to polynucleotides, these terms refer to the products produced by treatment of said polynucleotides with any of the endonucleases.
• In accordance with the present invention, the term “percent identity” or “percent identical”, when referring to a sequence, means that a sequence is compared to a claimed or described sequence after alignment of the sequence to be compared (the “Compared Sequence”) with the described or claimed sequence (the “Reference Sequence”). The percent identity is then determined according to the following formula:
• 
  percent identity=100[1−(C/R)]
• wherein C is the number of differences between the Reference Sequence and the Compared Sequence over the length of alignment between the Reference Sequence and the Compared Sequence, wherein
• (i) each base or amino acid in the Reference Sequence that does not have a corresponding aligned base or amino acid in the Compared Sequence and
• (ii) each gap in the Reference Sequence and
• (iii) each aligned base or amino acid in the Reference Sequence that is different from an aligned base or amino acid in the Compared Sequence, constitutes a difference and
• (iv) the alignment has to start at position 1 of the aligned sequences; and R is the number of bases or amino acids in the Reference Sequence over the length of the alignment with the Compared Sequence with any gap created in the Reference Sequence also being counted as a base or amino acid.
• If an alignment exists between the Compared Sequence and the Reference Sequence for which the percent identity as calculated above is about equal to or greater than a specified minimum Percent Identity then the Compared Sequence has the specified minimum percent identity to the Reference Sequence even though alignments may exist in which the herein above calculated percent identity is less than the specified percent identity.
• As mentioned above, the present invention thus provides a peptide comprising a sequence that is selected from the group of consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 288 or a variant thereof which is 88% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 288, or a variant thereof that will induce T cells cross-reacting with said peptide. The peptides of the invention have the ability to bind to a molecule of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I or elongated versions of said peptides to class II.
• In the present invention, the term “homologous” refers to the degree of identity (see percent identity above) between sequences of two amino acid sequences, i.e. peptide or polypeptide sequences. The aforementioned “homology” is determined by comparing two sequences aligned under optimal conditions over the sequences to be compared. Such a sequence homology can be calculated by creating an alignment using, for example, the ClustalW algorithm. Commonly available sequence analysis software, more specifically, Vector NTI, GENETYX or other tools are provided by public databases.
• A person skilled in the art will be able to assess, whether T cells induced by a variant of a specific peptide will be able to cross-react with the peptide itself (Appay et al., 2006; Colombetti et al., 2006; Fong et al., 2001; Zaremba et al., 1997).
• By a “variant” of the given amino acid sequence the inventors mean that the side chains of, for example, one or two of the amino acid residues are altered (for example by replacing them with the side chain of another naturally occurring amino acid residue or some other side chain) such that the peptide is still able to bind to an HLA molecule in substantially the same way as a peptide consisting of the given amino acid sequence in consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 288. For example, a peptide may be modified so that it at least maintains, if not improves, the ability to interact with and bind to the binding groove of a suitable MHC molecule, such as HLA-A*02 or -DR, and in that way it at least maintains, if not improves, the ability to bind to the TCR of activated T cells.
• These T cells can subsequently cross-react with cells and kill cells that express a polypeptide that contains the natural amino acid sequence of the cognate peptide as defined in the aspects of the invention. As can be derived from the scientific literature and databases (Rammensee et al., 1999; Godkin et al., 1997), certain positions of HLA binding peptides are typically anchor residues forming a core sequence fitting to the binding motif of the HLA receptor, which is defined by polar, electrophysical, hydrophobic and spatial properties of the polypeptide chains constituting the binding groove. Thus, one skilled in the art would be able to modify the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO 288, by maintaining the known anchor residues, and would be able to determine whether such variants maintain the ability to bind MHC class I or II molecules. The variants of the present invention retain the ability to bind to the TCR of activated T cells, which can subsequently cross-react with and kill cells that express a polypeptide containing the natural amino acid sequence of the cognate peptide as defined in the aspects of the invention.
• The original (unmodified) peptides as disclosed herein can be modified by the substitution of one or more residues at different, possibly selective, sites within the peptide chain, if not otherwise stated. Preferably those substitutions are located at the end of the amino acid chain. Such substitutions may be of a conservative nature, for example, where one amino acid is replaced by an amino acid of similar structure and characteristics, such as where a hydrophobic amino acid is replaced by another hydrophobic amino acid. Even more conservative would be replacement of amino acids of the same or similar size and chemical nature, such as where leucine is replaced by isoleucine. In studies of sequence variations in families of naturally occurring homologous proteins, certain amino acid substitutions are more often tolerated than others, and these are often show correlation with similarities in size, charge, polarity, and hydrophobicity between the original amino acid and its replacement, and such is the basis for defining “conservative substitutions.”
• Conservative substitutions are herein defined as exchanges within one of the following five groups: Group 1-small aliphatic, nonpolar or slightly polar residues (Ala, Ser, Thr, Pro, Gly); Group 2-polar, negatively charged residues and their amides (Asp, Asn, Glu, Gln); Group 3-polar, positively charged residues (His, Arg, Lys); Group 4-large, aliphatic, nonpolar residues (Met, Leu, Ile, Val, Cys); and Group 5-large, aromatic residues (Phe, Tyr, Trp).
• Less conservative substitutions might involve the replacement of one amino acid by another that has similar characteristics but is somewhat different in size, such as replacement of an alanine by an isoleucine residue. Highly non-conservative replacements might involve substituting an acidic amino acid for one that is polar, or even for one that is basic in character. Such “radical” substitutions cannot, however, be dismissed as potentially ineffective since chemical effects are not totally predictable and radical substitutions might well give rise to serendipitous effects not otherwise predictable from simple chemical principles.
• Of course, such substitutions may involve structures other than the common L-amino acids. Thus, D-amino acids might be substituted for the L-amino acids commonly found in the antigenic peptides of the invention and yet still be encompassed by the disclosure herein. In addition, non-standard amino acids (i.e., other than the common naturally occurring proteinogenic amino acids) may also be used for substitution purposes to produce immunogens and immunogenic polypeptides according to the present invention.
• If substitutions at more than one position are found to result in a peptide with substantially equivalent or greater antigenic activity as defined below, then combinations of those substitutions will be tested to determine if the combined substitutions result in additive or synergistic effects on the antigenicity of the peptide. At most, no more than four positions within the peptide would be simultaneously substituted.
• A peptide consisting essentially of the amino acid sequence as indicated herein can have one or two non-anchor amino acids (see below regarding the anchor motif) exchanged without that the ability to bind to a molecule of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I or -II is substantially changed or is negatively affected, when compared to the non-modified peptide. In another embodiment, in a peptide consisting essentially of the amino acid sequence as indicated herein, one or two amino acids can be exchanged with their conservative exchange partners (see herein below) without that the ability to bind to a molecule of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I or -II is substantially changed, or is negatively affected, when compared to the non-modified peptide.
• The amino acid residues that do not substantially contribute to interactions with the T-cell receptor can be modified by replacement with other amino acids whose incorporation do not substantially affect T-cell reactivity and does not eliminate binding to the relevant MHC. Thus, apart from the proviso given, the peptide of the invention may be any peptide (by which term the inventors include oligopeptide or polypeptide), which includes the amino acid sequences or a portion or variant thereof as given.

• TABLE 2
  Variants and motif of the peptides
  according to SEQ ID NO.: 4, 13, and 15

  Position	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
  SEQ ID NO. 4	V	L	F	G	E	L	P	A	L
  Variants									V
  									I
  									A
  		M							V
  		M							I
  		M
  		M							A
  		A							V
  		A							I
  		A
  		A							A
  		V							V
  		V							I
  		V
  		V							A
  		T							V
  		T							I
  		T
  		T							A
  		Q							V
  		Q							I
  		Q
  		Q							A
  Position	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
  SEQ ID NO. 15	G	L	P	S	A	T	T	T	V
  Variants		I							L
  		I							I
  		I
  		I							A
  		M							L
  		M							I
  		M
  		M							A
  		A							L
  		A							I
  		A
  		A							A
  		V							L
  		V							I
  		V
  		V							A
  		T							L
  		T							I
  		T
  		T							A
  		Q							L
  		Q							I
  		Q
  		Q							A
  Position	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
  SEQ ID NO. 13	R	L	H	D	E	N	I	L	L
  Variants									V
  									I
  									A
  		M							V
  		M							I
  		M
  		M							A
  		A							V
  		A							I
  		A
  		A							A
  		V							V
  		V							I
  		V
  		V							A
  		T							V
  		T							I
  		T
  		T							A
  		Q							V
  		Q							I
  		Q
  		Q							A

• Longer (elongated) peptides may also be suitable. It is possible that MHC class I epitopes, although usually between 8 and 11 amino acids long, are generated by peptide processing from longer peptides or proteins that include the actual epitope. It is preferred that the residues that flank the actual epitope are residues that do not substantially affect proteolytic cleavage necessary to expose the actual epitope during processing.
• The peptides of the invention can be elongated by up to four amino acids, that is 1, 2, 3 or 4 amino acids can be added to either end in any combination between 4:0 and 0:4. Combinations of the elongations according to the invention can be found in Table 3.

• TABLE 3
  Combinations of the elongations of peptides of the invention

  C-terminus	N-terminus
  4	0
  3	0 or 1
  2	0 or 1 or 2
  1	0 or 1 or 2 or 3
  0	0 or 1 or 2 or 3 or 4
  N-terminus	C-terminus
  4	0
  3	0 or 1
  2	0 or 1 or 2
  1	0 or 1 or 2 or 3
  0	0 or 1 or 2 or 3 or 4

• The amino acids for the elongation/extension can be the peptides of the original sequence of the protein or any other amino acid(s). The elongation can be used to enhance the stability or solubility of the peptides.
• Thus, the epitopes of the present invention may be identical to naturally occurring tumor-associated or tumor-specific epitopes or may include epitopes that differ by no more than four residues from the reference peptide, as long as they have substantially identical antigenic activity.
• In an alternative embodiment, the peptide is elongated on either or both sides by more than 4 amino acids, preferably to a total length of up to 30 amino acids. This may lead to MHC class II binding peptides. Binding to MHC class II can be tested by methods known in the art.
• Accordingly, the present invention provides peptides and variants of MHC class I epitopes, wherein the peptide or variant has an overall length of between 8 and 100, preferably between 8 and 30, and most preferred between 8 and 14, namely 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 amino acids, in case of the elongated class II binding peptides the length can also be 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22 amino acids.
• Of course, the peptide or variant according to the present invention will have the ability to bind to a molecule of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II. Binding of a peptide or a variant to a MHC complex may be tested by methods known in the art.
• Preferably, when the T cells specific for a peptide according to the present invention are tested against the substituted peptides, the peptide concentration at which the substituted peptides achieve half the maximal increase in lysis relative to background is no more than about 1 mM, preferably no more than about 1 μM, more preferably no more than about 1 nM, and still more preferably no more than about 100 pM, and most preferably no more than about 10 pM. It is also preferred that the substituted peptide be recognized by T cells from more than one individual, at least two, and more preferably three individuals.
• In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention the peptide consists or consists essentially of an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 288.
• “Consisting essentially of” shall mean that a peptide according to the present invention, in addition to the sequence according to any of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO 288 or a variant thereof contains additional N- and/or C-terminally located stretches of amino acids that are not necessarily forming part of the peptide that functions as an epitope for MHC molecules epitope.
• Nevertheless, these stretches can be important to provide an efficient introduction of the peptide according to the present invention into the cells. In one embodiment of the present invention, the peptide is part of a fusion protein which comprises, for example, the 80 N-terminal amino acids of the HLA-DR antigen-associated invariant chain (p33, in the following “Ii”) as derived from the NCBI, GenBank Accession number X00497. In other fusions, the peptides of the present invention can be fused to an antibody as described herein, or a functional part thereof, in particular into a sequence of an antibody, so as to be specifically targeted by said antibody, or, for example, to or into an antibody that is specific for dendritic cells as described herein.
• In addition, the peptide or variant may be modified further to improve stability and/or binding to MHC molecules in order to elicit a stronger immune response. Methods for such an optimization of a peptide sequence are well known in the art and include, for example, the introduction of reverse peptide bonds or non-peptide bonds.
• In a reverse peptide bond amino acid residues are not joined by peptide (—CO—NH—) linkages but the peptide bond is reversed. Such retro-inverso peptidomimetics may be made using methods known in the art, for example such as those described in Meziere et al (1997) (Meziere et al., 1997), incorporated herein by reference. This approach involves making pseudopeptides containing changes involving the backbone, and not the orientation of side chains. Meziere et al. (Meziere et al., 1997) show that for MHC binding and T helper cell responses, these pseudopeptides are useful. Retro-inverse peptides, which contain NH—CO bonds instead of CO—NH peptide bonds, are much more resistant to proteolysis.
• A non-peptide bond is, for example, —CH₂—NH, —CH₂S—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH═CH—, —COCH₂—, —CH(OH)CH₂—, and —CH₂SO—. U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,445 provides a method for the solid phase synthesis of non-peptide bonds (—CH₂—NH) in polypeptide chains which involves polypeptides synthesized by standard procedures and the non-peptide bond synthesized by reacting an amino aldehyde and an amino acid in the presence of NaCNBH₃.
• Peptides comprising the sequences described above may be synthesized with additional chemical groups present at their amino and/or carboxy termini, to enhance the stability, bioavailability, and/or affinity of the peptides. For example, hydrophobic groups such as carbobenzoxyl, dansyl, or t-butyloxycarbonyl groups may be added to the peptides' amino termini. Likewise, an acetyl group or a 9-fluorenylmethoxy-carbonyl group may be placed at the peptides' amino termini. Additionally, the hydrophobic group, t-butyloxycarbonyl, or an amido group may be added to the peptides' carboxy termini.
• Further, the peptides of the invention may be synthesized to alter their steric configuration. For example, the D-isomer of one or more of the amino acid residues of the peptide may be used, rather than the usual L-isomer. Still further, at least one of the amino acid residues of the peptides of the invention may be substituted by one of the well-known non-naturally occurring amino acid residues. Alterations such as these may serve to increase the stability, bioavailability and/or binding action of the peptides of the invention.
• Similarly, a peptide or variant of the invention may be modified chemically by reacting specific amino acids either before or after synthesis of the peptide. Examples for such modifications are well known in the art and are summarized e.g. in R. Lundblad, Chemical Reagents for Protein Modification, 3rd ed. CRC Press, 2004 (Lundblad, 2004), which is incorporated herein by reference. Chemical modification of amino acids includes but is not limited to, modification by acylation, amidination, pyridoxylation of lysine, reductive alkylation, trinitrobenzylation of amino groups with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS), amide modification of carboxyl groups and sulphydryl modification by performic acid oxidation of cysteine to cysteic acid, formation of mercurial derivatives, formation of mixed disulphides with other thiol compounds, reaction with maleimide, carboxymethylation with iodoacetic acid or iodoacetamide and carbamoylation with cyanate at alkaline pH, although without limitation thereto. In this regard, the skilled person is referred to Chapter 15 of Current Protocols In Protein Science, Eds. Coligan et al. (John Wiley and Sons NY 1995-2000) (Coligan et al., 1995) for more extensive methodology relating to chemical modification of proteins.
• Briefly, modification of e.g. arginyl residues in proteins is often based on the reaction of vicinal dicarbonyl compounds such as phenylglyoxal, 2,3-butanedione, and 1,2-cyclohexanedione to form an adduct. Another example is the reaction of methylglyoxal with arginine residues. Cysteine can be modified without concomitant modification of other nucleophilic sites such as lysine and histidine. As a result, a large number of reagents are available for the modification of cysteine. The websites of companies such as Sigma-Aldrich (www.sigma-aldrich.com) provide information on specific reagents.
• Selective reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins is also common. Disulfide bonds can be formed and oxidized during the heat treatment of biopharmaceuticals. Woodward's Reagent K may be used to modify specific glutamic acid residues. N-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide can be used to form intra-molecular crosslinks between a lysine residue and a glutamic acid residue. For example, diethylpyrocarbonate is a reagent for the modification of histidyl residues in proteins. Histidine can also be modified using 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. The reaction of lysine residues and other a-amino groups is, for example, useful in binding of peptides to surfaces or the cross-linking of proteins/peptides. Lysine is the site of attachment of poly(ethylene)glycol and the major site of modification in the glycosylation of proteins. Methionine residues in proteins can be modified with e.g. iodoacetamide, bromoethylamine, and chloramine T.
• Tetranitromethane and N-acetylimidazole can be used for the modification of tyrosyl residues. Cross-linking via the formation of dityrosine can be accomplished with hydrogen peroxide/copper ions.
• Recent studies on the modification of tryptophan have used N-bromosuccinimide, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide or 3-bromo-3-methyl-2-(2-nitrophenylmercapto)-3H-indole (BPNS-skatole).
• Successful modification of therapeutic proteins and peptides with PEG is often associated with an extension of circulatory half-life while cross-linking of proteins with glutaraldehyde, polyethylene glycol diacrylate and formaldehyde is used for the preparation of hydrogels. Chemical modification of allergens for immunotherapy is often achieved by carbamylation with potassium cyanate.
• A peptide or variant, wherein the peptide is modified or includes non-peptide bonds is a preferred embodiment of the invention. Generally, peptides and variants (at least those containing peptide linkages between amino acid residues) may be synthesized by the Fmoc-polyamide mode of solid-phase peptide synthesis as disclosed by Lukas et al. (Lukas et al., 1981) and by references as cited therein. Temporary N-amino group protection is afforded by the 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group. Repetitive cleavage of this highly base-labile protecting group is done using 20% piperidine in N, N-dimethylformamide. Side-chain functionalities may be protected as their butyl ethers (in the case of serine threonine and tyrosine), butyl esters (in the case of glutamic acid and aspartic acid), butyloxycarbonyl derivative (in the case of lysine and histidine), trityl derivative (in the case of cysteine) and 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylbenzenesulphonyl derivative (in the case of arginine). Where glutamine or asparagine are C-terminal residues, use is made of the 4,4′-dimethoxybenzhydryl group for protection of the side chain amido functionalities. The solid-phase support is based on a polydimethyl-acrylamide polymer constituted from the three monomers dimethylacrylamide (backbone-monomer), bisacryloylethylene diamine (cross linker) and acryloylsarcosine methyl ester (functionalizing agent). The peptide-to-resin cleavable linked agent used is the acid-labile 4-hydroxymethyl-phenoxyacetic acid derivative. All amino acid derivatives are added as their preformed symmetrical anhydride derivatives with the exception of asparagine and glutamine, which are added using a reversed N, N-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide/1hydroxybenzotriazole mediated coupling procedure. All coupling and deprotection reactions are monitored using ninhydrin, trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid or isotin test procedures. Upon completion of synthesis, peptides are cleaved from the resin support with concomitant removal of side-chain protecting groups by treatment with 95% trifluoroacetic acid containing a 50% scavenger mix. Scavengers commonly used include ethanedithiol, phenol, anisole and water, the exact choice depending on the constituent amino acids of the peptide being synthesized. Also a combination of solid phase and solution phase methodologies for the synthesis of peptides is possible (see, for example, (Bruckdorfer et al., 2004), and the references as cited therein).
• Trifluoroacetic acid is removed by evaporation in vacuo, with subsequent trituration with diethyl ether affording the crude peptide. Any scavengers present are removed by a simple extraction procedure which on lyophilization of the aqueous phase affords the crude peptide free of scavengers. Reagents for peptide synthesis are generally available from e.g. Calbiochem-Novabiochem (Nottingham, UK).
• Purification may be performed by any one, or a combination of, techniques such as re-crystallization, size exclusion chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and (usually) reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography using e.g. acetonitrile/water gradient separation.
• Analysis of peptides may be carried out using thin layer chromatography, electrophoresis, in particular capillary electrophoresis, solid phase extraction (CSPE), reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, amino-acid analysis after acid hydrolysis and by fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometric analysis, as well as MALDI and ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometric analysis.
• For the identification of peptides of the present invention, the database of publicly available RNA expression data (Lonsdale, 2013) from about 3000 normal tissue samples was screened for genes with near-absent expression in vital organ systems, and low expression in other important organ systems. In a second step, cancer-associated peptides derived from the protein products of these genes were identified by mass spectrometry using the XPRESIDENT™ platform as described herein.
• In detail, to select genes of interest using RNASeq data from said database, vital organ systems were considered to be: brain, heart, blood vessel, lung, and liver. The median of reads per kilobase per million reads (RPKM) for vital organs was required to be less than 2, and the 75% percentile was required to be less than 5 RPKM for selection of the gene. If the organ systems were covered by more than one sample class, e. g. different brain regions that had been analyzed separately, the maximal median and maximal 75% percentile over the multiple sample classes was used for the calculation. Other important organ systems were considered to be: skin, nerve, pituitary, colon, kidney, adipose tissue, adrenal gland, urinary bladder, whole blood, esophagus, muscle, pancreas, salivary gland, small intestine, stomach, breast, spleen, thyroid gland. The maximal median RPKM for these organs was required to be less than 10 for selection of the gene. Other organs were considered as non-vital and thus no cut-off value for gene expression was applied. These organs were cervix uteri and uterus, fallopian tube, vagina, prostate, testis, and ovary. Using this screen, around 14,000 candidate genes were selected. Next, presentation profiles of peptides derived from the corresponding proteins were analyzed. Peptides were considered interesting if they were presented on less than five normal samples in a set of more than 170 normal (i.e. non-cancerous) samples analyzed, and if the highest normal tissue presentation was less than 30% of the median tumor signal (over all tumor samples).
• In order to select over-presented peptides, a presentation profile is calculated showing the median sample presentation as well as replicate variation. The profile juxtaposes samples of the tumor entity of interest to a baseline of normal tissue samples. Each of these profiles can then be consolidated into an over-presentation score by calculating the p-value of a Linear Mixed-Effects Model (Pinheiro et al., 2015) adjusting for multiple testing by False Discovery Rate (Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995).
• For the identification and relative quantitation of HLA ligands by mass spectrometry, HLA molecules from shock-frozen tissue samples were purified and HLA-associated peptides were isolated. The isolated peptides were separated and sequences were identified by online nano-electrospray-ionization (nanoESI) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) experiments. The resulting peptide sequences were verified by comparison of the fragmentation pattern of natural TUMAPs recorded from primary tumor samples with the fragmentation patterns of corresponding synthetic reference peptides of identical sequences. Since the peptides were directly identified as ligands of HLA molecules of primary tumors, these results provide direct evidence for the natural processing and presentation of the identified peptides on primary cancer tissue.
• Sample numbers were (altogether/QC-pass samples): for PC N=39 (36), for RCC N=22 (18), for CRC N=31 (28), for esophageal carcinoma N=14 (11), for BPH and prostate cancer N=53 (43), for HCC N=15 (15), for NSCLC N=96 (87), for GC N=35 (33), for GB N=38 (27), for breast cancer N=2 (2), for melanoma N=5 (2), for ovarian cancer N=21 (20), for CLL N=5 (4), for SCLC N=18 (17), NHL N=18 (18), AML N=23 (18), GBC, CCC N=18 (17), for UBC N=17 (15), for UEC N=19 (16). Samples have passed QC if 5 mass spectrometry replicates are acquired or the sample is consumed completely, and peptides used to calculate the normalization factor (i.e. occurring in technical replicates of the same sample with less than 50% variance, and occurring at least in 2 independent samples) are at least 30% of all peptides measured in the sample. Samples that were subtyped resulting in a rare subtype (such as A*02:05, A*02:06) were excluded for selection of the peptides of this invention.
• The discovery pipeline XPRESIDENT® v2.1 (see, for example, US 2013-0096016, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) allows the identification and selection of relevant over-presented peptide vaccine candidates based on direct relative quantitation of HLA-restricted peptide levels on cancer tissues in comparison to several different non-cancerous tissues and organs. This was achieved by the development of label-free differential quantitation using the acquired LC-MS data processed by a proprietary data analysis pipeline, combining algorithms for sequence identification, spectral clustering, ion counting, retention time alignment, charge state deconvolution and normalization.
• Presentation levels including error estimates for each peptide and sample were established. Peptides exclusively presented on tumor tissue and peptides over-presented in tumor versus non-cancerous tissues and organs have been identified.
• HLA-peptide complexes from primary HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, and CLL samples were purified and HLA-associated peptides were isolated and analyzed by LC-MS (see examples). All TUMAPs contained in the present application were identified with this approach on HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, and/or CLL samples, confirming their presentation on these tumor types.
• TUMAPs identified on multiple tumor and normal tissues were quantified using ion-counting of label-free LC-MS data. The method assumes that LC-MS signal areas of a peptide correlate with its abundance in the sample. All quantitative signals of a peptide in various LC-MS experiments were normalized based on central tendency, averaged per sample and merged into a bar plot, called presentation profile. The presentation profile consolidates different analysis methods like protein database search, spectral clustering, charge state deconvolution (decharging) and retention time alignment and normalization.
• Furthermore, the discovery pipeline XPRESIDENT® v2.x allows the direct absolute quantitation of MHC—, preferably HLA-restricted, peptide levels on cancer or other infected tissues. Briefly, the total cell count was calculated from the total DNA content of the analyzed tissue sample. The total peptide amount for a TUMAP in a tissue sample was measured by nanoLC-MS/MS as the ratio of the natural TUMAP and a known amount of an isotope-labelled version of the TUMAP, the so-called internal standard. The efficiency of TUMAP isolation was determined by spiking peptide:MHC complexes of all selected TUMAPs into the tissue lysate at the earliest possible point of the TUMAP isolation procedure and their detection by nanoLC-MS/MS following completion of the peptide isolation procedure. The total cell count and the amount of total peptide were calculated from triplicate measurements per tissue sample. The peptide-specific isolation efficiencies were calculated as an average from 10 spike experiments each measured as a triplicate (see Example 6 and Table 11).
• This combined analysis of RNA expression and mass spectrometry data resulted in the 288 peptides of the present invention. In many cases the peptide was identified only on a low number of tumors. However, due to the limited sensitivity of routine mass spectrometry analysis, RNA data provide a much better basis for coverage estimation (see Example 2).
• The present invention provides peptides that are useful in treating cancers/tumors, preferably HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, and CLL that over- or exclusively present the peptides of the invention. These peptides were shown by mass spectrometry to be naturally presented by HLA molecules on primary human HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, CLL samples, and/or on PC samples.
• Many of the source gene/proteins (also designated “full-length proteins” or “underlying proteins”) from which the peptides are derived were shown to be highly over-expressed in cancer compared with normal tissues—“normal tissues” in relation to this invention shall mean either healthy tissues of the tumor-corresponding type (liver, colon/rectum, brain, stomach, esophagus, lung, pancreas, kidney, prostate, ovary, skin, breast and leukocytes) or other normal tissue cells, demonstrating a high degree of tumor association of the source genes (see Example 2). Moreover, the peptides themselves are strongly over-presented on tumor tissue—“tumor tissue” in relation to this invention shall mean a sample from a patient suffering from HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, or CLL, but not on normal tissues (see Example 1).
• HLA-bound peptides can be recognized by the immune system, specifically T lymphocytes. T cells can destroy the cells presenting the recognized HLA/peptide complex, e.g. HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, PC, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, or CLL cells presenting the derived peptides.
• The peptides of the present invention have been shown to be capable of stimulating T cell responses and/or are over-presented and thus can be used for the production of antibodies and/or TCRs, such as soluble TCRs, according to the present invention (see Example 3, Example 4). Furthermore, the peptides when complexed with the respective MHC can be used for the production of antibodies and/or TCRs, in particular sTCRs, according to the present invention, as well. Respective methods are well known to the person of skill, and can be found in the respective literature as well. Thus, the peptides of the present invention are useful for generating an immune response in a patient by which tumor cells can be destroyed. An immune response in a patient can be induced by direct administration of the described peptides or suitable precursor substances (e.g. elongated peptides, proteins, or nucleic acids encoding these peptides) to the patient, ideally in combination with an agent enhancing the immunogenicity (i.e. an adjuvant). The immune response originating from such a therapeutic vaccination can be expected to be highly specific against tumor cells because the target peptides of the present invention are not presented on normal tissues in comparable copy numbers, preventing the risk of undesired autoimmune reactions against normal cells in the patient.
• The present description further relates to T-cell receptors (TCRs) comprising an alpha chain and a beta chain (“alpha/beta TCRs”). Also provided are peptides capable of binding to TCRs and antibodies when presented by an MHC molecule. The present description also relates to nucleic acids, vectors and host cells for expressing TCRs and peptides of the present description; and methods of using the same.
• The term “T-cell receptor” (abbreviated TCR) refers to a heterodimeric molecule comprising an alpha polypeptide chain (alpha chain) and a beta polypeptide chain (beta chain), wherein the heterodimeric receptor is capable of binding to a peptide antigen presented by an HLA molecule. The term also includes so-called gamma/delta TCRs.
• In one embodiment the description provides a method of producing a TCR as described herein, the method comprising culturing a host cell capable of expressing the TCR under conditions suitable to promote expression of the TCR.
• The description in another aspect relates to methods according to the description, wherein the antigen is loaded onto class I or II MHC molecules expressed on the surface of a suitable antigen-presenting cell or artificial antigen-presenting cell by contacting a sufficient amount of the antigen with an antigen-presenting cell or the antigen is loaded onto class I or II MHC tetramers by tetramerizing the antigen/class I or II MHC complex monomers.
• The alpha and beta chains of alpha/beta TCR's, and the gamma and delta chains of gamma/delta TCRs, are generally regarded as each having two “domains”, namely variable and constant domains. The variable domain consists of a concatenation of variable region (V), and joining region (J). The variable domain may also include a leader region (L). Beta and delta chains may also include a diversity region (D). The alpha and beta constant domains may also include C-terminal transmembrane (TM) domains that anchor the alpha and beta chains to the cell membrane.
• With respect to gamma/delta TCRs, the term “TCR gamma variable domain” as used herein refers to the concatenation of the TCR gamma V (TRGV) region without leader region (L), and the TCR gamma J (TRGJ) region, and the term TCR gamma constant domain refers to the extracellular TRGC region, or to a C-terminal truncated TRGC sequence. Likewise the term “TCR delta variable domain” refers to the concatenation of the TCR delta V (TRDV) region without leader region (L) and the TCR delta D/J (TRDD/TRDJ) region, and the term “TCR delta constant domain” refers to the extracellular TRDC region, or to a C-terminal truncated TRDC sequence.
• TCRs of the present description preferably bind to a peptide-HLA molecule complex with a binding affinity (KD) of about 100 μM or less, about 50 μM or less, about 25 μM or less, or about 10 μM or less. More preferred are high affinity TCRs having binding affinities of about 1 μM or less, about 100 nM or less, about 50 nM or less, about 25 nM or less. Non-limiting examples of preferred binding affinity ranges for TCRs of the present invention include about 1 nM to about 10 nM; about 10 nM to about 20 nM; about 20 nM to about 30 nM; about 30 nM to about 40 nM; about 40 nM to about 50 nM; about 50 nM to about 60 nM; about 60 nM to about 70 nM; about 70 nM to about 80 nM; about 80 nM to about 90 nM; and about 90 nM to about 100 nM.
• As used herein in connect with TCRs of the present description, “specific binding” and grammatical variants thereof are used to mean a TCR having a binding affinity (KD) for a peptide-HLA molecule complex of 100 μM or less.
• Alpha/beta heterodimeric TCRs of the present description may have an introduced disulfide bond between their constant domains. Preferred TCRs of this type include those which have a TRAC constant domain sequence and a TRBC1 or TRBC2 constant domain sequence except that Thr 48 of TRAC and Ser 57 of TRBC1 or TRBC2 are replaced by cysteine residues, the said cysteines forming a disulfide bond between the TRAC constant domain sequence and the TRBC1 or TRBC2 constant domain sequence of the TCR.
• With or without the introduced inter-chain bond mentioned above, alpha/beta hetero-dimeric TCRs of the present description may have a TRAC constant domain sequence and a TRBC1 or TRBC2 constant domain sequence, and the TRAC constant domain sequence and the TRBC1 or TRBC2 constant domain sequence of the TCR may be linked by the native disulfide bond between Cys4 of exon 2 of TRAC and Cys2 of exon 2 of TRBC1 or TRBC2.
• TCRs of the present description may comprise a detectable label selected from the group consisting of a radionuclide, a fluorophore and biotin. TCRs of the present description may be conjugated to a therapeutically active agent, such as a radionuclide, a chemotherapeutic agent, or a toxin.
• In an embodiment, a TCR of the present description having at least one mutation in the alpha chain and/or having at least one mutation in the beta chain has modified glycosylation compared to the unmutated TCR.
• In an embodiment, a TCR comprising at least one mutation in the TCR alpha chain and/or TCR beta chain has a binding affinity for, and/or a binding half-life for, an peptide-HLA molecule complex, which is at least double that of a TCR comprising the unmutated TCR alpha chain and/or unmutated TCR beta chain. Affinity-enhancement of tumor-specific TCRs, and its exploitation, relies on the existence of a window for optimal TCR affinities. The existence of such a window is based on observations that TCRs specific for HLA-A2-restricted pathogens have KD values that are generally about 10-fold lower when compared to TCRs specific for HLA-A2-restricted tumor-associated self-antigens. It is now known, although tumor antigens have the potential to be immunogenic, because tumors arise from the individual's own cells only mutated proteins or proteins with altered translational processing will be seen as foreign by the immune system. Antigens that are upregulated or overexpressed (so called self-antigens) will not necessarily induce a functional immune response against the tumor: T-cells expressing TCRs that are highly reactive to these antigens will have been negatively selected within the thymus in a process known as central tolerance, meaning that only T-cells with low-affinity TCRs for self-antigens remain. Therefore, affinity of TCRs or variants of the present description to the peptides according to the invention can be enhanced by methods well known in the art.
• The present description further relates to a method of identifying and isolating a TCR according to the present description, said method comprising incubating PBMCs from HLA-A*02-negative healthy donors with A2/peptide monomers, incubating the PBMCs with tetramer-phycoerythrin (PE) and isolating the high avidity T-cells by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)—Calibur analysis.
• The present description further relates to a method of identifying and isolating a TCR according to the present description, said method comprising obtaining a transgenic mouse with the entire human TCRαβ gene loci (1.1 and 0.7 Mb), whose T-cells express a diverse human TCR repertoire that compensates for mouse TCR deficiency, immunizing the mouse with peptide of interest, incubating PBMCs obtained from the transgenic mice with tetramer-phycoerythrin (PE), and isolating the high avidity T-cells by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)—Calibur analysis.
• In one aspect, to obtain T-cells expressing TCRs of the present description, nucleic acids encoding TCR-alpha and/or TCR-beta chains of the present description are cloned into expression vectors, such as gamma retrovirus or lentivirus. The recombinant viruses are generated and then tested for functionality, such as antigen specificity and functional avidity. An aliquot of the final product is then used to transduce the target T-cell population (generally purified from patient PBMCs), which is expanded before infusion into the patient.
• In another aspect, to obtain T-cells expressing TCRs of the present description, TCR RNAs are synthesized by techniques known in the art, e.g., in vitro transcription systems. The in vitro-synthesized TCR RNAs are then introduced into primary CD8+ T-cells obtained from healthy donors by electroporation to re-express tumor specific TCR-alpha and/or TCR-beta chains.
• To increase the expression, nucleic acids encoding TCRs of the present description may be operably linked to strong promoters, such as retroviral long terminal repeats (LTRs), cytomegalovirus (CMV), murine stem cell virus (MSCV) U3, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), β-actin, ubiquitin, and a simian virus 40 (SV40)/CD43 composite promoter, elongation factor (EF)-1a and the spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) promoter. In a preferred embodiment, the promoter is heterologous to the nucleic acid being expressed.
• In addition to strong promoters, TCR expression cassettes of the present description may contain additional elements that can enhance transgene expression, including a central polypurine tract (cPPT), which promotes the nuclear translocation of lentiviral constructs (Follenzi et al., 2000), and the woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (wPRE), which increases the level of transgene expression by increasing RNA stability (Zufferey et al., 1999).
• The alpha and beta chains of a TCR of the present invention may be encoded by nucleic acids located in separate vectors, or may be encoded by polynucleotides located in the same vector.
• Achieving high-level TCR surface expression requires that both the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains of the introduced TCR be transcribed at high levels. To do so, the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains of the present description may be cloned into bi-cistronic constructs in a single vector, which has been shown to be capable of over-coming this obstacle. The use of a viral intraribosomal entry site (IRES) between the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains results in the coordinated expression of both chains, because the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains are generated from a single transcript that is broken into two proteins during translation, ensuring that an equal molar ratio of TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains are produced. (Schmitt et al. 2009).
• Nucleic acids encoding TCRs of the present description may be codon optimized to increase expression from a host cell. Redundancy in the genetic code allows some amino acids to be encoded by more than one codon, but certain codons are less “optimal” than others because of the relative availability of matching tRNAs as well as other factors (Gustafsson et al., 2004). Modifying the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta gene sequences such that each amino acid is encoded by the optimal codon for mammalian gene expression, as well as eliminating mRNA instability motifs or cryptic splice sites, has been shown to significantly enhance TCR-alpha and TCR-beta gene expression (Scholten et al., 2006).
• Furthermore, mispairing between the introduced and endogenous TCR chains may result in the acquisition of specificities that pose a significant risk for autoimmunity. For example, the formation of mixed TCR dimers may reduce the number of CD3 molecules available to form properly paired TCR complexes, and therefore can significantly decrease the functional avidity of the cells expressing the introduced TCR (Kuball et al., 2007).
• To reduce mispairing, the C-terminus domain of the introduced TCR chains of the present description may be modified in order to promote interchain affinity, while de-creasing the ability of the introduced chains to pair with the endogenous TCR. These strategies may include replacing the human TCR-alpha and TCR-beta C-terminus domains with their murine counterparts (murinized C-terminus domain); generating a second interchain disulfide bond in the C-terminus domain by introducing a second cysteine residue into both the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains of the introduced TCR (cysteine modification); swapping interacting residues in the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chain C-terminus domains (“knob-in-hole”); and fusing the variable domains of the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains directly to CD3 (CD3 fusion). (Schmitt et al. 2009).
• In an embodiment, a host cell is engineered to express a TCR of the present description. In preferred embodiments, the host cell is a human T-cell or T-cell progenitor. In some embodiments the T-cell or T-cell progenitor is obtained from a cancer patient. In other embodiments the T-cell or T-cell progenitor is obtained from a healthy donor. Host cells of the present description can be allogeneic or autologous with respect to a patient to be treated. In one embodiment, the host is a gamma/delta T-cell transformed to express an alpha/beta TCR.
• A “pharmaceutical composition” is a composition suitable for administration to a human being in a medical setting. Preferably, a pharmaceutical composition is sterile and produced according to GMP guidelines.
• The pharmaceutical compositions comprise the peptides either in the free form or in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt (see also above). As used herein, “a pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a derivative of the disclosed peptides wherein the peptide is modified by making acid or base salts of the agent. For example, acid salts are prepared from the free base (typically wherein the neutral form of the drug has a neutral —NH2 group) involving reaction with a suitable acid. Suitable acids for preparing acid salts include both organic acids, e.g., acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methane sulfonic acid, ethane sulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like, as well as inorganic acids, e.g., hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid phosphoric acid and the like. Conversely, preparation of basic salts of acid moieties which may be present on a peptide are prepared using a pharmaceutically acceptable base such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, trimethylamine or the like.
• In an especially preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise the peptides as salts of acetic acid (acetates), trifluoro acetates or hydrochloric acid (chlorides).
• Preferably, the medicament of the present invention is an immunotherapeutics such as a vaccine. It may be administered directly into the patient, into the affected organ or systemically i.d., i.m., s.c., i.p. and i.v., or applied ex vivo to cells derived from the patient or a human cell line which are subsequently administered to the patient, or used in vitro to select a subpopulation of immune cells derived from the patient, which are then re-administered to the patient. If the nucleic acid is administered to cells in vitro, it may be useful for the cells to be transfected so as to co-express immune-stimulating cytokines, such as interleukin-2. The peptide may be substantially pure, or combined with an immune-stimulating adjuvant (see below) or used in combination with immune-stimulatory cytokines, or be administered with a suitable delivery system, for example liposomes. The peptide may also be conjugated to a suitable carrier such as keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) or mannan (see WO 95/18145 and (Longenecker et al., 1993)). The peptide may also be tagged, may be a fusion protein, or may be a hybrid molecule. The peptides whose sequence is given in the present invention are expected to stimulate CD4 or CD8 T cells. However, stimulation of CD8 T cells is more efficient in the presence of help provided by CD4 T-helper cells. Thus, for MHC Class I epitopes that stimulate CD8 T cells the fusion partner or sections of a hybrid molecule suitably provide epitopes which stimulate CD4-positive T cells. CD4- and CD8-stimulating epitopes are well known in the art and include those identified in the present invention.
• In one aspect, the vaccine comprises at least one peptide having the amino acid sequence set forth SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 288, and at least one additional peptide, preferably two to 50, more preferably two to 25, even more preferably two to 20 and most preferably two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen or eighteen peptides. The peptide(s) may be derived from one or more specific TAAs and may bind to MHC class I molecules.
• A further aspect of the invention provides a nucleic acid (for example a polynucleotide) encoding a peptide or peptide variant of the invention. The polynucleotide may be, for example, DNA, cDNA, PNA, RNA or combinations thereof, either single- and/or double-stranded, or native or stabilized forms of polynucleotides, such as, for example, polynucleotides with a phosphorothioate backbone and it may or may not contain introns so long as it codes for the peptide. Of course, only peptides that contain naturally occurring amino acid residues joined by naturally occurring peptide bonds are encodable by a polynucleotide. A still further aspect of the invention provides an expression vector capable of expressing a polypeptide according to the invention.
• A variety of methods have been developed to link polynucleotides, especially DNA, to vectors for example via complementary cohesive termini. For instance, complementary homopolymer tracts can be added to the DNA segment to be inserted to the vector DNA.
• The vector and DNA segment are then joined by hydrogen bonding between the complementary homopolymeric tails to form recombinant DNA molecules.
• Synthetic linkers containing one or more restriction sites provide an alternative method of joining the DNA segment to vectors. Synthetic linkers containing a variety of restriction endonuclease sites are commercially available from a number of sources including International Biotechnologies Inc. New Haven, Conn., USA.
• A desirable method of modifying the DNA encoding the polypeptide of the invention employs the polymerase chain reaction as disclosed by Saiki R K, et al. (Saiki et al., 1988).This method may be used for introducing the DNA into a suitable vector, for example by engineering in suitable restriction sites, or it may be used to modify the DNA in other useful ways as is known in the art. If viral vectors are used, pox- or adenovirus vectors are preferred.
• The DNA (or in the case of retroviral vectors, RNA) may then be expressed in a suitable host to produce a polypeptide comprising the peptide or variant of the invention. Thus, the DNA encoding the peptide or variant of the invention may be used in accordance with known techniques, appropriately modified in view of the teachings contained herein, to construct an expression vector, which is then used to transform an appropriate host cell for the expression and production of the polypeptide of the invention. Such techniques include those disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,440,859, 4,530,901, 4,582,800, 4,677,063, 4,678,751, 4,704,362, 4,710,463, 4,757,006, 4,766,075, and 4,810,648.
• The DNA (or in the case of retroviral vectors, RNA) encoding the polypeptide constituting the compound of the invention may be joined to a wide variety of other DNA sequences for introduction into an appropriate host. The companion DNA will depend upon the nature of the host, the manner of the introduction of the DNA into the host, and whether episomal maintenance or integration is desired.
• Generally, the DNA is inserted into an expression vector, such as a plasmid, in proper orientation and correct reading frame for expression. If necessary, the DNA may be linked to the appropriate transcriptional and translational regulatory control nucleotide sequences recognized by the desired host, although such controls are generally available in the expression vector. The vector is then introduced into the host through standard techniques. Generally, not all of the hosts will be transformed by the vector. Therefore, it will be necessary to select for transformed host cells. One selection technique involves incorporating into the expression vector a DNA sequence, with any necessary control elements, that codes for a selectable trait in the transformed cell, such as antibiotic resistance.
• Alternatively, the gene for such selectable trait can be on another vector, which is used to co-transform the desired host cell.
• Host cells that have been transformed by the recombinant DNA of the invention are then cultured for a sufficient time and under appropriate conditions known to those skilled in the art in view of the teachings disclosed herein to permit the expression of the polypeptide, which can then be recovered.
• Many expression systems are known, including bacteria (for example E. coli and Bacillus subtilis), yeasts (for example Saccharomyces cerevisiae), filamentous fungi (for example Aspergillus spec.), plant cells, animal cells and insect cells. Preferably, the system can be mammalian cells such as CHO cells available from the ATCC Cell Biology Collection.
• A typical mammalian cell vector plasmid for constitutive expression comprises the CMV or SV40 promoter with a suitable poly A tail and a resistance marker, such as neomycin. One example is pSVL available from Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J., USA. An example of an inducible mammalian expression vector is pMSG, also available from Pharmacia. Useful yeast plasmid vectors are pRS403-406 and pRS413-416 and are generally available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, Calif. 92037, USA. Plasmids pRS403, pRS404, pRS405 and pRS406 are Yeast Integrating plasm ids (Ylps) and incorporate the yeast selectable markers HIS3, TRP1, LEU2 and URA3. Plasm ids pRS413-416 are Yeast Centromere plasmids (Ycps). CMV promoter-based vectors (for example from Sigma-Aldrich) provide transient or stable expression, cytoplasmic expression or secretion, and N-terminal or C-terminal tagging in various combinations of FLAG, 3xFLAG, c-myc or MAT. These fusion proteins allow for detection, purification and analysis of recombinant protein. Dual-tagged fusions provide flexibility in detection.
• The strong human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter regulatory region drives constitutive protein expression levels as high as 1 mg/L in COS cells. For less potent cell lines, protein levels are typically ˜0.1 mg/L. The presence of the SV40 replication origin will result in high levels of DNA replication in SV40 replication permissive COS cells. CMV vectors, for example, can contain the pMB1 (derivative of pBR322) origin for replication in bacterial cells, the b-lactamase gene for ampicillin resistance selection in bacteria, hGH polyA, and the f1 origin. Vectors containing the pre-pro-trypsin leader (PPT) sequence can direct the secretion of FLAG fusion proteins into the culture medium for purification using ANTI-FLAG antibodies, resins, and plates. Other vectors and expression systems are well known in the art for use with a variety of host cells.
• In another embodiment two or more peptides or peptide variants of the invention are encoded and thus expressed in a successive order (similar to “beads on a string” constructs). In doing so, the peptides or peptide variants may be linked or fused together by stretches of linker amino acids, such as for example LLLLLL, or may be linked without any additional peptide(s) between them. These constructs can also be used for cancer therapy, and may induce immune responses both involving MHC I and MHC II.
• The present invention also relates to a host cell transformed with a polynucleotide vector construct of the present invention. The host cell can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Bacterial cells may be preferred prokaryotic host cells in some circumstances and typically are a strain of E. coli such as, for example, the E. coli strains DH5 available from Bethesda Research Laboratories Inc., Bethesda, Md., USA, and RR1 available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) of Rockville, MD, USA (No ATCC 31343).
• Preferred eukaryotic host cells include yeast, insect and mammalian cells, preferably vertebrate cells such as those from a mouse, rat, monkey or human fibroblastic and colon cell lines. Yeast host cells include YPH499, YPH500 and YPH501, which are generally available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, Calif. 92037, USA. Preferred mammalian host cells include Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells available from the ATCC as CCL61, NIH Swiss mouse embryo cells NIH/3T3 available from the ATCC as CRL 1658, monkey kidney-derived COS-1 cells available from the ATCC as CRL 1650 and 293 cells which are human embryonic kidney cells. Preferred insect cells are Sf9 cells which can be transfected with baculovirus expression vectors. An overview regarding the choice of suitable host cells for expression can be found in, for example, the textbook of Paulina Balbás and Argelia Lorence “Methods in Molecular Biology Recombinant Gene Expression, Reviews and Protocols,” Part One, Second Edition, ISBN 978-1-58829-262-9, and other literature known to the person of skill.
• Transformation of appropriate cell hosts with a DNA construct of the present invention is accomplished by well-known methods that typically depend on the type of vector used. With regard to transformation of prokaryotic host cells, see, for example, Cohen et al. (Cohen et al., 1972) and (Green and Sambrook, 2012) . Transformation of yeast cells is described in Sherman et al. (Sherman et al., 1986) . The method of Beggs (Beggs, 1978) is also useful. With regard to vertebrate cells, reagents useful in transfecting such cells, for example calcium phosphate and DEAE-dextran or liposome formulations, are available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, or Life Technologies Inc., Gaithersburg, Md. 20877, USA. Electroporation is also useful for transforming and/or transfecting cells and is well known in the art for transforming yeast cell, bacterial cells, insect cells and vertebrate cells.
• Successfully transformed cells, i.e. cells that contain a DNA construct of the present invention, can be identified by well-known techniques such as PCR. Alternatively, the presence of the protein in the supernatant can be detected using antibodies.
• It will be appreciated that certain host cells of the invention are useful in the preparation of the peptides of the invention, for example bacterial, yeast and insect cells. However, other host cells may be useful in certain therapeutic methods. For example, antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, may usefully be used to express the peptides of the invention such that they may be loaded into appropriate MHC molecules. Thus, the current invention provides a host cell comprising a nucleic acid or an expression vector according to the invention.
• In a preferred embodiment the host cell is an antigen presenting cell, in particular a dendritic cell or antigen presenting cell. APCs loaded with a recombinant fusion protein containing prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Apr. 29, 2010, to treat asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic HRPC (Sipuleucel-T) (Rini et al., 2006; Small et al., 2006).
• A further aspect of the invention provides a method of producing a peptide or its variant, the method comprising culturing a host cell and isolating the peptide from the host cell or its culture medium.
• In another embodiment the peptide, the nucleic acid or the expression vector of the invention are used in medicine. For example, the peptide or its variant may be prepared for intravenous (i.v.) injection, sub-cutaneous (s.c.) injection, intradermal (i.d.) injection, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, intramuscular (i.m.) injection. Preferred methods of peptide injection include s.c., i.d., i.p., i.m., and i.v. Preferred methods of DNA injection include i.d., i.m., s.c., i.p. and i.v. Doses of e.g. between 50 pg and 1.5 mg, preferably 125 μg to 500 μg, of peptide or DNA may be given and will depend on the respective peptide or DNA. Dosages of this range were successfully used in previous trials (Walter et al., 2012).
• The polynucleotide used for active vaccination may be substantially pure, or contained in a suitable vector or delivery system. The nucleic acid may be DNA, cDNA, PNA, RNA or a combination thereof. Methods for designing and introducing such a nucleic acid are well known in the art. An overview is provided by e.g. Teufel et al. (Teufel et al., 2005).
• Polynucleotide vaccines are easy to prepare, but the mode of action of these vectors in inducing an immune response is not fully understood. Suitable vectors and delivery systems include viral DNA and/or RNA, such as systems based on adenovirus, vaccinia virus, retroviruses, herpes virus, adeno-associated virus or hybrids containing elements of more than one virus. Non-viral delivery systems include cationic lipids and cationic polymers and are well known in the art of DNA delivery. Physical delivery, such as via a “gene-gun” may also be used. The peptide or peptides encoded by the nucleic acid may be a fusion protein, for example with an epitope that stimulates T cells for the respective opposite CDR as noted above.
• The medicament of the invention may also include one or more adjuvants. Adjuvants are substances that non-specifically enhance or potentiate the immune response (e.g., immune responses mediated by CD8-positive T cells and helper-T (TH) cells to an antigen, and would thus be considered useful in the medicament of the present invention. Suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, 1018 ISS, aluminum salts, AMPLIVAX®, AS15, BCG, CP-870,893, CpG7909, CyaA, dSLIM, flagellin or TLR5 ligands derived from flagellin, FLT3 ligand, GM-CSF, IC30, IC31, Imiquimod (ALDARA®), resiquimod, ImuFact IMP321, Interleukins as IL-2, IL-13, IL-21, Interferon-alpha or -beta, or pegylated derivatives thereof, IS Patch, ISS, ISCOMATRIX, ISCOMs, JuvImmune®, LipoVac, MALP2, MF59, monophosphoryl lipid A, Montanide IMS 1312, Montanide ISA 206, Montanide ISA 50V, Montanide ISA-51, water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions, OK-432, OM-174, OM-197-MP-EC, ONTAK, OspA, PepTel® vector system, poly(lactid co-glycolid) [PLG]-based and dextran microparticles, talactoferrin SRL172, Virosomes and other Virus-like particles, YF-17D, VEGF trap, R848, beta-glucan, Pam3Cys, Aquila's QS21 stimulon, which is derived from saponin, mycobacterial extracts and synthetic bacterial cell wall mimics, and other proprietary adjuvants such as Ribi's Detox, Quil, or Superfos. Adjuvants such as Freund's or GM-CSF are preferred. Several immunological adjuvants (e.g., MF59) specific for dendritic cells and their preparation have been described previously (Allison and Krummel, 1995). Also cytokines may be used. Several cytokines have been directly linked to influencing dendritic cell migration to lymphoid tissues (e.g., TNF-), accelerating the maturation of dendritic cells into efficient antigen-presenting cells for T-lymphocytes (e.g., GM-CSF, IL-1 and IL-4) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,589, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) and acting as immunoadjuvants (e.g., IL-12, IL-15, IL-23, IL-7, IFN-alpha. IFN-beta) (Gabrilovich et al., 1996).
• CpG immunostimulatory oligonucleotides have also been reported to enhance the effects of adjuvants in a vaccine setting. Without being bound by theory, CpG oligonucleotides act by activating the innate (non-adaptive) immune system via Toll-like receptors (TLR), mainly TLR9. CpG triggered TLR9 activation enhances antigen-specific humoral and cellular responses to a wide variety of antigens, including peptide or protein antigens, live or killed viruses, dendritic cell vaccines, autologous cellular vaccines and polysaccharide conjugates in both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. More importantly it enhances dendritic cell maturation and differentiation, resulting in enhanced activation of TH1 cells and strong cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) generation, even in the absence of CD4 T cell help. The TH1 bias induced by TLR9 stimulation is maintained even in the presence of vaccine adjuvants such as alum or incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) that normally promote a TH2 bias. CpG oligonucleotides show even greater adjuvant activity when formulated or co-administered with other adjuvants or in formulations such as microparticles, nanoparticles, lipid emulsions or similar formulations, which are especially necessary for inducing a strong response when the antigen is relatively weak. They also accelerate the immune response and enable the antigen doses to be reduced by approximately two orders of magnitude, with comparable antibody responses to the full-dose vaccine without CpG in some experiments (Krieg, 2006). U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,705 B1 describes the combined use of CpG oligonucleotides, non-nucleic acid adjuvants and an antigen to induce an antigen-specific immune response. A CpG TLR9 antagonist is dSLIM (double Stem Loop Immunomodulator) by Mologen (Berlin, Germany) which is a preferred component of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. Other TLR binding molecules such as RNA binding TLR 7, TLR 8 and/or TLR 9 may also be used.
• Other examples for useful adjuvants include, but are not limited to chemically modified CpGs (e.g. CpR, Idera), dsRNA analogues such as Poly(I:C) and derivates thereof (e.g. AmpliGen®, Hiltonol®, poly-(ICLC), poly(IC-R), poly(I:C12U), non-CpG bacterial DNA or RNA as well as immunoactive small molecules and antibodies such as cyclophosphamide, sunitinib, Bevacizumab®, celebrex, NCX-4016, sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, sorafenib, temozolomide, temsirolimus, XL-999, CP-547632, pazopanib, VEGF Trap, ZD2171, AZD2171, anti-CTLA4, other antibodies targeting key structures of the immune system (e.g. anti-CD40, anti-TGFbeta, anti-TNFalpha receptor) and SC58175, which may act therapeutically and/or as an adjuvant. The amounts and concentrations of adjuvants and additives useful in the context of the present invention can readily be determined by the skilled artisan without undue experimentation.
• Preferred adjuvants are anti-CD40, imiquimod, resiquimod, GM-CSF, cyclophosphamide, sunitinib, bevacizumab, interferon-alpha, CpG oligonucleotides and derivates, poly-(I:C) and derivates, RNA, sildenafil, and particulate formulations with PLG or virosomes.
• In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention the adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of colony-stimulating factors, such as Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF, sargramostim), cyclophosphamide, imiquimod, resiquimod, and interferon-alpha.
• In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention the adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of colony-stimulating factors, such as Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF, sargramostim), cyclophosphamide, imiquimod and resiquimod. In a preferred embodiment of the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention, the adjuvant is cyclophosphamide, imiquimod or resiquimod. Even more preferred adjuvants are Montanide IMS 1312, Montanide ISA 206, Montanide ISA 50V, Montanide ISA-51, poly-ICLC (Hiltonol®) and anti-CD40 mAB, or combinations thereof.
• This composition is used for parenteral administration, such as subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular or oral administration. For this, the peptides and optionally other molecules are dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable, preferably aqueous carrier. In addition, the composition can contain excipients, such as buffers, binding agents, blasting agents, diluents, flavors, lubricants, etc. The peptides can also be administered together with immune stimulating substances, such as cytokines. An extensive listing of excipients that can be used in such a composition, can be, for example, taken from A. Kibbe, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (Kibbe, 2000). The composition can be used for a prevention, prophylaxis and/or therapy of adenomatous or cancerous diseases. Exemplary formulations can be found in, for example, EP2112253.
• It is important to realize that the immune response triggered by the vaccine according to the invention attacks the cancer in different cell-stages and different stages of development. Furthermore different cancer associated signaling pathways are attacked. This is an advantage over vaccines that address only one or few targets, which may cause the tumor to easily adapt to the attack (tumor escape). Furthermore, not all individual tumors express the same pattern of antigens. Therefore, a combination of several tumor-associated peptides ensures that every single tumor bears at least some of the targets. The composition is designed in such a way that each tumor is expected to express several of the antigens and cover several independent pathways necessary for tumor growth and maintenance. Thus, the vaccine can easily be used “off-the-shelf” for a larger patient population. This means that a pre-selection of patients to be treated with the vaccine can be restricted to HLA typing, does not require any additional biomarker assessments for antigen expression, but it is still ensured that several targets are simultaneously attacked by the induced immune response, which is important for efficacy (Banchereau et al., 2001; Walter et al., 2012).
• As used herein, the term “scaffold” refers to a molecule that specifically binds to an (e.g. antigenic) determinant. In one embodiment, a scaffold is able to direct the entity to which it is attached (e.g. a (second) antigen binding moiety) to a target site, for example to a specific type of tumor cell or tumor stroma bearing the antigenic determinant (e.g. the complex of a peptide with MHC, according to the application at hand). In another embodiment a scaffold is able to activate signaling through its target antigen, for example a T cell receptor complex antigen. Scaffolds include but are not limited to antibodies and fragments thereof, antigen binding domains of an antibody, comprising an antibody heavy chain variable region and an antibody light chain variable region, binding proteins comprising at least one ankyrin repeat motif and single domain antigen binding (SDAB) molecules, aptamers, (soluble) TCRs and (modified) cells such as allogenic or autologous T cells. To assess whether a molecule is a scaffold binding to a target, binding assays can be performed.
• “Specific” binding means that the scaffold binds the peptide-MHC-complex of interest better than other naturally occurring peptide-MHC-complexes, to an extent that a scaffold armed with an active molecule that is able to kill a cell bearing the specific target is not able to kill another cell without the specific target but presenting other peptide-MHC complex(es). Binding to other peptide-MHC complexes is irrelevant if the peptide of the cross-reactive peptide-MHC is not naturally occurring, i.e. not derived from the human HLA-peptidome. Tests to assess target cell killing are well known in the art. They should be performed using target cells (primary cells or cell lines) with unaltered peptide-MHC presentation, or cells loaded with peptides such that naturally occurring peptide-MHC levels are reached.
• Each scaffold can comprise a labelling which provides that the bound scaffold can be detected by determining the presence or absence of a signal provided by the label. For example, the scaffold can be labelled with a fluorescent dye or any other applicable cellular marker molecule. Such marker molecules are well known in the art. For example a fluorescence-labelling, for example provided by a fluorescence dye, can provide a visualization of the bound aptamer by fluorescence or laser scanning microscopy or flow cytometry.
• Each scaffold can be conjugated with a second active molecule such as for example IL-21, anti-CD3, and anti-CD28.
• For further information on polypeptide scaffolds see for example the background section of WO 2014/071978A1 and the references cited therein.
• The present invention further relates to aptamers. Aptamers (see for example WO 2014/191359 and the literature as cited therein) are short single-stranded nucleic acid molecules, which can fold into defined three-dimensional structures and recognize specific target structures. They have appeared to be suitable alternatives for developing targeted therapies. Aptamers have been shown to selectively bind to a variety of complex targets with high affinity and specificity.
• Aptamers recognizing cell surface located molecules have been identified within the past decade and provide means for developing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Since aptamers have been shown to possess almost no toxicity and immunogenicity they are promising candidates for biomedical applications. Indeed aptamers, for example prostate-specific membrane-antigen recognizing aptamers, have been successfully employed for targeted therapies and shown to be functional in xenograft in vivo models. Furthermore, aptamers recognizing specific tumor cell lines have been identified.
• DNA aptamers can be selected to reveal broad-spectrum recognition properties for various cancer cells, and particularly those derived from solid tumors, while non-tumorigenic and primary healthy cells are not recognized. If the identified aptamers recognize not only a specific tumor sub-type but rather interact with a series of tumors, this renders the aptamers applicable as so-called broad-spectrum diagnostics and therapeutics.
• Further, investigation of cell-binding behavior with flow cytometry showed that the aptamers revealed very good apparent affinities that are within the nanomolar range.
• Aptamers are useful for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Further, it could be shown that some of the aptamers are taken up by tumor cells and thus can function as molecular vehicles for the targeted delivery of anti-cancer agents such as siRNA into tumor cells.
• Aptamers can be selected against complex targets such as cells and tissues and complexes of the peptides comprising, preferably consisting of, a sequence according to any of SEQ ID NO 1 to SEQ ID NO 288, according to the invention at hand with the MHC molecule, using the cell-SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment) technique.
• The peptides of the present invention can be used to generate and develop specific antibodies against MHC/peptide complexes. These can be used for therapy, targeting toxins or radioactive substances to the diseased tissue. Another use of these antibodies can be targeting radionuclides to the diseased tissue for imaging purposes such as PET. This use can help to detect small metastases or to determine the size and precise localization of diseased tissues.
• Therefore, it is a further aspect of the invention to provide a method for producing a recombinant antibody specifically binding to a human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II being complexed with a HLA-restricted antigen, the method comprising: immunizing a genetically engineered non-human mammal comprising cells expressing said human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II with a soluble form of a MHC class I or II molecule being complexed with said HLA-restricted antigen; isolating mRNA molecules from antibody producing cells of said non-human mammal; producing a phage display library displaying protein molecules encoded by said mRNA molecules; and isolating at least one phage from said phage display library, said at least one phage displaying said antibody specifically binding to said human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II being complexed with said HLA-restricted antigen.
• It is a further aspect of the invention to provide an antibody that specifically binds to a human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II being complexed with a HLA-restricted antigen, wherein the antibody preferably is a polyclonal antibody, monoclonal antibody, bi-specific antibody and/or a chimeric antibody.
• Respective methods for producing such antibodies and single chain class I major histocompatibility complexes, as well as other tools for the production of these antibodies are disclosed in WO 03/068201, WO 2004/084798, WO 01/72768, WO 03/070752, and in publications (Cohen et al., 2003a; Cohen et al., 2003b; Denkberg et al., 2003), which for the purposes of the present invention are all explicitly incorporated by reference in their entireties.
• Preferably, the antibody is binding with a binding affinity of below 20 nanomolar, preferably of below 10 nanomolar, to the complex, which is also regarded as “specific” in the context of the present invention.
• The present invention relates to a peptide comprising a sequence that is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 288, or a variant thereof which is at least 88% homologous (preferably identical) to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 288 or a variant thereof that induces T cells cross-reacting with said peptide, wherein said peptide is not the underlying full-length polypeptide.
• The present invention further relates to a peptide comprising a sequence that is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 288 or a variant thereof which is at least 88% homologous (preferably identical) to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 288, wherein said peptide or variant has an overall length of between 8 and 100, preferably between 8 and 30, and most preferred between 8 and 14 amino acids.
• The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the invention that have the ability to bind to a molecule of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I or -II.
• The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the invention wherein the peptide consists or consists essentially of an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 288.
• The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the invention, wherein the peptide is (chemically) modified and/or includes non-peptide bonds.
• The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the invention, wherein the peptide is part of a fusion protein, in particular comprising N-terminal amino acids of the HLA-DR antigen-associated invariant chain (Ii), or wherein the peptide is fused to (or into) an antibody, such as, for example, an antibody that is specific for dendritic cells.
• The present invention further relates to a nucleic acid, encoding the peptides according to the invention, provided that the peptide is not the complete (full) human protein.
• The present invention further relates to the nucleic acid according to the invention that is DNA, cDNA, PNA, RNA or combinations thereof.
• The present invention further relates to an expression vector capable of expressing a nucleic acid according to the present invention.
• The present invention further relates to a peptide according to the present invention, a nucleic acid according to the present invention or an expression vector according to the present invention for use in medicine, in particular in the treatment of HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, or CLL.
• The present invention further relates to a host cell comprising a nucleic acid according to the invention or an expression vector according to the invention.
• The present invention further relates to the host cell according to the present invention that is an antigen presenting cell, and preferably a dendritic cell.
• The present invention further relates to a method of producing a peptide according to the present invention, said method comprising culturing the host cell according to the present invention, and isolating the peptide from said host cell or its culture medium.
• The present invention further relates to the method according to the present invention, where-in the antigen is loaded onto class I or II MHC molecules expressed on the surface of a suitable antigen-presenting cell by contacting a sufficient amount of the antigen with an antigen-presenting cell.
• The present invention further relates to the method according to the invention, wherein the antigen-presenting cell comprises an expression vector capable of expressing said peptide containing SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 288 or said variant amino acid sequence.
• The present invention further relates to activated T cells, produced by the method according to the present invention, wherein said T cells selectively recognizes a cell which aberrantly expresses a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence according to the present invention.
• The present invention further relates to a method of killing target cells in a patient which target cells aberrantly express a polypeptide comprising any amino acid sequence according to the present invention, the method comprising administering to the patient an effective number of T cells as according to the present invention.
• The present invention further relates to the use of any peptide described, a nucleic acid according to the present invention, an expression vector according to the present invention, a cell according to the present invention, or an activated cytotoxic T lymphocyte according to the present invention as a medicament or in the manufacture of a medicament. The present invention further relates to a use according to the present invention, wherein the medicament is active against cancer.
• The present invention further relates to a use according to the invention, wherein the medicament is a vaccine. The present invention further relates to a use according to the invention, wherein the medicament is active against cancer.
• The present invention further relates to a use according to the invention, wherein said cancer cells are HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, or CLL cells.
• The present invention further relates to particular marker proteins and biomarkers based on the peptides according to the present invention, herein called “targets” that can be used in the diagnosis and/or prognosis of HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, or CLL. The present invention also relates to the use of these novel targets for cancer treatment.
• The term “antibody” or “antibodies” is used herein in a broad sense and includes both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. In addition to intact or “full” immunoglobulin molecules, also included in the term “antibodies” are fragments (e.g. CDRs, Fv, Fab and Fc fragments) or polymers of those immunoglobulin molecules and humanized versions of immunoglobulin molecules, as long as they exhibit any of the desired properties (e.g., specific binding of a HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, or CLL marker (poly)peptide, delivery of a toxin to a HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, or CLL cell expressing a cancer marker gene at an increased level, and/or inhibiting the activity of a HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, or CLL marker polypeptide) according to the invention.
• Whenever possible, the antibodies of the invention may be purchased from commercial sources. The antibodies of the invention may also be generated using well-known methods. The skilled artisan will understand that either full length HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, or CLL marker polypeptides or fragments thereof may be used to generate the antibodies of the invention. A polypeptide to be used for generating an antibody of the invention may be partially or fully purified from a natural source, or may be produced using recombinant DNA techniques.
• For example, a cDNA encoding a peptide according to the present invention, such as a peptide according to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 288 polypeptide, or a variant or fragment thereof, can be expressed in prokaryotic cells (e.g., bacteria) or eukaryotic cells (e.g., yeast, insect, or mammalian cells), after which the recombinant protein can be purified and used to generate a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody preparation that specifically bind the HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, or CLL marker polypeptide used to generate the antibody according to the invention.
• One of skill in the art will realize that the generation of two or more different sets of monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies maximizes the likelihood of obtaining an antibody with the specificity and affinity required for its intended use (e.g., ELISA, immunohistochemistry, in vivo imaging, immunotoxin therapy). The antibodies are tested for their desired activity by known methods, in accordance with the purpose for which the antibodies are to be used (e.g., ELISA, immunohistochemistry, immunotherapy, etc.; for further guidance on the generation and testing of antibodies, see, e.g., Greenfield, 2014 (Greenfield, 2014)). For example, the antibodies may be tested in ELISA assays or, Western blots, immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed cancers or frozen tissue sections. After their initial in vitro characterization, antibodies intended for therapeutic or in vivo diagnostic use are tested according to known clinical testing methods.
• The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, i.e.; the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. The monoclonal antibodies herein specifically include “chimeric” antibodies in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired antagonistic activity (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety).
• Monoclonal antibodies of the invention may be prepared using hybridoma methods. In a hybridoma method, a mouse or other appropriate host animal is typically immunized with an immunizing agent to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the immunizing agent. Alternatively, the lymphocytes may be immunized in vitro.
• The monoclonal antibodies may also be made by recombinant DNA methods, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567. DNA encoding the monoclonal antibodies of the invention can be readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of murine antibodies).
• In vitro methods are also suitable for preparing monovalent antibodies. Digestion of antibodies to produce fragments thereof, particularly Fab fragments, can be accomplished using routine techniques known in the art. For instance, digestion can be performed using papain. Examples of papain digestion are described in WO 94/29348 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,566. Papain digestion of antibodies typically produces two identical antigen binding fragments, called Fab fragments, each with a single antigen binding site, and a residual Fc fragment. Pepsin treatment yields a F(ab')2 fragment and a pFc′ fragment.
• The antibody fragments, whether attached to other sequences or not, can also include insertions, deletions, substitutions, or other selected modifications of particular regions or specific amino acids residues, provided the activity of the fragment is not significantly altered or impaired compared to the non-modified antibody or antibody fragment. These modifications can provide for some additional property, such as to remove/add amino acids capable of disulfide bonding, to increase its bio-longevity, to alter its secretory characteristics, etc. In any case, the antibody fragment must possess a bioactive property, such as binding activity, regulation of binding at the binding domain, etc. Functional or active regions of the antibody may be identified by mutagenesis of a specific region of the protein, followed by expression and testing of the expressed polypeptide. Such methods are readily apparent to a skilled practitioner in the art and can include site-specific mutagenesis of the nucleic acid encoding the antibody fragment.
• The antibodies of the invention may further comprise humanized antibodies or human antibodies. Humanized forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies are chimeric immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin chains or fragments thereof (such as Fv, Fab, Fab' or other antigen-binding subsequences of antibodies) which contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin. Humanized antibodies include human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from a complementary determining region (CDR) of the recipient are replaced by residues from a CDR of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat or rabbit having the desired specificity, affinity and capacity. In some instances, Fv framework (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues. Humanized antibodies may also comprise residues which are found neither in the recipient antibody nor in the imported CDR or framework sequences. In general, the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the CDR regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin consensus sequence. The humanized antibody optimally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin.
• Methods for humanizing non-human antibodies are well known in the art. Generally, a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source which is non-human. These non-human amino acid residues are often referred to as “import” residues, which are typically taken from an “import” variable domain. Humanization can be essentially performed by substituting rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody. Accordingly, such “humanized” antibodies are chimeric antibodies (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567), wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species. In practice, humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some CDR residues and possibly some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies.
• Transgenic animals (e.g., mice) that are capable, upon immunization, of producing a full repertoire of human antibodies in the absence of endogenous immunoglobulin production can be employed. For example, it has been described that the homozygous deletion of the antibody heavy chain joining region gene in chimeric and germ-line mutant mice results in complete inhibition of endogenous antibody production. Transfer of the human germ-line immunoglobulin gene array in such germ-line mutant mice will result in the production of human antibodies upon antigen challenge. Human antibodies can also be produced in phage display libraries.
• Antibodies of the invention are preferably administered to a subject in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Typically, an appropriate amount of a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt is used in the formulation to render the formulation isotonic. Examples of the pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier include saline, Ringer's solution and dextrose solution. The pH of the solution is preferably from about 5 to about 8, and more preferably from about 7 to about 7.5. Further carriers include sustained release preparations such as semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the antibody, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, liposomes or microparticles. It will be apparent to those persons skilled in the art that certain carriers may be more preferable depending upon, for instance, the route of administration and concentration of antibody being administered.
• The antibodies can be administered to the subject, patient, or cell by injection (e.g., intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular), or by other methods such as infusion that ensure its delivery to the bloodstream in an effective form. The antibodies may also be administered by intratumoral or peritumoral routes, to exert local as well as systemic therapeutic effects. Local or intravenous injection is preferred.
• Effective dosages and schedules for administering the antibodies may be determined empirically, and making such determinations is within the skill in the art. Those skilled in the art will understand that the dosage of antibodies that must be administered will vary depending on, for example, the subject that will receive the antibody, the route of administration, the particular type of antibody used and other drugs being administered. A typical daily dosage of the antibody used alone might range from about 1 (pg/kg to up to 100 mg/kg of body weight or more per day, depending on the factors mentioned above. Following administration of an antibody, preferably for treating HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, or CLL, the efficacy of the therapeutic antibody can be assessed in various ways well known to the skilled practitioner. For instance, the size, number, and/or distribution of cancer in a subject receiving treatment may be monitored using standard tumor imaging techniques. A therapeutically-administered antibody that arrests tumor growth, results in tumor shrinkage, and/or prevents the development of new tumors, compared to the disease course that would occurs in the absence of antibody administration, is an efficacious antibody for treatment of cancer.
• It is a further aspect of the invention to provide a method for producing a soluble T-cell receptor (sTCR) recognizing a specific peptide-MHC complex. Such soluble T-cell receptors can be generated from specific T-cell clones, and their affinity can be increased by mutagenesis targeting the complementarity-determining regions. For the purpose of T-cell receptor selection, phage display can be used (US 2010/0113300, (Liddy et al., 2012)). For the purpose of stabilization of T-cell receptors during phage display and in case of practical use as drug, alpha and beta chain can be linked e.g. by non-native disulfide bonds, other covalent bonds (single-chain T-cell receptor), or by dimerization domains (Boulter et al., 2003; Card et al., 2004; Willcox et al., 1999). The T-cell receptor can be linked to toxins, drugs, cytokines (see, for example, US 2013/0115191), and domains recruiting effector cells such as an anti-CD3 domain, etc., in order to execute particular functions on target cells. Moreover, it could be expressed in T cells used for adoptive transfer. Further information can be found in WO 2004/033685A1 and WO 2004/074322A1. A combination of sTCRs is described in WO 2012/056407A1. Further methods for the production are disclosed in WO 2013/057586A1.
• In addition, the peptides and/or the TCRs or antibodies or other binding molecules of the present invention can be used to verify a pathologist's diagnosis of a cancer based on a biopsied sample.
• The antibodies or TCRs may also be used for in vivo diagnostic assays. Generally, the antibody is labeled with a radionucleotide (such as ¹¹¹In, ⁹⁹Tc, ¹⁴C_, ¹³¹I, ³H, ³²P or ³⁵S) so that the tumor can be localized using immunoscintiography. In one embodiment, antibodies or fragments thereof bind to the extracellular domains of two or more targets of a protein selected from the group consisting of the above-mentioned proteins, and the affinity value (Kd) is less than 1×10 μM.
• Antibodies for diagnostic use may be labeled with probes suitable for detection by various imaging methods. Methods for detection of probes include, but are not limited to, fluorescence, light, confocal and electron microscopy; magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy; fluoroscopy, computed tomography and positron emission tomography. Suitable probes include, but are not limited to, fluorescein, rhodamine, eosin and other fluorophores, radioisotopes, gold, gadolinium and other lanthanides, paramagnetic iron, fluorine-18 and other positron-emitting radionuclides. Additionally, probes may be bi- or multi-functional and be detectable by more than one of the methods listed. These antibodies may be directly or indirectly labeled with said probes. Attachment of probes to the antibodies includes covalent attachment of the probe, incorporation of the probe into the antibody, and the covalent attachment of a chelating compound for binding of probe, amongst others well recognized in the art. For immunohistochemistry, the disease tissue sample may be fresh or frozen or may be embedded in paraffin and fixed with a preservative such as formalin. The fixed or embedded section contains the sample are contacted with a labeled primary antibody and secondary antibody, wherein the antibody is used to detect the expression of the proteins in situ.
• Another aspect of the present invention includes an in vitro method for producing activated T cells, the method comprising contacting in vitro T cells with antigen loaded human MHC molecules expressed on the surface of a suitable antigen-presenting cell for a period of time sufficient to activate the T cell in an antigen specific manner, wherein the antigen is a peptide according to the invention. Preferably a sufficient amount of the antigen is used with an antigen-presenting cell.
• Preferably the mammalian cell lacks or has a reduced level or function of the TAP peptide transporter. Suitable cells that lack the TAP peptide transporter include T2, RMA-S and Drosophila cells. TAP is the transporter associated with antigen processing.
• The human peptide loading deficient cell line T2 is available from the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852, USA under Catalogue No CRL 1992; the Drosophila cell line Schneider line 2 is available from the ATCC under Catalogue No CRL 19863; the mouse RMA-S cell line is described in Ljunggren et al. (Ljunggren and Karre, 1985).
• Preferably, before transfection the host cell expresses substantially no MHC class I molecules. It is also preferred that the stimulator cell expresses a molecule important for providing a co-stimulatory signal for T-cells such as any of B7.1, B7.2, ICAM-1 and LFA 3. The nucleic acid sequences of numerous MHC class I molecules and of the co-stimulator molecules are publicly available from the GenBank and EMBL databases.
• In case of a MHC class I epitope being used as an antigen, the T cells are CD8-positive T cells.
• If an antigen-presenting cell is transfected to express such an epitope, preferably the cell comprises an expression vector capable of expressing a peptide containing SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 288, or a variant amino acid sequence thereof.
• A number of other methods may be used for generating T cells in vitro. For example, autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes can be used in the generation of CTL. Plebanski et al. (Plebanski et al., 1995) made use of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PLBs) in the preparation of T cells. Furthermore, the production of autologous T cells by pulsing dendritic cells with peptide or polypeptide, or via infection with recombinant virus is possible. Also, B cells can be used in the production of autologous T cells. In addition, macrophages pulsed with peptide or polypeptide, or infected with recombinant virus, may be used in the preparation of autologous T cells. S. Walter et al. (Walter et al., 2003) describe the in vitro priming of T cells by using artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs), which is also a suitable way for generating T cells against the peptide of choice. In the present invention, aAPCs were generated by the coupling of preformed MHC:peptide complexes to the surface of polystyrene particles (microbeads) by biotin:streptavidin biochemistry. This system permits the exact control of the MHC density on aAPCs, which allows to selectively eliciting high- or low-avidity antigen-specific T cell responses with high efficiency from blood samples. Apart from MHC:peptide complexes, aAPCs should carry other proteins with co-stimulatory activity like anti-CD28 antibodies coupled to their surface. Furthermore such aAPC-based systems often require the addition of appropriate soluble factors, e. g. cytokines, like interleukin-12.
• Allogeneic cells may also be used in the preparation of T cells and a method is described in detail in WO 97/26328, incorporated herein by reference. For example, in addition to Drosophila cells and T2 cells, other cells may be used to present antigens such as CHO cells, baculovirus-infected insect cells, bacteria, yeast, and vaccinia-infected target cells. In addition plant viruses may be used (see, for example, Porta et al. (Porta et al., 1994) which describes the development of cowpea mosaic virus as a high-yielding system for the presentation of foreign peptides.
• The activated T cells that are directed against the peptides of the invention are useful in therapy. Thus, a further aspect of the invention provides activated T cells obtainable by the foregoing methods of the invention.
• Activated T cells, which are produced by the above method, will selectively recognize a cell that aberrantly expresses a polypeptide that comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO 288.
• Preferably, the T cell recognizes the cell by interacting through its TCR with the HLA/peptide-complex (for example, binding). The T cells are useful in a method of killing target cells in a patient whose target cells aberrantly express a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of the invention wherein the patient is administered an effective number of the activated T cells. The T cells that are administered to the patient may be derived from the patient and activated as described above (i.e. they are autologous T cells). Alternatively, the T cells are not from the patient but are from another individual. Of course, it is preferred if the individual is a healthy individual. By “healthy individual” the inventors mean that the individual is generally in good health, preferably has a competent immune system and, more preferably, is not suffering from any disease that can be readily tested for, and detected.
• In vivo, the target cells for the CD8-positive T cells according to the present invention can be cells of the tumor (which sometimes express MHC class II) and/or stromal cells surrounding the tumor (tumor cells) (which sometimes also express MHC class II; (Dengjel et al., 2006)).
• The T cells of the present invention may be used as active ingredients of a therapeutic composition. Thus, the invention also provides a method of killing target cells in a patient whose target cells aberrantly express a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of the invention, the method comprising administering to the patient an effective number of T cells as defined above.
• By “aberrantly expressed” the inventors also mean that the polypeptide is over-expressed compared to normal levels of expression or that the gene is silent in the tissue from which the tumor is derived but in the tumor it is expressed. By “over-expressed” the inventors mean that the polypeptide is present at a level at least 1.2-fold of that present in normal tissue; preferably at least 2-fold, and more preferably at least 5-fold or 10-fold the level present in normal tissue.
• T cells may be obtained by methods known in the art, e.g. those described above.
• Protocols for this so-called adoptive transfer of T cells are well known in the art. Reviews can be found in: Gattioni et al. and Morgan et al. (Gattinoni et al., 2006; Morgan et al., 2006).
• Another aspect of the present invention includes the use of the peptides complexed with MHC to generate a T-cell receptor whose nucleic acid is cloned and is introduced into a host cell, preferably a T cell. This engineered T cell can then be transferred to a patient for therapy of cancer.
• Any molecule of the invention, i.e. the peptide, nucleic acid, antibody, expression vector, cell, activated T cell, T-cell receptor or the nucleic acid encoding it, is useful for the treatment of disorders, characterized by cells escaping an immune response. Therefore any molecule of the present invention may be used as medicament or in the manufacture of a medicament. The molecule may be used by itself or combined with other molecule(s) of the invention or (a) known molecule(s).
• The present invention further provides a medicament that is useful in treating cancer, in particular HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, or CLL and other malignancies.
• The present invention is further directed at a kit comprising:
• (a) a container containing a pharmaceutical composition as described above, in solution or in lyophilized form;
• (b) optionally a second container containing a diluent or reconstituting solution for the lyophilized formulation; and
• (c) optionally, instructions for (i) use of the solution or (ii) reconstitution and/or use of the lyophilized formulation.
• The kit may further comprise one or more of (iii) a buffer, (iv) a diluent, (v) a filter, (vi) a needle, or (v) a syringe. The container is preferably a bottle, a vial, a syringe or test tube; and it may be a multi-use container. The pharmaceutical composition is preferably lyophilized.
• Kits of the present invention preferably comprise a lyophilized formulation of the present invention in a suitable container and instructions for its reconstitution and/or use. Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials (e.g. dual chamber vials), syringes (such as dual chamber syringes) and test tubes. The container may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic. Preferably the kit and/or container contain/s instructions on or associated with the container that indicates directions for reconstitution and/or use. For example, the label may indicate that the lyophilized formulation is to be reconstituted to peptide concentrations as described above. The label may further indicate that the formulation is useful or intended for subcutaneous administration.
• The container holding the formulation may be a multi-use vial, which allows for repeat administrations (e.g., from 2-6 administrations) of the reconstituted formulation. The kit may further comprise a second container comprising a suitable diluent (e.g., sodium bicarbonate solution).
• Upon mixing of the diluent and the lyophilized formulation, the final peptide concentration in the reconstituted formulation is preferably at least 0.15 mg/mL/peptide (=75 μg) and preferably not more than 3 mg/mL/peptide (=1500 μg). The kit may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use.
• Kits of the present invention may have a single container that contains the formulation of the pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention with or without other components (e.g., other compounds or pharmaceutical compositions of these other compounds) or may have distinct container for each component.
• Preferably, kits of the invention include a formulation of the invention packaged for use in combination with the co-administration of a second compound (such as adjuvants (e.g. GM-CSF), a chemotherapeutic agent, a natural product, a hormone or antagonist, an anti-angiogenesis agent or inhibitor, an apoptosis-inducing agent or a chelator) or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. The components of the kit may be pre-complexed or each component may be in a separate distinct container prior to administration to a patient. The components of the kit may be provided in one or more liquid solutions, preferably, an aqueous solution, more preferably, a sterile aqueous solution. The components of the kit may also be provided as solids, which may be converted into liquids by addition of suitable solvents, which are preferably provided in another distinct container.
• The container of a therapeutic kit may be a vial, test tube, flask, bottle, syringe, or any other means of enclosing a solid or liquid. Usually, when there is more than one component, the kit will contain a second vial or other container, which allows for separate dosing. The kit may also contain another container for a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid. Preferably, a therapeutic kit will contain an apparatus (e.g., one or more needles, syringes, eye droppers, pipette, etc.), which enables administration of the agents of the invention that are components of the present kit.
• The present formulation is one that is suitable for administration of the peptides by any acceptable route such as oral (enteral), nasal, ophthalmic, subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous or transdermal. Preferably, the administration is s.c., and most preferably i.d. administration may be by infusion pump.
• Since the peptides of the invention were isolated from HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, and CLL, the medicament of the invention is preferably used to treat HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, and CLL.
• The present invention further relates to a method for producing a personalized pharmaceutical for an individual patient comprising manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one peptide selected from a warehouse of pre-screened TUMAPs, wherein the at least one peptide used in the pharmaceutical composition is selected for suitability in the individual patient. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is a vaccine. The method could also be adapted to produce T cell clones for down-stream applications, such as TCR isolations, or soluble antibodies, and other treatment options.
• A “personalized pharmaceutical” shall mean specifically tailored therapies for one individual patient that will only be used for therapy in such individual patient, including actively personalized cancer vaccines and adoptive cellular therapies using autologous patient tissue.
• As used herein, the term “warehouse” shall refer to a group or set of peptides that have been pre-screened for immunogenicity and/or over-presentation in a particular tumor type. The term “warehouse” is not intended to imply that the particular peptides included in the vaccine have been pre-manufactured and stored in a physical facility, although that possibility is contemplated. It is expressly contemplated that the peptides may be manufactured de novo for each individualized vaccine produced, or may be pre-manufactured and stored. The warehouse (e.g. in the form of a database) is composed of tumor-associated peptides which were highly overexpressed in the tumor tissue of HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, or CLL patients with various HLA-A HLA-B and HLA-C alleles. It may contain MHC class I and MHC class II peptides or elongated MHC class I peptides. In addition to the tumor associated peptides collected from several tumor tissues, the warehouse may contain HLA-A*02 and HLA-A*24 marker peptides. These peptides allow comparison of the magnitude of T-cell immunity induced by TUMAPs in a quantitative manner and hence allow important conclusion to be drawn on the capacity of the vaccine to elicit anti-tumor responses. Secondly, they function as important positive control peptides derived from a “non-self” antigen in the case that any vaccine-induced T-cell responses to TUMAPs derived from “self” antigens in a patient are not observed. And thirdly, it may allow conclusions to be drawn, regarding the status of immunocompetence of the patient.
• TUMAPs for the present invention and the warehouse are identified by using an integrated functional genomics approach combining gene expression analysis, mass spectrometry, and T-cell immunology (XPresident®). The approach assures that only TUMAPs truly present on a high percentage of tumors but not or only minimally expressed on normal tissue, are chosen for further analysis. For initial peptide selection, HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, or CLL samples from patients and blood from healthy donors were analyzed in a stepwise approach:
• 1. Genome-wide messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression analysis was used to identify genes expressed at very low levels in important normal (non-cancerous) tissues. It was assessed whether those genes are over-expressed in the malignant tissue (HCC, CRC, GB, GC, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC) compared with a range of normal organs and tissues
• 2. HLA ligands from the malignant material (HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, CLL) were identified by mass spectrometry.
• 3. Identified HLA ligands were compared to gene expression data. Peptides over-presented or selectively presented on tumor tissue, preferably encoded by selectively expressed or over-expressed genes as detected in step 2 were considered suitable TUMAP candidates for a multi-peptide vaccine.
• 4. Literature research was performed in order to identify additional evidence supporting the relevance of the identified peptides as TUMAPs
• 5. The relevance of over-expression at the mRNA level was confirmed by redetection of selected TUMAPs from step 3 on tumor tissue and lack of (or infrequent) detection on healthy tissues.
• 6. In order to assess, whether an induction of in vivo T-cell responses by the selected peptides may be feasible, in vitro immunogenicity assays were performed using human T cells from healthy donors as well as from HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, or CLL patients.
• In an aspect, the peptides are pre-screened for immunogenicity before being included in the warehouse. By way of example, and not limitation, the immunogenicity of the peptides included in the warehouse is determined by a method comprising in vitro T-cell priming through repeated stimulations of CD8+ T cells from healthy donors with artificial antigen presenting cells loaded with peptide/MHC complexes and anti-CD28 antibody.
• This method is preferred for rare cancers and patients with a rare expression profile. In contrast to multi-peptide cocktails with a fixed composition as currently developed, the warehouse allows a significantly higher matching of the actual expression of antigens in the tumor with the vaccine. Selected single or combinations of several “off-the-shelf” peptides will be used for each patient in a multitarget approach. In theory an approach based on selection of e.g. 5 different antigenic peptides from a library of 50 would already lead to approximately 17 million possible drug product (DP) compositions.
• In an aspect, the peptides are selected for inclusion in the vaccine based on their suitability for the individual patient based on the method according to the present invention as described herein, or as below.
• The HLA phenotype, transcriptomic and peptidomic data is gathered from the patient's tumor material, and blood samples to identify the most suitable peptides for each patient containing “warehouse” and patient-unique (i.e. mutated) TUMAPs. Those peptides will be chosen, which are selectively or over-expressed in the patients tumor and, where possible, show strong in vitro immunogenicity if tested with the patients' individual PBMCs.
• Preferably, the peptides included in the vaccine are identified by a method comprising: (a) identifying tumor-associated peptides (TUMAPs) presented by a tumor sample from the individual patient; (b) comparing the peptides identified in (a) with a warehouse (database) of peptides as described above; and (c) selecting at least one peptide from the warehouse (database) that correlates with a tumor-associated peptide identified in the patient. For example, the TUMAPs presented by the tumor sample are identified by: (al) comparing expression data from the tumor sample to expression data from a sample of normal tissue corresponding to the tissue type of the tumor sample to identify proteins that are over-expressed or aberrantly expressed in the tumor sample; and (a2) correlating the expression data with sequences of MHC ligands bound to MHC class I and/or class II molecules in the tumor sample to identify MHC ligands derived from proteins over-expressed or aberrantly expressed by the tumor. Preferably, the sequences of MHC ligands are identified by eluting bound peptides from MHC molecules isolated from the tumor sample, and sequencing the eluted ligands. Preferably, the tumor sample and the normal tissue are obtained from the same patient.
• In addition to, or as an alternative to, selecting peptides using a warehousing (database) model, TUMAPs may be identified in the patient de novo, and then included in the vaccine. As one example, candidate TUMAPs may be identified in the patient by (a1) comparing expression data from the tumor sample to expression data from a sample of normal tissue corresponding to the tissue type of the tumor sample to identify proteins that are over-expressed or aberrantly expressed in the tumor sample; and (a2) correlating the expression data with sequences of MHC ligands bound to MHC class I and/or class II molecules in the tumor sample to identify MHC ligands derived from proteins over-expressed or aberrantly expressed by the tumor. As another example, proteins may be identified containing mutations that are unique to the tumor sample relative to normal corresponding tissue from the individual patient, and TUMAPs can be identified that specifically target the mutation. For example, the genome of the tumor and of corresponding normal tissue can be sequenced by whole genome sequencing: For discovery of non-synonymous mutations in the protein-coding regions of genes, genomic DNA and RNA are extracted from tumor tissues and normal non-mutated genomic germline DNA is extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The applied NGS approach is confined to the re-sequencing of protein coding regions (exome re-sequencing). For this purpose, exonic DNA from human samples is captured using vendor-supplied target enrichment kits, followed by sequencing with e.g. a HiSeq2000 (Illumina). Additionally, tumor mRNA is sequenced for direct quantification of gene expression and validation that mutated genes are expressed in the patients' tumors. The resultant millions of sequence reads are processed through software algorithms. The output list contains mutations and gene expression. Tumor-specific somatic mutations are determined by comparison with the PBMC-derived germline variations and prioritized. The de novo identified peptides can then be tested for immunogenicity as described above for the warehouse, and candidate TUMAPs possessing suitable immunogenicity are selected for inclusion in the vaccine.
• In one exemplary embodiment, the peptides included in the vaccine are identified by: (a) identifying tumor-associated peptides (TUMAPs) presented by a tumor sample from the individual patient by the method as described above; (b) comparing the peptides identified in a) with a warehouse of peptides that have been prescreened for immunogenicity and overpresentation in tumors as compared to corresponding normal tissue; (c) selecting at least one peptide from the warehouse that correlates with a tumor-associated peptide identified in the patient; and (d) optionally, selecting at least one peptide identified de novo in (a) confirming its immunogenicity.
• In one exemplary embodiment, the peptides included in the vaccine are identified by: (a) identifying tumor-associated peptides (TUMAPs) presented by a tumor sample from the individual patient; and (b) selecting at least one peptide identified de novo in (a) and confirming its immunogenicity.
• Once the peptides for a personalized peptide based vaccine are selected, the vaccine is produced. The vaccine preferably is a liquid formulation consisting of the individual peptides dissolved in between 20-40% DMSO, preferably about 30-35% DMSO, such as about 33% DMSO.
• Each peptide to be included into a product is dissolved in DMSO. The concentration of the single peptide solutions has to be chosen depending on the number of peptides to be included into the product. The single peptide-DMSO solutions are mixed in equal parts to achieve a solution containing all peptides to be included in the product with a concentration of ˜2.5 mg/ml per peptide. The mixed solution is then diluted 1:3 with water for injection to achieve a concentration of 0.826 mg/ml per peptide in 33% DMSO. The diluted solution is filtered through a 0.22 μm sterile filter. The final bulk solution is obtained.
• Final bulk solution is filled into vials and stored at −20° C. until use. One vial contains 700 μL solution, containing 0.578 mg of each peptide. Of this, 500 μL (approx. 400 pg per peptide) will be applied for intradermal injection.
• In addition to being useful for treating cancer, the peptides of the present invention are also useful as diagnostics. Since the peptides were generated from HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, and CLL cells and since it was determined that these peptides are not or at lower levels present in normal tissues, these peptides can be used to diagnose the presence of a cancer.
• The presence of claimed peptides on tissue biopsies in blood samples can assist a pathologist in diagnosis of cancer. Detection of certain peptides by means of antibodies, mass spectrometry or other methods known in the art can tell the pathologist that the tissue sample is malignant or inflamed or generally diseased, or can be used as a biomarker for HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA, OC, MCC, melanoma, breast cancer, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, UEC, or CLL. Presence of groups of peptides can enable classification or sub-classification of diseased tissues.
• The detection of peptides on diseased tissue specimen can enable the decision about the benefit of therapies involving the immune system, especially if T-lymphocytes are known or expected to be involved in the mechanism of action. Loss of MHC expression is a well described mechanism by which infected of malignant cells escape immuno-surveillance. Thus, presence of peptides shows that this mechanism is not exploited by the analyzed cells.
• The peptides of the present invention might be used to analyze lymphocyte responses against those peptides such as T cell responses or antibody responses against the peptide or the peptide complexed to MHC molecules. These lymphocyte responses can be used as prognostic markers for decision on further therapy steps. These responses can also be used as surrogate response markers in immunotherapy approaches aiming to induce lymphocyte responses by different means, e.g. vaccination of protein, nucleic acids, autologous materials, adoptive transfer of lymphocytes. In gene therapy settings, lymphocyte responses against peptides can be considered in the assessment of side effects. Monitoring of lymphocyte responses might also be a valuable tool for follow-up examinations of transplantation therapies, e.g. for the detection of graft versus host and host versus graft diseases.
• The present invention will now be described in the following examples which describe preferred embodiments thereof, and with reference to the accompanying figures, nevertheless, without being limited thereto. For the purposes of the present invention, all references as cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
• FIG. 1A shows Median MS signal intensities from technical replicate measurements are plotted as colored dots for single HLA-A*02 positive normal (green or grey dots) and tumor samples (red dots) on which the peptide was detected. Tumor and normal samples are grouped according to organ of origin, and box-and-whisker plots represent median, 25th and 75th percentile (box), and minimum and maximum (whiskers) of normalized signal intensities over multiple samples. Normal organs are ordered according to risk categories (blood cells, cardiovascular system, brain, liver, lung: high risk, dark green dots; reproductive organs, breast, prostate: low risk, grey dots; all other organs: medium risk; light green dots). FIG. 1B shows the relative peptide detection frequency in every organ is shown as spine plot. Numbers below the panel indicate number of samples on which the peptide was detected out of the total number of samples analyzed for each organ (N=298 for normal samples, N=461 for tumor samples). If the peptide has been detected on a sample but could not be quantified for technical reasons, the sample is included in this representation of detection frequency, but no dot is shown in the FIG. 1A. Tissues (from left to right): Normal samples: artery; blood cells; brain; heart; liver; lung; vein; adipose: adipose tissue; adren.gl.: adrenal gland; BM: bone marrow; colorect: colon and rectum; duod: duodenum; esoph: esophagus; gallb: gallbladder; LN: lymph node; panc: pancreas; parathyr: parathyroid gland; perit: peritoneum; pituit: pituitary; sal.gland: salivary gland; skel.mus: skeletal muscle; skin; sm.int: small intestine; spleen; stomach; thyroid; trachea; ureter; bladder; breast; ovary; placenta; prostate; testis; thymus; uterus. Tumor samples: AML: acute myeloid leukemia; PCA: prostate cancer; BRCA: breast cancer; CLL: chronic lymphocytic leukemia; CRC: colorectal cancer; GALB: gallbladder cancer; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; MEL: melanoma; NHL: non-hodgkin lymphoma; OC: ovarian cancer; OSCAR: esophageal cancer; OSC_GC: esophageal/gastric cancer; PC: pancreatic cancer; GB: glioblastoma; GC: gastric cancer; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; RCC: renal cell carcinoma; SCLC: small cell lung cancer; UBC: urinary bladder carcinoma; UEC: uterine and endometrial cancer.
• FIG. 2 shows exemplary expression profiles of source genes of the present invention that are over-expressed in different cancer samples. Tumor (red dots) and normal (green or grey dots) samples are grouped according to organ of origin, and box-and-whisker plots represent median, 25th and 75th percentile (box), and minimum and maximum (whiskers) RPKM values. Normal organs are ordered according to risk categories. RPKM=reads per kilobase per million mapped reads. Normal samples: artery; blood cells; brain; heart; liver; lung; vein; adipose: adipose tissue; adren.gl.: adrenal gland; BM: bone marrow; cartilage; colorect: colon and rectum; esoph: esophagus; eye; gallb: gallbladder; kidney; LN: lymph node; nerve; panc: pancreas; pituit: pituitary; sal.gland: salivary gland; skel.mus: skeletal muscle; skin; sm.int: small intestine; spleen; stomach; thyroid; trachea; bladder; breast; ovary; placenta; prostate; testis; thymus; uterus. Tumor samples: AML: acute myeloid leukemia; PCA: prostate cancer; BRCA: breast cancer; CLL: chronic lymphocytic leukemia; CRC: colorectal cancer; GALB: gallbladder cancer; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; MEL: melanoma; NHL: non-hodgkin lymphoma; OC: ovarian cancer; OSCAR: esophageal cancer; PC: pancreatic cancer; GB: glioblastoma; GC: gastric cancer; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; RCC: renal cell carcinoma; SCLC: small cell lung cancer; UBC: urinary bladder carcinoma; UEC: uterine and endometrial cancer.
• FIGS. 3A and 3B show exemplary results of peptide-specific in vitro CD8+ T cell responses of a healthy HLA-A*02+ donor. CD8+ T cells were primed using artificial APCs coated with anti-CD28 mAb and HLA-A*02 in complex with SeqID No 157 (FIG. 3A, left panel) or SeqID No 233 (FIG. 3B, left panel). After three cycles of stimulation, the detection of peptide-reactive cells was performed by 2D multimer staining with the relevant multimer, A*02/SeqID No 157 (FIG. 3A) or A*02/SeqID No 233 (FIG. 3B). The right panels of FIGS. 3A and 3B show control staining of cells stimulated with irrelevant A*02/peptide complexes. Viable singlet cells were gated for CD8+ lymphocytes. Boolean gates helped excluding false-positive events detected with multimers specific for different peptides. Frequencies of specific multimer+ cells among CD8+ lymphocytes are indicated.
EXAMPLES Example 1 Identification and Quantitation of Tumor Associated Peptides Presented on the Cell Surface
• Tissue Samples
• Patients' tumor tissues were obtained from Asterand (Detroit, USA and Royston, Herts, UK); Val d'Hebron University Hospital (Barcelona); BioServe (Beltsville, Md., USA); Center for cancer immune therapy (CCIT), Herlev Hospital (Herlev); Geneticist Inc. (Glendale, Calif., USA); University Hospital of Geneva; University Hospital of Heidelberg; University Hospital of Munich; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine (KPUM); Osaka City University (OCU); ProteoGenex Inc., (Culver City, Calif., USA); University Hospital of Tübingen. Normal tissues were obtained from Bio-Options Inc., Calif., USA; BioServe, Beltsville, Md., USA; Capital BioScience Inc., Rockville, Md., USA; Geneticist Inc., Glendale, Calif., USA; University Hospital of Geneva; University Hospital of Heidelberg; University Hospital Munich; ProteoGenex Inc., Culver City, Calif., USA; University Hospital of Tübingen. Written informed consents of all patients had been given before surgery or autopsy. Tissues were shock-frozen immediately after excision and stored until isolation of TUMAPs at −70° C. or below.
• Isolation of HLA Peptides From Tissue Samples
• HLA peptide pools from shock-frozen tissue samples were obtained by immune precipitation from solid tissues according to a slightly modified protocol (Falk et al., 1991; Seeger et al., 1999) using the HLA-A*02-specific antibody BB7.2, the HLA-A, —B, —C— specific antibody W6/32, CNBr-activated sepharose, acid treatment, and ultrafiltration.
• Mass Spectrometry Analyses
• The HLA peptide pools as obtained were separated according to their hydrophobicity by reversed-phase chromatography (nanoAcquity UPLC system, Waters) and the eluting peptides were analyzed in LTQ-velos and fusion hybrid mass spectrometers (ThermoElectron) equipped with an ESI source. Peptide pools were loaded directly onto the analytical fused-silica micro-capillary column (75 μm i.d.×250 mm) packed with 1.7 μm C18 reversed-phase material (Waters) applying a flow rate of 400 nL per minute. Subsequently, the peptides were separated using a two-step 180 minute-binary gradient from 10% to 33% B at a flow rate of 300 nL per minute. The gradient was composed of Solvent A (0.1% formic acid in water) and solvent B (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile). A gold coated glass capillary (PicoTip, New Objective) was used for introduction into the nanoESI source. The LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometers were operated in the data-dependent mode using a TOPS strategy. In brief, a scan cycle was initiated with a full scan of high mass accuracy in the Orbitrap (R=30 000), which was followed by MS/MS scans also in the Orbitrap (R=7500) on the 5 most abundant precursor ions with dynamic exclusion of previously selected ions. Tandem mass spectra were interpreted by SEQUEST and additional manual control. The identified peptide sequence was assured by comparison of the generated natural peptide fragmentation pattern with the fragmentation pattern of a synthetic sequence-identical reference peptide.
• Label-free relative LC-MS quantitation was performed by ion counting i.e. by extraction and analysis of LC-MS features (Mueller et al., 2007). The method assumes that the peptide's LC-MS signal area correlates with its abundance in the sample. Extracted features were further processed by charge state deconvolution and retention time alignment (Mueller et al., 2008; Sturm et al., 2008). Finally, all LC-MS features were cross-referenced with the sequence identification results to combine quantitative data of different samples and tissues to peptide presentation profiles. The quantitative data were normalized in a two-tier fashion according to central tendency to account for variation within technical and biological replicates. Thus each identified peptide can be associated with quantitative data allowing relative quantification between samples and tissues. In addition, all quantitative data acquired for peptide candidates was inspected manually to assure data consistency and to verify the accuracy of the automated analysis. For each peptide a presentation profile was calculated showing the mean sample presentation as well as replicate variations. The profiles juxtapose cancer samples to a baseline of normal tissue samples. An overview of peptide presentation across entities is shown in Table 4 for selected peptides.

• TABLE 4
  Overview of presentation of selected peptides across entities. A peptide was
  considered interesting in an entity if it was over-presented on cancer samples of this entity
  compared to normal tissues. MEL = melanoma, BRCA = breast cancer, OSCAR =
  esophageal carcinoma. BPH includes benign prostate hyperplasia as well as pancreatic
  cancer.

  SEQ ID
  NO.	Sequence	Entities of particular interest

  1	KLQEKIQEL	GB, GC, NSCLC, HCC, OC, RCC, CRC, PC, OSCAR
  2	SVLEKEIYSI	NSCLC, HCC, BPH, OC, CRC, PC
  3	RVIDDSLVVGV	NSCLC, HCC, OC, MEL, CRC, PC, OSCAR
  4	VLFGELPAL	GB, NSCLC, BRCA,RCC, PC, OC, PC
  5	GLVDIMVHL	NSCLC, RCC, OC
  7	ALLQALMEL	GC, NSCLC, RCC, CRC, PC
  8	ALSSSQAEV	GB, NSCLC, OC, CRC, PC
  9	SLITGQDLLSV	NSCLC, BPH, OC, MEL, PC, OSCAR
  10	QLIEKNWLL	NSCLC, OC, CRC, PC, HCC, CLL, OSCAR
  11	LLDPKTIFL	NSCLC, HCC, RCC, CRC
  12	RLLDPKTIFL	NSCLC, RCC
  13	RLHDENILL	GB, GC, NSCLC, HCC, BPH, OC, RCC, CRC, PC,
  		OSCAR
  14	YTFSGDVQL	GC, NSCLC, CRC, PC, OSCAR
  15	GLPSATTTV	GC, NSCLC, OC, PC
  16	SLADLSLLL	NSCLC, HCC, PC
  17	GLLPSAESIKL	NSCLC, BPH, OC, OSCAR
  18	KTASINQNV	NSCLC, CRC, PC, OSCAR, OC
  19	KVFELDLVTL	GC, NSCLC, CRC, OSCAR
  21	YLMDDFSSL	PC, NSCLC
  22	LMYPYIYHV	GB, NSCLC, OC, OSCAR
  23	ALLSPLSLA	PC
  24	KVWSDVTPL	PC, NSCLC
  25	LLWGHPRVALA	CRC, PC, NSCLC
  26	VLDGKVAVV	HCC, MEL, OC, GB, GC, NSCLC
  27	GLLGKVTSV	NSCLC, BRCA
  29	KMISAIPTL	NSCLC, OC
  34	TLNTLDINL	OC, PC
  35	VIIKGLEEI	GC, NSCLC, OSCAR
  36	TVLQELINV	NSCLC, PC, OSCAR
  37	QIVELIEKI	GC, NSCLC, OSCAR
  39	YLEDGFAYV	GB, NSCLC, HCC, PC
  40	KIWEELSVLEV	GC, NSCLC, HCC, MEL
  43	LLIPFTIFM	NSCLC, MEL, CRC, OC
  44	AVFNLVHVV	GC, NSCLC, PC
  46	ISLDEVAVSL	GB, NSCLC, HCC, OC
  47	GLNGFNVLL	PC, OSCAR
  48	KISDFGLATV	GB, NSCLC, PC, OSCAR
  49	KLIGNIHGNEV	GB, NSCLC, OC
  50	ILLSVLHQL	NSCLC, CRC
  51	LDSEALLTL	GB, NSCLC, HCC
  52	TIGIPFPNV	NSCLC, PC, OC
  53	AQHLSTLLL	GC, NSCLC
  54	YLVPGLVAA	NSCLC, OC
  55	HLFDKIIKI	GC, CRC
  56	VLQENSSDYQSNL	NSCLC, HCC
  57	TLYPGRFDYV	NSCLC, PC
  58	HLLGEGAFAQV	NSCLC, PC
  59	ALADGIKSFLL	NSCLC, PC
  60	YLFSQGLQGL	NSCLC, PC
  61	ALYPKEITL	NSCLC, CRC
  63	KLLPMVIQL	NSCLC, PC
  65	SLSEKSPEV	NSCLC, OC, OSCAR, MEL
  66	AMFPDTIPRV	NSCLC, OC
  67	FLIENLLAA	GB, NSCLC
  68	QLMNLIRSV	HCC, PC
  69	LKVLKADVVL	GC, NSCLC
  70	GLTEKTVLV	NSCLC, PC
  71	HMSGKLTNV	NSCLC, PC
  73	SVPKTLGV	GB, RCC
  74	GLAFLPASV	GC, CRC
  76	FTAEFLEKV	NSCLC, PC, GB, OSCAR
  77	ALYGNVQQV	NSCLC, OC
  82	ILAEEPIYIRV	NSCLC, PC, OSCAR, OC
  83	GLLENSPHL	NSCLC, OC
  84	FLLEREQLL	NSCLC, MEL, RCC, CRC, PC
  85	KLLDKPEQFL	NSCLC, OC, MEL, CRC
  86	SLFSNIESV	NSCLC, BPH, CRC
  88	LLLPLELSLA	GB, NSCLC, PC
  89	SLAETIFIV	GC, NSCLC, OC
  92	RLFEEVLGV	NSCLC, HCC, OC, OC
  93	RLYGYFHDA	NSCLC, PC
  94	YLDEVAFML	NSCLC, HCC, OC
  95	KLIDEDEPLFL	NSCLC, OC
  96	ALDTTRHEL	NSCLC, PC
  97	KLFEKSTGL	NSCLC, CRC
  98	FVQEKIPEL	GC, CRC
  100	ALQSFEFRV	OC, RCC
  101	SLLEVNEASSV	GC, CLL
  102	GLYPVTLVGV	BPH, OC
  114	LLFPSDVQTL	PC, OSCAR
  116	ALLSSVAEA	NSCLC, OSCAR, OC
  117	TLLEGISRA	NSCLC, OC
  134	SLYKSFLQL	NSCLC, OSCAR, OC
  137	KLIYKDLVSV	NSCLC, OC, PC
  146	VVAAHLAGA	NSCLC, OSCAR, OC
  158	YLDPLWHQL	PC, OC
  165	SLLDYEVSI	NSCLC, OSCAR, OC
  166	LLGDSSFFL	NSCLC, HCC, OSCAR, OC, PC
  170	FIAAVVEKV	NSCLC, OC
  175	SLLDLVQSL	PC, OC
  176	VQSGLRILL	NSCLC, OSCAR
  184	ALDSTIAHL	NSCLC, OC
  191	AAIEIFEKV	NSCLC, OSCAR, OC
  203	FLFVDPELV	NSCLC, GC, OC
  229	YLYELEHAL	NSCLC, OC
  233	SLFESLEYL	NSCLC, OSCAR, OC
  234	VLLNEILEQV	GC, NSCLC, HCC, OC, MEL, RCC, CRC, PC,
  		OSCAR
  235	SLLNQPKAV	GB, NSCLC, HCC, OC, MEL, CRC, PC, OSCAR
  236	KMSELQTYV	GB, NSCLC, HCC, OC, MEL, CRC, PC
  237	ALLEQTGDMSL	NSCLC, OC, MEL, CRC
  239	VIIKGLEEITV	GC, NSCLC, HCC, OC, MEL, CRC, PC
  241	KQFEGTVEI	NSCLC, MCC, OC, CRC, PC, OSCAR
  242	KLQEEIPVL	GB, NSCLC, CRC
  243	GLAEFQENV	GB, NSCLC, HCC, OC, CRC, PC, OSCAR
  244	NVAEIVIHI	GC, NSCLC
  246	ALAGIVTNV	NSCLC, HCC, OC, MEL, RCC
  247	NLLIDDKGTIKL	NSCLC, HCC, MEL, CRC, PC
  248	VLMQDSRLYL	NSCLC, CRC, PC
  251	LLWGNLPEI	NSCLC, MEL, CRC, PC, OC
  252	SLMEKNQSL	NSCLC, OC, CRC, OSCAR, RCC
  253	KLLAVIHEL	NSCLC, RCC, CRC, PC, OSCAR, OC
  254	ALGDKFLLRV	NSCLC, HCC, MEL, OC
  255	FLMKNSDLYGA	NSCLC, HCC, MEL, PC, OSCAR
  256	FLNDIFERI	NSCLC, HCC, CLL, OC
  257	KLIDHQGLYL	NSCLC, OC, CRC, OSCAR
  258	QLVQRVASV	NSCLC, OC
  259	GPGIFPPPPPQP	NSCLC, BPH, OSCAR, OC
  260	ALNESLVEC	NSCLC, MEL, OSCAR, OC
  261	GLAALAVHL	NSCLC, OC, MEL, CRC, PC, OSCAR
  262	LLLEAVWHL	NSCLC, CRC
  263	SIIEYLPTL	NSCLC, MEL, PC
  264	TLHDQVHLL	NSCLC, BPH, OC
  265	FLLDKPQDLSI	NSCLC, OC, RCC
  266	FLLDKPQDL	RCC, OC
  267	YLLDMPLWYL	NSCLC, RCC, CRC, OC, MEL
  269	GLLDCPIFL	NSCLC, CRC, OSCAR, OC
  270	TLLTFFHEL	GB, PC
  271	VLIEYNFSI	NSCLC, OC
  272	FVMEGEPPKL	NSCLC, OC
  273	SLNKQIETV	NSCLC, OC
  274	TLYNPERTITV	NSCLC, PC, HCC
  277	KLQEELNKV	HCC, OC
  281	LLLESDPKVYSL	PC, OC
  284	KLMDPGSLPPL	NSCLC, OC
  287	KIQEILTQV	GB, GC, NSCLC, HCC, CLL, OC, MEL, RCC, CRC,
  		PC, OSCAR
  288	SLYKGLLSV	GB, NSCLC, HCC, BPH, OC, RCC, CRC, PC,
  		OSCAR

• TABLE 4B
  Overview of presentation of selected peptides across entities.
  GB = glioblastoma, BRCA = breast cancer, CRC = colorectal cancer, RCC = renal cell
  carcinoma, CLL = chronic lymphocytic leukemia, HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma,
  NSCLC = non-small cell lung cancer, SCLC = small cell lung cancer, NHL = non-Hodgkin
  lymphoma, AML = acute myeloid leukemia, OC = ovarian cancer, PC = pancreatic cancer,
  BPH = prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia, OSCAR = esophageal cancer,
  including cancer of the gastric-oesophageal junction, GBC_CCC = gallbladder
  adenocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma, MEL = melanoma, GC = gastric cancer, UBC =
  urinary bladder cancer, UTC = uterine cancer.

  SEQ ID
  NO.	Sequence	Additional entities of particular interest

  1	KLQEKIQEL	MEL, AML, NHL
  		GC, CLL, OSCAR, SCLC, UBC, UTC, BRCA, GBC_CCC,
  2	SVLEKEIYSI	MEL, AML, NHL
  3	RVIDDSLVVGV	UBC
  4	VLFGELPAL	SCLC, UBC, UTC
  5	GLVDIMVHL	SCLC, UBC, BRCA, MEL, PC
  6	FLNAIETAL	RCC
  7	ALLQALMEL	CLL, OSCAR, OC, SCLC, UTC, BRCA, GBC_CCC, MEL,
  		AML, NHL
  8	ALSSSQAEV	BPH, OSCAR, SCLC, UBC, UTC, BRCA, GBC_CCC, MEL,
  		AML, NHL
  9	SLITGQDLLSV	SCLC, UBC, UTC, BRCA, GBC_CCC
  10	QLIEKNWLL	SCLC, UBC, UTC, BRCA, GBC_CCC, MEL, AML, NHL
  11	LLDPKTIFL	GBC_CCC
  13	RLHDENILL	SCLC, UBC, UTC, BRCA, MEL, AML, NHL
  14	YTFSGDVQL	SCLC, UBC, UTC, GBC_CCC, MEL
  15	GLPSATTTV	UBC, UTC, MEL
  16	SLADLSLLL	GB, GC, BPH, CLL, OSCAR, OC, SCLC, UBC, UTC, BRCA,
  		GBC_CCC, MEL, RCC, CRC, AML, NHL
  17	GLLPSAESIKL	UBC
  18	KTASINQNV	SCLC, UBC, UTC, MEL
  19	KVFELDLVTL	AML, NHL
  21	YLMDDFSSL	OSCAR, OC, SCLC, UBC, BRCA, GBC_CCC, MEL, AML,
  		NHL
  22	LMYPYIYHV	HCC, CLL, SCLC, UBC, BRCA, GBC_CCC, MEL, CRC, NHL
  24	KVWSDVTPL	BRCA
  26	VLDGKVAVV	CLL, UTC, NHL
  27	GLLGKVTSV	SCLC, UBC
  28	IKVTDPQLLEL	NSCLC, MEL
  29	KMISAIPTL	UTC
  30	IITEVITRL	OC, UTC
  31	GLLETTGLLAT	OC
  33	TLDRNSLYV	OC, UTC
  34	TLNTLDINL	UTC
  35	VIIKGLEEI	OC
  36	TVLQELINV	UBC, UTC, MEL, CRC, AML, NHL
  38	VLQQESNFL	AML
  39	YLEDGFAYV	CLL, UBC, UTC, MEL, NHL
  40	KIWEELSVLEV	SCLC, UBC
  41	IVTEIISEI	CLL, SCLC, UTC, GBC_CCC, AML, NHL
  43	LLIPFTIFM	SCLC, GBC_CCC, NHL
  46	ISLDEVAVSL	BRCA
  47	GLNGFNVLL	SCLC, UTC, GBC_CCC, MEL, CRC, AML, NHL
  48	KISDFGLATV	OC, MEL
  51	LDSEALLTL	BRCA
  52	TIGIPFPNV	MEL, NHL
  53	AQHLSTLLL	SCLC, GBC_CCC
  56	VLQENSSDYQSNL	UTC
  57	TLYPGRFDYV	OSCAR, UBC
  59	ALADGIKSFLL	BRCA, MEL
  64	SLYAGSNNQV	NSCLC
  65	SLSEKSPEV	HCC, SCLC, UBC, UTC, BRCA, NHL
  67	FLIENLLAA	UTC
  68	QLMNLIRSV	UBC, AML
  70	GLTEKTVLV	CRC, AML, NHL
  75	ALLDGALQL	GC, CRC
  76	FTAEFLEKV	UBC, MEL, AML, NHL
  77	ALYGNVQQV	BRCA, NHL
  78	LFQSRIAGV	BPH
  80	VLTGQVHEL	GB
  83	GLLENSPHL	BRCA, MEL, AML, NHL
  84	FLLEREQLL	CLL, UBC, UTC, BRCA, AML, NHL
  85	KLLDKPEQFL	NHL
  86	SLFSNIESV	SCLC, BRCA, GBC_CCC
  87	KLLSLLEEA	NSCLC, BPH
  89	SLAETIFIV	SCLC, GBC_CCC, RCC, NHL
  90	AILNVDEKNQV	OC
  91	LLPSIFLMV	OC
  92	RLFEEVLGV	OSCAR, SCLC, UBC, BRCA, AML
  94	YLDEVAFML	UBC, BRCA, GBC_CCC
  95	KLIDEDEPLFL	SCLC, UTC, GBC_CCC
  96	ALDTTRHEL	OSCAR, UBC, UTC
  98	FVQEKIPEL	GBC_CCC
  99	TLFGIQLTEA	GC, GBC_CCC
  101	SLLEVNEASSV	NHL
  102	GLYPVTLVGV	SCLC, BRCA, AML
  103	YLADTVQKL	NSCLC
  104	DLPTQEPALGTT	BPH
  106	VLLGSVVIFA	BPH
  108	FIANLPPELKA	BPH
  109	ILGSFELQL	BPH
  110	QIQGQVSEV	BPH
  112	ILAQDVAQL	MEL, AML, NHL
  113	FLFLKEVKV	CRC
  116	ALLSSVAEA	SCLC, BRCA, CRC
  117	TLLEGISRA	BRCA
  118	IAYNPNGNAL	NSCLC, CLL, AML
  119	SLIEESEEL	OC, UTC
  121	ALYVQAPTV	NSCLC, UTC, NHL
  122	SIIDTELKV	AML
  124	ALLLRLFTI	NSCLC
  128	SILTNISEV	NSCLC
  129	KMASKVTQV	HCC
  130	QLYGSAITL	HCC
  132	ALLNNVIEV	HCC, BRCA
  133	FLDGRPLTL	UTC, MEL
  135	HLDTVKIEV	GB
  136	LLWDAPAKC	CRC
  139	IILENIQSL	UBC, BRCA, AML
  140	FLDSQITTV	MEL
  142	LLDAAHASI	NSCLC
  143	MLWESIMRV	NSCLC, UTC
  144	FLISQTPLL	NSCLC, SCLC, UBC
  145	ALEEKLENV	NSCLC
  146	VVAAHLAGA	GC, MEL
  147	GLLSALENV	CLL, NHL
  148	YLILSSHQL	CLL, NHL
  150	VLLDMVHSL	HCC, UTC
  151	DISKRIQSL	NSCLC
  152	ILVTSIFFL	CLL, NHL
  153	KLVELEHTL	GC, NSCLC, OSCAR
  154	AIIKEIQTV	GB, NSCLC, HCC, UBC, MEL
  155	TLDSYLKAV	OC, BRCA
  156	VILTSSPFL	CLL, BRCA, AML, NHL
  157	ILQDGQFLV	HCC, UBC
  158	YLDPLWHQL	CLL, MEL, NHL
  159	QLGPVPVTI	UBC, RCC, NHL
  160	TLQEWLTEV	NSCLC, GBC_CCC
  161	NLLDENVCL	CRC
  162	GLLGNLLTSL	NSCLC
  163	GLEERLYTA	NSCLC, CLL, AML, NHL
  164	MLIIRVPSV	NSCLC
  165	SLLDYEVSI	GBC_CCC
  166	LLGDSSFFL	CLL, UBC, UTC, BRCA, GBC_CCC, MEL, AML
  167	LVVDEGSLVSV	OC, SCLC
  168	VIFEGEPMYL	NSCLC, BRCA, NHL
  169	ALADLSVAV	NSCLC, HCC, OSCAR, OC, UBC, UTC, GBC_CCC, MEL,
  		AML
  170	FIAAVVEKV	SCLC, NHL
  171	LLLLDVPTA	NSCLC, UTC, BRCA, CRC, NHL
  172	SLYLQMNSLRTE	NSCLC
  173	RLIDIYKNV	OC
  174	ALYSGDLHAA	HCC
  175	SLLDLVQSL	BRCA, AML, NHL
  177	ALINVLNAL	AML
  179	TLGEIIKGV	NSCLC
  180	RLYEEEIRI	NSCLC
  181	LLWAPTAQA	GB, NSCLC, RCC, CRC
  182	GLQDGFQITV	GC
  183	ALSYILPYL	NSCLC, SCLC, UTC, BRCA, CRC, AML, NHL
  184	ALDSTIAHL	UTC, MEL
  185	TLYQGLPAEV	GC, NSCLC, HCC, OSCAR, OC, UBC, UTC, BRCA, RCC,
  		CRC
  186	SLLSLESRL	GC
  187	SILKEDPFL	NSCLC
  188	VLGEEQEGV	NSCLC
  189	MAVSDLLIL	GB
  190	SLSTELFKV	HCC
  192	TLLPSSGLVTL	BRCA
  193	ALFHMNILL	NSCLC
  194	KLLEEVQLL	NSCLC
  195	VIIQNLPAL	CRC
  196	TLHQWIYYL	CRC
  198	ILTNKVVSV	OC
  199	SVADLAHVL	GC
  200	IMPTFDLTKV	HCC
  201	LLFSLLCEA	BPH
  203	FLFVDPELV	CRC, AML, NHL
  204	SEWGSPHAAVP	PC
  205	LAFGYDDEL	HCC
  206	GLDAFRIFL	CRC
  207	KLFETVEEL	GB
  208	HLNNDRNPL	BPH
  210	GLAGDNIYL	RCC
  211	LLTTVLINA	RCC
  212	MTLSEIHAV	CRC
  213	ILAVDGVLSV	NSCLC, BRCA, MEL
  214	ALFETLIQL	HCC
  215	QIADIVTSV	HCC
  216	ALSTVTPRI	HCC
  217	LLWPSSVPA	GB, MEL, AML
  220	ALSELERVL	BPH, UTC
  221	IMLNSVEEI	BPH, NHL
  222	LLTGVFAQL	CLL, UTC, BRCA, CRC, NHL
  223	ALHPVQFYL	OC, CRC
  224	LLFDWSGTGRADA	GBC_CCC
  225	FLPQPVPLSV	CLL, MEL, NHL
  226	SLAGNLQEL	GB
  227	SEMEELPSV	HCC
  228	SLLELDGINLRL	NSCLC
  230	KLLNMIFSI	BPH
  231	LLDDIFIRL	MEL
  233	SLFESLEYL	UTC, RCC
  234	VLLNEILEQV	CLL, SCLC, UBC, UTC, BRCA, AML, NHL
  235	SLLNQPKAV	SCLC, UBC, UTC, BRCA, GBC_CCC, AML, NHL
  236	KMSELQTYV	GC, BPH, CLL, OSCAR, SCLC, UBC, UTC, BRCA,
  		GBC_CCC, RCC, AML, NHL
  237	ALLEQTGDMSL	SCLC, UBC, BRCA, AML, NHL
  238	HLQEKLQSL	HCC
  239	VIIKGLEEITV	CLL, SCLC, UBC, UTC, AML, NHL
  240	SVQENIQQK	RCC, NHL
  241	KQFEGTVEI	CLL, NHL
  242	KLQEEIPVL	BRCA, MEL, NHL
  243	GLAEFQENV	CLL, SCLC, UBC, UTC, BRCA, GBC_CCC, MEL, AML, NHL
  244	NVAEIVIHI	GB
  245	ALLEEEEGV	NSCLC, UBC, GBC_CCC
  246	ALAGIVTNV	GB, CLL, SCLC, BRCA, GBC_CCC, AML
  248	VLMQDSRLYL	CLL, UBC, UTC, AML, NHL
  251	LLWGNLPEI	CLL, SCLC, UTC, GBC_CCC, AML, NHL
  252	SLMEKNQSL	AML
  253	KLLAVIHEL	UBC, BRCA, GBC_CCC, MEL, AML, NHL
  254	ALGDKFLLRV	NHL
  255	FLMKNSDLYGA	UBC, UTC, GBC_CCC, AML, NHL
  256	FLNDIFERI	UTC, MEL, AML, NHL
  258	QLVQRVASV	UBC, NHL
  260	ALNESLVEC	SCLC, UBC, UTC, CRC, AML, NHL
  261	GLAALAVHL	GC, CLL, SCLC, UBC, UTC, BRCA, GBC_CCC, AML, NHL
  262	LLLEAVWHL	BRCA, NHL
  263	SIIEYLPTL	CLL, OSCAR, OC, SCLC, UBC, GBC_CCC, AML, NHL
  264	TLHDQVHLL	UTC, BRCA, GBC_CCC, MEL
  265	FLLDKPQDLSI	GBC_CCC
  267	YLLDMPLWYL	AML, NHL
  269	GLLDCPIFL	CLL, UTC, AML, NHL
  270	TLLTFFHEL	UTC, GBC_CCC, AML, NHL
  271	VLIEYNFSI	CLL, SCLC, MEL, AML, NHL
  272	FVMEGEPPKL	CLL, UTC
  273	SLNKQIETV	AML
  275	AVPPPPSSV	NSCLC, HCC
  276	RMPTVLQCV	BPH
  277	KLQEELNKV	NSCLC, OSCAR, UBC, BRCA, NHL
  279	VLMDEGAVLTL	CLL, CRC, NHL
  280	HLWGHALFL	HCC
  281	LLLESDPKVYSL	OSCAR, SCLC
  282	SLYALHVKA	OC, SCLC
  283	ALSELLQQV	NSCLC, HCC, OC, SCLC, UTC, MEL, CRC, AML, NHL
  285	MLLDTVQKV	NSCLC
  286	FLTEMVHFI	NSCLC, CLL, SCLC, UBC, NHL

Example 2 Expression Profiling of Genes Encoding the Peptides of the Invention
• Over-presentation or specific presentation of a peptide on tumor cells compared to normal cells is sufficient for its usefulness in immunotherapy, and some peptides are tumor-specific despite their source protein occurring also in normal tissues. Still, mRNA expression profiling adds an additional level of safety in selection of peptide targets for immunotherapies. Especially for therapeutic options with high safety risks, such as affinity-matured TCRs, the ideal target peptide will be derived from a protein that is unique to the tumor and not found on normal tissues. For this invention, normal tissue expression of all source genes was shown to be minimal based on the above-described database of RNA expression data covering about 3000 normal tissue samples. Further RNA analyses of normal and tumor tissues were added in case of some cancer entities (HCC, CRC, GB, GC, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH/PCA) to estimate the target coverage in the population of patients having the respective cancer.
• RNA Sources and Preparation
• Surgically removed tissue specimens were provided as indicated above (see Example 1) after written informed consent had been obtained from each patient. Tumor tissue specimens were snap-frozen immediately after surgery and later homogenized with mortar and pestle under liquid nitrogen. Total RNA was prepared from these samples using TRI Reagent (Ambion, Darmstadt, Germany) followed by a cleanup with RNeasy (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany); both methods were performed according to the manufacturer's protocol.
• Total RNA from healthy human tissues was obtained commercially (Ambion, Huntingdon, UK; Clontech, Heidelberg, Germany; Stratagene, Amsterdam, Netherlands; BioChain, Hayward, Calif., USA). The RNA from several individuals (between 2 and 123 individuals) was mixed such that RNA from each individual was equally weighted. Quality and quantity of all RNA samples were assessed on an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany) using the RNA 6000 Pico LabChip Kit (Agilent).
• Total RNA from healthy human tissues for RNASeq experiments was obtained from: Asterand (Detroit, Mich., USA & Royston, Herts, UK), BioCat GmbH (Heidelberg, Germany), BioServe (Beltsville, Md., USA), Capital BioScience Inc. (Rockville, Md., USA), Geneticist Inc. (Glendale, Calif., USA), Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Pascale” (Naples, Italy), ProteoGenex Inc. (Culver City, Calif., USA), University Hospital Heidelberg (Heidelberg, Germany)
• Total RNA from tumor tissues for RNASeq experiments was obtained from: Asterand (Detroit, Mich., USA & Royston, Herts, UK), Bio-Options Inc. (Brea, Calif., USA), BioServe (Beltsville, Md., USA), Geneticist Inc. (Glendale, Calif., USA), ProteoGenex Inc. (Culver City, Calif., USA), Tissue Solutions Ltd (Glasgow, UK), University Hospital Bonn (Bonn, Germany), University Hospital Heidelberg (Heidelberg, Germany), University Hospital Tübingen (Tübingen, Germany)
• Microarray Experiments
• Coverage was estimated by analysis of RNA expression profiles (Affymetrix microarrays) of 30 GB, 16 CRC, 56 RCC, 12 HCC, 38 NSCLC, 11 PC, 34 GC, and 20 prostate cancer samples.
• Gene expression analysis of all tumor and normal tissue RNA samples was performed by Affymetrix Human Genome (HG) U133A or HG-U133 Plus 2.0 oligonucleotide microarrays (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA). All steps were carried out according to the Affymetrix manual. Briefly, double-stranded cDNA was synthesized from 5-8 μg of total RNA, using SuperScript RTII (Invitrogen) and the oligo-dT-T7 primer (MWG Biotech, Ebersberg, Germany) as described in the manual. In vitro transcription was performed with the BioArray High Yield RNA Transcript Labelling Kit (ENZO Diagnostics, Inc., Farmingdale, N.Y., USA) for the U133A arrays or with the GeneChip IVT Labelling Kit (Affymetrix) for the U133 Plus 2.0 arrays, followed by cRNA fragmentation, hybridization, and staining with streptavidin-phycoerythrin and biotinylated anti-streptavidin antibody (Molecular Probes, Leiden, Netherlands). Images were scanned with the Agilent 2500A GeneArray Scanner (U133A) or the Affymetrix Gene-Chip Scanner 3000 (U133 Plus 2.0), and data were analyzed with the GCOS software (Affymetrix), using default settings for all parameters. For normalization, 100 housekeeping genes provided by Affymetrix were used. Relative expression values were calculated from the signal log ratios given by the software and the normal kidney sample was arbitrarily set to 1.0. An overview of coverage for selected genes is shown in Table 5.

• TABLE 5A
  Target coverage for source genes of selected peptides. Over-expression was
  defined as more than 1.5-fold higher expression on a tumor compared to the relevant
  normal tissue that showed highest expression of the gene. <19% over-expression = I, 20-
  49% - II, 50-69% = III, >70% = IV. If a peptide could be derived from several source
  genes, the gene with minimal coverage was decisive.

  											Official
  SEQ ID		GB	CRC	RCC	HCC	NSCLC	PC	BPH/	GC		gene
  NO.	Sequence	(%)	(%)	(%)	(%)	(%)	(%)	PCA (%)	(%)	Gene ID	symbol

  116	ALLSSVAEA	I	II	I	I	II	I	I	I	9048	ARTN
  263	SIIEYLPTL	I	II	I	I	I	I	I	I	79915	ATAD5
  93	RLYGYFHDA	II	III	I	II	II	II	I	III	6790	AURKA
  27	GLLGKVTSV	I	I	I	I	II	I	I	I	51297	BPIFA1
  28	IKVTDPQLLEL	I	I	I	I	II	I	I	I	51297	BPIFA1
  62	SLVENIHVL	II	III	II	I	III	III	I	III	675	BRCA2
  241	KQFEGTVEI	II	III	II	I	III	III	I	III	675	BRCA2
  52	TIGIPFPNV	III	I	I	II	II	I	I	II	83990	BRIP1
  58	HLLGEGAFAQV	III	III	I	I	III	II	I	III	699	BUB1
  117	TLLEGISRA	I	I	I	I	II	II	I	I	26256	CABYR
  94	YLDEVAFML	I	I	I	I	I	II	I	I	1238	CCBP2
  103	YLADTVQKL	II	I	I	I	I	I	I	I	100526761,	CCDC169-
  										54937	SOHLH2,
  											SOHLH2
  79	TVLEEIGNRV	II	IV	I	I	II	I	I	II	9133	CCNB2
  247	NLLIDDKGTIKL	IV	IV	II	II	IV	III	I	IV	983	CDK1
  248	VLMQDSRLYL	IV	IV	II	II	IV	III	I	IV	983	CDK1
  249	YLYQILQGI	IV	IV	II	II	IV	III	I	IV	983	CDK1
  250	LMQDSRLYL	IV	IV	II	II	IV	III	I	IV	983	CDK1
  1	KLQEKIQEL	III	II	I	I	II	I	I	II	1062	CENPE
  242	KLQEEIPVL	III	II	I	I	II	I	I	II	1062	CENPE
  19	KVFELDLVTL	IV	III	I	I	I	I	I	I	1063	CENPF
  20	ALVEKGEFAL	IV	III	I	I	I	I	I	I	1063	CENPF
  236	KMSELQTYV	IV	III	I	I	I	I	I	I	1063	CENPF
  237	ALLEQTGDMSL	IV	III	I	I	I	I	I	I	1063	CENPF
  238	HLQEKLQSL	IV	III	I	I	I	I	I	I	1063	CENPF
  60	YLFSQGLQGL	III	IV	I	III	III	II	I	III	2491	CENPI
  260	ALNESLVEC	I	III	I	I	II	I	I	II	55165	CEP55
  48	KISDFGLATV	IV	IV	II	II	IV	II	I	IV	1111	CHEK1
  49	KLIGNIHGNEV	I	I	I	I	I	II	I	I	8532	CPZ
  50	ILLSVLHQL	I	I	I	I	I	II	I	I	8532	CPZ
  284	KLMDPGSLPPL	I	IV	I	I	II	I	I	II	2118	ETV4
  261	GLAALAVHL	I	III	I	II	II	I	I	I	2175	FANCA
  262	LLLEAVWHL	I	III	I	II	II	I	I	I	2175	FANCA
  270	TLLTFFHEL	II	III	I	I	II	I	I	II	55215	FANCI
  271	VLIEYNFSI	II	III	I	I	II	I	I	II	55215	FANCI
  11	LLDPKTIFL	I	I	II	I	I	I	I	I	26762	HAVCR1
  12	RLLDPKTIFL	I	I	II	I	I	I	I	I	26762	HAVCR1
  111	AQLEGKLVSI	I	III	I	I	II	I	I	III	3161	HMMR
  277	KLQEELNKV	I	III	I	I	II	I	I	III	3161	HMMR
  67	FLIENLLAA	I	I	I	II	I	I	I	I	3166	HMX1
  56	VLQENSSDYQS	II	III	I	I	I	I	I	I	3188	HNRNPH2
  	NL
  89	SLAETIFIV	I	I	I	I	II	I	I	I	3359	HTR3A
  90	AILNVDEKNQV	I	I	I	I	II	I	I	I	3359	HTR3A
  91	LLPSIFLMV	I	I	I	I	II	I	I	I	3359	HTR3A
  287	KIQEILTQV	IV	II	II	III	IV	IV	I	II	10643	IGF2BP3
  97	KLFEKSTGL	IV	IV	II	II	I	II	Ill	II	23421	ITGB3BP
  35	VIIKGLEEI	I	II	I	I	I	I	I	I	3832	KIF11
  36	TVLQELINV	I	II	I	I	I	I	I	I	3832	KIF11
  37	QIVELIEKI	I	II	I	I	I	I	I	I	3832	KIF11
  239	VIIKGLEEITV	I	II	I	I	I	I	I	I	3832	KIF11
  240	SVQENIQQK	I	II	I	I	I	I	I	I	3832	KIF11
  10	QLIEKNWLL	IV	IV	I	II	III	II	I	IV	56992	KIF15
  112	ILAQDVAQL	III	IV	I	I	II	II	I	III	24137	KIF4A
  70	GLTEKTVLV	III	IV	I	I	II	II	I	III	24,	KIF4A,
  										137,	KIF4B
  										285,
  										643
  252	SLMEKNQSL	III	IV	I	I	II	II	I	III	24,	KIF4A,
  										137,	KIF4B
  										285,
  										643
  104	DLPTQEPALGTT	I	I	I	I	I	I	IV	I	354	KLK3
  118	IAYNPNGNAL	I	I	I	I	I	II	I	I	3824	KLRD1
  113	FLFLKEVKV	I	II	I	I	I	I	I	I	54596	L1TD1
  279	VLMDEGAVLTL	I	II	I	I	I	I	I	I	54596	L1TD1
  119	SLIEESEEL	I	II	I	I	I	I	I	I	284217	LAMA1
  105	AMLASQTEA	II	I	I	II	I	IV	I	I	4295	MLN
  106	VLLGSVVIFA	I	I	I	I	I	I	IV	II	4477	MSMB
  29	KMISAIPTL	I	I	I	I	III	II	II	I	94025	MUC16
  30	IITEVITRL	I	I	I	I	III	II	II	I	94025	MUC16
  31	GLLETTGLLAT	I	I	I	I	III	II	II	I	94025	MUC16
  32	VVMVLVLML	I	I	I	I	III	II	II	I	94025	MUC16
  33	TLDRNSLYV	I	I	I	I	III	II	II	I	94025	MUC16
  34	TLNTLDINL	I	I	I	I	III	II	II	I	94025	MUC16
  41	IVTEIISEI	III	IV	I	I	III	I	I	III	64151	NCAPG
  42	KQMSISTGL	III	IV	I	I	III	I	I	III	64151	NCAPG
  234	VLLNEILEQV	III	IV	I	I	III	I	I	III	64151	NCAPG
  285	MLLDTVQKV	I	II	I	I	I	I	I	I	54892	NCAPG2
  114	LLFPSDVQTL	II	III	I	I	III	I	I	III	23397	NCAPH
  107	RVLPGQAVTGV	I	III	I	I	I	I	I	I	55247	NEIL3
  81	ILAEEPIYI	I	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	55655	NLRP2
  82	ILAEEPIYIRV	I	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	55655	NLRP2
  115	ILHGEVNKV	I	II	I	I	I	I	I	I	54830	NUP62CL
  39	YLEDGFAYV	II	IV	I	I	III	II	IV	IV	5558	PRIM2
  83	GLLENSPHL	III	II	II	II	I	III	I	II	25788	RAD54B
  253	KLLAVIHEL	III	II	II	II	I	III	I	II	25788	RAD54B
  288	SLYKGLLSV	III	II	II	II	I	III	I	II	25788	RAD54B
  108	FIANLPPELKA	I	II	I	I	I	I	IV	I	6013	RLN1
  13	RLHDENILL	III	II	II	I	I	I	I	I	23322	RPGRIP1L
  120	LQLJPLKGLSL	II	IV	I	II	III	II	I	III	6241	RRM2
  76	FTAEFLEKV	III	I	I	I	I	II	I	I	79801	SHCBP1
  255	FLMKNSDLYGA	III	I	I	I	I	II	I	I	79801	SHCBP1
  74	GLAFLPASV	I	II	I	I	I	I	I	I	6570	SLC18A1
  75	ALLDGALQL	I	II	I	I	I	I	I	I	6570	SLC18A1
  243	GLAEFQENV	II	I	I	I	II	II	I	II	57405	SPC25
  281	LLLESDPKVYSL	I	III	I	I	I	I	I	I	6491	STIL
  109	ILGSFELQL	I	I	I	I	I	I	IV	I	7047	TGM4
  110	QIQGQVSEV	I	I	I	I	I	I	IV	I	7047	TGM4
  267	YLLDMPLWYL	IV	IV	II	II	IV	III	I	IV	7153	TOP2A
  268	SLDKDIVAL	IV	IV	II	II	IV	III	I	IV	7153	TOP2A
  121	ALYVQAPTV	IV	IV	II	II	IV	IV	I	IV	9319	TRIP13
  122	SIIDTELKV	IV	IV	II	II	IV	IV	I	IV	9319	TRIP13
  123	QTAPEEAFIKL	IV	II	III	III	III	II	IV	III	15,	TTC30B,
  										073,	TTC30A
  										792,
  										104
  124	ALLLRLFTI	III	IV	II	II	IV	IV	I	IV	11169	WDHD1
  125	AALEVLAEV	I	III	I	I	I	I	I	I	11130	ZWINT
  126	QLREAFEQL	I	III	I	I	I	I	I	I	11130	ZWINT

• RNAseq Experiments
• Gene expression analysis of—tumor and normal tissue RNA samples was performed by next generation sequencing (RNAseq) by CeGaT (Tübingen, Germany). Briefly, sequencing libraries are prepared using the Illumina HiSeq v4 reagent kit according to the provider's protocol (Illumina Inc., San Diego, Calif., USA), which includes RNA fragmentation, cDNA conversion and addition of sequencing adaptors. Libraries derived from multiple samples are mixed equimolarly and sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencer according to the manufacturer's instructions, generating 50 bp single end reads. Processed reads are mapped to the human genome (GRCh38) using the STAR software. Expression data are provided on transcript level as RPKM (Reads Per Kilobase per Million mapped reads, generated by the software Cufflinks) and on exon level (total reads, generated by the software Bedtools), based on annotations of the ensembl sequence database (Ensembl77). Exon reads are normalized for exon length and alignment size to obtain RPKM values.
• Exemplary expression scores for further exemplary genes are shown in Table 5B.

• TABLE 5B
  Target coverage for source genes of selected peptides.
  Over-expression was defined as more than 1.5-fold higher expression on a tumor
  compared to the relevant normal tissue that showed highest expression of the gene.
  <19% over-expression = I, 20-49% = II, 50-69% = III, >70% = IV. If a peptide could be
  derived from several source genes, the gene with minimal coverage was decisive. The
  baseline included the following relevant normal tissues: adipose tissue, adrenal gland,
  artery, bone marrow, brain, cartilage, colon, esophagus, gallbladder, heart, kidney, liver,
  lung, lymph node, pancreas, pituitary, rectum, skeletal muscle, skin, small intestine,
  spleen, stomach, thymus, thyroid gland, trachea, urinary bladder and vein. In case
  expression data for several samples of the same tissue type were available, the arithmetic
  mean of all respective samples was used for the calculation. AML = acute myeloid
  leukemia, NHL = non-Hodgkin lymphoma, BRCA = breast cancer, CLL = chronic
  lymphocytic leukemia, GBC_CCC = gallbladder adenocarcinoma and
  cholangiocarcinoma, MEL = melanoma, OC = ovarian cancer, OSCAR = esophageal
  cancer, including cancer of the gastric-oesophageal junction, SCLC = small cell lung
  cancer, UBC = urinary bladder cancer, UTC = uterine cancer.

  SEQ

  GBC_

  ID

  AML

  NHL

  BRCA

  CCC

  MEL

  OC

  OSCAR

  SCLS

  UBC

  UTC

  NO.

  Sequence

  (%)

  (%)

  (%)

  CLL (%)

  (%)

  (%)

  (%)

  (%)

  (%)

  (%)

  (%)

  1

  KLQEKIQEL

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  2

  SVLEKEIYSI

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  3

  RVIDDSLVVGV

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  4

  VLFGELPAL

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  5

  GLVDIMVHL

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  7

  ALLQALMEL

  I

  II

  II

  I

  II

  III

  II

  II

  I

  II

  I

  8

  ALSSSQAEV

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  9

  SLITGQDLLSV

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  10

  QLIEKNWLL

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  11

  LLDPKTIFL

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  13

  RLHDENILL

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  14

  YTFSGDVQL

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  IV

  I

  III

  I

  17

  GLLPSAESIKL

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  18

  KTASINQNV

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  21

  YLMDDFSSL

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  22

  LMYPYIYHV

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  24

  KVWSDVTPL

  I

  I

  IV

  I

  IV

  II

  II

  IV

  II

  IV

  IV

  39

  YLEDGFAYV

  I

  II

  II

  I

  II

  II

  III

  I

  III

  I

  I

  40

  KIWEELSVLEV

  I

  I

  II

  I

  III

  IV

  I

  III

  IV

  III

  II

  41

  IVTEIISEI

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  43

  LLIPFTIFM

  I

  II

  II

  I

  II

  II

  I

  IV

  I

  II

  I

  46

  ISLDEVAVSL

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  III

  I

  I

  47

  GLNGFNVLL

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  III

  I

  II

  49

  KLIGNIHGNEV

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  50

  ILLSVLHQL

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  67

  FLIENLLAA

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  76

  FTAEFLEKV

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  83

  GLLENSPHL

  I

  II

  II

  I

  I

  II

  II

  I

  III

  I

  III

  84

  FLLEREQLL

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  II

  85

  KLLDKPEQFL

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  IV

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  86

  SLFSNIESV

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  88

  LLLPLELSLA

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  III

  I

  I

  89

  SLAETIFIV

  I

  III

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  II

  I

  I

  92

  RLFEEVLGV

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  95

  KLIDEDEPLFL

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  96

  ALDTTRHEL

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  102

  GLYPVTLVGV

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  116

  ALLSSVAEA

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  IV

  I

  II

  I

  117

  TLLEGISRA

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  147

  GLLSALENV

  I

  III

  I

  IV

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  148

  YLILSSHQL

  I

  III

  I

  IV

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  152

  ILVTSIFFL

  I

  II

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  153

  KLVELEHTL

  I

  I

  II

  I

  II

  II

  I

  II

  I

  II

  I

  155

  TLDSYLKAV

  I

  I

  III

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  156

  VILTSSPFL

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  157

  ILQDGQFLV

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  III

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  158

  YLDPLWHQL

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  166

  LLGDSSFFL

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  169

  ALADLSVAV

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  III

  I

  170

  FIAAVVEKV

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  181

  LLWAPTAQA

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  185

  TLYQGLPAEV

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  III

  IV

  I

  II

  IV

  203

  FLFVDPELV

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  220

  ALSELERVL

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  222

  LLTGVFAQL

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  233

  SLFESLEYL

  I

  I

  II

  I

  II

  II

  II

  II

  I

  I

  I

  234

  VLLNEILEQV

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  III

  I

  I

  235

  SLLNQPKAV

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  II

  I

  I

  236

  KMSELQTYV

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  237

  ALLEQTGDMSL

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  241

  KQFEGTVEI

  I

  II

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  242

  KLQEEIPVL

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  243

  GLAEFQENV

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  245

  ALLEEEEGV

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  II

  II

  II

  I

  246

  ALAGIVTNV

  I

  I

  II

  I

  II

  I

  III

  I

  I

  II

  I

  248

  VLMQDSRLYL

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  251

  LLWGNLPEI

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  252

  SLMEKNQSL

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  253

  KLLAVIHEL

  I

  II

  II

  I

  I

  II

  II

  I

  III

  I

  III

  255

  FLMKNSDLYGA

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  257

  KLIDHQGLYL

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  II

  I

  I

  260

  ALNESLVEC

  I

  III

  I

  I

  II

  I

  II

  IV

  II

  II

  II

  261

  GLAALAVHL

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  III

  I

  I

  263

  SIIEYLPTL

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  264

  TLHDQVHLL

  I

  I

  IV

  I

  I

  I

  IV

  I

  I

  I

  IV

  265

  FLLDKPQDLSI

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  267

  YLLDMPLWYL

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  III

  I

  I

  269

  GLLDCPIFL

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  270

  TLLTFFHEL

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  II

  II

  I

  I

  271

  VLIEYNFSI

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  III

  II

  I

  I

  274

  TLYNPERTITV

  II

  IV

  II

  III

  IV

  IV

  IV

  IV

  IV

  II

  II

  277

  KLQEELNKV

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  279

  VLMDEGAVLTL

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  283

  ALSELLQQV

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  I

  I

  286

  FLTEMVHFI

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  I

  II

  III

  I

Example 3
• In Vitro Immunogenicity of MHC Class I Presented Peptides
• In order to obtain information regarding the immunogenicity of the TUMAPs of the present invention, the inventors performed investigations using an in vitro T-cell priming assay based on repeated stimulations of CD8+ T cells with artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) loaded with peptide/MHC complexes and anti-CD28 antibody. This way the inventors could show immunogenicity for 47 HLA-A*0201 restricted TUMAPs of the invention so far, demonstrating that these peptides are T-cell epitopes against which CD8+ precursor T cells exist in humans (Table 6A and B).
• In Vitro Priming of CD8+ T Cells
• In order to perform in vitro stimulations by artificial antigen presenting cells loaded with peptide-MHC complex (pMHC) and anti-CD28 antibody, the inventors first isolated CD8+ T cells from fresh HLA-A*02 leukapheresis products via positive selection using CD8 microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch-Gladbach, Germany) of healthy donors obtained from the University clinics Mannheim, Germany, after informed consent. PBMCs and isolated CD8+ lymphocytes were incubated in T-cell medium (TCM) until use consisting of RPMI-Glutamax (Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany) supplemented with 10% heat inactivated human AB serum (PAN-Biotech, Aidenbach, Germany), 100 U/ml Penicillin/100 μg/ml Streptomycin (Cambrex, Cologne, Germany), 1 mM sodium pyruvate (CC Pro, Oberdorla, Germany), 20 μg/ml Gentamycin (Cambrex). 2.5 ng/ml IL-7 (PromoCell, Heidelberg, Germany) and 10 U/ml IL-2 (Novartis Pharma, Nürnberg, Germany) were also added to the TCM at this step. Generation of pMHC/anti-CD28 coated beads, T-cell stimulations and readout was performed in a highly defined in vitro system using four different pMHC molecules per stimulation condition and 8 different pMHC molecules per readout condition.
• The purified co-stimulatory mouse IgG2a anti human CD28 Ab 9.3 (Jung et al., 1987) was chemically biotinylated using Sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidobiotin as recommended by the manufacturer (Perbio, Bonn, Germany). Beads used were 5.6 μm diameter streptavidin coated polystyrene particles (Bangs Laboratories, Ill., USA).
• pMHC used for positive and negative control stimulations were A*0201/MLA-001 (peptide ELAGIGILTV (SEQ ID NO. 289) from modified Melan-A/MART-1) and A*0201/DDX5-001 (YLLPAIVHI from DDX5, SEQ ID NO. 290), respectively.
• 800.000 beads/200 μl were coated in 96-well plates in the presence of 4×12.5 ng different biotin-pMHC, washed and 600 ng biotin anti-CD28 were added subsequently in a volume of 200 μl. Stimulations were initiated in 96-well plates by co-incubating 1×10⁶ CD8+ T cells with 2×10⁵ washed coated beads in 200 μl TCM supplemented with 5 ng/ml IL-12 (PromoCell) for 3 days at 37° C. Half of the medium was then exchanged by fresh TCM supplemented with 80 U/ml IL-2 and incubating was continued for 4 days at 37° C. This stimulation cycle was performed for a total of three times. For the pMHC multimer readout using 8 different pMHC molecules per condition, a two-dimensional combinatorial coding approach was used as previously described (Andersen et al., 2012) with minor modifications encompassing coupling to 5 different fluorochromes. Finally, multimeric analyses were performed by staining the cells with Live/dead near IR dye (Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany), CD8-FITC antibody clone SK1 (BD, Heidelberg, Germany) and fluorescent pMHC multimers. For analysis, a BD LSRII SORP cytometer equipped with appropriate lasers and filters was used. Peptide specific cells were calculated as percentage of total CD8+ cells. Evaluation of multimeric analysis was done using the FlowJo software (Tree Star, Oreg., USA). In vitro priming of specific multimer+CD8+ lymphocytes was detected by comparing to negative control stimulations. Immunogenicity for a given antigen was detected if at least one evaluable in vitro stimulated well of one healthy donor was found to contain a specific CD8+ T-cell line after in vitro stimulation (i.e. this well contained at least 1% of specific multimer+ among CD8+ T-cells and the percentage of specific multimer+cells was at least 10× the median of the negative control stimulations).
• In Vitro Immunogenicity of Peptides
• For tested HLA class I peptides, in vitro immunogenicity could be demonstrated by generation of peptide specific T-cell lines. Exemplary flow cytometry results after TUMAP-specific multimer staining for peptides of the invention are shown in FIG. 3 together with corresponding negative controls. Results for two peptides from the invention are summarized in Table 6A and B.

• TABLE 6A
  in vitro immunogenicity of HLA class I peptides of
  the invention
  Exemplary results of in vitro immunogenicity
  experiments conducted by the applicant for the
  peptides of the invention. <20% = +; 21% - 49% =
  ++; 50% - 69% = +++; > = 70% = ++++

  Seq ID	Sequence	wells	donors
  288	SLYKGLLSV	++	++++
  287	KIQEILTQV	+	+++

• TABLE 6B
  In vitro immunogenicity of HLA class I peptides of
  the invention
  Exemplary results of in vitro immunogenicity
  experiments conducted by the applicant for
  HLA-A*02 restricted peptides of the invention.
  Results of in vitro immunogenicity experiments are
  indicated. Percentage of positive wells and donors
  (among evaluable) are summarized as indicated
  <20% = +; 20% - 49% = ++; 50% - 69% = +++;
  > = 70% = ++++

  SEQ ID	Sequence	Wells positive [%]

  4	VLFGELPAL	+
  7	ALLQALMEL	++
  9	SLITGQDLLSV	+
  11	LLDPKTIFL	++
  14	YTFSGDVQL	+
  17	GLLPSAESIKL	+
  18	KTASINQNV	+++
  27	GLLGKVTSV	+
  29	KMISAIPTL	+
  34	TLNTLDINL	++++
  35	VIIKGLEEI	+
  39	YLEDGFAYV	++++
  48	KISDFGLATV	++
  50	ILLSVLHQL	+
  66	AMFPDTIPRV	+
  77	ALYGNVQQV	+
  82	ILAEEPIYIRV	+++
  89	SLAETIFIV	+
  92	RLFEEVLGV	++
  97	KLFEKSTGL	+
  101	SLLEVNEASSV	+
  102	GLYPVTLVGV	+
  117	TLLEGISRA	++
  121	ALYVQAPTV	+
  157	ILQDGQFLV	+
  166	LLGDSSFFL	++
  183	ALSYILPYL	+++
  203	FLFVDPELV	+++
  233	SLFESLEYL	+
  234	VLLNEILEQV	++
  236	KMSELQTYV	+
  242	KLQEEIPVL	+
  246	ALAGIVTNV	+
  248	VLMQDSRLYL	++
  251	LLWGNLPEI	++
  253	KLLAVIHEL	++
  254	ALGDKFLLRV	+
  255	FLMKNSDLYGA	+
  257	KLIDHQGLYL	+
  260	ALNESLVEC	+
  261	GLAALAVHL	++
  263	SIIEYLPTL	+
  264	TLHDQVHLL	+
  267	YLLDMPLWYL	+
  275	AVPPPPSSV	++

Example 4
• Synthesis of Peptides
• All peptides were synthesized using standard and well-established solid phase peptide synthesis using the Fmoc-strategy.
• Identity and purity of each individual peptide have been determined by mass spectrometry and analytical RP-HPLC. The peptides were obtained as white to off-white lyophilizates (trifluoro acetate salt) in purities of >50%.
• All TUMAPs are preferably administered as trifluoro-acetate salts or acetate salts, other salt-forms are also possible.
Example 5
• MHC Binding Assays
• Candidate peptides for T cell based therapies according to the present invention were further tested for their MHC binding capacity (affinity). The individual peptide-MHC complexes were produced by UV-ligand exchange, where a UV-sensitive peptide is cleaved upon UV-irradiation, and exchanged with the peptide of interest as analyzed. Only peptide candidates that can effectively bind and stabilize the peptide-receptive MHC molecules prevent dissociation of the MHC complexes. To determine the yield of the exchange reaction, an ELISA was performed based on the detection of the light chain (β2 m) of stabilized MHC complexes. The assay was performed as generally described in Rodenko et al. (Rodenko et al., 2006).
• 96 well MAXISorp plates (NUNC) were coated over night with 2 ug/ml streptavidin in PBS at room temperature, washed 4× and blocked for 1 h at 37° C. in 2% BSA containing blocking buffer. Refolded HLA-A*02:01/MLA-001 monomers served as standards, covering the range of 15-500 ng/ml. Peptide-MHC monomers of the UV-exchange reaction were diluted 100 fold in blocking buffer. Samples were incubated for 1 h at 37° C., washed four times, incubated with 2ug/ml HRP conjugated anti-β2m for 1h at 37° C., washed again and detected with TMB solution that is stopped with NH₂SO₄. Absorption was measured at 450 nm. Candidate peptides that show a high exchange yield (preferably higher than 50%, most preferred higher than 75%) are generally preferred for a generation and production of antibodies or fragments thereof, and/or T cell receptors or fragments thereof, as they show sufficient avidity to the MHC molecules and prevent dissociation of the MHC complexes.

• TABLE 7
  MHC class I binding scores
  Binding of HLA-class I restricted peptides to HLA-
  A*02: 01 was evaluated by peptide exchange yield:
  ≧10% = +; ≧20% = ++; ≧50 = +++; ≧75% = ++++

  SEQ ID	Sequence	Peptide exchange

  1	KLQEKIQEL	++++
  3	RVIDDSLVVGV	+++
  4	VLFGELPAL	+++
  5	GLVDIMVHL	+++
  6	FLNAIETAL	++++
  7	ALLQALMEL	+++
  9	SLITGQDLLSV	+++
  10	QLIEKNWLL	+++
  11	LLDPKTIFL	+++
  12	RLLDPKTIFL	+++
  13	RLHDENILL	+++
  14	YTFSGDVQL	+++
  16	SLADLSLLL	+++
  17	GLLPSAESIKL	++++
  18	KTASINQNV	++
  19	KVFELDLVTL	++
  20	ALVEKGEFAL	++
  21	YLMDDFSSL	+++
  22	LMYPYIYHV	+++
  23	ALLSPLSLA	+++
  24	KVWSDVTPL	+++
  25	LLWGHPRVALA	+++
  26	VLDGKVAVV	+++
  27	GLLGKVTSV	+++
  28	IKVTDPQLLEL	++
  29	KMISAIPTL	++
  30	IITEVITRL	+++
  31	GLLETTGLLAT	+++
  33	TLDRNSLYV	++
  34	TLNTLDINL	+++
  35	VIIKGLEEI	++
  36	TVLQELINV	+++
  37	QIVELIEKI	++
  38	VLQQESNFL	++
  39	YLEDGFAYV	+++
  40	KIWEELSVLEV	+++
  41	IVTEIISEI	+++
  42	KQMSISTGL	++
  44	AVFNLVHVV	+++
  45	FLPVSVVYV	+++
  47	GLNGFNVLL	+++
  48	KISDFGLATV	+++
  49	KLIGNIHGNEV	++
  50	ILLSVLHQL	+++
  51	LDSEALLTL	++
  52	TIGIPFPNV	++
  53	AQHLSTLLL	+
  54	YLVPGLVAA	+++
  55	HLFDKIIKI	+++
  57	TLYPGRFDYV	++
  58	HLLGEGAFAQV	+++
  59	ALADGIKSFLL	+++
  60	YLFSQGLQGL	+++
  61	ALYPKEITL	+++
  62	SLVENIHVL	+++
  63	KLLPMVIQL	+++
  64	SLYAGSNNQV	++
  65	SLSEKSPEV	++
  66	AMFPDTIPRV	++
  67	FLIENLLAA	+++
  68	QLMNLIRSV	+++
  69	LKVLKADVVL	++
  70	GLTEKTVLV	++
  71	HMSGKLTNV	++
  72	VLSTRVTNV	++
  74	GLAFLPASV	++
  75	ALLDGALQL	+++
  76	FTAEFLEKV	+++
  77	ALYGNVQQV	+++
  79	TVLEEIGNRV	++
  80	VLTGQVHEL	+++
  81	ILAEEPIYI	++
  82	ILAEEPIYIRV	+++
  83	GLLENSPHL	++
  84	FLLEREQLL	++++
  85	KLLDKPEQFL	++
  86	SLFSNIESV	+++
  87	KLLSLLEEA	+++
  88	LLLPLELSLA	+++
  89	SLAETIFIV	+++
  90	AILNVDEKNQV	++
  91	LLPSIFLMV	++
  92	RLFEEVLGV	++++
  93	RLYGYFHDA	++
  94	YLDEVAFML	+++
  95	KLIDEDEPLFL	+++
  96	ALDTTRHEL	++
  97	KLFEKSTGL	+++
  98	FVQEKIPEL	+++
  99	TLFGIQLTEA	+++
  100	ALQSFEFRV	+++
  101	SLLEVNEASSV	+++
  102	GLYPVTLVGV	+++
  103	YLADTVQKL	++
  105	AMLASQTEA	++
  106	VLLGSVVIFA	++
  107	RVLPGQAVTGV	++
  108	FIANLPPELKA	+++
  109	ILGSFELQL	+++
  110	QIQGQVSEV	++
  111	AQLEGKLVSI	+++
  112	ILAQDVAQL	+++
  113	FLFLKEVKV	++
  114	LLFPSDVQTL	++
  115	ILHGEVNKV	++
  116	ALLSSVAEA	++
  117	TLLEGISRA	++
  119	SLIEESEEL	++
  121	ALYVQAPTV	++
  122	SIIDTELKV	+++
  123	QTAPEEAFIKL	+
  124	ALLLRLFTI	++
  125	AALEVLAEV	+++
  126	QLREAFEQL	+++
  128	SILTNISEV	++
  129	KMASKVTQV	++
  130	QLYGSAITL	+++
  131	SLYPHFTLL	+++
  132	ALLNNVIEV	+++
  133	FLDGRPLTL	++
  134	SLYKSFLQL	++
  136	LLWDAPAKC	+++
  137	KLIYKDLVSV	++
  138	GIINKLVTV	++
  139	IILENIQSL	+++
  140	FLDSQITTV	+++
  141	NIDINNNEL	++
  142	LLDAAHASI	++
  143	MLWESIMRV	+++
  144	FLISQTPLL	+++
  145	ALEEKLENV	+++
  146	VVAAHLAGA	++
  147	GLLSALENV	+++
  148	YLILSSHQL	+++
  149	NMADGQLHQV	++
  150	VLLDMVHSL	+++
  151	DISKRIQSL	++
  153	KLVELEHTL	+++
  154	AIIKEIQTV	++
  155	TLDSYLKAV	++
  157	ILQDGQFLV	++
  158	YLDPLWHQL	+++
  159	QLGPVPVTI	+++
  160	TLQEWLTEV	+++
  161	NLLDENVCL	++++
  162	GLLGNLLTSL	+++
  163	GLEERLYTA	++
  164	MLIIRVPSV	+++
  165	SLLDYEVSI	+++
  166	LLGDSSFFL	+++
  167	LVVDEGSLVSV	+++
  168	VIFEGEPMYL	+++
  169	ALADLSVAV	+++
  170	FIAAVVEKV	++
  171	LLLLDVPTA	++
  173	RLIDIYKNV	+++
  174	ALYSGDLHAA	++
  175	SLLDLVQSL	+++
  176	VQSGLRILL	++
  177	ALINVLNAL	+++
  178	SLVSWQLLL	++++
  179	TLGEIIKGV	+++
  180	RLYEEEIRI	+++
  181	LLWAPTAQA	+++
  182	GLQDGFQITV	+++
  183	ALSYILPYL	+++
  184	ALDSTIAHL	++
  185	TLYQGLPAEV	++
  187	SILKEDPFL	++
  188	VLGEEQEGV	++
  190	SLSTELFKV	+++
  191	AAIEIFEKV	+++
  192	TLLPSSGLVTL	++
  193	ALFHMNILL	+++
  194	KLLEEVQLL	++
  195	VIIQNLPAL	+++
  198	ILTNKVVSV	++
  199	SVADLAHVL	++
  200	IMPTFDLTKV	+++
  203	FLFVDPELV	++
  204	SEWGSPHAAVP	+++
  206	GLDAFRIFL	++++
  207	KLFETVEEL	+++
  208	HLNNDRNPL	++
  210	GLAGDNIYL	+++
  211	LLTTVLINA	+++
  212	MTLSEIHAV	++
  213	ILAVDGVLSV	+++
  214	ALFETLIQL	+++
  215	QIADIVTSV	++
  216	ALSTVTPRI	++
  217	LLWPSSVPA	+++
  218	SLTGANITV	+++
  219	GVVPTIQKV	++
  220	ALSELERVL	+++
  221	IMLNSVEEI	++
  222	LLTGVFAQL	++
  223	ALHPVQFYL	+++
  224	LLFDWSGTGRADA	+++
  225	FLPQPVPLSV	+++
  226	SLAGNLQEL	+++
  227	SEMEELPSV	+
  228	SLLELDGINLRL	+++
  229	YLYELEHAL	++
  230	KLLNMIFSI	+++
  231	LLDDIFIRL	+++
  233	SLFESLEYL	+++
  234	VLLNEILEQV	++++
  235	SLLNQPKAV	++
  236	KMSELQTYV	+++
  237	ALLEQTGDMSL	+++
  238	HLQEKLQSL	++
  239	VIIKGLEEITV	+++
  241	KQFEGTVEI	+++
  242	KLQEEIPVL	+++
  243	GLAEFQENV	++
  244	NVAEIVIHI	+++
  245	ALLEEEEGV	++
  246	ALAGIVTNV	+++
  247	NLLIDDKGTIKL	++
  248	VLMQDSRLYL	+++
  249	YLYQILQGI	+++
  250	LMQDSRLYL	+++
  251	LLWGNLPEI	+++
  252	SLMEKNQSL	++
  253	KLLAVIHEL	+++
  254	ALGDKFLLRV	++
  255	FLMKNSDLYGA	+++
  256	FLNDIFERI	+++
  257	KLIDHQGLYL	+++
  258	QLVQRVASV	++
  259	GPGIFPPPPPQP	+
  260	ALNESLVEC	+++
  261	GLAALAVHL	+++
  262	LLLEAVWHL	+++
  263	SIIEYLPTL	+++
  264	TLHDQVHLL	++
  265	FLLDKPQDLSI	+++
  266	FLLDKPQDL	++
  267	YLLDMPLWYL	+++
  268	SLDKDIVAL	++
  269	GLLDCPIFL	++++
  270	TLLTFFHEL	+++
  271	VLIEYNFSI	+++
  272	FVMEGEPPKL	++
  273	SLNKQIETV	++
  274	TLYNPERTITV	+++
  275	AVPPPPSSV	++
  276	RMPTVLQCV	+++
  277	KLQEELNKV	+++
  278	VLEDKVLSV	+++
  279	VLMDEGAVLTL	++
  280	HLWGHALFL	+++
  281	LLLESDPKVYSL	++
  282	SLYALHVKA	++
  283	ALSELLQQV	+++
  284	KLMDPGSLPPL	++
  285	MLLDTVQKV	+++
  286	FLTEMVHFI	+++

Example 6

• TABLE 8
  Preferred peptides according to the present
  invention

  SEQ ID No	Sequence	Peptide Code

  11	LLDPKTIFL	HAVCR1-001
  14	YTFSGDVQL	MMP1-003
  21	YLMDDFSSL	COL6A3-015
  24	KVWSDVTPL	MMP-002
  25	LLWGHPRVALA	MXRA5-003
  40	KIWEELSVLEV	MAGEA3-003
  85	KLLDKPEQFL	FMN1-001
  89	SLAETIFIV	HTR3A-001
  117	TLLEGISRA	CABY-001
  153	KLVELEHTL	CT83-001
  155	TLDSYLKAV	CYP4Z-001
  157	ILQDGQFLV	DCAF4L2-001
  168	VIFEGEPMYL	HORMAD1-001
  233	SLFESLEYL	ZFP42-001
  245	ALLEEEEGV	MAGEA4-003
  253	KLLAVIHEL	RAD54B-002
  264	TLHDQVHLL	ESR1-001
  274	TLYNPERTITV	IGF-004

• Absolute quantitation of tumor associated peptides presented on the cell surface The generation of binders, such as antibodies and/or TCRs, is a laborious process, which may be conducted only for a number of selected targets. In the case of tumor-associated and -specific peptides, selection criteria include but are not restricted to exclusiveness of presentation and the density of peptide presented on the cell surface. In addition to the isolation and relative quantitation of peptides as described herein, the inventors did analyze absolute peptide copies per cell as described. The quantitation of TUMAP copies per cell in solid tumor samples requires the absolute quantitation of the isolated TUMAP, the efficiency of TUMAP isolation, and the cell count of the tissue sample analyzed.
• Peptide Quantitation by NanoLC-MS/MS
• For an accurate quantitation of peptides by mass spectrometry, a calibration curve was generated for each peptide using the internal standard method. The internal standard is a double-isotope-labelled variant of each peptide, i.e. two isotope-labelled amino acids were included in TUMAP synthesis. It differs from the tumor-associated peptide only in its mass but shows no difference in other physicochemical properties (Anderson et al., 2012). The internal standard was spiked to each MS sample and all MS signals were normalized to the MS signal of the internal standard to level out potential technical variances between MS experiments.
• The calibration curves were prepared in at least three different matrices, i.e. HLA peptide eluates from natural samples similar to the routine MS samples, and each preparation was measured in duplicate MS runs. For evaluation, MS signals were normalized to the signal of the internal standard and a calibration curve was calculated by logistic regression.
• For the quantitation of tumor-associated peptides from tissue samples, the respective samples were also spiked with the internal standard; the MS signals were normalized to the internal standard and quantified using the peptide calibration curve.
• Efficiency of Peptide/MHC Isolation
• As for any protein purification process, the isolation of proteins from tissue samples is associated with a certain loss of the protein of interest. To determine the efficiency of TUMAP isolation, peptide/MHC complexes were generated for all TUMAPs selected for absolute quantitation. To be able to discriminate the spiked from the natural peptide/MHC complexes, single-isotope-labelled versions of the TUMAPs were used, i.e. one isotope-labelled amino acid was included in TUMAP synthesis. These complexes were spiked into the freshly prepared tissue lysates, i.e. at the earliest possible point of the TUMAP isolation procedure, and then captured like the natural peptide/MHC complexes in the following affinity purification. Measuring the recovery of the single-labelled TUMAPs therefore allows conclusions regarding the efficiency of isolation of individual natural TUMAPs.
• The efficiency of isolation was analyzed in a low number of samples and was comparable among these tissue samples. In contrast, the isolation efficiency differs between individual peptides. This suggests that the isolation efficiency, although determined in only a limited number of tissue samples, may be extrapolated to any other tissue preparation. However, it is necessary to analyze each TUMAP individually as the isolation efficiency may not be extrapolated from one peptide to others.
• Determination of the Cell Count in Solid, Frozen Tissue
• In order to determine the cell count of the tissue samples subjected to absolute peptide quantitation, the inventors applied DNA content analysis. This method is applicable to a wide range of samples of different origin and, most importantly, frozen samples (Alcoser et al., 2011; Forsey and Chaudhuri, 2009; Silva et al., 2013). During the peptide isolation protocol, a tissue sample is processed to a homogenous lysate, from which a small lysate aliquot is taken. The aliquot is divided in three parts, from which DNA is isolated (QiaAmp DNA Mini Kit, Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The total DNA content from each DNA isolation is quantified using a fluorescence-based DNA quantitation assay (Qubit dsDNA HS Assay Kit, Life Technologies, Darmstadt, Germany) in at least two replicates.
• In order to calculate the cell number, a DNA standard curve from aliquots of single healthy blood cells, with a range of defined cell numbers, has been generated. The standard curve is used to calculate the total cell content from the total DNA content from each DNA isolation. The mean total cell count of the tissue sample used for peptide isolation is extrapolated considering the known volume of the lysate aliquots and the total lysate volume.
• Peptide Copies Per Cell
• With data of the aforementioned experiments, the inventors calculated the number of TUMAP copies per cell by dividing the total peptide amount by the total cell count of the sample, followed by division through isolation efficiency. Copy cell number for selected peptides are shown in Table 9.

• TABLE 9
  Absolute copy numbers. The table lists the results
  of absolute peptide quantitation in tumor samples.

  SEQ ID		Copies per cell	Number of
  No.	Peptide Code	(median)	samples

  11	HAVCR1-001	+	22
  14	MMP1-003	++	10
  21	COL6A3-015	+	35
  24	MMP-002	+	33
  85	FMN1-001	+	18
  89	HTR3A-001	+++	17
  117	CABY-001	+	17
  155	CYP4Z-001	++	18
  157	DCAF4L2-001	++	16
  245	MAGEA4-003	+	33
  253	RAD54B-002	+++	6
  264	ESR1-001	+	16
  274	IGF-004	+	6
  The median number of copies per cell are indicated for each peptide: <100 = +; >=100 = ++; >=1,000 +++; >=10,000 = ++++.
  The number of samples, in which evaluable, high quality MS data are available is indicated.

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Claims (20)

1. A method of treating a patient who has cancer, comprising administering to said patient a composition comprising a population of activated T cells that selectively recognize cells in the patient that aberrantly express a peptide, wherein said peptide consists of the amino acid sequence of ILQDGQFLV (SEQ ID NO: 157), wherein said cancer is selected from the group consisting of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), colorectal carcinoma (CRC), glioblastoma (GB), gastric cancer (GC), esophageal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pancreatic cancer (PC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer (PCA), ovarian cancer (OC), melanoma, breast cancer (BRCA), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), small cell lung cancer (SCLC), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma (GBC, CCC), urinary bladder cancer (UBC), and uterine cancer (UEC).

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the T cells are autologous to the patient.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the T cells are obtained from a healthy donor.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the T cells are derived from tumor infiltrating lymphocytes or peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising expanding T cells in vitro.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the peptide is in a complex with an MHC molecule.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises an adjuvant.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of imiquimod, resiguimod, GM-CSF, cyclophosphamide, Sunitinib, bevacizumab, interferon-alpha, CpG, oligonucleotides and derivatives, poly-(I:C) and derivatives, RNA, sildenafil, and particulate formations with PLG and virosomes.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the activated T cells are cytotoxic T cells produced by contacting T cells, in vitro, with an antigen presenting cell that expresses the peptide in a complex with an MHC class I molecule on the surface of the antigen presenting cell, for a period of time sufficient to activate said T cell specifically against the peptide.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the antigen presenting cell is infected with a recombinant virus expressing the peptide.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the antigen presenting cell is a dendritic cell or a macrophage.

12. The method of claim 9, further comprising stimulating the activated T cells in the presence of an anti-CD28 antibody and IL-12 to clonally expand the T cells.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the population of activated T cells comprises CD8-positive cells.

14. A pharmaceutical composition comprising activated T cells that selectively recognize cells in a patient that aberrantly express a peptide, wherein said peptide consists of the amino acid sequence of ILQDGQFLV (SEQ ID NO: 157), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the T cells bind to the peptide in a complex with an MHC class I molecule, and wherein the composition is for treating the patient who has HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH, PCA, OC, melanoma, BRCA, CLL, MCC, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, and/or UEC.

15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the T cells are autologous to the patient.

16. The composition of claim 14 wherein the T cells are obtained from a healthy donor.

17. The composition of claim 14, further comprising and adjuvant.

18. The composition of claim 17, wherein the adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of imiquimod, resiguimod, GM-CSF, cyclophosphamide, Sunitinib, bevacizumab, interferon-alpha, CpG, oligonucleotides and derivatives, poly-(I:C) and derivatives, RNA, sildenafil, and particulate formations with PLG and virosomes.

19. A method of treating a patient who has HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH, PCA, OC, melanoma, BRCA, CLL, MCC, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, and/or UEC, comprising administering to said patient a composition comprising a peptide in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, wherein said peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of ILQDGQFLV (SEQ ID NO: 157), thereby inducing a T-cell response to the HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH, PCA, OC, melanoma, BRCA, CLL, MCC, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, and/or UEC.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the T cell response is a cytotoxic T cell response.

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