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US20160287731A1 - Compounds for Positron Emission Tomography - Google Patents

Compounds for Positron Emission Tomography Download PDF

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Publication number
US20160287731A1
US20160287731A1 US15/035,936 US201415035936A US2016287731A1 US 20160287731 A1 US20160287731 A1 US 20160287731A1 US 201415035936 A US201415035936 A US 201415035936A US 2016287731 A1 US2016287731 A1 US 2016287731A1
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conjugate
acid
preceding clauses
formula
methyl
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US15/035,936
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Iontcho R. Vlahov
Christopher P. Leamon
Philip S. Low
Garth L PARHAM
Qingshou CHEN
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Purdue Research Foundation
Endocyte Inc
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Purdue Research Foundation
Endocyte Inc
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Priority to US15/035,936 priority Critical patent/US20160287731A1/en
Publication of US20160287731A1 publication Critical patent/US20160287731A1/en
Assigned to PURDUE RESEARCH FOUNDATION reassignment PURDUE RESEARCH FOUNDATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CHEN, Qingshou, LOW, PHILIP S.
Assigned to ENDOCYTE, INC reassignment ENDOCYTE, INC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LEAMON, CHRISTOPHER P, PARHAM, GARTH L, VLAHOV, IONTCHO
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
    • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
    • A61K51/0497—Organic compounds conjugates with a carrier being an organic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
    • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
    • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
    • A61K51/041—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K51/044—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine, rifamycins
    • A61K51/0459—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine, rifamycins having six-membered rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, e.g. piperazine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
    • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
    • A61K51/0474—Organic compounds complexes or complex-forming compounds, i.e. wherein a radioactive metal (e.g. 111In3+) is complexed or chelated by, e.g. a N2S2, N3S, NS3, N4 chelating group
    • A61K51/0482—Organic compounds complexes or complex-forming compounds, i.e. wherein a radioactive metal (e.g. 111In3+) is complexed or chelated by, e.g. a N2S2, N3S, NS3, N4 chelating group chelates from cyclic ligands, e.g. DOTA
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
    • A61P13/08—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the prostate
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F5/003—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table without C-Metal linkages
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/52—Use of compounds or compositions for colorimetric, spectrophotometric or fluorometric investigation, e.g. use of reagent paper and including single- and multilayer analytical elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/58—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances
    • G01N33/60—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances involving radioactive labelled substances
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases

Definitions

  • the invention described herein pertains to compounds, compositions, and methods for diagnosing and/or monitoring diseases and disease states using radionuclides.
  • the invention described herein pertains to compounds, compositions, and methods for diagnosing and/or monitoring pathogenic disease states using radionuclides for positron emission tomography (PET).
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • PET is a nuclear imaging methodology that detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a positron-producing radionuclide. Because the two emitted gamma rays travel in exactly opposite directions, it is possible to locate their site of origin and thereby reconstruct a three-dimensional image of all positron emitters from a computer analysis of the origins of emitted gamma rays. Compared to other radioimaging modalities, such as SPECT, PET reportedly shows higher sensitivity (about 2 orders of magnitude), better spatial resolution (about 5 mm), greater signal to noise, and superior tracer quantification in both preclinical and clinical applications.
  • PET image acquisition may be routinely performed in about 20 minutes.
  • in vivo PET imaging generally requires only subnanomolar (10 ⁇ 10 to 10 ⁇ 12 ) concentrations of radiotracer, which reportedly minimizes potential damage to other biological systems.
  • PET allows for quantitative dynamic imaging, which may facilitate kinetic studies of target engagement through receptor occupancy. It has been discovered herein that PET agents may be targeted to predetermined tissues using vitamin receptors and/or prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA).
  • PSMA prostate-specific membrane antigen
  • vitamin receptors are overexpressed on certain pathogenic cells, including many cancer cell types, activated macrophages, and activated monocytes.
  • folate receptors are overexpressed in many cancers.
  • the folate receptor a 38 KD GPI-anchored protein that binds the vitamin folic acid with high affinity ( ⁇ 1 nM)
  • ⁇ 1 nM a 38 KD GPI-anchored protein that binds the vitamin folic acid with high affinity
  • malignant tissues including ovarian, breast, bronchial, and brain cancers. It is estimated that 95% of all ovarian carcinomas overexpress the folate receptor.
  • normal tissues express low or nondetectable levels of the folate receptor.
  • Most cells also use an unrelated reduced folate carrier to acquire the necessary folic acid.
  • Folate receptors are also overexpressed on activated macrophages, and activated monocytes. Further, it has also been reported that the folate receptor ⁇ , the nonepithelial isoform of the folate receptor, is expressed on activated, but not resting, synovial macrophages. Activated macrophages can participate in the immune response by nonspecifically engulfing and killing foreign pathogens within the macrophage, by displaying degraded peptides from foreign proteins on the macrophage cell surface where they can be recognized by other immune cells, and by secreting cytokines and other factors that modulate the function of T and B lymphocytes, resulting in further stimulation of immune responses. However, activated macrophages can also contribute to the pathophysiology of disease in some instances. For example, activated macrophages can contribute to atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune disease states, and graft versus host disease, among other disease states.
  • vitamin receptors such as folic acid and analogs and derivatives of folic acid to folate receptors
  • rapid endocytosis delivers the vitamin into the cell, where it is unloaded in an endosomal compartment at lower pH.
  • covalent conjugation of small molecules, proteins, and even liposomes to vitamins and other vitamin receptor binding ligands does not block the ability of the ligand to bind to its receptor, and therefore, such ligand conjugates can readily be delivered to and can enter cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Accordingly, diagnostic, imaging, and therapeutic agents can be targeted to vitamin receptors, including the folate receptor, for delivery into vitamin receptor expressing cells.
  • the prostate is a male reproductive organ that functions to produce and store seminal fluid, which provides nutrients and fluids for the survival of sperm introduced into the vagina during reproduction. Like other tissues, the prostate gland may develop either malignant (cancerous) or benign (non-cancerous) tumors. Prostate cancer is reportedly one of the most common male cancers in western societies, and is the second leading form of malignancy among American men.
  • PSMA Prostate-specific membrane antigen
  • PSMA is a biomarker that is overexpressed on prostate cancer.
  • PSMA is over-expressed in the malignant prostate tissues when compared to other organs in the human body such as kidney, proximal small intestine, and salivary glands.
  • PSMA is also expressed on the neovasculature within many non-prostate solid tumors, including lung, colon, breast, renal, liver and pancreatic carcinomas, but not on normal vasculature. However, PSMA is expressed minimally in brain.
  • PSMA is a type II cell surface membrane-bound glycoprotein with ⁇ 110 kD molecular weight, including an intracellular segment (amino acids 1-18), a transmembrane domain (amino acids 19-43), and an extensive extracellular domain (amino acids 44-750). Though the functions of the intracellular segment and the transmembrane domains are currently reported to be insignificant, the extracellular domain is involved in several distinct activities. For example, PSMA plays a role in the central nervous system, where it metabolizes N-acetyl-aspartyl glutamate (NAAG) into glutamic and N-acetyl aspartic acid. PSMA also plays a role in the proximal small intestine where it removes ⁇ -linked glutamate from poly- ⁇ -glutamated folate and ⁇ -linked glutamate from peptides and small molecules.
  • NAAG N-acetyl-aspartyl glutamate
  • PSMA is known to undergo rapid internalization into the cell, similar to cell surface bound receptors like vitamin receptors. PSMA is internalized through clathrin-coated pits and subsequently can either recycle to the cell surface or go to lysosomes. Accordingly, diagnostic, imaging, and therapeutic agents can be targeted to PSMA for delivery into PSMA expressing cells, such as prostate cancer cells.
  • the compounds and compositions described herein are useful for targeting and delivering radionuclides for diagnosing and/or monitoring various diseases and disease states caused by pathogenic cell populations.
  • the compounds and compositions described herein are also useful for targeting and delivering radionuclides for treating various diseases and disease states caused by pathogenic cell populations in radiotherapy.
  • compounds and compositions described herein are used for diagnosing and/or monitoring, or treating various diseases and disease states caused by pathogenic cell populations.
  • methods are described herein for administering compounds and compositions described herein for diagnosing and/or monitoring, or treating various diseases and disease states caused by pathogenic cell populations.
  • uses of compounds and compositions are described herein for manufacturing medicaments for diagnosing and/or monitoring, or treating various diseases and disease states caused by pathogenic cell populations.
  • kits are described herein for preparing and/or using compounds and compositions described herein for diagnosing and/or monitoring, or treating various diseases and disease states caused by pathogenic cell populations.
  • FIG. 1A shows a postmortem biodistribution study of 18 F-AIF-QC07017 and 18 F-AIF-QC07043 folate-NOTA-Al— 18 F conjugates in various tissues at 90 minutes post injection in nude mice bearing KB tumor xenografts.
  • the histogram is in groups of 4 from left to right: 18 F-AIF-QC07017, 18 F-AIF-QC07017+excess folic acid, 18 F-AIF-QC07043, 18 F-AIF-QC07043+excess folic acid.
  • FIG. 1B shows a postmortem biodistribution study of 18 F-AIF-QC07017 folate-NOTA-Al— 18 F conjugate in various tissues at 90 minutes post injection in nude mice bearing KB tumor xenografts or A549 tumor xenografts. It is to be understood that the vertical axis has been expanded and that the kidney data is truncated.
  • the histogram is in groups of 4 from left to right: 18 F-AIF-QC07017 against A549 tumor xenografts, 18 F-AIF-QC07017+excess folic acid against A549 tumor xenografts, 18 F-AIF-QC07017 against KB tumor xenografts, 18 F-AIF-QC07017+excess folic acid against KB tumor xenografts.
  • FIG. 1C shows a postmortem biodistribution study of 18 F-AIF-QC07043 folate-NOTA-Al— 18 F conjugate in various tissues at 90 minutes post injection in nude mice bearing KB tumor xenografts or A549 tumor xenografts. It is to be understood that the vertical axis has been expanded and that the kidney data is truncated.
  • the histogram is in groups of 4 from left to right: 18 F-AIF-QC07043 against A549 tumor xenografts, 18 F-AIF-QC07043+excess folic acid against A549 tumor xenografts, 18 F-AIF-QC07043 against KB tumor xenografts, 18 F-AIF-QC07043+excess folic acid against KB tumor xenografts.
  • FIG. 2A shows a postmortem biodistribution study of 18 F-AIF-QC07017 and 18 F-AIF-QC07043 folate-NOTA-Al— 18 F conjugates, compared to 99 mTc-EC20 in KB tumor xenograft tissues at 90 minutes post injection in nude mice.
  • FIG. 2B shows a postmortem biodistribution study of 18 F-AIF-QC07017 and 18 F-AIF-QC07043 folate-NOTA-Al— 18 F conjugates, compared to 99 mTc-EC20 in A549 tumor xenograft tissues at 90 minutes post injection in nude mice.
  • the formulae include and represent not only all pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds, but also include any and all hydrates and/or solvates of the compound formulae. It is appreciated that certain functional groups, such as the hydroxy, amino, and like groups form complexes and/or coordination compounds with water and/or various solvents, in the various physical forms of the compounds. Accordingly, the formulae described herein are to be understood to include and represent those various hydrates and/or solvates. It is also to be understood that the non-hydrates and/or non-solvates of the compound formulae are described by such formula, as well as the hydrates and/or solvates of the compound formulae.
  • composition generally refers to any product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combinations of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts. It is to be understood that the compositions described herein may be prepared from isolated compounds described herein or from salts, solutions, hydrates, solvates, and other forms of the compounds described herein. It is appreciated that certain functional groups, such as the hydroxy, amino, and like groups form complexes and/or coordination compounds with water and/or various solvents, in the various physical forms of the compounds. It is also to be understood that the compositions may be prepared from various amorphous, non-amorphous, partially crystalline, crystalline, and/or other morphological forms of the compounds described herein.
  • compositions may be prepared from various hydrates and/or solvates of the compounds described herein. Accordingly, such pharmaceutical compositions that recite compounds described herein are to be understood to include each of, or any combination of, the various morphological forms and/or solvate or hydrate forms of the compounds described herein. In addition, it is to be understood that the compositions may be prepared from various co-crystals of the compounds described herein.
  • compositions may include one or more carriers, diluents, and/or excipients.
  • the compounds described herein, or compositions containing them may be formulated in a therapeutically effective amount in any conventional dosage forms appropriate for the methods described herein.
  • the compounds described herein, or compositions containing them, including such formulations may be administered by a wide variety of conventional routes for the methods described herein, and in a wide variety of dosage formats, utilizing known procedures (see generally, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, (21 st ed., 2005)).
  • the formulae include and represent each possible isomer, such as stereoisomers and geometric isomers, both individually and in any and all possible mixtures.
  • the formulae include and represent any and all crystalline forms, partially crystalline forms, and non crystalline and/or amorphous forms of the compounds.
  • B is a radical of a targeting agent selected from vitamin receptor binding ligands, PSMA binding ligands, and PSMA inhibitors
  • L is a divalent linker
  • P is a radical of an imaging agent or radiotherapy agent, such as a radionuclide or radionuclide containing group, or a precursor thereof, or a radical of a compound capable of binding a radionuclide or radionuclide containing group, such as a metal chelating group.
  • linker comprises a polypeptide comprising lysine, arginine, or aspartic acid, or a combination thereof.
  • the linker comprises [(CH 2 ) 2 O] n , [(CH 2 ) 2 O] n —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O), [(CH 2 ) 2 O] n —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH, [(CH 2 ) 2 O] n —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 2 , [(CH 2 ) 2 O] 2 —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 2 NH, where n is an integer from 1 to about 12.
  • the linker comprises (CH 2 ) 2 O—(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O), [(CH 2 ) 2 O] 2 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O), [(CH 2 ) 2 O] 6 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O), or [(CH 2 )2O] 12 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O).
  • the linker comprises (CH 2 ) 2 O—(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH, [(CH 2 ) 2 O] 2 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH, [(CH 2 ) 2 O] 6 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH, or [(CH 2 ) 2 O] 12 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH.
  • the linker comprises (CH 2 ) 2 O—(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 2 , [(CH 2 ) 2 O] 2 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 2 , [(CH 2 ) 2 O] 6 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 2 , or [(CH 2 ) 2 O] 12 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 2 .
  • the linker comprises (CH 2 ) 2 O—(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 2 NH, [(CH 2 ) 2 O] 2 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 2 NH, [(CH 2 ) 2 O] 6 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 2 NH, or [(CH 2 ) 2 O] 12 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 2 NH.
  • the linker comprises NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] n , NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] n —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O), NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] n —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH, NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] n —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 2 , NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] n —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 2 NH, where n is an integer from 1 to about 12.
  • the linker comprises NH(CH 2 ) 2 O—(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O), NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] 2 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O), NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] 6 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O), or NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] 12 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O).
  • the linker comprises NH(CH 2 ) 2 O—(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH, NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] 2 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH, NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] 6 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH, or NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] 12 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH.
  • the linker comprises NH(CH 2 ) 2 O—(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 2 , NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] 2 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 2 , NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] 6 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 2 , or NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] 12 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 2 .
  • the linker comprises NH(CH 2 ) 2 O—(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 2 NH, NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] 2 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 2 NH, NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] 6 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 2 NH, or NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] 12 —(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 2 NH.
  • the linker comprises NH(CH 2 ) 2 O—(CH 2 ) 2 NH, NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] 2 —(CH 2 ) 2 NH, NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] 6 —(CH 2 ) 2 NH, or NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] 12 —(CH 2 ) 2 NH.
  • linker comprises NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] n —(CH 2 ) 2 NH—C(O)—(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O), where n is an integer from 1 to about 12.
  • the linker comprises NH(CH 2 ) 2 O—(CH 2 ) 2 NH—C(O)—(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O), NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] 2 —(CH 2 ) 2 NH—C(O)—(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O), NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] 6 —(CH 2 ) 2 NH—C(O)—(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O), or NH[(CH 2 ) 2 O] 12 —(CH 2 ) 2 NH—C(O)—(CH 2 ) 2 —C(O).
  • the targeting agent is a radical of a PSMA binding ligand or PSMA inhibitor.
  • n is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; or
  • n is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; or
  • W is O or S.
  • linker comprises a polypeptide comprising phenylalanine, lysine, arginine, or aspartic acid, or a combination thereof.
  • n is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
  • radionuclide is a radiotherapy agent, such as iodine, including 131 I, lutetium, including 177 Lu, yttrium, including 90 Y, strontium, including 89 Sr, samarium, including 153 Sm, and the like, or a radiotherapy agent containing group.
  • a radiotherapy agent such as iodine, including 131 I, lutetium, including 177 Lu, yttrium, including 90 Y, strontium, including 89 Sr, samarium, including 153 Sm, and the like, or a radiotherapy agent containing group.
  • X ⁇ is the conjugate base of an acid, such as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.
  • X ⁇ is a conjugate base of an acid, such as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses, in combination with one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof.
  • a unit dose or unit dosage form composition comprising a diagnostically effective amount of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses, optionally in combination with one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof for diagnosing and/or monitoring a pathogenic cell population, such as a cancer or inflammatory disease.
  • a unit dose or unit dosage form composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses, optionally in combination with one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof for treating a pathogenic cell population, such as a cancer or inflammatory disease.
  • a composition for diagnosing and/or monitoring a disease or disease state caused at least in part by a pathogenic cell population, such as a cancer or inflammatory disease, in a host animal comprising a diagnostically effective amount of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses; or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a diagnostically effective amount of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses, optionally further comprising one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof.
  • a composition for treating a disease or disease state caused at least in part by a pathogenic cell population, such as a cancer or inflammatory disease, in a host animal comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses; or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses, optionally further comprising one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof.
  • a method for diagnosing and/or monitoring a disease or disease state caused at least in part by a pathogenic cell population, such as a cancer or inflammatory disease, in a host animal comprising the step of administering to the host animal a diagnostically effective amount of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses; or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a diagnostically effective amount of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses, optionally further comprising one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof.
  • a method for treating a disease or disease state caused at least in part by a pathogenic cell population, such as a cancer or inflammatory disease, in a host animal comprising the step of administering to the host animal a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses; or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses, optionally further comprising one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof.
  • a kit comprising one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, optionally further comprising one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof; an optional solvent; an optional reaction container, and a set of instructions for preparing one or more radionuclides and combining the one or more radionuclides with the one or more of the conjugates to prepare an imaging agent, diagnostic agent, or therapeutic agent.
  • a kit comprising one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, optionally further comprising one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof; an optional solvent; an optional reaction container, and a set of instructions for preparing one or more radionuclides and combining the one or more radionuclides with the one or more of the conjugates to prepare an imaging agent, diagnostic agent, or therapeutic agent.
  • the conjugate, composition, unit dose, method, use, or kit of any other embodiment described herein comprises a compound of formula
  • each R is in each instance independently selected to form a carboxylic acid or salt thereof, ester, or amide, and R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 , are each independently selected from hydrogen, and alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
  • the conjugate, composition, unit dose, method, use, or kit of any other embodiment described herein comprises 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal; or a radical of the foregoing.
  • DOTA 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid
  • a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal
  • the conjugate, composition, unit dose, method, use, or kit of any other embodiment described herein comprises a compound of formula
  • each R is in each instance independently selected to form a carboxylic acid or salt thereof, ester, or amide
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are each independently selected from hydrogen, and alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, such as the following illustrative compounds:
  • the conjugate, composition, unit dose, method, use, or kit of any other embodiment described herein comprises a compound of formula
  • R 4 and R 5 are selected from hydrogen, and alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, such as the following illustrative compounds:
  • R 4 R 5 or a carboxylic acid salt or carboxamide derivative (CONH 2 ) thereof, or a radical of any of the foregoing; or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
  • the conjugate, composition, unit dose, method, use, or kit of any other embodiment described herein comprises a compound of formula
  • the conjugate, composition, unit dose, method, use, or kit of any other embodiment described herein comprises a compound selected from the formulae
  • n is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
  • radical generally refers to an open valence compound or chemical fragment that results after the removal of a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group from a carboxylic acid.
  • radicals may be formed from L-NETA
  • each (*) atom is an open valence for attachment to a linker and/or targeting agent.
  • n 0 or 1
  • NX is
  • n 1 or 3.
  • the compounds described herein may contain one or more chiral centers, or may otherwise be capable of existing as multiple stereoisomers. It is to be understood that in one embodiment, the invention described herein is not limited to any particular sterochemical requirement, and that the compounds, and compositions, methods, uses, and medicaments that include them may be optically pure, or may be any of a variety of stereoisomeric mixtures, including racemic and other mixtures of enantiomers, other mixtures of diastereomers, and the like. It is also to be understood that such mixtures of stereoisomers may include a single stereochemical configuration at one or more chiral centers, while including mixtures of stereochemical configuration at one or more other chiral centers.
  • the compounds described herein may include geometric centers, such as cis, trans, E, and Z double bonds. It is to be understood that in another embodiment, the invention described herein is not limited to any particular geometric isomer requirement, and that the compounds, and compositions, methods, uses, and medicaments that include them may be pure, or may be any of a variety of geometric isomer mixtures. It is also to be understood that such mixtures of geometric isomers may include a single configuration at one or more double bonds, while including mixtures of geometry at one or more other double bonds.
  • alkyl includes a chain of carbon atoms, which is optionally branched.
  • alkenyl and alkynyl each include a chain of carbon atoms, which is optionally branched, and include at least one double bond or triple bond, respectively. It is to be understood that alkynyl may also include one or more double bonds. It is to be further understood that in certain embodiments, alkyl is advantageously of limited length, including C 1 -C 24 , C 1 -C 12 , C 1 -C 8 , C 1 -C 6 , and C 1 -C 4 .
  • alkenyl and/or alkynyl may each be advantageously of limited length, including C 2 -C 24 , C 2 -C 12 , C 2 -C 8 , C 2 -C 6 , and C 2 -C 4 .
  • alkenyl and/or alkynyl groups including C 2 -C 8 , C 2 -C 6 , and C 2 -C 4 may be referred to as lower alkenyl and/or alkynyl.
  • alkyl refers to alkyl as defined herein, and optionally lower alkyl.
  • alkenyl refers to alkenyl as defined herein, and optionally lower alkenyl.
  • alkynyl refers to alkynyl as defined herein, and optionally lower alkynyl.
  • Illustrative alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups are, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, and the like, and the corresponding groups containing one or more double and/or triple bonds, or a combination thereof.
  • alkylene includes a divalent chain of carbon atoms, which is optionally branched.
  • alkenylene and alkynylene includes a divalent chain of carbon atoms, which is optionally branched, and includes at least one double bond or triple bond, respectively. It is to be understood that alkynylene may also include one or more double bonds. It is to be further understood that in certain embodiments, alkylene is advantageously of limited length, including C 1 -C 24 , C 1 -C 12 , C 1 -C 8 , C 1 -C 6 , and C 1 -C 4 .
  • alkenylene and/or alkynylene may each be advantageously of limited length, including C 2 -C 24 , C 2 -C 12 , C 2 -C 8 , C 2 -C 6 , and C 2 -C 4 .
  • alkenylene and/or alkynylene groups including C 2 -C 8 , C 2 -C 6 , and C 2 -C 4 may be referred to as lower alkenylene and/or alkynylene.
  • alkylene, alkenylene, and/or alkynylene groups may add less lipophilicity to the compound and accordingly will have different pharmacokinetic behavior.
  • alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene refers to alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene as defined herein, and optionally lower alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene.
  • Illustrative alkyl groups are, but not limited to, methylene, ethylene, n-propylene, isopropylene, n-butylene, isobutylene, sec-butylene, pentylene, 1,2-pentylene, 1,3-pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, octylene, and the like.
  • linker includes is a chain of atoms that connects two or more functional parts of a molecule to form a conjugate.
  • the chain of atoms is selected from C, N, O, S, Si, and P, or C, N, O, S, and P, or C, N, O, and S.
  • the chain of atoms covalently connects different functional capabilities of the conjugate, such as targeting agents, drugs, diagnostic agents, imaging agents, and the like.
  • the linker may have a wide variety of lengths, such as in the range from about 2 to about 100 atoms in the contiguous backbone.
  • the atoms used in forming the linker may be combined in all chemically relevant ways, such as chains of carbon atoms forming alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene groups, and the like; chains of carbon and oxygen atoms forming ethers, polyoxyalkylene groups, or when combined with carbonyl groups forming esters and carbonates, and the like; chains of carbon and nitrogen atoms forming amines, imines, polyamines, hydrazines, hydrazones, or when combined with carbonyl groups forming amides, ureas, semicarbazides, carbazides, and the like; chains of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms forming alkoxyamines, alkoxylamines, or when combined with carbonyl groups forming urethanes, amino acids, acyloxylamines, hydroxamic acids, and the like; and many others.
  • the atoms forming the chain in each of the foregoing illustrative embodiments may be either saturated or unsaturated, thus forming single, double, or triple bonds, such that for example, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, imines, and the like may be radicals that are included in the linker.
  • the atoms forming the linker may also be cyclized upon each other or be part of cyclic structure to form divalent cyclic structures that form the linker, including cyclo alkanes, cyclic ethers, cyclic amines, and other heterocycles, arylenes, heteroarylenes, and the like in the linker.
  • the linker length may be defined by any pathway through the one or more cyclic structures.
  • the linker length is defined by the shortest pathway through the each one of the cyclic structures.
  • the linkers may be optionally substituted at any one or more of the open valences along the chain of atoms, such as optional substituents on any of the carbon, nitrogen, silicon, or phosphorus atoms.
  • the linker may connect the two or more functional parts of a molecule to form a conjugate at any open valence, and it is not necessary that any of the two or more functional parts of a molecule forming the conjugate are attached at any apparent end of the linker.
  • cycloalkyl includes a chain of carbon atoms, which is optionally branched, where at least a portion of the chain in cyclic. It is to be understood that cycloalkylalkyl is a subset of cycloalkyl. It is to be understood that cycloalkyl may be polycyclic. Illustrative cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 2-methylcyclopropyl, cyclopentyleth-2-yl, adamantyl, and the like.
  • cycloalkenyl includes a chain of carbon atoms, which is optionally branched, and includes at least one double bond, where at least a portion of the chain in cyclic. It is to be understood that the one or more double bonds may be in the cyclic portion of cycloalkenyl and/or the non-cyclic portion of cycloalkenyl. It is to be understood that cycloalkenylalkyl and cycloalkylalkenyl are each subsets of cycloalkenyl. It is to be understood that cycloalkyl may be polycyclic.
  • Illustrative cycloalkenyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexylethen-2-yl, cycloheptenylpropenyl, and the like. It is to be further understood that chain forming cycloalkyl and/or cycloalkenyl is advantageously of limited length, including C 3 -C 24 , C 3 -C 12 , C 3 -C 8 , C 3 -C 6 , and C 5 -C 6 . It is appreciated herein that shorter alkyl and/or alkenyl chains forming cycloalkyl and/or cycloalkenyl, respectively, may add less lipophilicity to the compound and accordingly will have different pharmacokinetic behavior.
  • heteroalkyl includes a chain of atoms that includes both carbon and at least one heteroatom, and is optionally branched.
  • Illustrative heteroatoms include nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In certain variations, illustrative heteroatoms also include phosphorus, and selenium.
  • cycloheteroalkyl including heterocyclyl and heterocycle, includes a chain of atoms that includes both carbon and at least one heteroatom, such as heteroalkyl, and is optionally branched, where at least a portion of the chain is cyclic.
  • Illustrative heteroatoms include nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In certain variations, illustrative heteroatoms also include phosphorus, and selenium.
  • Illustrative cycloheteroalkyl include, but are not limited to, tetrahydrofuryl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, quinuclidinyl, and the like.
  • aryl includes monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic carbocyclic groups, each of which may be optionally substituted.
  • Illustrative aromatic carbocyclic groups described herein include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, and the like.
  • heteroaryl includes aromatic heterocyclic groups, each of which may be optionally substituted.
  • Illustrative aromatic heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, and the like.
  • optionally substituted includes the replacement of hydrogen atoms with other functional groups on the radical that is optionally substituted.
  • Such other functional groups illustratively include, but are not limited to, amino, hydroxyl, halo, thiol, alkyl, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylheteroalkyl, nitro, sulfonic acids and derivatives thereof, carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof, and the like.
  • any of amino, hydroxyl, thiol, alkyl, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylheteroalkyl, and/or sulfonic acid is optionally substituted.
  • aryl subsituents include, but are not limited to, amino, hydroxy, halo, thio, alkyl, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylheteroalkyl, nitro, sulfonic acids and derivatives thereof, carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof, and the like.
  • any of amino, hydroxy, thio, alkyl, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylheteroalkyl, and/or sulfonic acid is optionally substituted.
  • Illustrative substituents include, but are not limited to, a radical —(CH 2 ) x Z X , where x is an integer from 0-6 and Z X is selected from halogen, hydroxy, alkanoyloxy, including C 1 -C 6 alkanoyloxy, optionally substituted aroyloxy, alkyl, including C 1 -C 6 alkyl, alkoxy, including C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, cycloalkyl, including C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, including C 3 -C 8 cycloalkoxy, alkenyl, including C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, alkynyl, including C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, haloalkyl, including C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, including C 1 -C 6 haloalkoxy, halocycloalkyl, including C 3 -C 8
  • n is an integer from 0 to 8
  • the individual and selectable values of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 such as n is 0, or n is 1, or n is 2, etc.
  • the recitation that n is an integer from 0 to 8 also describes each and every subrange, each of which may for the basis of a further embodiment, such as n is an integer from 1 to 8, from 1 to 7, from 1 to 6, from 2 to 8, from 2 to 7, from 1 to 3, from 2 to 4, etc.
  • composition generally refers to any product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combinations of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts. It is to be understood that the compositions described herein may be prepared from isolated compounds described herein or from salts, solutions, hydrates, solvates, and other forms of the compounds described herein. It is appreciated that certain functional groups, such as the hydroxy, amino, and like groups form complexes and/or coordination compounds with water and/or various solvents, in the various physical forms of the compounds. It is also to be understood that the compositions may be prepared from various amorphous, non-amorphous, partially crystalline, crystalline, and/or other morphological forms of the compounds described herein.
  • compositions may be prepared from various hydrates and/or solvates of the compounds described herein. Accordingly, such pharmaceutical compositions that recite compounds described herein are to be understood to include each of, or any combination of, the various morphological forms and/or solvate or hydrate forms of the compounds described herein.
  • compositions may include one or more carriers, diluents, and/or excipients.
  • the compounds described herein, or compositions containing them may be formulated in a diagnostically or therapeutically effective amount in any conventional dosage forms appropriate for the methods described herein.
  • the compounds described herein, or compositions containing them, including such formulations may be administered by a wide variety of conventional routes for the methods described herein, and in a wide variety of dosage formats, utilizing known procedures (see generally, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, (21 st ed., 2005)).
  • diagnostically effective amount refers to that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes diagnosis and/or monitoring of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated.
  • Illustrative diagnostically effective amounts of the conjugate to be administered to the host animal include about 1 pg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, 1 ng/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or from about 10 ⁇ g/kg to about 1 mg/kg, or from about 100 ⁇ g/kg to about 500 ⁇ g/kg.
  • therapeutically effective amount refers to that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated.
  • the therapeutically effective amount is that which may treat or alleviate the disease or symptoms of the disease at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment.
  • the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions described herein may be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment.
  • the specific therapeutically-effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, gender and diet of the patient: the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidentally with the specific compound employed; and like factors well known to the researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician of ordinary skill.
  • Illustrative therapeutically effective amounts of the conjugate to be administered to the host animal include about 1 pg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, 1 ng/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or from about 10 ⁇ g/kg to about 1 mg/kg, or from about 100 ⁇ g/kg to about 500 ⁇ g/kg.
  • administering includes all means of introducing the compounds and compositions described herein to the host animal, including, but are not limited to, oral (po), intravenous (iv), intramuscular (im), subcutaneous (sc), transdermal, inhalation, buccal, ocular, sublingual, vaginal, rectal, and the like.
  • the compounds and compositions described herein may be administered in unit dosage forms and/or formulations containing conventional nontoxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants, and/or vehicles.
  • amino acid refers generally to beta, gamma, and longer amino acids, such as amino acids of the formula:
  • R is hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, or a suitable nitrogen protecting group
  • R′ and R′′ are hydrogen or a substituent, each of which is independently selected in each occurrence, and q is an integer such as 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • R′ and/or R′′ independently correspond to, but are not limited to, hydrogen or the side chains present on naturally occurring amino acids, such as methyl, benzyl, hydroxymethyl, thiomethyl, carboxyl, carboxylmethyl, guanidinopropyl, and the like, and derivatives and protected derivatives thereof.
  • the above described formula includes all stereoisomeric variations.
  • the amino acid may be selected from alanine, aspartic acid, asparagine, cysteine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and ornithine, and the like.
  • n is an integer from 0 to 8
  • the individual and selectable values of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 such as n is 0, or n is 1, or n is 2, etc.
  • the recitation that n is an integer from 0 to 8 also describes each and every subrange, each of which may for the basis of a further embodiment, such as n is an integer from 1 to 8, from 1 to 7, from 1 to 6, from 2 to 8, from 2 to 7, from 1 to 3, from 2 to 4, etc.
  • linkers described herein include a polyether, such as the linkers of the following formulae:
  • m is an integer independently selected in each instance from 1 to about 8; p is an integer selected from 1 to about 10; and n is an integer independently selected in each instance from 1 to about 3.
  • m is independently in each instance 1 to about 3.
  • n is 1 in each instance.
  • p is independently in each instance about 4 to about 6.
  • the corresponding polypropylene polyethers corresponding to the foregoing are described herein and may be included in the conjugates as linkers.
  • mixed polyethylene and polypropylene polyethers may be included in the conjugates as linkers.
  • cyclic variations of the foregoing polyether compounds such as those that include tetrahydrofuranyl, 1,3-dioxanes, 1,4-dioxanes, and the like are described herein.
  • the linkers described herein include a plurality of hydroxyl functional groups, such as linkers that incorporate monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and the like. It is to be understood that the polyhydroxyl containing linkers comprise a plurality of —(CROH)— groups, where R is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • the linkers include one or more of the following diradicals:
  • R is H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or arylalkyl; m is an integer from 1 to about 3; n1 is an integer from 1 to about 5, or n1 is an integer from 2 to about 5, p is an integer from 1 to about 5, and r is an integer selected from 1 to about 3.
  • the integer n is 3 or 4.
  • the integer p is 3 or 4.
  • the integer r is 1.
  • the linkers include one or more of the following diradicals:
  • R is H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or arylalkyl; m is an integer from 1 to about 3; n is an integer from 1 to about 5, or from 2 to about 5, p is an integer from 1 to about 5, and r is an integer selected from 1 to about 3. In one aspect, the integer n is 3 or 4. In another aspect, the integer p is 3 or 4. In another aspect, the integer r is 1.
  • the linker includes one or more of the following cyclic polyhydroxyl groups:
  • n is an integer from 2 to about 5
  • p is an integer from 1 to about 5
  • each r is an independently selected integer from 1 to about 4.
  • the integer n is 3 or 4.
  • the integer p is 3 or 4.
  • each integer r is independently 2 or 3.
  • n is equal to or less than r, such as when r is 2 or 3, n is 1 or 2, or 1, 2, or 3, respectively.
  • the linker includes a polyhydroxyl compound of the following formula:
  • the linker includes one or more polyhydroxyl compounds of the following formulae:
  • the section may be derived from ribose, xylose, glucose, mannose, galactose, or other sugar and retain the stereochemical arrangements of pendant hydroxyl and alkyl groups present on those molecules.
  • the linkers L described herein include polyhydroxyl groups that are spaced away from the backbone of the linker.
  • such carbohydrate groups or polyhydroxyl groups are connected to the back bone by a triazole group, forming triazole-linked linkers.
  • such linkers include diradicals of the following formulae:
  • n, m, and r are integers and are each independently selected in each instance from 1 to about 5.
  • m is independently 2 or 3 in each instance.
  • r is 1 in each instance.
  • n is 1 in each instance.
  • the group connecting the polyhydroxyl group to the backbone of the linker is a different heteroaryl group, including but not limited to, pyrrole, pyrazole, 1,2,4-triazole, furan, oxazole, isoxazole, thienyl, thiazole, isothiazole, oxadiazole, and the like.
  • divalent 6-membered ring heteroaryl groups are described.
  • Other variations of the foregoing illustrative linkers include oxyalkylene groups, such as the following formulae:
  • n and r are integers and are each independently selected in each instance from 1 to about 5; and p is an integer selected from 1 to about 4.
  • such carbohydrate groups or polyhydroxyl groups are connected to the back bone by an amide group, forming amide-linked linkers.
  • linkers include diradicals of the following formulae:
  • each n is an independently selected integer from 1 to about 3, and m is an independently selected integer from 1 to about 22.
  • each n is independently 1 or 2.
  • m is selected from about 6 to about 10, illustratively 8.
  • the group connecting the polyhydroxyl group to the backbone of the linker is a different functional group, including but not limited to, esters, ureas, carbamates, acylhydrazones, and the like.
  • cyclic variations are described.
  • Other variations of the foregoing illustrative linkers include oxyalkylene groups, such as the following formulae:
  • n is in each instance an independently selected integer from 1 to about 5; and p is an integer selected from 1 to about 4.
  • the linkers include one or more of the following diradicals:
  • R is H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or arylalkyl; each m is an independently selected integer from 1 to about 3; each n is an independently selected integer from 1 to about 6, p is an integer from 1 to about 5, and r is an integer selected from 1 to about 3. In one variation, each n is independently 3 or 4. In another variation, the integer p is 3 or 4. In another variation, the integer r is 1.
  • the linkers include one or more of the following diradicals:
  • R is H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or arylalkyl; each m is an independently selected integer from 1 to about 3; each n is an independently selected integer from 2 to about 6, p is an integer from 1 to about 5, and r is an integer selected from 1 to about 3. In one variation, each n is independently 3 or 4. In another variation, the integer p is 3 or 4. In another variation, the integer r is 1.
  • the linkers include one or more of the following diradicals:
  • each n is independently 3 or 4.
  • the integer p is 3 or 4.
  • the integer r is 1.
  • the linkers include one or more of the following diradicals:
  • each n is independently 3 or 4.
  • the integer p is 3 or 4.
  • the integer r is 1.
  • the linkers include one or more of the following diradicals:
  • each m is an independently selected integer from 1 to about 3
  • p is an integer from 1 to about 5
  • r is an integer selected from 1 to about 3.
  • the integer p is 3 or 4.
  • the integer r is 1.
  • the linker is a combination of backbone and branching side motifs such as is illustrated by the following formulae
  • n is an integer independently selected in each instance from 0 to about 3.
  • the above formula are intended to represent 4, 5, 6, and even larger membered cyclic sugars.
  • the above formula may be modified to represent deoxy sugars, where one or more of the hydroxy groups present on the formulae are replaced by hydrogen, alkyl, or amino.
  • the corresponding carbonyl compounds are described by the above formulae, where one or more of the hydroxyl groups is oxidized to the corresponding carbonyl.
  • the pyranose includes both carboxyl and amino functional groups and (a) can be inserted into the backbone and (b) can provide synthetic handles for branching side chains in variations of this embodiment.
  • any of the pendant hydroxyl groups may be used to attach other chemical radicals, including additional sugars to prepare the corresponding oligosaccharides.
  • Other variations of this embodiment are also described, including inserting the pyranose or other sugar into the backbone at a single carbon, i.e. a spiro arrangement, at a geminal pair of carbons, and like arrangements.
  • one or two ends of the linker, or the agent P, or the ligand B may be connected to the sugar to be inserted into the backbone in a 1,1; 1,2; 1,3; 1,4; 2,3, or other arrangement.
  • the linkers include one or more amino groups of the following formulae:
  • each n is an integer independently selected in each instance from 1 to about 3. In one aspect, the each n is independently 1 or 2 in each instance. In another aspect, the integer n is 1 in each instance.
  • the linker is a sulfuric acid ester, such as an alkyl ester of sulfuric acid.
  • the linker is of the following formula:
  • each n is an integer independently selected in each instance from 1 to about 3.
  • each n is independently 1 or 2 in each instance.
  • n is an independently selected integer from 2 to about 5
  • p is an integer from 1 to about 5
  • r is an integer from 1 to about 4, as described above.
  • open positions such as (*) atoms are locations for attachment of the targeting agent B or the agent (P).
  • attachment of either or both of B and A may be direct or through an intervening linker.
  • Illustrative additional linkers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,601,332, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • bivalent linkers may be combined in any chemically relevant way, either directly or via an intervening heteroatom to construct the linkers described herein.
  • the polyvalent linkers described herein comprise a linker selected from the group consisting of carbonyl, thionocarbonyl, alkylene, cycloalkylene, alkylenecycloalkyl, alkylenecarbonyl, cycloalkylenecarbonyl, carbonylalkylcarbonyl, 1 alkylenesuccinimid-3-yl, 1 (carbonylalkyl)succinimid-3-yl, alkylenesulfoxyl, sulfonylalkyl, alkylenesulfoxylalkyl, alkylenesulfonylalkyl, carbonyltetrahydro-2H-pyranyl, carbonyltetrahydrofuranyl, 1-(carbonyltetrahydro-2H-pyranyl)succinimid-3-yl, and 1-(carbonyltetrahydrofuranyl)succinimid-3-yl.
  • the compounds described herein comprise one or more amino acids.
  • the compounds described herein can be used for both human clinical medicine and veterinary applications.
  • the host animal harboring the population of pathogenic cells and administered the compounds described herein can be human or, in the case of veterinary applications, can be a laboratory, agricultural, domestic, or wild animal.
  • the present invention can be applied to host animals including, but not limited to, humans, laboratory animals such rodents (e.g., mice, rats, hamsters, etc.), rabbits, monkeys, chimpanzees, domestic animals such as dogs, cats, and rabbits, agricultural animals such as cows, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, and wild animals in captivity such as bears, pandas, lions, tigers, leopards, elephants, zebras, giraffes, gorillas, dolphins, and whales.
  • rodents e.g., mice, rats, hamsters, etc.
  • rabbits, monkeys, chimpanzees domestic animals
  • domestic animals such as dogs, cats
  • rabbits agricultural animals
  • cows, horses, pigs, sheep, goats and wild animals in captivity
  • pathogenic cells or “population of pathogenic cells” generally refers to cancer cells, infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses, bacteria- or virus-infected cells, inflammatory cells, activated macrophages capable of causing a disease state, and any other type of pathogenic cells that uniquely express, preferentially express, or overexpress binding sites for the targeting agents described herein.
  • the population of pathogenic cells can be a cancer cell population that is tumorigenic, including benign tumors and malignant tumors, or it can be non-tumorigenic.
  • the cancer cell population can arise spontaneously or by such processes as mutations present in the germline of the host animal or somatic mutations, or it can be chemically-, virally-, or radiation-induced.
  • the invention can be utilized to diagnose, monitor, and/or treat such cancers, including carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, Hodgekin's disease, melanomas, mesotheliomas, Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinomas, leukemias, and myelomas.
  • the cancer cell population can include, but is not limited to, oral, thyroid, endocrine, skin, gastric, esophageal, laryngeal, pancreatic, colon, bladder, bone, ovarian, cervical, uterine, breast, testicular, prostate, rectal, kidney, liver, and lung cancers.
  • the population of pathogenic cells can also be activated monocytes or macrophages associated with disease states such as fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, osteomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, atherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, systemic sclerosis, organ transplant rejection (GVHD), lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, glomerulonephritis, inflammations of the skin, such as psoriasis, and the like, chronic inflammations, and inflammations due to injury, such as head or spinal cord injury, embolisms, and the like.
  • disease states such as fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, osteomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, atherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis
  • the conjugates described herein can be formed from, for example, a wide variety of vitamins or receptor-binding vitamin analogs/derivatives, linkers, and imaging and radiotherapy agents.
  • the conjugates described herein are capable of selectively targeting a population of pathogenic cells in the host animal due to preferential expression of a receptor for the targeting agent, such as a vitamin, accessible for binding, on the pathogenic cells.
  • Illustrative vitamin moieties that can be used as the targeting agent (B) include carnitine, inositol, lipoic acid, pyridoxal, ascorbic acid, niacin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, biotin, vitamin B 12 , and the lipid soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. These vitamins, and their receptor-binding analogs and derivatives, constitute an illustrative targeting entity that can be coupled with the imaging or radiotherapy agent by a bivalent linker (L) to form a targeting agent (B) imaging or radiotherapy agent conjugate as described herein.
  • the term vitamin is understood to include vitamin analogs and/or derivatives, unless otherwise indicated.
  • biotin analogs such as biocytin, biotin sulfoxide, oxybiotin and other biotin receptor-binding compounds, and the like, are considered to be vitamins, vitamin analogs, and vitamin derivatives.
  • vitamin analogs or derivatives as described herein refer to vitamins that incorporates an heteroatom through which the vitamin analog or derivative is covalently bound to the bivalent linker (L).
  • Illustrative vitamin moieties include folic acid, biotin, riboflavin, thiamine, vitamin B 12 , and receptor-binding analogs and derivatives of these vitamin molecules, and other related vitamin receptor binding molecules.
  • the targeting group B is a folate, an analog of folate, or a derivative of folate. It is to be understood as used herein, that the term folate is used both individually and collectively to refer to folic acid itself, and/or to such analogs and derivatives of folic acid that are capable of binding to folate receptors.
  • vitamin analogs and/or derivatives include folate and analogs and derivatives of folate such as folinic acid, pteropolyglutamic acid, and folate receptor-binding pteridines such as tetrahydropterins, dihydrofolates, tetrahydrofolates, and their deaza and dideaza analogs.
  • folate and analogs and derivatives of folate such as folinic acid, pteropolyglutamic acid, and folate receptor-binding pteridines such as tetrahydropterins, dihydrofolates, tetrahydrofolates, and their deaza and dideaza analogs.
  • deaza and “dideaza” analogs refer to the art-recognized analogs having a carbon atom substituted for one or two nitrogen atoms in the naturally occurring folic acid structure, or analog or derivative thereof.
  • the deaza analogs include the 1-deaza, 3-deaza, 5-deaza, 8-deaza, and 10-deaza analogs of folate, folinic acid, pteropolyglutamic acid, and folate receptor-binding pteridines such as tetrahydropterins, dihydrofolates, and tetrahydrofolates.
  • the dideaza analogs include, for example, 1,5-dideaza, 5,10-dideaza, 8,10-dideaza, and 5,8-dideaza analogs of folate, folinic acid, pteropolyglutamic acid, and folate receptor-binding pteridines such as tetrahydropterins, dihydrofolates, and tetrahydrofolates.
  • folates useful as complex forming ligands for this invention are the folate receptor-binding analogs aminopterin, amethopterin (also known as methotrexate), N 10 -methylfolate, 2-deamino-hydroxyfolate, deaza analogs such as 1-deazamethopterin or 3-deazamethopterin, and 3′,5′-dichloro-4-amino-4-deoxy-N 10 -methylpteroylglutamic acid (dichloromethotrexate).
  • folic acid analogs and/or derivatives are conventionally termed “folates,” reflecting their ability to bind with folate-receptors, and such ligands when conjugated with exogenous molecules are effective to enhance transmembrane transport, such as via folate-mediated endocytosis as described herein.
  • X and Y are each-independently selected from the group consisting of halo, R 2 , OR 2 , SR 3 , and NR 4 R 5 ;
  • U, V, and W represent divalent moieties each independently selected from the group consisting of (R 6a )C ⁇ , N ⁇ , (R 6a )C(R 7a ), and N(R 4a );
  • Q is selected from the group consisting of C and CH;
  • T is selected from the group consisting of S, O, N, NH, and —C ⁇ C—;
  • a 1 and A 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, C(Z), C(Z)O, OC(Z), N(R 4b ), C(Z)N(R 4b ), N(R 4b )C(Z), OC(Z)N(R 4b ), N(R 4b )C(Z)O, N(R 4b )C(Z)N(R 5b ), S(O), S(O) 2 , N(R 4a )S(O) 2 , C(R 6b )(R 7b ), N(C ⁇ H), N(CH 2 ⁇ CH), C 1 -C 12 alkylene, and C 1 -C 12 alkyeneoxy, where Z is oxygen or sulfur;
  • R 1 is selected-from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C 1 -C 12 alkyl, and C 1 -C 12 alkoxy;
  • R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 4a , R 4b , R 5 , R 5b , R 6b , and R 7b are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C 1 -C 12 alkyl, C 1 -C 12 alkoxy, C 1 -C 12 alkanoyl, C 1 -C 12 alkenyl, C 1 -C 12 alkynyl, (C 1 -C 12 alkoxy)carbonyl, and (C 1 -C 12 alkylamino)carbonyl;
  • R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C 1 -C 12 alkyl, and C 1 -C 12 alkoxy; or, R 6 and R 7 are taken together to form a carbonyl group;
  • R 6a and R 7a are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C 1 -C 12 alkyl, and C 1 -C 12 alkoxy; or R 6a and R 7a are taken together to form a carbonyl group;
  • L is one or more, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, amino acids
  • n, p, r, s and t are each independently either 0 or 1.
  • folate refers both individually to folic acid used in forming a conjugate, or alternatively to a folate analog or derivative thereof that is capable of binding to folate or folic acid receptors.
  • the targeting group is a PSMA ligand or inhibitor, such as a derivative of pentanedioic acid of the formula:
  • X is RP(O)(OH)CH 2 — (U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,915); RP(O)(OH)N(R 1 )— (U.S. Pat. No. 5,863,536); RP(O)(OH)O— (U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,877); RN(OH)C(O)Y— or RC(O)NH(OH)Y, wherein Y is —CR 1 R 2 —, —NR 3 — or —O— (U.S. Pat. No.
  • R, R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are each independently selected from hydrogen, C 1 -C 9 straight or branched chain alkyl, C 2 -C 9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 5 -C 7 cycloalkenyl, and aryl.
  • each of R, R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 may be optionally substituted, such as with one or more groups selected from C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 5 -C 7 cycloalkenyl, halo, hydroxy, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C 1 -C 6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C 2 -C 6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 2 -C 4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, aryl.
  • aryl is selected from 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 2-indolyl, 3-indolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, benzyl, and phenyl, and in each case aryl may be optionally substituted with one or more, illustratively with one to three, groups selected from halo, hydroxy, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C 1 -C 6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C 2 -C 6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 2 -C 4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, and amino.
  • R is not hydrogen.
  • PSMA ligands include 2-[[methylhydroxyphosphinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[ethylhydroxyphosphinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[propylhydroxyphosphinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[butylhydroxyphosphinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[cyclohexylhydroxyphosphinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[phenylhydroxyphosphinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[2-(tetrahydrofuranyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]methyl] pentanedioic acid; 2-[[[(2-tetrahydropyranyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]methyl] pentanedioic acid; 2-[[[(2-tetrahydropyranyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]methyl] pentane
  • PSMA ligands include N-[methylhydroxyphosphinyl]glutamic acid; N-[ethylhydroxyphosphinyl]glutamic acid; N-[propylhydroxyphosphinyl]glutamic acid; N-[butylhydroxyphosphinyl]glutamic acid; N-[phenylhydroxyphosphinyl]glutamic acid; N-[(phenylmethyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]glutamic acid; N-[((2-phenylethyl)methyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]glutamic acid; and N-methyl-N-[phenylhydroxyphosphinyl]glutamic acid.
  • PSMA ligands include 2-[[methylhydroxyphosphinyl]oxy]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[ethylhydroxyphosphinyl]oxy]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[propylhydroxyphosphinyl]oxy]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[butylhydroxyphosphinyl]oxy]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[phenylhydroxyphosphinyl]oxy]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[((4-pyridyl)methyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]oxy]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[((2-pyridyl)methyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]oxy]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[[(phenylmethyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]oxy]pentanedioic acid; and 2-[[[((2-phenyleth
  • PSMA ligands include 2-[[(N-hydroxy)carbamoyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(N-hydroxy-N-methyl)carbamoyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(N-butyl-N-hydroxy) carbamoyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(N-benzyl-N-hydroxy)carbamoyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(N-hydroxy-N-phenyl)carbamoyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(N-hydroxy-N-2-phenylethyl)carbamoyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[[(N-ethyl-N-hydroxy) carbamoyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[[(N-ethyl-N-hydroxy) carbamoy
  • PSMA ligands include 2-[(sulfinyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(methylsulfinyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(ethylsulfinyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(propylsulfinyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(butylsulfinyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(phenylsulfinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(2-phenylethyl)sulfinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[[(3-phenylpropyl)sulfinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[[(4-pyridyl)sulfinyl]methyl]
  • PSMA ligands include
  • the PSMA ligand is a urea of two amino acids.
  • the amino acids include one or more additional carboxylic acids.
  • the amino acids include one or more additional phosphoric, phosphonic, phosphinic, sulfinic, sulfonic, or boronic acids.
  • the amino acids include one or more thiol groups or derivatives thereof.
  • the amino acids include one or more carboxylic acid bioisosteres, such as tetrazoles and the like.
  • the PSMA ligand is a compound of the formula:
  • the binding agent is a urea of an amino dicarboxylic acid, such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and the like, and another amino dicarboxylic acid, or an analog thereof, such as a binding agent of the formulae
  • Q is a an amino dicarboxylic acid, such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or an analog thereof
  • n and m are each independently selected from an integer between 1 and about 6, and (*) represents the point of attachment for the linker L.
  • the PSMA ligand is a compound of the formulae:
  • the PSMA ligand is 2-[3-(1-Carboxy-2-mercapto-ethyl)-ureido]-pentanedioic acid (MUPA) or 2-[3-(1,3-Dicarboxy-propyl)-ureido]-pentanedioic acid (DUPA).
  • MUPA 2-[3-(1-Carboxy-2-mercapto-ethyl)-ureido]-pentanedioic acid
  • DUPA 2-[3-(1,3-Dicarboxy-propyl)-ureido]-pentanedioic acid
  • PSMA ligands include peptide analogs such as quisqualic acid, aspartate glutamate (Asp-Glu), Glu-Glu, Gly-Glu, ⁇ -Glu-Glu, beta-N-acetyl-L-aspartate-L-glutamate ( ⁇ -NAAG), and the like.
  • the PSMA ligand comprises a urea or thiourea of lysine and an amino acid, or one or more carboxylic acid derivatives thereof, including, but not limited to ureas or thioureas of lysine and aspartic acid, or glutamic acid, or homoglutamic acid.
  • the PSMA ligand comprises a urea or thiourea of L-lysine and L-glutamate.
  • the PSMA ligand comprises a compound selected from the following
  • the PSMA ligand comprises the following
  • a method for diagnosing and/or monitoring a disease or disease state where the method comprises the steps of administering to a patient being evaluated for the disease state an effective amount of a conjugate of the general formula B-L-P.
  • the method includes allowing sufficient time for the conjugate to bind to the target tissue, and diagnosing and/or monitoring the disease or disease state extra-corporeally, such as by using positron emission tomography.
  • the radionuclide may include a positron-emitting isotope having a suitable half-life and toxicity profile.
  • the radioisotope has a half-life of more than 30 minutes, more than 70 minutes, more than 80 minutes, more than 90 minutes, more than 100 minutes, less than 8 hours, less than 6 hours, less than 4 hours, or less than 3 hours.
  • the radioisotope has a half-life of about 30 minutes to about 4 hours, about 70 minutes to about 4 hours, about 80 minutes to about 4 hours, about 90 minutes to about 4 hours, about 100 minutes to about 4 hours, about 30 minutes to about 6 hours, about 70 minutes to about 6 hours, about 80 minutes to about 6 hours, about 90 minutes to about 6 hours, about 100 minutes to about 6 hours, about 30 minutes to about 8 hours, about 70 minutes to about 8 hours, about 80 minutes to about 8 hours, about 90 minutes to about 8 hours, or about 100 minutes to about 8 hours.
  • the radionuclide may include one or more positron-emitting isotopes, such as but not limited to isotopes selected from 89 Zr, 45 Ti, 51 Mn, 64 Cu, 63 Zn, 82 Rb, 68 Ga, 66 Ga, 11 C, 13 N, 15 O, 124 I, 34 Cl, and 18 F.
  • the radionuclide is a halide, such as a positron-emitting halide.
  • the radionuclide is a metal ion, such as a positron-emitting metal ion.
  • the radionuclide is a gallium ion, such as a positron-emitting gallium ion.
  • the radionuclide is selected from 89 Zr, 64 Cu, 68 Ga, 66 Ga, 124 I, and 18 F.
  • the radioisotope is selected from 89 Zr, 64 Cu, 68Ga, 124 I, and 18 F.
  • the radioisotope is 68 Ga, or 89 Zr, or 18 F.
  • the radioisotope is 68 Ga.
  • the radioisotope is 18 F.
  • the radioisotope is 89 Zr.
  • the radioisotope is 64 Cu.
  • the fluorine isotopes described herein may be selected from various isotopic combinations of 18 F and 19 F. It is understood that factors that may be included during selection of a suitable isotope include sufficient half-life of the positron-emitting isotope to permit preparation of a diagnostic composition in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier prior to administration to the patient, and sufficient remaining half-life to yield sufficient activity to permit extra-corporeal measurement by a PET scan. Further, a suitable isotope should have a sufficiently short half-life to limit patient exposure to unnecessary radiation. In an illustrative embodiment, 18 F, having a half-life of 110 minutes, provides adequate time for preparation of the diagnostic composition, as well as an acceptable deterioration rate. Further, on decay 18 F is converted to 18 O.
  • Illustrative positron-decaying isotopes having suitable half-lives include 34 Cl, half-life about 32 minutes; 45 Ti, half-life about 3 hours; 51 Mn, half-life about 45 minutes; 61 Cu, half-life about 3.4 hours; 63 Zn, half-life about 38 minutes; 82 Rb, half-life about 2 minutes; 68 Ga, half-life about 68 minutes, 66 Ga, half-life about 9.5 hours, 11 C, half-life about 20 minutes, 15 O, half-life about 2 minutes, 13 N, half-life about 10 minutes, or 18 F, half-life about 110 minutes.
  • the radionuclide is a radiotherapy agent.
  • Illustrative radionuclides for radiotherapy include isotopes of lutetium such as 177 Lu, isotopes of yttrium, such as 90 Y, isotopes of copper, such as 67 Cu and 64 Cu, and the like.
  • the radionuclide may be covalently attached to the conjugate, such as to an aryl or heteroaryl aromatic group, including benzamidyl, benzylic, phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, naphthyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimizolyl, benzoxazolyl, and like groups.
  • the radioisotope is 18 F and the radionuclide includes an aryl group to which the radioisotope is covalently attached.
  • the radionuclide may be non-covalently attached to the conjugate, such as within a chelate.
  • the methods may also be used in combination with any other methods of cancer diagnosis already developed and known in the art, including methods using other already developed diagnostic agents and utilizing x-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), ultrasound, and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
  • CT computed tomography
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging
  • SPECT single photon emission computed tomography
  • each of the processes and synthetic methods described herein either substantially complete fluorination, or alternatively only partial fluorination may be desired. Accordingly, the processes and synthetic methods described herein may be performed in various alternative embodiments. It is therefore understood that in those aspects where only partial fluorination is desired, the processes and syntheses described herein may be performed with less than stoichiometric amounts of fluorinating agent. Similarly, it is understood that in certain applications of the methods described herein, each of the processes and synthetic methods described herein either substantially complete radiofluorination, or alternatively only partial radiofluorination may be desired. Accordingly, the processes and synthetic methods described herein may be performed in various alternative embodiments. It is therefore understood that in those aspects where only partial radiofluorination is desired, the processes and syntheses described herein may be performed with less than stoichiometric amounts of radiofluorination agent, where the balance is optionally 19 F.
  • N10-TFA-Pteroic Acid was provided by Endocyte, Inc.
  • High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis and purification of the DUPA-NOTA precursor were performed on an Agilent G6130B instrument.
  • the radioactive HPLC was performed with a ⁇ -counter using a Xselect CSH C18 (250 ⁇ 10 mm) column and MeCN and 0.1% Formic Acid as mobile phases.
  • C-NETA tert-Butyl [2-Hydroxy-1-(4-nitrobenzyl)ethyl]carbamate (QC04011) was prepared from the commercially available methyl 2-amino-3-(4-nitrophenyl)propanoate through NaBH 4 reduction and Boc- protection. Successive Dess-Martin oxidation and reductive amination with QC04001 afforded tris-Boc protected compound QC04013, which was transformed to QC04014 after Boc- deprotection in 4 M HCl in dioxane. Treatment of QC04014 with tert-butyl bromoacetate, followed by hydrogenolysis of the NO 2 group provided QC04016. Further reaction of QC04016 with succinic anhydride provided the bifunctional C-NETA (QC04018) as the corresponding tert-butyl ester.
  • reaction was quenched by addition of a basic aq Na 2 S 2 O 3 solution (50/50, v/v of aq Na 2 S 2 O 3 and aq Na 2 HCO 3 ), and the resulting mixture was vigorously stirred for 15 min. After extraction with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 ⁇ ), the organic phases were washed successively with water and brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuo to provide QC04012, which was used without further purification.
  • a basic aq Na 2 S 2 O 3 solution 50/50, v/v of aq Na 2 S 2 O 3 and aq Na 2 HCO 3
  • Fmoc-Lys-resin 1.0 g, 0.5 mmol
  • DMF 3 ⁇ 10 ml
  • Initial Fmoc deprotection was performed using 20% piperidine in DMF (3 ⁇ 10 ml) solution for 10 mins per cycle.
  • a Kaiser test was done to determine reaction completion.
  • an amino acid solution 2.0 eq.
  • PyBOP 2.0 eq.
  • DIPEA 3.0 eq.
  • EXAMPLE Pte- ⁇ Glu-Lys-NOTA.
  • EC 1777 30.5 mg, 0.054 mmol, 1.0 eq.
  • 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine 13.45 ⁇ l, 0.107 mmol, 2.0 eq.
  • DMSO 2.5 ml
  • DIPEA 0.19 ml, 1.07 mmol, 20 eq.
  • Pte- ⁇ Glu-Lys-NOTA -Al-18F is prepared by reaction of Pte- ⁇ Glu-Lys-NOTA with Al 18 F3.3H 2 O (1 step method) or with AlCl 3 .3H 2 O followed by reaction with Na 18 F (2 step method) using published processes.
  • Resin cleavage/global tert-butyl ester deprotection was performed with a cocktail consisting of 95% CF 3 CO 2 H, 2.5% H 2 O and 2.5% triisopropylsilane.
  • the cleavage cocktail (10 ml) was poured onto the resin and bubbled with Argon for 60 mins, followed by filtration into a clean flask. Further cleavage was performed twice successively with fresh cleavage cocktail for 20 mins of bubbling.
  • the combined filtrate was poured onto cold diethyl ether, the precipitate formed was collected by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 5 mins (3 ⁇ ). The precipitate was obtained following decanting and drying of the solid under vacuum.
  • Pte- ⁇ Glu-Asp-Arg-Arg-Lys-Bn-NOTA 6 (EC2218).
  • Pte- ⁇ Glu-Asp-Arg-Arg-Lys-Bn-NOTA, EC2218 was prepared in 18% yield according to the process described for folate-peptide-NOTA, 4.
  • the general procedure described for the synthesis of resin bound folate-peptide resin 1 was followed for the coupling of Fmoc-L-Arg(Pbf)-OH, Fmoc-Glu-O t Bu, and N10-TFA-Pte-OH to Fmoc-L-Lys(Mtt)-Wang resin.
  • Pte- ⁇ Glu-Arg-Lys-Bn-NOTA 8 (EC2219).
  • Pte- ⁇ Glu-Arg-Lys-Bn-NOTA, EC2219 was prepared in 20% yield according to the process described for folate-peptide-NOTA, 4.
  • [M+H]+ Calculated 1178.51, found 1178.7
  • Resin cleavage/global tert-butyl ester deprotection was performed with a cocktail consisting of 95% CF 3 CO 2 H, 2.5% H 2 O and 2.5% triisopropylsilane.
  • the cleavage cocktail (10 ml) was poured onto the resin and bubbled with Argon for 1 hr, followed by filtration into a clean flask. Further cleavage was performed twice successively with fresh cleavage cocktail for 10 mins of bubbling.
  • the combined filtrate was poured onto cold diethyl ether, the precipitate formed was collected by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 5 mins (3 ⁇ ). The precipitate was obtained following decanting and drying of the solid under vacuum.
  • FA-NOTA-Al— 18 F Radiotracer[2]. Two methods for the formation of FANOTA-Al— 18 F are described herein. Conditions including the pH value, concentration of the substrates and temperature for the chelating reaction with 18 F—Al can be varied. The general methods for FA-NOTA-Al— 18 F are described as followed:
  • the crude material was loaded to a cartridge, and the radiotracer was eluted into vial. After sterile filtration and being diluted to appropriate radioactivity (5-10 mCi) and specific activity (>1 Ci/ ⁇ mol), the radiotracer was ready for in vivo PET imaging study.
  • EXAMPLE Standard Protocol for the Formulation of Folate-NOTA-Al 18 F Radiotracer.
  • the resin containing 18 F was first washed with 1.5 mL of ultrapure water, and then 18 F was eluted out from resin by using 1.0 mL of 0.4 M KHCO 3 solution.
  • 100 ⁇ L of the eluting solution containing 18 F was added to a stem vial charged with 10 ⁇ L acetic acid, 25 ⁇ L AlCl 3 (2 mM in 0.1 M NaOAc pH 4 buffer) and 125 ⁇ L 0.1 M NaOAc pH 4 buffer.
  • the whole mixture was incubated for 2 mM before 0.25 mg folate-NOTA precursor (1) in 125 ⁇ L of 0.1 M NaOAc pH 4 buffer was transferred to the same stem vial.
  • the reaction was immediately heated to 100° C. for 15 min.
  • radiochemcial synthesis of FA-PEG 12 -NOTA-Al— 18 F radiotracer was accomplished in ⁇ 35 mM with a specific activity (SA) of 49 ⁇ 17.1 GBq/ ⁇ mol. Although the radiochemical purity is excellent, 100% after radioactive HPLC purification, the total radiochemical yield (RCY) is relatively low, ⁇ 25-30%. After sterile filtration and appropriate dilution in isotonic saline to the desired radioactivity, the FA-PEG 12 -NOTA-Al— 18 F radiotracer was ready for PET imaging study.
  • C-NETA and folate-C-NETA A PyBOP promoted coupling between QC04018 and compound 6, followed by deprotection of tert-butyl ester with TFA, provided folate-C-NETA.
  • the folate-C-NETA is used to evaluate the labeling efficiency with Al 18 F and 68 Ga and evaluate the in vivo PET imaging.
  • EXAMPLE General procedure for the one-pot 19 F-introduction and deprotection. 8.3 ⁇ L of freshly prepared KF-Kryptofix (1/1.5) (0.0012 mmol, 0.144 M) solution was azeotropically dried with CH 3 CN at 90-100° C., to which 1.2 mg (0.0012 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) QC07005 in 50 ul of anhydrous DMSO was added with a concentration of precursor at 0.024 M. The resulting mixture was immediately immersed into an oil bath preheated to 70-75° C. and kept at 70-75° C. for 10 min.
  • the Cbz protected amine was transferred to a round bottom flask with 10% Pd/C (10% wt eq), dissolved in MeOH (30 ml) under Hydrogen atmosphere (latm) and stirred for 3 hr. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was filtered through celite and the solvent was removed via reduced pressure to yield the crude amine. The amine was taken up in CH 2 Cl 2 (30 ml) under Argon atmosphere and chilled to 0° C. To the chilled solution was added 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (2.2 g, 10.9 mmol, 1.3 eq) and DIPEA (6.0 ml, 33.6 mmol, 4 eq) subsequently and stirred for 2 hr at room temperature.
  • reaction mixture was quenched with saturated NH 4 Cl and extract three times with ethyl acetate.
  • the organic extracts were combined, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and solvent was removed under vacuum and purified using silica gel chromatography to yield the desired activated amine, EC1380 (2.54 g, 46%).
  • the resin bound penta-peptide was subjected to standard Fmoc deprotection, washings and Kaiser test. Following another DMF wash (3 ⁇ 10 ml); an EC1380 solution (2.0 eq.) in DMF, and DIPEA (3.0 eq.) were added to the vessel and the solution bubbled with Argon for 2 hour. The coupling solution was filtered, the resin was washed with DMF (3 ⁇ 10 ml) and i-PrOH (3 ⁇ 10 ml) and a Kaiser test was done to assess reaction completion.
  • Reagents and conditions (a) (i) 20% piperidine/DMF, room temperature, 10 min; (ii) Fmoc-Arg(Boc)2-OH, HBTU, HOBt, DMF-DIPEA, 2 h. (b) (i) 20% piperidine/DMF, room temperature, 10 min; (ii) Fmoc-Phe-OH, HBTU, HOBt, DMF-DIPEA, 2 h. (c) (i) 20% piperidine/DMF, room temperature, 10 min; (ii) Fmoc-8-amino-octanoic (EAO) acid, HBTU, HOBt, DMF/DIPEA, 2 h.
  • EAO Fmoc-8-amino-octanoic
  • DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Arg-Lys-NH 2 -NOTA is dissolved in 2 mM NaOAc (pH 4.5), and treated with AlCl 3 .3H 2 O (1.5 eq.). The pH is adjusted to 4.5-5.0, and the reaction mixture is refluxed for 15-30 mM with the pH kept at 4.5-5.0. The crude material is purified by RP-HPLC to afford the DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Arg-Lys-NH 2 -NOTA-Al—OH intermediate ready for 18 F-labeling.
  • DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Arg-Lys-NH 2 -NOTA-Al—OH is treated with Na 18 F saline solution and ethanol (1/1, v/v), and the whole mixture is heated at 100-110° C. for 15 min. After cooling to room temperature, the crude material is loaded to a cartridge, and the radiotracer eluted into vial. After sterile filtration and being diluted to appropriate radioactivity (5-10 mCi) and specific activity (>1 Ci/ ⁇ mol), the radiotracer is ready for use in in vivo PET imaging.
  • Reagents and conditions (a) Fmoc-Phe-OH, HBTU, HOBt, DMF/DIPEA, 2 h. (b) (i) 20% piperidine/DMF, room temperature, 10 min; (ii) Fmoc-Phe-OH, HBTU, HOBt, DMF/DIPEA, 2 h. (c) (i) 20% piperidine/DMF, room temperature, 10 min; (ii) Fmoc-8-amino-octanoic (EAO) acid, HBTU, HOBt, DMF/DIPEA, 2 h.
  • EAO Fmoc-8-amino-octanoic
  • EXAMPLE Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) of DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Phe-EDA-NH 2 .[2, 3].
  • SPPS Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis
  • DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Phe-EDA-NH 2 is prepared.
  • the commercially available Trt-EDA resin was swollen with DCM (3 mL) followed by dimethyl formamide (DMF, 3 mL), to which a solution of Fmoc-Phe-OH (2.5 equiv), HBTU (2.5 equiv), HOBt (2.5 equiv), and DIPEA (4.0 equiv) in DMF was added.
  • EXAMPLE Radiochemical Synthesis of DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Arg-Lys-NOTA- 64 Cu Radiotracer. NOTA based chelators have also been reported and employed in the formulation of NOTA- 64/67 Cu for nuclear medicine/radiotherapy.[14-16] The corresponding DUPA-NOTA- 64 Cu was prepare for the dual purpose of imaging and therapy, also referred to as theranostics. DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Arg-Lys-NOTA- 64 Cu was prepared according a standard protocol with minor modifications.
  • EXAMPLE General procedure for 68 Ga labeling: 68 Ga was eluted from the 68 Ge/ 68 Ga generator with 0.1N HCl. A predetermined amount of 68 Ga in 0.1N HCl was added to a DUPA-NOTA solution in acetate buffer (pH 4.8). The labeling mixture was incubated at room temperature, and labeling efficiencies were checked by radioactive HPLC. The radiolabeled product was purified by radioactive HPLC and the DUPA-NOTA- 68 Ga peak sample was collected. After sterile filtration and being diluted to appropriate radioactivity (5-10 mCi) and specific activity (>1 Ci/ ⁇ mol), the radiotracer was ready for in vivo PET imaging study.
  • C-NETA a NOTA derivative
  • C-NETA also reportedly chelates the commonly used radiotherapeutic nuclides, such as 177 Lu and 90 Y, with high labeling efficiency.[18]
  • the radionuclide is a metal or metal halide, such as Al 18 F, 68 Ga, 177 Lu or 90 Y.
  • EXAMPLE A PyBOP promoted coupling between QC04018 and QC08008, followed by deprotection of tert-butyl ester with TFA provides DUPA-C-NETA.
  • DUPA-C-NETA is used to evaluate the labeling efficiency to Al 18 F, 177 Lu and 90 Y, and evaluate the in vivo PET imaging and radiotherapy.
  • EXAMPLE The specificity of the radionuclide containing conjugates binding to FR is evaluated against KB xenografts homogenates and Cal51 xenografts homogenates. Concentration dependent binding was evaluated for 18 F-AIF-QC07017 and 18 F-AIF-QC07043, and separated into specific and non-specific binding. Significant non-specific binding was not observed in KB homogenates.
  • EXAMPLE ⁇ PET imaging was performed on nude mice bearing KB tumor xenografts under baseline and competed conditions to evaluate the in vivo binding specificity of 18 F-AIF-QC07017 (2) to FR. Nude mice bearing KB tumor xenografts on their left shoulder were injected with 0.30-0.40 mCi (2). The competed group received 100 ⁇ g of folic acid 10 min before the i.v. injection of (2), and the treatment group was injected with a corresponding volume of phosphate buffer. Time course inspection of PET images obtained at various time points revealed that the data acquired in 60-90 min post tracer injection gave the best visual PET imaging.
  • the KB tumors were clearly visualized in the treated group, whereus the uptake of (2) was completely inhibited by competing with folic acid, supporting a high specificity of (2) binding to FR in vivo.
  • the high radioactivity found in kidneys was due to the uptake mediated by FR that is expressed in the proximal tubule cells in kidneys and the potential accumulation of radiotracer via renal excretion, which was further supported by the biodistribution studies described herein.
  • significant uptake in other organs was not observed. A significant blocking effect in liver uptake was observed in under competed conditions.
  • EXAMPLE Ex vivo biodistribution study of compounds described herein under both baseline and competed conditions in nude mice bearing KB tumor xenografts on their left shoulder demonstrates a high and specific uptake in FR(+) tumors. Radiotracer levels of 18 F-AIF-QC07017 and 18 F-AIF-QC07043 were determined in whole blood, plasma, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, spleen, KB xenograft tumor tissues and A549 xenograft tumor tissues ( FIG. 1A , FIG. 1B , and FIG. 1C ). The highest signal was observed in the kidneys. Accumulation was observed to a substantially less extent in the liver.
  • the FR specificity of 18 F-AIF-QC07017 and 18 F-AIF-QC07043 was comparable to etarfolatide (EC20), a compound in clinical trials, in both KB xenograft tumor tissues and A549 xenograft tumor tissues.
  • PC3 is a PSMA ( ⁇ ) cell line
  • LnCap is a PSMA (+) cell line
  • PIP-PC3 is a transfect cell line with higher PSMA expression.
  • Uptake of 68 Ga-QC08009 by PC3 cells was minimal, and did not change when competed.
  • Uptake of 68 Ga-QC08009 by LnCaP and PIP-PC3 was substantial, with PIP-PC3 cells showing the highest uptake.

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Abstract

Described herein are compounds, compositions, and methods for diagnosing and/or monitoring pathogenic disease using positron emission tomography. Also described are conjugates of the formula B-L-P, wherein B is a radical of a targeting agent selected from vitamin receptor binding ligands (such as folate), PSMA binding ligands, or PSMA inhibitors; L is a divalent linker comprising aspartic acid, lysine, or arginine, and P is a radical of an imaging agent or radiotherapy agent, such as a radionuclide or radionuclide containing group, or a radical of a compound capable of binding a radionuclide, such as a metal chelating group.

Description

    CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. Nos. 61/904,387, filed Nov. 14, 2013, 61/904400, filed Nov. 14, 2013, and 61/909,822, filed Nov. 27, 2013, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
    • TECHNICAL FIELD
  • The invention described herein pertains to compounds, compositions, and methods for diagnosing and/or monitoring diseases and disease states using radionuclides. In particular, the invention described herein pertains to compounds, compositions, and methods for diagnosing and/or monitoring pathogenic disease states using radionuclides for positron emission tomography (PET).
    • BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • PET is a nuclear imaging methodology that detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a positron-producing radionuclide. Because the two emitted gamma rays travel in exactly opposite directions, it is possible to locate their site of origin and thereby reconstruct a three-dimensional image of all positron emitters from a computer analysis of the origins of emitted gamma rays. Compared to other radioimaging modalities, such as SPECT, PET reportedly shows higher sensitivity (about 2 orders of magnitude), better spatial resolution (about 5 mm), greater signal to noise, and superior tracer quantification in both preclinical and clinical applications. In addition, in contrast to the about 90 minutes required for body scans for a standard SPECT imaging, PET image acquisition may be routinely performed in about 20 minutes. Moreover, in vivo PET imaging generally requires only subnanomolar (10−10 to 10−12) concentrations of radiotracer, which reportedly minimizes potential damage to other biological systems. Finally, PET allows for quantitative dynamic imaging, which may facilitate kinetic studies of target engagement through receptor occupancy. It has been discovered herein that PET agents may be targeted to predetermined tissues using vitamin receptors and/or prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA).
  • For example, vitamin receptors are overexpressed on certain pathogenic cells, including many cancer cell types, activated macrophages, and activated monocytes. In particular, folate receptors are overexpressed in many cancers. The folate receptor, a 38 KD GPI-anchored protein that binds the vitamin folic acid with high affinity (<1 nM), is overexpressed on many malignant tissues, including ovarian, breast, bronchial, and brain cancers. It is estimated that 95% of all ovarian carcinomas overexpress the folate receptor. In contrast, with the exception of kidney, choroid plexus, and placenta, normal tissues express low or nondetectable levels of the folate receptor. Most cells also use an unrelated reduced folate carrier to acquire the necessary folic acid.
  • Folate receptors are also overexpressed on activated macrophages, and activated monocytes. Further, it has also been reported that the folate receptor β, the nonepithelial isoform of the folate receptor, is expressed on activated, but not resting, synovial macrophages. Activated macrophages can participate in the immune response by nonspecifically engulfing and killing foreign pathogens within the macrophage, by displaying degraded peptides from foreign proteins on the macrophage cell surface where they can be recognized by other immune cells, and by secreting cytokines and other factors that modulate the function of T and B lymphocytes, resulting in further stimulation of immune responses. However, activated macrophages can also contribute to the pathophysiology of disease in some instances. For example, activated macrophages can contribute to atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune disease states, and graft versus host disease, among other disease states.
  • Following receptor binding of vitamins to vitamin receptors, such as folic acid and analogs and derivatives of folic acid to folate receptors, rapid endocytosis delivers the vitamin into the cell, where it is unloaded in an endosomal compartment at lower pH. Importantly, covalent conjugation of small molecules, proteins, and even liposomes to vitamins and other vitamin receptor binding ligands does not block the ability of the ligand to bind to its receptor, and therefore, such ligand conjugates can readily be delivered to and can enter cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Accordingly, diagnostic, imaging, and therapeutic agents can be targeted to vitamin receptors, including the folate receptor, for delivery into vitamin receptor expressing cells.
  • The prostate is a male reproductive organ that functions to produce and store seminal fluid, which provides nutrients and fluids for the survival of sperm introduced into the vagina during reproduction. Like other tissues, the prostate gland may develop either malignant (cancerous) or benign (non-cancerous) tumors. Prostate cancer is reportedly one of the most common male cancers in western societies, and is the second leading form of malignancy among American men.
  • Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a biomarker that is overexpressed on prostate cancer. PSMA is over-expressed in the malignant prostate tissues when compared to other organs in the human body such as kidney, proximal small intestine, and salivary glands. PSMA is also expressed on the neovasculature within many non-prostate solid tumors, including lung, colon, breast, renal, liver and pancreatic carcinomas, but not on normal vasculature. However, PSMA is expressed minimally in brain. PSMA is a type II cell surface membrane-bound glycoprotein with ˜110 kD molecular weight, including an intracellular segment (amino acids 1-18), a transmembrane domain (amino acids 19-43), and an extensive extracellular domain (amino acids 44-750). Though the functions of the intracellular segment and the transmembrane domains are currently reported to be insignificant, the extracellular domain is involved in several distinct activities. For example, PSMA plays a role in the central nervous system, where it metabolizes N-acetyl-aspartyl glutamate (NAAG) into glutamic and N-acetyl aspartic acid. PSMA also plays a role in the proximal small intestine where it removes γ-linked glutamate from poly-γ-glutamated folate and α-linked glutamate from peptides and small molecules.
  • Though the particular function of PSMA on prostate cancer cells remains unresolved, PSMA is known to undergo rapid internalization into the cell, similar to cell surface bound receptors like vitamin receptors. PSMA is internalized through clathrin-coated pits and subsequently can either recycle to the cell surface or go to lysosomes. Accordingly, diagnostic, imaging, and therapeutic agents can be targeted to PSMA for delivery into PSMA expressing cells, such as prostate cancer cells.
  • It has been discovered herein that the compounds and compositions described herein are useful for targeting and delivering radionuclides for diagnosing and/or monitoring various diseases and disease states caused by pathogenic cell populations. In addition, it has been discovered that the compounds and compositions described herein are also useful for targeting and delivering radionuclides for treating various diseases and disease states caused by pathogenic cell populations in radiotherapy.
  • In one illustrative and non-limiting embodiment of the invention described herein, compounds and compositions described herein are used for diagnosing and/or monitoring, or treating various diseases and disease states caused by pathogenic cell populations. In another illustrative embodiment, methods are described herein for administering compounds and compositions described herein for diagnosing and/or monitoring, or treating various diseases and disease states caused by pathogenic cell populations. In another embodiment, uses of compounds and compositions are described herein for manufacturing medicaments for diagnosing and/or monitoring, or treating various diseases and disease states caused by pathogenic cell populations. In another embodiment, kits are described herein for preparing and/or using compounds and compositions described herein for diagnosing and/or monitoring, or treating various diseases and disease states caused by pathogenic cell populations.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1A shows a postmortem biodistribution study of 18F-AIF-QC07017 and 18F-AIF-QC07043 folate-NOTA-Al—18F conjugates in various tissues at 90 minutes post injection in nude mice bearing KB tumor xenografts. For each tissue, the histogram is in groups of 4 from left to right: 18F-AIF-QC07017, 18F-AIF-QC07017+excess folic acid, 18F-AIF-QC07043, 18F-AIF-QC07043+excess folic acid.
  • FIG. 1B shows a postmortem biodistribution study of 18F-AIF-QC07017 folate-NOTA-Al—18F conjugate in various tissues at 90 minutes post injection in nude mice bearing KB tumor xenografts or A549 tumor xenografts. It is to be understood that the vertical axis has been expanded and that the kidney data is truncated. For each tissue, the histogram is in groups of 4 from left to right: 18F-AIF-QC07017 against A549 tumor xenografts, 18F-AIF-QC07017+excess folic acid against A549 tumor xenografts, 18F-AIF-QC07017 against KB tumor xenografts, 18F-AIF-QC07017+excess folic acid against KB tumor xenografts.
  • FIG. 1C shows a postmortem biodistribution study of 18F-AIF-QC07043 folate-NOTA-Al—18F conjugate in various tissues at 90 minutes post injection in nude mice bearing KB tumor xenografts or A549 tumor xenografts. It is to be understood that the vertical axis has been expanded and that the kidney data is truncated. For each tissue, the histogram is in groups of 4 from left to right: 18F-AIF-QC07043 against A549 tumor xenografts, 18F-AIF-QC07043+excess folic acid against A549 tumor xenografts, 18F-AIF-QC07043 against KB tumor xenografts, 18F-AIF-QC07043+excess folic acid against KB tumor xenografts.
  • FIG. 2A shows a postmortem biodistribution study of 18F-AIF-QC07017 and 18F-AIF-QC07043 folate-NOTA-Al—18F conjugates, compared to 99mTc-EC20 in KB tumor xenograft tissues at 90 minutes post injection in nude mice. The histogram from left to right: 99mTc-EC20 against KB tumor xenografts, 99mTc-EC20+excess folic acid against KB tumor xenografts, 18F-AIF-QC07017 against KB tumor xenografts, 18F-AIF-QC07017+excess folic acid against KB tumor xenografts, 18F-AIF-QC07043 against KB tumor xenografts, 18F-AIF-QC07043+excess folic acid against KB tumor xenografts.
  • FIG. 2B shows a postmortem biodistribution study of 18F-AIF-QC07017 and 18F-AIF-QC07043 folate-NOTA-Al—18F conjugates, compared to 99mTc-EC20 in A549 tumor xenograft tissues at 90 minutes post injection in nude mice. The histogram from left to right: 99mTc-EC20 against A549 tumor xenografts, 99mTc-EC20+excess folic acid against A549 tumor xenografts, 18F-AIF-QC07017 against A549 tumor xenografts, 18F-AIF-QC07017+excess folic acid against A549 tumor xenografts, 18F-AIF-QC07043 against A549 tumor xenografts, 18F-AIF-QC07043+excess folic acid against A549 tumor xenografts.
    •  DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • In each of the foregoing and each of the following embodiments, it is to be understood that the formulae include and represent not only all pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds, but also include any and all hydrates and/or solvates of the compound formulae. It is appreciated that certain functional groups, such as the hydroxy, amino, and like groups form complexes and/or coordination compounds with water and/or various solvents, in the various physical forms of the compounds. Accordingly, the formulae described herein are to be understood to include and represent those various hydrates and/or solvates. It is also to be understood that the non-hydrates and/or non-solvates of the compound formulae are described by such formula, as well as the hydrates and/or solvates of the compound formulae.
  • As used herein, the term “composition” generally refers to any product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combinations of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts. It is to be understood that the compositions described herein may be prepared from isolated compounds described herein or from salts, solutions, hydrates, solvates, and other forms of the compounds described herein. It is appreciated that certain functional groups, such as the hydroxy, amino, and like groups form complexes and/or coordination compounds with water and/or various solvents, in the various physical forms of the compounds. It is also to be understood that the compositions may be prepared from various amorphous, non-amorphous, partially crystalline, crystalline, and/or other morphological forms of the compounds described herein. It is also to be understood that the compositions may be prepared from various hydrates and/or solvates of the compounds described herein. Accordingly, such pharmaceutical compositions that recite compounds described herein are to be understood to include each of, or any combination of, the various morphological forms and/or solvate or hydrate forms of the compounds described herein. In addition, it is to be understood that the compositions may be prepared from various co-crystals of the compounds described herein.
  • Illustratively, compositions may include one or more carriers, diluents, and/or excipients. The compounds described herein, or compositions containing them, may be formulated in a therapeutically effective amount in any conventional dosage forms appropriate for the methods described herein. The compounds described herein, or compositions containing them, including such formulations, may be administered by a wide variety of conventional routes for the methods described herein, and in a wide variety of dosage formats, utilizing known procedures (see generally, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, (21st ed., 2005)).
  • In each of the foregoing and each of the following embodiments, it is also to be understood that the formulae include and represent each possible isomer, such as stereoisomers and geometric isomers, both individually and in any and all possible mixtures. In each of the foregoing and each of the following embodiments, it is also to be understood that the formulae include and represent any and all crystalline forms, partially crystalline forms, and non crystalline and/or amorphous forms of the compounds.
  • Illustrative embodiments of the invention are described by the following clauses:
  • A conjugate of the formula

  • B-L-P
  • or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein B is a radical of a targeting agent selected from vitamin receptor binding ligands, PSMA binding ligands, and PSMA inhibitors, L is a divalent linker, and P is a radical of an imaging agent or radiotherapy agent, such as a radionuclide or radionuclide containing group, or a precursor thereof, or a radical of a compound capable of binding a radionuclide or radionuclide containing group, such as a metal chelating group.
  • The conjugate of the preceding clause wherein the targeting agent is a radical of a folate receptor binding ligand.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the targeting agent is a radical of a folic acid.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising folate-Asp.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising folate-Asp-Arg.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising folate-Arg.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises a polypeptide.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises a polypeptide comprising lysine, arginine, or aspartic acid, or a combination thereof.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises a lysine.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises Lys.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises Arg-Lys.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises Arg-Arg-Lys.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises Asp-Arg-Arg-Lys.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker does not include a polyamine radical, such as a polyamine diradical of the formula NH—(CH2)2—NH.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein P comprises the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00001
  • or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00002
  • or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising folate-PEG.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising folate-PEG2.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising folate-PEG6.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising folate-PEG12.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises [(CH2)2O]n, [(CH2)2O]n—(CH2)2—C(O), [(CH2)2O]n—(CH2)2—C(O)NH, [(CH2)2O]n—(CH2)2—C(O)NH—(CH2)2, [(CH2)2O]2—(CH2)n—C(O)NH—(CH2)2NH, where n is an integer from 1 to about 12.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises [(CH2)2O]2, [(CH2)2O]6, or [(CH2)2O]12.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises (CH2)2O—(CH2)2—C(O), [(CH2)2O]2—(CH2)2—C(O), [(CH2)2O]6—(CH2)2—C(O), or [(CH2)2O]12—(CH2)2—C(O).
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises (CH2)2O—(CH2)2—C(O)NH, [(CH2)2O]2—(CH2)2—C(O)NH, [(CH2)2O]6—(CH2)2—C(O)NH, or [(CH2)2O]12—(CH2)2—C(O)NH.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises (CH2)2O—(CH2)2—C(O)NH—(CH2)2, [(CH2)2O]2—(CH2)2—C(O)NH—(CH2)2, [(CH2)2O]6—(CH2)2—C(O)NH—(CH2)2, or [(CH2)2O]12—(CH2)2—C(O)NH—(CH2)2.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises (CH2)2O—(CH2)2—C(O)NH—(CH2)2NH, [(CH2)2O]2—(CH2)2—C(O)NH—(CH2)2NH, [(CH2)2O]6—(CH2)2—C(O)NH—(CH2)2NH, or [(CH2)2O]12—(CH2)2—C(O)NH—(CH2)2NH.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises NH[(CH2)2O]n, NH[(CH2)2O]n—(CH2)2—C(O), NH[(CH2)2O]n—(CH2)2—C(O)NH, NH[(CH2)2O]n—(CH2)2—C(O)NH—(CH2)2, NH[(CH2)2O]n—(CH2)2—C(O)NH—(CH2)2NH, where n is an integer from 1 to about 12.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises NH(CH2)2O, NH[(CH2)2O]2, NH[(CH2)2O]6, NH[(CH2)2O]12.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises NH(CH2)2O—(CH2)2—C(O), NH[(CH2)2O]2—(CH2)2—C(O), NH[(CH2)2O]6—(CH2)2—C(O), or NH[(CH2)2O]12—(CH2)2—C(O).
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises NH(CH2)2O—(CH2)2—C(O)NH, NH[(CH2)2O]2—(CH2)2—C(O)NH, NH[(CH2)2O]6—(CH2)2—C(O)NH, or NH[(CH2)2O]12—(CH2)2—C(O)NH.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises NH(CH2)2O—(CH2)2—C(O)NH—(CH2)2, NH[(CH2)2O]2—(CH2)2—C(O)NH—(CH2)2, NH[(CH2)2O]6—(CH2)2—C(O)NH—(CH2)2, or NH[(CH2)2O]12—(CH2)2—C(O)NH—(CH2)2.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises NH(CH2)2O—(CH2)2—C(O)NH—(CH2)2NH, NH[(CH2)2O]2—(CH2)2—C(O)NH—(CH2)2NH, NH[(CH2)2O]6—(CH2)2—C(O)NH—(CH2)2NH, or NH[(CH2)2O]12—(CH2)2—C(O)NH—(CH2)2NH.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises NH[(CH2)2O]n—(CH2)2NH, where n is an integer from 1 to about 12.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises NH(CH2)2O—(CH2)2NH, NH[(CH2)2O]2—(CH2)2NH, NH[(CH2)2O]6—(CH2)2NH, or NH[(CH2)2O]12—(CH2)2NH.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises NH[(CH2)2O]n—(CH2)2NH—C(O)—(CH2)2—C(O), where n is an integer from 1 to about 12.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises NH(CH2)2O—(CH2)2NH—C(O)—(CH2)2—C(O), NH[(CH2)2O]2—(CH2)2NH—C(O)—(CH2)2—C(O), NH[(CH2)2O]6—(CH2)2NH—C(O)—(CH2)2—C(O), or NH[(CH2)2O]12—(CH2)2NH—C(O)—(CH2)2—C(O).
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00003
  • or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses where P comprises the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00004
  • or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00005
  • or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the targeting agent is a radical of a PSMA binding ligand or PSMA inhibitor.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the targeting agent is a radical of a PSMA inhibitor.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00006
  • wherein n is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; or
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00007
  • wherein n is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; or
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00008
  • where W is O or S.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises a polypeptide.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises a polypeptide comprising phenylalanine, lysine, arginine, or aspartic acid, or a combination thereof.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises a lysine.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises Lys.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises Arg-Lys.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises Asp-Arg-Lys.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises Arg-Asp-Arg.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises Arg-Asp-Arg-Lys.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises Phe-Arg-Asp.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises Phe-Arg-Asp-Arg.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises Phe-Arg-Asp-Arg-Lys.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises Phe-Phe-Arg.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises Phe-Phe-Arg-Asp.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises Phe-Phe-Arg-Asp-Arg.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises Phe-Phe-Arg-Asp-Arg-Lys.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the radical of the radionuclide or radionuclide containing group, or precursor thereof, or compound capable of binding a radionuclide or radionuclide containing group comprises a radical of NOTA.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein P comprises the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00009
  • or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00010
  • or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00011
  • wherein n is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00012
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00013
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00014
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linker comprises the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00015
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein one or more of the phenylalanines is L-phenylalanine.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00016
  • or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses where P comprises the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00017
  • or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00018
  • or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the radionuclide is a positron emitting radionuclide.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the radionuclide is a metal ion.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the radionuclide is a metal salt.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising an aluminum halide, such as an aluminum fluoride, aluminum chloride, aluminum bromide, or aluminum iodide.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising an aluminum fluoride.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising an aluminum 18F-fluoride.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising an aluminum iodide.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising an aluminum 125I-iodide.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising a gallium ion.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising a 66Ga ion.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising a 68Ga ion.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising a zirconium ion.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising a 89Zr ion.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising a copper ion.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising a 64Cu ion.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the radionuclide is a radiotherapy agent, such as iodine, including 131I, lutetium, including 177Lu, yttrium, including 90Y, strontium, including 89Sr, samarium, including 153Sm, and the like, or a radiotherapy agent containing group.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising a lutetium ion, such as a 177Lu ion.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising a yttrium ion, such as a 90Y ion.
  • A conjugate of the formulae
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00019
  • or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • A conjugate of the formulae
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00020
  • or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • A conjugate of the formulae
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00021
  • or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • A conjugate of the formulae
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00022
  • or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein P comprises the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00023
  • wherein X− is the conjugate base of an acid, such as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00024
  • where X− is a conjugate base of an acid, such as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein P comprises the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00025
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein P comprises the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00026
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00027
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising the formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00028
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses wherein P comprises the formula *NH—C(CH2OH)3.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising a boron fluoride.
  • The conjugate of any one of the preceding clauses comprising a boron 18F-fluoride.
  • A pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses, in combination with one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof.
  • A unit dose or unit dosage form composition comprising a diagnostically effective amount of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses, optionally in combination with one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof for diagnosing and/or monitoring a pathogenic cell population, such as a cancer or inflammatory disease.
  • A unit dose or unit dosage form composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses, optionally in combination with one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof for treating a pathogenic cell population, such as a cancer or inflammatory disease.
  • A composition for diagnosing and/or monitoring a disease or disease state caused at least in part by a pathogenic cell population, such as a cancer or inflammatory disease, in a host animal, the composition comprising a diagnostically effective amount of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses; or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a diagnostically effective amount of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses, optionally further comprising one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof.
  • A composition for treating a disease or disease state caused at least in part by a pathogenic cell population, such as a cancer or inflammatory disease, in a host animal, the composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses; or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses, optionally further comprising one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof.
  • A method for diagnosing and/or monitoring a disease or disease state caused at least in part by a pathogenic cell population, such as a cancer or inflammatory disease, in a host animal, the method comprising the step of administering to the host animal a diagnostically effective amount of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses; or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a diagnostically effective amount of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses, optionally further comprising one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof.
  • A method for treating a disease or disease state caused at least in part by a pathogenic cell population, such as a cancer or inflammatory disease, in a host animal, the method comprising the step of administering to the host animal a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses; or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses, optionally further comprising one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof.
  • Use of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses; or a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses, optionally further comprising one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for diagnosing and/or monitoring a disease or disease state caused at least in part by a pathogenic cell population, such as a cancer or inflammatory disease, in a host animal.
  • Use of one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses; or a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses, optionally further comprising one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease or disease state caused at least in part by a pathogenic cell population, such as a cancer or inflammatory disease, in a host animal.
  • A kit comprising one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, optionally further comprising one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof; an optional solvent; an optional reaction container, and a set of instructions for preparing one or more radionuclides and combining the one or more radionuclides with the one or more of the conjugates to prepare an imaging agent, diagnostic agent, or therapeutic agent.
  • A kit comprising one or more of the conjugates of any one of the preceding clauses, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, optionally further comprising one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof; an optional solvent; an optional reaction container, and a set of instructions for preparing one or more radionuclides and combining the one or more radionuclides with the one or more of the conjugates to prepare an imaging agent, diagnostic agent, or therapeutic agent.
  • It is to be understood that in each instance where a compound or chemical formula includes an atom or locus that is marked with or includes a (*), the (*) indicates that the compound or chemical formula is a radical having an open valence at that atom or locus, and that atom or locus is the location for attachment of another radical.
  • In another illustrative embodiment, the conjugate, composition, unit dose, method, use, or kit of any other embodiment described herein comprises a compound of formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00029
  • or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal; or a radical of the foregoing, where each R is in each instance independently selected to form a carboxylic acid or salt thereof, ester, or amide, and R1, R2, and R3, are each independently selected from hydrogen, and alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
  • In another illustrative embodiment, the conjugate, composition, unit dose, method, use, or kit of any other embodiment described herein comprises 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal; or a radical of the foregoing.
  • In another illustrative embodiment, the conjugate, composition, unit dose, method, use, or kit of any other embodiment described herein comprises a compound of formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00030
  • or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal; or a radical of the foregoing, where each R is in each instance independently selected to form a carboxylic acid or salt thereof, ester, or amide, and R1, R2, and R3, are each independently selected from hydrogen, and alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, such as the following illustrative compounds:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00031
    R1 R2
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00032
         		H
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00033
         		H
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00034
         		H
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00035
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00036
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00037
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00038
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00039
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00040
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00041
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00042
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00043
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00044
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00045
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00046

    or a carboxylic acid salt or carboxamide derivative (CONH2) thereof, or a radical of any of the foregoing; or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
  • In another illustrative embodiment, the conjugate, composition, unit dose, method, use, or kit of any other embodiment described herein comprises a compound of formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00047
  • or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal; or a radical of the foregoing, where R4 and R5 are selected from hydrogen, and alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, such as the following illustrative compounds:
  • R4 R5
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00048
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00049
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00050
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00051

    or a carboxylic acid salt or carboxamide derivative (CONH2) thereof, or a radical of any of the foregoing; or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
  • In another illustrative embodiment, the conjugate, composition, unit dose, method, use, or kit of any other embodiment described herein comprises a compound of formula
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00052
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00053
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00054
  • or a carboxylic acid salt or carboxamide derivative (CONH2) thereof, or a radical of any of the foregoing; or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
  • In another illustrative embodiment, the conjugate, composition, unit dose, method, use, or kit of any other embodiment described herein comprises a compound selected from the formulae
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00055
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00056
  • or a carboxylic acid salt or carboxamide derivative (CONH2) thereof, or a radical of any of the foregoing, where n is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
  • As used herein the term “radical” generally refers to an open valence compound or chemical fragment that results after the removal of a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group from a carboxylic acid. For example, the following radicals may be formed from L-NETA
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00057
  • where each (*) atom is an open valence for attachment to a linker and/or targeting agent.
  • It is to be understood that the foregoing compounds and radicals thereof, may be further functionalized to attach reactive groups for the subsequent attachment of linkers and/or targeting groups. Illustratively, the following reactive intermediates are described herein
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00058
  • where n is 0 or 1, and NX is
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00059
  • and the like.
  • It is to be understood that the following compounds, and metal chelates thereof, are not conjugates of the invention:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00060
  • where n is 1 or 3.
  • The compounds described herein may contain one or more chiral centers, or may otherwise be capable of existing as multiple stereoisomers. It is to be understood that in one embodiment, the invention described herein is not limited to any particular sterochemical requirement, and that the compounds, and compositions, methods, uses, and medicaments that include them may be optically pure, or may be any of a variety of stereoisomeric mixtures, including racemic and other mixtures of enantiomers, other mixtures of diastereomers, and the like. It is also to be understood that such mixtures of stereoisomers may include a single stereochemical configuration at one or more chiral centers, while including mixtures of stereochemical configuration at one or more other chiral centers.
  • Similarly, the compounds described herein may include geometric centers, such as cis, trans, E, and Z double bonds. It is to be understood that in another embodiment, the invention described herein is not limited to any particular geometric isomer requirement, and that the compounds, and compositions, methods, uses, and medicaments that include them may be pure, or may be any of a variety of geometric isomer mixtures. It is also to be understood that such mixtures of geometric isomers may include a single configuration at one or more double bonds, while including mixtures of geometry at one or more other double bonds.
  • As used herein, the term “alkyl” includes a chain of carbon atoms, which is optionally branched. As used herein, the terms “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” each include a chain of carbon atoms, which is optionally branched, and include at least one double bond or triple bond, respectively. It is to be understood that alkynyl may also include one or more double bonds. It is to be further understood that in certain embodiments, alkyl is advantageously of limited length, including C1-C24, C1-C12, C1-C8, C1-C6, and C1-C4. Illustratively, such particularly limited length alkyl groups, including C1-C8, C1-C6, and C1-C4 may be referred to as lower alkyl. It is to be further understood that in certain embodiments alkenyl and/or alkynyl may each be advantageously of limited length, including C2-C24, C2-C12, C2-C8, C2-C6, and C2-C4. Illustratively, such particularly limited length alkenyl and/or alkynyl groups, including C2-C8, C2-C6, and C2-C4 may be referred to as lower alkenyl and/or alkynyl. It is appreciated herein that shorter alkyl, alkenyl, and/or alkynyl groups may add less lipophilicity to the compound and accordingly will have different pharmacokinetic behavior. In embodiments of the invention described herein, it is to be understood, in each case, that the recitation of alkyl refers to alkyl as defined herein, and optionally lower alkyl. In embodiments of the invention described herein, it is to be understood, in each case, that the recitation of alkenyl refers to alkenyl as defined herein, and optionally lower alkenyl. In embodiments of the invention described herein, it is to be understood, in each case, that the recitation of alkynyl refers to alkynyl as defined herein, and optionally lower alkynyl. Illustrative alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups are, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, and the like, and the corresponding groups containing one or more double and/or triple bonds, or a combination thereof.
  • As used herein, the term “alkylene” includes a divalent chain of carbon atoms, which is optionally branched. As used herein, the term “alkenylene” and “alkynylene” includes a divalent chain of carbon atoms, which is optionally branched, and includes at least one double bond or triple bond, respectively. It is to be understood that alkynylene may also include one or more double bonds. It is to be further understood that in certain embodiments, alkylene is advantageously of limited length, including C1-C24, C1-C12, C1-C8, C1-C6, and C1-C4. Illustratively, such particularly limited length alkylene groups, including C1-C8, C1-C6, and C1-C4 may be referred to as lower alkylene. It is to be further understood that in certain embodiments alkenylene and/or alkynylene may each be advantageously of limited length, including C2-C24, C2-C12, C2-C8, C2-C6, and C2-C4. Illustratively, such particularly limited length alkenylene and/or alkynylene groups, including C2-C8, C2-C6, and C2-C4 may be referred to as lower alkenylene and/or alkynylene. It is appreciated herein that shorter alkylene, alkenylene, and/or alkynylene groups may add less lipophilicity to the compound and accordingly will have different pharmacokinetic behavior. In embodiments of the invention described herein, it is to be understood, in each case, that the recitation of alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene refers to alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene as defined herein, and optionally lower alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene. Illustrative alkyl groups are, but not limited to, methylene, ethylene, n-propylene, isopropylene, n-butylene, isobutylene, sec-butylene, pentylene, 1,2-pentylene, 1,3-pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, octylene, and the like.
  • As used herein, the term “linker” includes is a chain of atoms that connects two or more functional parts of a molecule to form a conjugate. Illustratively, the chain of atoms is selected from C, N, O, S, Si, and P, or C, N, O, S, and P, or C, N, O, and S. The chain of atoms covalently connects different functional capabilities of the conjugate, such as targeting agents, drugs, diagnostic agents, imaging agents, and the like. The linker may have a wide variety of lengths, such as in the range from about 2 to about 100 atoms in the contiguous backbone. The atoms used in forming the linker may be combined in all chemically relevant ways, such as chains of carbon atoms forming alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene groups, and the like; chains of carbon and oxygen atoms forming ethers, polyoxyalkylene groups, or when combined with carbonyl groups forming esters and carbonates, and the like; chains of carbon and nitrogen atoms forming amines, imines, polyamines, hydrazines, hydrazones, or when combined with carbonyl groups forming amides, ureas, semicarbazides, carbazides, and the like; chains of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms forming alkoxyamines, alkoxylamines, or when combined with carbonyl groups forming urethanes, amino acids, acyloxylamines, hydroxamic acids, and the like; and many others. In addition, it is to be understood that the atoms forming the chain in each of the foregoing illustrative embodiments may be either saturated or unsaturated, thus forming single, double, or triple bonds, such that for example, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, imines, and the like may be radicals that are included in the linker. In addition, it is to be understood that the atoms forming the linker may also be cyclized upon each other or be part of cyclic structure to form divalent cyclic structures that form the linker, including cyclo alkanes, cyclic ethers, cyclic amines, and other heterocycles, arylenes, heteroarylenes, and the like in the linker. In this latter arrangement, it is to be understood that the linker length may be defined by any pathway through the one or more cyclic structures. Illustratively, the linker length is defined by the shortest pathway through the each one of the cyclic structures. It is to be understood that the linkers may be optionally substituted at any one or more of the open valences along the chain of atoms, such as optional substituents on any of the carbon, nitrogen, silicon, or phosphorus atoms. It is also to be understood that the linker may connect the two or more functional parts of a molecule to form a conjugate at any open valence, and it is not necessary that any of the two or more functional parts of a molecule forming the conjugate are attached at any apparent end of the linker.
  • As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” includes a chain of carbon atoms, which is optionally branched, where at least a portion of the chain in cyclic. It is to be understood that cycloalkylalkyl is a subset of cycloalkyl. It is to be understood that cycloalkyl may be polycyclic. Illustrative cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 2-methylcyclopropyl, cyclopentyleth-2-yl, adamantyl, and the like. As used herein, the term “cycloalkenyl” includes a chain of carbon atoms, which is optionally branched, and includes at least one double bond, where at least a portion of the chain in cyclic. It is to be understood that the one or more double bonds may be in the cyclic portion of cycloalkenyl and/or the non-cyclic portion of cycloalkenyl. It is to be understood that cycloalkenylalkyl and cycloalkylalkenyl are each subsets of cycloalkenyl. It is to be understood that cycloalkyl may be polycyclic. Illustrative cycloalkenyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexylethen-2-yl, cycloheptenylpropenyl, and the like. It is to be further understood that chain forming cycloalkyl and/or cycloalkenyl is advantageously of limited length, including C3-C24, C3-C12, C3-C8, C3-C6, and C5-C6. It is appreciated herein that shorter alkyl and/or alkenyl chains forming cycloalkyl and/or cycloalkenyl, respectively, may add less lipophilicity to the compound and accordingly will have different pharmacokinetic behavior.
  • As used herein, the term “heteroalkyl” includes a chain of atoms that includes both carbon and at least one heteroatom, and is optionally branched. Illustrative heteroatoms include nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In certain variations, illustrative heteroatoms also include phosphorus, and selenium. As used herein, the term “cycloheteroalkyl” including heterocyclyl and heterocycle, includes a chain of atoms that includes both carbon and at least one heteroatom, such as heteroalkyl, and is optionally branched, where at least a portion of the chain is cyclic. Illustrative heteroatoms include nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In certain variations, illustrative heteroatoms also include phosphorus, and selenium. Illustrative cycloheteroalkyl include, but are not limited to, tetrahydrofuryl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, quinuclidinyl, and the like.
  • As used herein, the term “aryl” includes monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic carbocyclic groups, each of which may be optionally substituted. Illustrative aromatic carbocyclic groups described herein include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, and the like. As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” includes aromatic heterocyclic groups, each of which may be optionally substituted. Illustrative aromatic heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, and the like.
  • The term “optionally substituted” as used herein includes the replacement of hydrogen atoms with other functional groups on the radical that is optionally substituted. Such other functional groups illustratively include, but are not limited to, amino, hydroxyl, halo, thiol, alkyl, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylheteroalkyl, nitro, sulfonic acids and derivatives thereof, carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof, and the like. Illustratively, any of amino, hydroxyl, thiol, alkyl, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylheteroalkyl, and/or sulfonic acid is optionally substituted.
  • As used herein, the terms “optionally substituted aryl” and “optionally substituted heteroaryl” include the replacement of hydrogen atoms with other functional groups on the aryl or heteroaryl that is optionally substituted. Such other functional groups, also referred to herein as aryl subsituents, illustratively include, but are not limited to, amino, hydroxy, halo, thio, alkyl, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylheteroalkyl, nitro, sulfonic acids and derivatives thereof, carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof, and the like. Illustratively, any of amino, hydroxy, thio, alkyl, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylheteroalkyl, and/or sulfonic acid is optionally substituted.
  • Illustrative substituents include, but are not limited to, a radical —(CH2)xZX, where x is an integer from 0-6 and ZX is selected from halogen, hydroxy, alkanoyloxy, including C1-C6 alkanoyloxy, optionally substituted aroyloxy, alkyl, including C1-C6 alkyl, alkoxy, including C1-C6 alkoxy, cycloalkyl, including C3-C8 cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, including C3-C8 cycloalkoxy, alkenyl, including C2-C6 alkenyl, alkynyl, including C2-C6 alkynyl, haloalkyl, including C1-C6 haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, including C1-C6 haloalkoxy, halocycloalkyl, including C3-C8 halocycloalkyl, halocycloalkoxy, including C3-C8 halocycloalkoxy, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, (C1-C6 alkyl)(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, alkylcarbonylamino, N—(C1-C6 alkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, aminoalkyl, C1-C6 alkylaminoalkyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)(C1-C6 alkyl)aminoalkyl, alkylcarbonylaminoalkyl, N—(C1-C6 alkyl)alkylcarbonylaminoalkyl, cyano, and nitro; or ZX is selected from —CO2R4 and —CONR5R6, where R4, R5, and R6 are each independently selected in each occurrence from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, aryl-C1-C6 alkyl, and heteroaryl-C1-C6 alkyl.
  • It is to be understood that in every instance disclosed herein, the recitation of a range of integers for any variable describes the recited range, every individual member in the range, and every possible subrange for that variable. For example, the recitation that n is an integer from 0 to 8, describes that range, the individual and selectable values of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, such as n is 0, or n is 1, or n is 2, etc. In addition, the recitation that n is an integer from 0 to 8 also describes each and every subrange, each of which may for the basis of a further embodiment, such as n is an integer from 1 to 8, from 1 to 7, from 1 to 6, from 2 to 8, from 2 to 7, from 1 to 3, from 2 to 4, etc.
  • As used herein, the term “composition” generally refers to any product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combinations of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts. It is to be understood that the compositions described herein may be prepared from isolated compounds described herein or from salts, solutions, hydrates, solvates, and other forms of the compounds described herein. It is appreciated that certain functional groups, such as the hydroxy, amino, and like groups form complexes and/or coordination compounds with water and/or various solvents, in the various physical forms of the compounds. It is also to be understood that the compositions may be prepared from various amorphous, non-amorphous, partially crystalline, crystalline, and/or other morphological forms of the compounds described herein. It is also to be understood that the compositions may be prepared from various hydrates and/or solvates of the compounds described herein. Accordingly, such pharmaceutical compositions that recite compounds described herein are to be understood to include each of, or any combination of, the various morphological forms and/or solvate or hydrate forms of the compounds described herein.
  • Illustratively, compositions may include one or more carriers, diluents, and/or excipients. The compounds described herein, or compositions containing them, may be formulated in a diagnostically or therapeutically effective amount in any conventional dosage forms appropriate for the methods described herein. The compounds described herein, or compositions containing them, including such formulations, may be administered by a wide variety of conventional routes for the methods described herein, and in a wide variety of dosage formats, utilizing known procedures (see generally, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, (21st ed., 2005)).
  • The term “diagnostically effective amount” as used herein, refers to that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes diagnosis and/or monitoring of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated. Illustrative diagnostically effective amounts of the conjugate to be administered to the host animal include about 1 pg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, 1 ng/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or from about 10 μg/kg to about 1 mg/kg, or from about 100 μg/kg to about 500 μg/kg.
  • The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein, refers to that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated. In one aspect, the therapeutically effective amount is that which may treat or alleviate the disease or symptoms of the disease at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. However, it is to be understood that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions described herein may be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific therapeutically-effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, gender and diet of the patient: the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidentally with the specific compound employed; and like factors well known to the researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician of ordinary skill. Illustrative therapeutically effective amounts of the conjugate to be administered to the host animal include about 1 pg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, 1 ng/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or from about 10 μg/kg to about 1 mg/kg, or from about 100 μg/kg to about 500 μg/kg.
  • The term “administering” as used herein includes all means of introducing the compounds and compositions described herein to the host animal, including, but are not limited to, oral (po), intravenous (iv), intramuscular (im), subcutaneous (sc), transdermal, inhalation, buccal, ocular, sublingual, vaginal, rectal, and the like. The compounds and compositions described herein may be administered in unit dosage forms and/or formulations containing conventional nontoxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants, and/or vehicles.
  • As used herein, the term “amino acid” refers generally to beta, gamma, and longer amino acids, such as amino acids of the formula:

  • —N(R)—(CR′R″)q—C(O)—
  • where R is hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, or a suitable nitrogen protecting group, R′ and R″ are hydrogen or a substituent, each of which is independently selected in each occurrence, and q is an integer such as 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. Illustratively, R′ and/or R″ independently correspond to, but are not limited to, hydrogen or the side chains present on naturally occurring amino acids, such as methyl, benzyl, hydroxymethyl, thiomethyl, carboxyl, carboxylmethyl, guanidinopropyl, and the like, and derivatives and protected derivatives thereof. The above described formula includes all stereoisomeric variations. For example, the amino acid may be selected from alanine, aspartic acid, asparagine, cysteine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and ornithine, and the like.
  • It is to be understood that in every instance disclosed herein, the recitation of a range of integers for any variable describes the recited range, every individual member in the range, and every possible subrange for that variable. For example, the recitation that n is an integer from 0 to 8, describes that range, the individual and selectable values of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, such as n is 0, or n is 1, or n is 2, etc. In addition, the recitation that n is an integer from 0 to 8 also describes each and every subrange, each of which may for the basis of a further embodiment, such as n is an integer from 1 to 8, from 1 to 7, from 1 to 6, from 2 to 8, from 2 to 7, from 1 to 3, from 2 to 4, etc.
  • In another embodiment, the linkers described herein include a polyether, such as the linkers of the following formulae:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00061
  • where m is an integer independently selected in each instance from 1 to about 8; p is an integer selected from 1 to about 10; and n is an integer independently selected in each instance from 1 to about 3. In one aspect, m is independently in each instance 1 to about 3. In another aspect, n is 1 in each instance. In another aspect, p is independently in each instance about 4 to about 6. Illustratively, the corresponding polypropylene polyethers corresponding to the foregoing are described herein and may be included in the conjugates as linkers. In addition, it is appreciated that mixed polyethylene and polypropylene polyethers may be included in the conjugates as linkers. Further, cyclic variations of the foregoing polyether compounds, such as those that include tetrahydrofuranyl, 1,3-dioxanes, 1,4-dioxanes, and the like are described herein.
  • In another embodiment, the linkers described herein include a plurality of hydroxyl functional groups, such as linkers that incorporate monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and the like. It is to be understood that the polyhydroxyl containing linkers comprise a plurality of —(CROH)— groups, where R is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • In another embodiment, the linkers include one or more of the following diradicals:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00062
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00063
  • wherein R is H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or arylalkyl; m is an integer from 1 to about 3; n1 is an integer from 1 to about 5, or n1 is an integer from 2 to about 5, p is an integer from 1 to about 5, and r is an integer selected from 1 to about 3. In one aspect, the integer n is 3 or 4. In another aspect, the integer p is 3 or 4. In another aspect, the integer r is 1.
  • In another embodiment, the linkers include one or more of the following diradicals:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00064
  • wherein R is H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or arylalkyl; m is an integer from 1 to about 3; n is an integer from 1 to about 5, or from 2 to about 5, p is an integer from 1 to about 5, and r is an integer selected from 1 to about 3. In one aspect, the integer n is 3 or 4. In another aspect, the integer p is 3 or 4. In another aspect, the integer r is 1.
  • In another embodiment, the linker includes one or more of the following cyclic polyhydroxyl groups:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00065
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00066
  • wherein n is an integer from 2 to about 5, p is an integer from 1 to about 5, and each r is an independently selected integer from 1 to about 4. In one aspect, the integer n is 3 or 4. In another aspect, the integer p is 3 or 4. In another aspect, each integer r is independently 2 or 3. It is understood that all stereochemical forms of such sections of the linkers are described herein. For example, in the above formula, the section may be derived from ribose, xylose, glucose, mannose, galactose, or other sugar and retain the stereochemical arrangements of pendant hydroxyl and alkyl groups present on those molecules. In addition, it is to be understood that in the foregoing formulae, various deoxy compounds are also described. Illustratively, compounds of the following formulae are described:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00067
  • wherein n is equal to or less than r, such as when r is 2 or 3, n is 1 or 2, or 1, 2, or 3, respectively.
  • In another embodiment, the linker includes a polyhydroxyl compound of the following formula:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00068
  • wherein n and r are each an integer selected from 1 to about 3. In one aspect, the linker includes one or more polyhydroxyl compounds of the following formulae:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00069
  • It is understood that all stereochemical forms of such sections of the linkers are described herein. For example, in the above formula, the section may be derived from ribose, xylose, glucose, mannose, galactose, or other sugar and retain the stereochemical arrangements of pendant hydroxyl and alkyl groups present on those molecules.
  • In another configuration, the linkers L described herein include polyhydroxyl groups that are spaced away from the backbone of the linker. In one embodiment, such carbohydrate groups or polyhydroxyl groups are connected to the back bone by a triazole group, forming triazole-linked linkers. Illustratively, such linkers include diradicals of the following formulae:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00070
  • wherein n, m, and r are integers and are each independently selected in each instance from 1 to about 5. In one illustrative aspect, m is independently 2 or 3 in each instance. In another aspect, r is 1 in each instance. In another aspect, n is 1 in each instance. In one variation, the group connecting the polyhydroxyl group to the backbone of the linker is a different heteroaryl group, including but not limited to, pyrrole, pyrazole, 1,2,4-triazole, furan, oxazole, isoxazole, thienyl, thiazole, isothiazole, oxadiazole, and the like. Similarly, divalent 6-membered ring heteroaryl groups are described. Other variations of the foregoing illustrative linkers include oxyalkylene groups, such as the following formulae:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00071
  • wherein n and r are integers and are each independently selected in each instance from 1 to about 5; and p is an integer selected from 1 to about 4.
  • In another embodiment, such carbohydrate groups or polyhydroxyl groups are connected to the back bone by an amide group, forming amide-linked linkers. Illustratively, such linkers include diradicals of the following formulae:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00072
  • wherein each n is an independently selected integer from 1 to about 3, and m is an independently selected integer from 1 to about 22. In one illustrative aspect, each n is independently 1 or 2. In another illustrative aspect, m is selected from about 6 to about 10, illustratively 8. In one variation, the group connecting the polyhydroxyl group to the backbone of the linker is a different functional group, including but not limited to, esters, ureas, carbamates, acylhydrazones, and the like. Similarly, cyclic variations are described. Other variations of the foregoing illustrative linkers include oxyalkylene groups, such as the following formulae:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00073
  • wherein n is in each instance an independently selected integer from 1 to about 5; and p is an integer selected from 1 to about 4.
  • In another embodiment, the linkers include one or more of the following diradicals:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00074
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00075
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00076
  • wherein R is H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or arylalkyl; each m is an independently selected integer from 1 to about 3; each n is an independently selected integer from 1 to about 6, p is an integer from 1 to about 5, and r is an integer selected from 1 to about 3. In one variation, each n is independently 3 or 4. In another variation, the integer p is 3 or 4. In another variation, the integer r is 1.
  • In another embodiment, the linkers include one or more of the following diradicals:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00077
  • wherein R is H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or arylalkyl; each m is an independently selected integer from 1 to about 3; each n is an independently selected integer from 2 to about 6, p is an integer from 1 to about 5, and r is an integer selected from 1 to about 3. In one variation, each n is independently 3 or 4. In another variation, the integer p is 3 or 4. In another variation, the integer r is 1.
  • In another embodiment, the linkers include one or more of the following diradicals:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00078
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00079
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00080
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00081
  • wherein each m is an independently selected integer from 1 to about 3; each n is an independently selected integer from 1 to about 6, p is an integer from 1 to about 5, and r is an integer selected from 1 to about 3. In one variation, each n is independently 3 or 4. In another variation, the integer p is 3 or 4. In another variation, the integer r is 1.
  • In another embodiment, the linkers include one or more of the following diradicals:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00082
  • wherein each m is an independently selected integer from 1 to about 3; each n is an independently selected integer from 2 to about 6, p is an integer from 1 to about 5, and r is an integer selected from 1 to about 3. In one variation, each n is independently 3 or 4. In another variation, the integer p is 3 or 4. In another variation, the integer r is 1.
  • In another embodiment, the linkers include one or more of the following diradicals:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00083
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00084
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00085
  • wherein each m is an independently selected integer from 1 to about 3, p is an integer from 1 to about 5, and r is an integer selected from 1 to about 3. In another variation, the integer p is 3 or 4. In another variation, the integer r is 1.
  • In another embodiment, the linker is a combination of backbone and branching side motifs such as is illustrated by the following formulae
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00086
  • wherein n is an integer independently selected in each instance from 0 to about 3. The above formula are intended to represent 4, 5, 6, and even larger membered cyclic sugars. In addition, it is to be understood that the above formula may be modified to represent deoxy sugars, where one or more of the hydroxy groups present on the formulae are replaced by hydrogen, alkyl, or amino. In addition, it is to be understood that the corresponding carbonyl compounds are described by the above formulae, where one or more of the hydroxyl groups is oxidized to the corresponding carbonyl. In addition, in this illustrative embodiment, the pyranose includes both carboxyl and amino functional groups and (a) can be inserted into the backbone and (b) can provide synthetic handles for branching side chains in variations of this embodiment. Any of the pendant hydroxyl groups may be used to attach other chemical radicals, including additional sugars to prepare the corresponding oligosaccharides. Other variations of this embodiment are also described, including inserting the pyranose or other sugar into the backbone at a single carbon, i.e. a spiro arrangement, at a geminal pair of carbons, and like arrangements. For example, one or two ends of the linker, or the agent P, or the ligand B may be connected to the sugar to be inserted into the backbone in a 1,1; 1,2; 1,3; 1,4; 2,3, or other arrangement.
  • In another embodiment, the linkers include one or more amino groups of the following formulae:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00087
  • where each n is an integer independently selected in each instance from 1 to about 3. In one aspect, the each n is independently 1 or 2 in each instance. In another aspect, the integer n is 1 in each instance.
  • In another embodiment, the linker is a sulfuric acid ester, such as an alkyl ester of sulfuric acid. Illustratively, the linker is of the following formula:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00088
  • where each n is an integer independently selected in each instance from 1 to about 3. Illustratively, each n is independently 1 or 2 in each instance.
  • It is understood, that in such polyhydroxyl, polyamino, carboxylic acid, sulfuric acid, and like linkers that include free hydrogens bound to heteroatoms, one or more of those free hydrogen atoms may be protected with the appropriate hydroxyl, amino, or acid protecting group, respectively, or alternatively may be blocked as the corresponding pro-drugs, the latter of which are selected for the particular use, such as pro-drugs that release the parent drug under general or specific physiological conditions.
  • It is to be understood that in each of the foregoing illustrative examples, the stereochemical configurations shown herein are merely illustrative, and other stereochemical configurations are described. For example in one variation, the corresponding unnatural amino acid configurations may be included in the conjugated described herein as follows:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00089
  • wherein each n is an independently selected integer from 2 to about 5, p is an integer from 1 to about 5, and r is an integer from 1 to about 4, as described above.
  • It is to be further understood that in the foregoing embodiments, open positions, such as (*) atoms are locations for attachment of the targeting agent B or the agent (P). In addition, it is to be understood that such attachment of either or both of B and A may be direct or through an intervening linker. Illustrative additional linkers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,601,332, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Illustrative bivalent radicals forming part of the linker.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00090
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00091
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00092
  • It is to be understood that the bivalent linkers may be combined in any chemically relevant way, either directly or via an intervening heteroatom to construct the linkers described herein.
  • In another embodiment, the polyvalent linkers described herein comprise a linker selected from the group consisting of carbonyl, thionocarbonyl, alkylene, cycloalkylene, alkylenecycloalkyl, alkylenecarbonyl, cycloalkylenecarbonyl, carbonylalkylcarbonyl, 1 alkylenesuccinimid-3-yl, 1 (carbonylalkyl)succinimid-3-yl, alkylenesulfoxyl, sulfonylalkyl, alkylenesulfoxylalkyl, alkylenesulfonylalkyl, carbonyltetrahydro-2H-pyranyl, carbonyltetrahydrofuranyl, 1-(carbonyltetrahydro-2H-pyranyl)succinimid-3-yl, and 1-(carbonyltetrahydrofuranyl)succinimid-3-yl.
  • In another embodiment, the compounds described herein comprise one or more amino acids.
  • The compounds described herein can be used for both human clinical medicine and veterinary applications. Thus, the host animal harboring the population of pathogenic cells and administered the compounds described herein can be human or, in the case of veterinary applications, can be a laboratory, agricultural, domestic, or wild animal. The present invention can be applied to host animals including, but not limited to, humans, laboratory animals such rodents (e.g., mice, rats, hamsters, etc.), rabbits, monkeys, chimpanzees, domestic animals such as dogs, cats, and rabbits, agricultural animals such as cows, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, and wild animals in captivity such as bears, pandas, lions, tigers, leopards, elephants, zebras, giraffes, gorillas, dolphins, and whales.
  • The compounds, compositions, methods, and uses described herein are useful for diagnosing and/or monitoring diseases caused at least in part by populations of pathogenic cells, which may cause a variety of pathologies in host animals. As used herein, the term “pathogenic cells” or “population of pathogenic cells” generally refers to cancer cells, infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses, bacteria- or virus-infected cells, inflammatory cells, activated macrophages capable of causing a disease state, and any other type of pathogenic cells that uniquely express, preferentially express, or overexpress binding sites for the targeting agents described herein.
  • Illustratively, the population of pathogenic cells can be a cancer cell population that is tumorigenic, including benign tumors and malignant tumors, or it can be non-tumorigenic. The cancer cell population can arise spontaneously or by such processes as mutations present in the germline of the host animal or somatic mutations, or it can be chemically-, virally-, or radiation-induced. The invention can be utilized to diagnose, monitor, and/or treat such cancers, including carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, Hodgekin's disease, melanomas, mesotheliomas, Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinomas, leukemias, and myelomas. The cancer cell population can include, but is not limited to, oral, thyroid, endocrine, skin, gastric, esophageal, laryngeal, pancreatic, colon, bladder, bone, ovarian, cervical, uterine, breast, testicular, prostate, rectal, kidney, liver, and lung cancers.
  • Illustratively, the population of pathogenic cells can also be activated monocytes or macrophages associated with disease states such as fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, osteomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, atherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, systemic sclerosis, organ transplant rejection (GVHD), lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, glomerulonephritis, inflammations of the skin, such as psoriasis, and the like, chronic inflammations, and inflammations due to injury, such as head or spinal cord injury, embolisms, and the like.
  • The conjugates described herein can be formed from, for example, a wide variety of vitamins or receptor-binding vitamin analogs/derivatives, linkers, and imaging and radiotherapy agents. The conjugates described herein are capable of selectively targeting a population of pathogenic cells in the host animal due to preferential expression of a receptor for the targeting agent, such as a vitamin, accessible for binding, on the pathogenic cells. Illustrative vitamin moieties that can be used as the targeting agent (B) include carnitine, inositol, lipoic acid, pyridoxal, ascorbic acid, niacin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, biotin, vitamin B12, and the lipid soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. These vitamins, and their receptor-binding analogs and derivatives, constitute an illustrative targeting entity that can be coupled with the imaging or radiotherapy agent by a bivalent linker (L) to form a targeting agent (B) imaging or radiotherapy agent conjugate as described herein. The term vitamin is understood to include vitamin analogs and/or derivatives, unless otherwise indicated. Illustratively, pteroic acid which is a derivative of folate, biotin analogs such as biocytin, biotin sulfoxide, oxybiotin and other biotin receptor-binding compounds, and the like, are considered to be vitamins, vitamin analogs, and vitamin derivatives. It should be appreciated that vitamin analogs or derivatives as described herein refer to vitamins that incorporates an heteroatom through which the vitamin analog or derivative is covalently bound to the bivalent linker (L).
  • Illustrative vitamin moieties include folic acid, biotin, riboflavin, thiamine, vitamin B12, and receptor-binding analogs and derivatives of these vitamin molecules, and other related vitamin receptor binding molecules.
  • In one embodiment, the targeting group B is a folate, an analog of folate, or a derivative of folate. It is to be understood as used herein, that the term folate is used both individually and collectively to refer to folic acid itself, and/or to such analogs and derivatives of folic acid that are capable of binding to folate receptors.
  • Illustrative embodiments of vitamin analogs and/or derivatives include folate and analogs and derivatives of folate such as folinic acid, pteropolyglutamic acid, and folate receptor-binding pteridines such as tetrahydropterins, dihydrofolates, tetrahydrofolates, and their deaza and dideaza analogs. The terms “deaza” and “dideaza” analogs refer to the art-recognized analogs having a carbon atom substituted for one or two nitrogen atoms in the naturally occurring folic acid structure, or analog or derivative thereof. For example, the deaza analogs include the 1-deaza, 3-deaza, 5-deaza, 8-deaza, and 10-deaza analogs of folate, folinic acid, pteropolyglutamic acid, and folate receptor-binding pteridines such as tetrahydropterins, dihydrofolates, and tetrahydrofolates. The dideaza analogs include, for example, 1,5-dideaza, 5,10-dideaza, 8,10-dideaza, and 5,8-dideaza analogs of folate, folinic acid, pteropolyglutamic acid, and folate receptor-binding pteridines such as tetrahydropterins, dihydrofolates, and tetrahydrofolates. Other folates useful as complex forming ligands for this invention are the folate receptor-binding analogs aminopterin, amethopterin (also known as methotrexate), N10-methylfolate, 2-deamino-hydroxyfolate, deaza analogs such as 1-deazamethopterin or 3-deazamethopterin, and 3′,5′-dichloro-4-amino-4-deoxy-N10-methylpteroylglutamic acid (dichloromethotrexate). The foregoing folic acid analogs and/or derivatives are conventionally termed “folates,” reflecting their ability to bind with folate-receptors, and such ligands when conjugated with exogenous molecules are effective to enhance transmembrane transport, such as via folate-mediated endocytosis as described herein.
  • Additional analogs of folic acid that bind to folic acid receptors are described in US Patent Application Publication Serial Nos. 2005/0227985 and 2004/0242582, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Illustratively, radicals of such folate analogs have the general formula:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00093
  • wherein
  • X and Y are each-independently selected from the group consisting of halo, R2, OR2, SR3, and NR4R5;
  • U, V, and W represent divalent moieties each independently selected from the group consisting of (R6a)C═, N═, (R6a)C(R7a), and N(R4a);
  • Q is selected from the group consisting of C and CH;
  • T is selected from the group consisting of S, O, N, NH, and —C═C—;
  • A1 and A2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, C(Z), C(Z)O, OC(Z), N(R4b), C(Z)N(R4b), N(R4b)C(Z), OC(Z)N(R4b), N(R4b)C(Z)O, N(R4b)C(Z)N(R5b), S(O), S(O)2, N(R4a)S(O)2, C(R6b)(R7b), N(C≡H), N(CH2≡CH), C1-C12 alkylene, and C1-C12 alkyeneoxy, where Z is oxygen or sulfur;
  • R1 is selected-from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C1-C12 alkyl, and C1-C12 alkoxy; R2, R3, R4, R4a, R4b, R5, R5b, R6b, and R7b are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 alkoxy, C1-C12 alkanoyl, C1-C12 alkenyl, C1-C12 alkynyl, (C1-C12 alkoxy)carbonyl, and (C1-C12 alkylamino)carbonyl;
  • R6 and R7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C1-C12 alkyl, and C1-C12 alkoxy; or, R6 and R7 are taken together to form a carbonyl group; R6a and R7a are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C1-C12 alkyl, and C1-C12 alkoxy; or R6a and R7a are taken together to form a carbonyl group;
  • L is one or more, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, amino acids; and
  • n, p, r, s and t are each independently either 0 or 1.
  • As used herein, it is to be understood that the term folate refers both individually to folic acid used in forming a conjugate, or alternatively to a folate analog or derivative thereof that is capable of binding to folate or folic acid receptors.
  • In another embodiment, the targeting group is a PSMA ligand or inhibitor, such as a derivative of pentanedioic acid of the formula:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00094
  • wherein X is RP(O)(OH)CH2— (U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,915); RP(O)(OH)N(R1)— (U.S. Pat. No. 5,863,536); RP(O)(OH)O— (U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,877); RN(OH)C(O)Y— or RC(O)NH(OH)Y, wherein Y is —CR1R2—, —NR3— or —O— (U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,521); RS(O)Y, RSO2Y, or RS(O)(NH)Y, wherein Y is —CR1R2—, —NR3— or —O— (U.S. Pat. No. 5,902,817); and RS-alkyl, wherein R is for example hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl, each of which may be optionally substituted (J. Med. Chem. 46:1989-1996 (2003)).
  • In each of the foregoing formulae, R, R1, R2, and R3 are each independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and aryl. In addition, in each case, each of R, R1, R2, and R3 may be optionally substituted, such as with one or more groups selected from C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, halo, hydroxy, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, aryl. In one aspect, aryl is selected from 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 2-indolyl, 3-indolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, benzyl, and phenyl, and in each case aryl may be optionally substituted with one or more, illustratively with one to three, groups selected from halo, hydroxy, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, and amino. In one variation of each of the above formulae, R is not hydrogen.
  • Illustrative PSMA ligands (U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,915) include 2-[[methylhydroxyphosphinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[ethylhydroxyphosphinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[propylhydroxyphosphinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[butylhydroxyphosphinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[cyclohexylhydroxyphosphinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[phenylhydroxyphosphinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[2-(tetrahydrofuranyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]methyl] pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(2-tetrahydropyranyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]methyl] pentanedioic acid; 2-[[((4-pyridyl)methyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]methyl] pentanedioic acid; 2-[[((2-pyridyl)methyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]methyl] pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(phenylmethyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]methyl] pentanedioic acid; 2-[[((2-phenylethyl)methyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]methyl] pentanedioic acid; 2-[[((3-phenylpropyl)methyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]methyl] pentanedioic acid; 2-[[((3-phenylbutyl)methyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]methyl] pentanedioic acid; 2-[[((2-phenylbutyl)methyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]methyl] pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(4-phenylbutyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; and 2-[[(aminomethyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid.
  • Illustrative PSMA ligands (U.S. Pat. No. 5,863,536) include N-[methylhydroxyphosphinyl]glutamic acid; N-[ethylhydroxyphosphinyl]glutamic acid; N-[propylhydroxyphosphinyl]glutamic acid; N-[butylhydroxyphosphinyl]glutamic acid; N-[phenylhydroxyphosphinyl]glutamic acid; N-[(phenylmethyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]glutamic acid; N-[((2-phenylethyl)methyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]glutamic acid; and N-methyl-N-[phenylhydroxyphosphinyl]glutamic acid.
  • Illustrative PSMA ligands (U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,877) include 2-[[methylhydroxyphosphinyl]oxy]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[ethylhydroxyphosphinyl]oxy]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[propylhydroxyphosphinyl]oxy]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[butylhydroxyphosphinyl]oxy]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[phenylhydroxyphosphinyl]oxy]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[((4-pyridyl)methyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]oxy]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[((2-pyridyl)methyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]oxy]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(phenylmethyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]oxy]pentanedioic acid; and 2-[[((2-phenylethyl)methyl)hydroxyphosphinyl]oxy] pentanedioic acid.
  • Illustrative PSMA ligands (U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,521) include 2-[[(N-hydroxy)carbamoyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(N-hydroxy-N-methyl)carbamoyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(N-butyl-N-hydroxy) carbamoyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(N-benzyl-N-hydroxy)carbamoyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(N-hydroxy-N-phenyl)carbamoyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(N-hydroxy-N-2-phenylethyl)carbamoyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(N-ethyl-N-hydroxy) carbamoyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(N-hydroxy-N-propyl)carbamoyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(N-hydroxy-N-3-phenylpropyl)carbamoyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(N-hydroxy-N-4-pyridyl) carbamoyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(N-hydroxy)carboxamido]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[N-hydroxy (methyl) carboxamido]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[N-hydroxy (benzyl) carboxamido]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[N-hydroxy(phenyl)carboxamido]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[N-hydroxy(2-phenylethyl)carboxamido]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[N-hydroxy(ethyl)carboxamido]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[N-hydroxy(propyl) carboxamido]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[N-hydroxy (3-phenylpropyl) carboxamido]methyl]pentanedioic acid; and 2-[[N-hydroxy(4-pyridyl)carboxamido]methyl]pentanedioic acid.
  • Illustrative PSMA ligands (U.S. Pat. No. 5,902,817) include 2-[(sulfinyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(methylsulfinyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(ethylsulfinyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(propylsulfinyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(butylsulfinyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(phenylsulfinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(2-phenylethyl)sulfinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(3-phenylpropyl)sulfinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(4-pyridyl)sulfinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(benzylsulfinyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(sulfonyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(methylsulfonyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(ethylsulfonyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(propylsulfonyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(butylsulfonyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(phenylsulfonyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(2-phenylethyl)sulfonyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(3-phenylpropyl)sulfonyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(4-pyridyl) sulfonyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(benzylsulfonyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(sulfoximinyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(methylsulfoximinyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(ethylsulfoximinyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(propylsulfoximinyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(butylsulfoximinyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[(phenylsulfoximinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(2-phenylethyl)sulfoximinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(3-phenylpropyl) sulfoximinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; 2-[[(4-pyridyl)sulfoximinyl]methyl]pentanedioic acid; and 2-[(benzylsulfoximinyl)methyl]pentanedioic acid.
  • Illustrative PSMA ligands include
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00095
  • In another embodiment, the PSMA ligand is a urea of two amino acids. In one aspect, the amino acids include one or more additional carboxylic acids. In another embodiment, the amino acids include one or more additional phosphoric, phosphonic, phosphinic, sulfinic, sulfonic, or boronic acids. In another aspect, the amino acids include one or more thiol groups or derivatives thereof. In another aspect, the amino acids include one or more carboxylic acid bioisosteres, such as tetrazoles and the like.
  • In another embodiment, the PSMA ligand is a compound of the formula:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00096
      • where R1 is
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00097
  • In another illustrative embodiment, the binding agent is a urea of an amino dicarboxylic acid, such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and the like, and another amino dicarboxylic acid, or an analog thereof, such as a binding agent of the formulae
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00098
  • wherein Q is a an amino dicarboxylic acid, such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or an analog thereof, n and m are each independently selected from an integer between 1 and about 6, and (*) represents the point of attachment for the linker L.
  • Illustratively, the PSMA ligand is a compound of the formulae:
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00099
    Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00100
  • In another embodiment, the PSMA ligand is 2-[3-(1-Carboxy-2-mercapto-ethyl)-ureido]-pentanedioic acid (MUPA) or 2-[3-(1,3-Dicarboxy-propyl)-ureido]-pentanedioic acid (DUPA).
  • Other illustrative examples of PSMA ligands include peptide analogs such as quisqualic acid, aspartate glutamate (Asp-Glu), Glu-Glu, Gly-Glu, γ-Glu-Glu, beta-N-acetyl-L-aspartate-L-glutamate (β-NAAG), and the like.
  • In another embodiment, the PSMA ligand comprises a urea or thiourea of lysine and an amino acid, or one or more carboxylic acid derivatives thereof, including, but not limited to ureas or thioureas of lysine and aspartic acid, or glutamic acid, or homoglutamic acid.
  • In another embodiment, the PSMA ligand comprises a urea or thiourea of L-lysine and L-glutamate.
  • In another embodiment, the PSMA ligand comprises a compound selected from the following
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00101
  • In another embodiment, the PSMA ligand comprises the following
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00102
  • The compounds, linkers, intermediates, and conjugates described herein may be prepared using conventional processes, including the described in International Patent Publication Nos. WO 2009/002993, WO 2004/069159, WO 2007/022494, and WO 2006/012527, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/837539 (filed Mar. 15, 2013). The disclosures of each of the foregoing are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • Each publication cited herein is incorporated herein by reference.
  • In another embodiment, a method is described for diagnosing and/or monitoring a disease or disease state where the method comprises the steps of administering to a patient being evaluated for the disease state an effective amount of a conjugate of the general formula B-L-P. The method includes allowing sufficient time for the conjugate to bind to the target tissue, and diagnosing and/or monitoring the disease or disease state extra-corporeally, such as by using positron emission tomography.
  • The radionuclide may include a positron-emitting isotope having a suitable half-life and toxicity profile. In various embodiments, the radioisotope has a half-life of more than 30 minutes, more than 70 minutes, more than 80 minutes, more than 90 minutes, more than 100 minutes, less than 8 hours, less than 6 hours, less than 4 hours, or less than 3 hours. In other embodiments, the radioisotope has a half-life of about 30 minutes to about 4 hours, about 70 minutes to about 4 hours, about 80 minutes to about 4 hours, about 90 minutes to about 4 hours, about 100 minutes to about 4 hours, about 30 minutes to about 6 hours, about 70 minutes to about 6 hours, about 80 minutes to about 6 hours, about 90 minutes to about 6 hours, about 100 minutes to about 6 hours, about 30 minutes to about 8 hours, about 70 minutes to about 8 hours, about 80 minutes to about 8 hours, about 90 minutes to about 8 hours, or about 100 minutes to about 8 hours.
  • The radionuclide may include one or more positron-emitting isotopes, such as but not limited to isotopes selected from 89Zr, 45Ti, 51Mn, 64Cu, 63Zn, 82Rb, 68Ga, 66Ga, 11C, 13N, 15O, 124I, 34Cl, and 18F. In another embodiment, the radionuclide is a halide, such as a positron-emitting halide. In another embodiment, the radionuclide is a metal ion, such as a positron-emitting metal ion. In another embodiment, the radionuclide is a gallium ion, such as a positron-emitting gallium ion. In another embodiment, the radionuclide is selected from 89Zr, 64Cu, 68Ga, 66Ga, 124I, and 18F. In another illustrative embodiment, the radioisotope is selected from 89Zr, 64Cu, 68Ga, 124I, and 18F. In another embodiment, the radioisotope is 68Ga, or 89Zr, or 18F. In another embodiment in each of the foregoing and following embodiments described herein, the radioisotope is 68Ga. In another embodiment in each of the foregoing and following embodiments described herein, the radioisotope is 18F. In another embodiment in each of the foregoing and following embodiments described herein, the radioisotope is 89Zr. In another embodiment in each of the foregoing and following embodiments described herein, the radioisotope is 64Cu. It is also to be understood that the fluorine isotopes described herein may be selected from various isotopic combinations of 18F and 19F. It is understood that factors that may be included during selection of a suitable isotope include sufficient half-life of the positron-emitting isotope to permit preparation of a diagnostic composition in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier prior to administration to the patient, and sufficient remaining half-life to yield sufficient activity to permit extra-corporeal measurement by a PET scan. Further, a suitable isotope should have a sufficiently short half-life to limit patient exposure to unnecessary radiation. In an illustrative embodiment, 18F, having a half-life of 110 minutes, provides adequate time for preparation of the diagnostic composition, as well as an acceptable deterioration rate. Further, on decay 18F is converted to 18O.
  • Illustrative positron-decaying isotopes having suitable half-lives include 34Cl, half-life about 32 minutes; 45Ti, half-life about 3 hours; 51Mn, half-life about 45 minutes; 61Cu, half-life about 3.4 hours; 63Zn, half-life about 38 minutes; 82Rb, half-life about 2 minutes; 68Ga, half-life about 68 minutes, 66Ga, half-life about 9.5 hours, 11C, half-life about 20 minutes, 15O, half-life about 2 minutes, 13N, half-life about 10 minutes, or 18F, half-life about 110 minutes.
  • In another embodiment, the radionuclide is a radiotherapy agent. Illustrative radionuclides for radiotherapy include isotopes of lutetium such as 177Lu, isotopes of yttrium, such as 90Y, isotopes of copper, such as 67Cu and 64Cu, and the like.
  • The radionuclide may be covalently attached to the conjugate, such as to an aryl or heteroaryl aromatic group, including benzamidyl, benzylic, phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, naphthyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimizolyl, benzoxazolyl, and like groups. In one illustrative embodiment, the radioisotope is 18F and the radionuclide includes an aryl group to which the radioisotope is covalently attached.
  • The radionuclide may be non-covalently attached to the conjugate, such as within a chelate.
  • The methods may also be used in combination with any other methods of cancer diagnosis already developed and known in the art, including methods using other already developed diagnostic agents and utilizing x-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), ultrasound, and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
  • It is understood that in certain applications of the methods described herein, each of the processes and synthetic methods described herein either substantially complete fluorination, or alternatively only partial fluorination may be desired. Accordingly, the processes and synthetic methods described herein may be performed in various alternative embodiments. It is therefore understood that in those aspects where only partial fluorination is desired, the processes and syntheses described herein may be performed with less than stoichiometric amounts of fluorinating agent. Similarly, it is understood that in certain applications of the methods described herein, each of the processes and synthetic methods described herein either substantially complete radiofluorination, or alternatively only partial radiofluorination may be desired. Accordingly, the processes and synthetic methods described herein may be performed in various alternative embodiments. It is therefore understood that in those aspects where only partial radiofluorination is desired, the processes and syntheses described herein may be performed with less than stoichiometric amounts of radiofluorination agent, where the balance is optionally 19F.
  • The following examples further illustrate specific embodiments of the invention; however, the following illustrative examples should not be interpreted in any way to limit the invention.
    • EXAMPLES
  • General. Water was distilled and then deionized (18 MΩ/cm2) by passing through a Milli-Q water filtration system (Millipore Corp., Milford, Mass.). All chemicals and solvents, unless specified, were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.) and were used without further purification Amino acids were purchased from Chem-Impex Int (Chicago, Ill.). 2,2′-(7-(2-((2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy)-2-oxoethyl)-1,4,7-triazonane-1,4-diyl)diacetic acid (NOTA-NHS) was purchased from CheMatech (France). N10-TFA-Pteroic Acid was provided by Endocyte, Inc. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis and purification of the DUPA-NOTA precursor were performed on an Agilent G6130B instrument. The radioactive HPLC was performed with a γ-counter using a Xselect CSH C18 (250×10 mm) column and MeCN and 0.1% Formic Acid as mobile phases.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00103
  • EXAMPLE. C-NETA. tert-Butyl [2-Hydroxy-1-(4-nitrobenzyl)ethyl]carbamate (QC04011) was prepared from the commercially available methyl 2-amino-3-(4-nitrophenyl)propanoate through NaBH4 reduction and Boc- protection. Successive Dess-Martin oxidation and reductive amination with QC04001 afforded tris-Boc protected compound QC04013, which was transformed to QC04014 after Boc- deprotection in 4 M HCl in dioxane. Treatment of QC04014 with tert-butyl bromoacetate, followed by hydrogenolysis of the NO2 group provided QC04016. Further reaction of QC04016 with succinic anhydride provided the bifunctional C-NETA (QC04018) as the corresponding tert-butyl ester.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00104
  • EXAMPLE. Di-tert-butyl [1,4,7]Triazanonane-1,4-dicarboxylate (QC04001). QC04001 was prepared according to a modification of a synthetic procedure reported previously.[19-21] To a solution of 1,4,7-triazonane trihydrogenchloride (TACN.3HCl, 1.85 g, 7.7 mmol, M.W.:238.6) in CHCl3 (25 mL) was added DIPEA (4.0 mL, 3.0 g, 23.1 mmol, M.W.: 129.24, d: 0.742) and BOC-ON (3.77 g, 15.3 mmol, M.W.: 246.26) in portions. The resulting mixture was stirred for 5 days and the solvent evaporated under vacuum. The residue was partitioned between 10% NaOH solution (10 mL) and diethyl ether (30 mL). The ether layer was separated and washed with 10% NaOH solution (10 mL) and water (10 mL) several times. The ether layer was dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to provide QC04001 (2.53 g, quantitative), which was used without further purification. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ=3.47-3.50 (m, 2H), 3.42-3.45 (m, 2H), 3.38 (br, s, 1H), 3.28-3.34 (m, 2H), 3.16-3.28 (m, 2H), 2.86-2.99 (m, 4H), 1.48 (s, 18 H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ=156.08, 155.85 (C═O), 79.80, 79.70 (t−Bu), 53.20, 52.62, 52.52, 51.78, 50.50, 49.91, 49.63, 48.39, 48.23, 47.83, 47.46 (TACN ring from 53.20-47.46), 28.60 (t−Bu).
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00105
  • EXAMPLE. tert-Butyl [2-Hydroxy-1-(4-nitrobenzyl)ethyl]carbamate (QC04011)[19]. With minor revision to the reported procedure,[19] where the HCl salt of methyl 2-amino-3-(4-nitrophenyl)propanoate was used directly without neutralization with Et3N, to a solution of the methyl 2-amino-3-(4-nitrophenyl)propanoate hydrochloride salt (6.22 g, 23.9 mmol) in MeOH (70 mL) at 23° C. was added NaBH4 (2.86 g, 71.4 mmol) in multiple portions. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LC-MS. The mixture was heated to reflux (with water bath at ˜70° C.), and NaBH4 was added portion-wise as needed until most of the starting material disappeared, requiring about 6 grams of NaBH4 in total. After evaporation of the solvent, the residue was treated with H2O (70 mL) and extracted with DCM/IPA (3/1). The combined organic layer was dried, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to provide white solid QC04010 (4.4 g, 94), which was used without further purification.
  • EXAMPLE. QC04010 (4.4 g, 22.7 mmol) was dissolved in CH3CN (30 mL) at ambient temperature, to which was added BOC-ON (11.2 g, 27.2 mmol, 1.2 eq.) portionwise. To the above mixture was added DIPEA (5.24 mL, 3.76 g, 29.2 mmol, M.W.: 129.24, d: 0.742), the resulting mixture was stirred for 4 h and evaporated. The residue was partitioned between ether (50 mL) and 10% NaOH solution (20 mL). The ether layer was separated and washed with 10% NaOH solution (10 mL) and water (10 mL) sequentially. The ether layer was dried, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was washed with ether (20 mL) to provide QC04011 (5.31 g, 75%), which was used without further purification. To prepare an analytical sample, the residue is purified via column chromatography on SiO2 eluting with Hexane/Ethyl Acetate (3/1 to 1/1 with 1% of MeOH) to afford pure QC04011 as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ=8.15 (d, J=8.8 MHz, 2H), 7.40 (d, J=8.8 MHz, 2H), 4.84 (d, J=6.8 MHz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 1H), 3.68 (dd, J=3.1 MHz, 1H), 3.57 (dd, J=3.1 MHz, 1H), 2.98 (d, J=6.0 MHz, 2H), 1.39 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ=156.0, 146.4, 146.2, 130.1, 123.5, 79.8, 63.3, 53.1, 37.3, 28.0.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00106
  • EXAMPLE. tert-Butyl (1-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-oxopropan-2-yl)carbamate. QC04011 (1.27 g, 4.3 mmol) was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (40 mL), and cooled to 0° C., to which Dess-Martin periodinane (1.70 g, 5.16 mmol, 1.2 equiv) was added in one portion. After stirring for 15 min at 0° C., the reaction was warmed to 23° C. and stirred for 45 min. The reaction was quenched by addition of a basic aq Na2S2O3 solution (50/50, v/v of aq Na2S2O3 and aq Na2HCO3), and the resulting mixture was vigorously stirred for 15 min. After extraction with CH2Cl2 (3×), the organic phases were washed successively with water and brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to provide QC04012, which was used without further purification.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00107
  • EXAMPLE. Reductive amination of QC04012 and QC04001 to prepare QC04013:4. 1,4-Di-tert-butyl 7-(2-{[(tert-Butoxy)carbonyl]amino} 3-(4-nitrophenyl) propyl)-1,4,7-triazonane-1,4-dicarboxylate (QC04013): Compound QC04012 (4.3 mmol in theory) was added to a solution of QC04001 (1.40 g, 4.3 mmol) in DCE (100 mL) at 0° C. . The resulting solution was stirred for 10 min and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.28 g, 6.02 mmol, 1.4 eq.) was added portionwise to the solution over 30 min. The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated, treated with a saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO3 (50 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried with Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified via flash chromatography (SiO2, Hex/EA=3/1) to provide QC04013 (2.31 g, 88.5% for 2 steps, based on 2.61 g in theory) as a pale yellow semi-solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ=8.11 (2H, d, J=7.6 Hz), 7.35 (2H, d, J=7.6 Hz), 5.28 (1H, s, br), 3.54-3.88 (2H, m), 3.39-3.54 (2H, m), 3.32-3.40 (1H, m), 3.15-3.32 (2H, m), 2.79-3.15 (4H, m), 2.37-2.73 (6H, m), 1.43 (9H, s), 1.42 (9H, s), 1.38 (9H, s); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ=156.15, 155.99, 155.70, 155.56, 147.00, 146.95, 146.81, 146.76, 130.36, 123.73, 123.65, 123.60, 80.07, 79.99, 79.92, 79.81, 79.57, 79.46, 60.79, 60.47, 55.52, 54.33, 54.06, 53.64, 53.15, 53.28, 51.54, 50.80, 50.71, 50.42, 49.87, 49.07, 48.12, 39.67, 39.45, 28.74, 28.61. MS m/z: MS-API: Calcd. for C30H50N5O8([M+H]+): 608.4, Found: 608.3;
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00108
  • EXAMPLE. 1-(4-Nitrophenyl)-3-(1,4,7-triazonan-1-yl)propan-2-amine. QC04013 (2.31 g, 3.8 mmol) was dispersed in 30 mL of 4 M HCl/Dioxane, the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. The reaction mixture was rapidly added to cold Et2O to precipitate a white solid. The solid was collected and dried in air to afford the pure product QC04014 (1.71 g, in quantitative yield) as a pale-white solid. MS m/z: MS-API: Calcd. for C15H26N5O2([M+H]+): 308.2, Found: 308.2;
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00109
  • EXAMPLE. Introduction of the tri-tert-butyl ethylacetate1b. To a solution of QC04014 (78 mg, 0.19 mmol) and DIPEA (0.272 mL, 202 mg, 1.56 mmol, 8.2 eq. M.W.: 129.24, d: 0.742) in DMF (2 mL) was added NaI (233.8 mg, 1.56 mmol, 8.2 eq. M.W.: 149.89) and tert-Butyl bromoacetate (0.126 mL, 168 mg, 0.86 mmol, 4.5 eq. M.W.: 195.05, d: 1.321) slowly at room temperature. The resulting mixture was warmed to 60-70° C. and stirred for 20 hs. After completion, monitored by TLC and LC-MS, the reaction was quenched by water and extracted with Et2O. The combined organic solvent was washed successively with water and brine, and dried over Na2SO4. After filtration, the solvent was evaporated under vacuum, and resulting deep-colored oil residue was purified by flash chromatography on SiO2 (DCM/MeOH=100/1-100/4) to provide QC04015 (14 mg, 10%) as a yellow oil and QC04015′ (61 mg, 49.4%). MS m/z: MS-API: Calcd. for C39H66N5O10 ([M+H]+): 764.5, Found: 764.4;
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00110
  • EXAMPLE. To a solution of QC04015 (20 mg, 0.039 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) was added 10% Pd/C catalyst (5 mg). The resulting mixture was subjected to hydrogenolysis by agitation with H2 (g) at 1 atm (˜15 psi) at ambient temperature for 14 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with excess DCM and filtered through celite, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to provide QC04016 (13 mg, 67.5%). MS m/z: MS-API: Calcd. for C39H68N5O8 ([M+H]+): 734.5, Found: 734.4;
    • FOLATE TARGETED EXAMPLES
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00111
  • EXAMPLE. (S)-5-tert-butyl 1-methyl 2-(4-(N-((2-amino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)benzamido)pentanedioate (QC02023). HCl.H2N-Glu(OtBu)-OMe (350 mg, 1.38 mmol) was added to a solution of N10-TFA-Pteroic Acid (560 mg, 1.37 mmol) and DIPEA (1.2 mL, 6.85 mmol) in DMSO (6.0 mL) at 23° C. under N2. After stirring for 15 min at 23° C., PyBOP (720 mg, 1.0 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h at 23° C. Volatile material was removed under reduced vacuum to afford the crude product as a semi-solid, which was further purified via solid extraction with Hex/EA (1/1) 3 times to provide QC02023 as a pale-yellow solid in quantitative yield, which was used without further purification. λmax=280 nm; LC-MS (Agilent G6130B Quadrupole LC/MS): Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-CH3CN; Column: Analytic C18 column; Method: 0-100 CH3CN-15 min, tR=5.62 min MS m/z: MS-API: Calcd. for C26H29F3N7O7 ([M+H]+): 608.2, Found: 608.1;
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00112
  • EXAMPLE. (S)-4-(4-(N-((2-amino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)benzamido)-5-methoxy-5-oxopentanoic acid (QC02024). 224 mg of QC02023 was treated with TFA/DCM (15 mL, 1/3) at 23° C. The reaction was stirred at 23° C. and monitored by TLC. After 1.5 hours, starting material was not observed by TLC. The volatile material was removed under reduced pressure resulting in a semi-solid residue, which was treated with cold Et2O, to provide a pale white solid precipitate, which was collected by filtration and dried in air to provide (S)-4-(4-(N-((2-amino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)benzamido)-5-methoxy-5-oxopentanoic acid QC02024 (169 mg, 83% for 2 steps). λmax=280 nm; LC-MS (Agilent G6130B Quadrupole LC/MS): Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-CH3CN; Column: Analytic C18 column; Method: 0-100 CH3CN-15 min, tR=3.40 min. MS m/z: MS-API: Calcd. for C22H21F3N7O7 ([M+H]+): 552.1, Found: 552.1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ=12.16 (s, br, 1H), 8.88 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 8.65 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.64 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.16 (s, br, 1H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 4.38-4.55 (m, 1H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 2.28-2.40 (m, 2H), 2.00-2.12 (m, 1H), 1.87-2.00 (m, 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ=173.91, 172.36, 165.93, 161.03, 156.11, 155.76 (d, J=35.8 Hz), 154.19, 149.40, 144.45, 141.80, 134.30, 128.89, 128.62, 128.29, 117.91 (d, J=48.5 Hz), 53.90, 52.23, 52.06, 30.26, 25.81; 19F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl3) δ=−62.87.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00113
  • EXAMPLE. Pte-γGlu-Lys-OH (EC1777). EC1777 was prepared using solid phase peptide synthesis as follows.
  • Molecular Quantity
    Compound mmol Equivalent Weight (grams)
    Fmoc-Lys-Resin 0.5 1 1.00
    (Loading ~0.5 mmol/g)
    Fmoc-Glu-OtBu 1.0 2 425.5 0.426
    N10-TFA-Pteroic Acid 0.65 1.3 408 0.265
    PyBOP 1.3 2 520.31 0.52
    DIPEA 1.5 3 129.24 0.168
    (d = 0.742)
  • In a peptide synthesis vessel, Fmoc-Lys-resin (1.0 g, 0.5 mmol) was placed and washed with DMF (3×10 ml). Initial Fmoc deprotection was performed using 20% piperidine in DMF (3×10 ml) solution for 10 mins per cycle. Subsequent washes of DMF (3×10 ml) and i-PrOH (3×10 ml), a Kaiser test was done to determine reaction completion. Following another DMF wash (3×10 ml); an amino acid solution (2.0 eq.) in DMF, PyBOP (2.0 eq.) and DIPEA (3.0 eq.) were added to the vessel and the solution bubbled with Argon for 1 hour. The coupling solution was filtered, the resin was washed with DMF (3×10 ml) and i-PrOH (3×10 ml) and a Kaiser test was done to assess reaction completion. The above process was performed successively for the additional coupling. Resin cleavage was performed with a cocktail consisting of 95% CF3CO2H, 2.5% H2O and 2.5% triisopropylsilane. The cleavage cocktail (10 ml) was poured onto the resin and bubbled with Argon for 30 mins, followed by filtration into a clean flask. Further cleavage was performed twice successively with fresh cleavage cocktail for 10 mins of bubbling. The combined filtrate was poured onto cold diethyl ether, the precipitate formed was collected by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 5 mins (3×). The precipitate was obtained following decanting and drying of the solid under vacuum. Deprotection of the trifluoro-acetyl group was achieved by dissolving the crude precipitate in H2O (15 ml), which was basified with Na2CO3 to pH 9 with Argon bubbling. Upon completion of the reaction, confirmed by LCMS, the solution was acidified to pH 3 using 2 M HCl and the desired linker was purified by preparative HPLC (mobile phase A=10 mM Ammonium acetate, pH=5; Organic phase B=Acetonitrile; Method; 10% B to 100% B in 30 mins) to yield EC 1777 (112 mg, 39%); 1H NMR (500 MHz DMSO-d6) Pivotal signals: δ 8.60 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, 2H), 6.60 (d, 2H), 4.45 (s, 2H). [M+H]+=Calculated 570.23, found 570.582
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00114
  • EXAMPLE. Pte-γGlu-Lys-NOTA. In a dry flask, EC 1777 (30.5 mg, 0.054 mmol, 1.0 eq.), 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (13.45 μl, 0.107 mmol, 2.0 eq.) and DMSO (2.5 ml) under Argon were sonicated for 1 hour. DIPEA (0.19 ml, 1.07 mmol, 20 eq.) was added to the solution, followed by sonication for an addition hour. To the transparent solution was added p-SCN-Bn-NOTA.3HCl (33 mg, 0.059 mmol, 1.1 eq.) and the reaction was monitored until completion by LCMS and purified using preparative HPLC (mobile phase A=10 mM Ammonium acetate, pH=5; Organic phase B=Acetonitrile; Method; 10% B to 100% B in 30 mins) to yield EC 1778 (16 mg, 29%). 1H NMR (500 MHz DMSO-d6) Pivotal signals: δ 8.60 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, 2H), 7.29 (d, 2H), 7.07 (d, 2H), 6.61 (d,2H), 4.45 (s, 2H), 4.20 (t, 1H). [M+H]+=Calculated 1020.39, found 1020.63.
  • EXAMPLE. Pte-γGlu-Lys-NOTA -Al-18F is prepared by reaction of Pte-γGlu-Lys-NOTA with Al18F3.3H2O (1 step method) or with AlCl3.3H2O followed by reaction with Na18F (2 step method) using published processes.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00115
  • EXAMPLE. N10-TFA-Pte-γGlu-OtBu-Arg(Pbf)-Arg(Pbf)-Lys(Mtt)-resin 3. The general procedure described for the synthesis of resin bound folate-peptide resin 1 was followed for the coupling of 2× Fmoc-L-Arg(Pbf)-OH, Fmoc-Glu-OtBu, and N10-TFA-Pte-OH to Fmoc-L-Lys(Mtt)-Wang resin.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00116
  • EXAMPLE. Pte-γGlu-Arg-Arg-Lys-Bn-NOTA 4 (EC2217). In a peptide synthesis vessel, N10-TFA-Pte-γGlu-OtBu-Arg(Pbf)-Arg(Pbf)-Lys(Mtt)-resin (0.28 g, 0.07 mmol) was placed and washed with DCM (3×10 ml). Selective Mtt deprotection was performed by adding a 2% CF3CO2H/DCM solution to the vessel and bubbling with Argon for 10 min. After filtering, the resin was washed with dichloromethane followed by a fresh solution of 2% CF3CO2H/DCM. This process was repeated until there was no more yellow solution being yielded and a Kaiser test was done. Following a DMF wash (3×10 ml); p-SCN-Bn-NOTA.3HCl (50 mg, 0.09 mmol, 1.2 eq.) in DMF, and DIPEA (80 μl, 0.45 mmol, 6.0 eq.) were added to the vessel and the solution bubbled with Argon for 2 hour. The coupling solution was filtered, the resin was washed with DMF (3×10 ml) and i-PrOH (3×10 ml) and a Kaiser test was done to assess reaction completion. Resin cleavage/global tert-butyl ester deprotection was performed with a cocktail consisting of 95% CF3CO2H, 2.5% H2O and 2.5% triisopropylsilane. The cleavage cocktail (10 ml) was poured onto the resin and bubbled with Argon for 60 mins, followed by filtration into a clean flask. Further cleavage was performed twice successively with fresh cleavage cocktail for 20 mins of bubbling. The combined filtrate was poured onto cold diethyl ether, the precipitate formed was collected by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 5 mins (3×). The precipitate was obtained following decanting and drying of the solid under vacuum. Deprotection of the trifluoro-acetyl group was achieved by dissolving the crude precipitate in H2O (15 ml), which was basified with Na2CO3 to pH 9 with Argon bubbling. Upon completion of the reaction, confirmed by LCMS, the solution was acidified to pH 5 using 2 M HCl and the desired linker was purified by preparative HPLC (mobile phase A=10 mM Ammonium acetate, pH=5; Organic phase B=Acetonitrile; Method; 10% B to 100% B in 30 mins) to yield EC2217 (35 mg, 35%). 1H NMR (500 MHz DMSO-d6) Pivotal signals: δ 8.61 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.17-7.03 (m, 2H), 6.99 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.66 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 4.52-4.45 (m, 1H), 4.17 (dt, J=8.9, 4.6 Hz, 2H), 4.12 (s, 1H), 4.07-3.97 (m, 1H). [M+H]+=Calculated 1332.59, found 1332.87
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00117
  • EXAMPLE. N10-TFA-Pte-γGlu-OtBu-Asp(OtBu)-Arg(Pbf)-Arg(Pbf)-Lys(Mtt)-resin 5. The general procedure described for the synthesis of resin bound folate-peptide resin 1 was followed for the coupling of 2× Fmoc-L-Arg(Pbf)-OH, Fmoc-L-Asp(OtBu)-OH, Fmoc-Glu-OtBu, and N10-TFA-Pte-OH to Fmoc-L-Lys(Mtt)-Wang resin.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00118
  • EXAMPLE. Pte-γGlu-Asp-Arg-Arg-Lys-Bn-NOTA 6 (EC2218). Pte-γGlu-Asp-Arg-Arg-Lys-Bn-NOTA, EC2218 was prepared in 18% yield according to the process described for folate-peptide-NOTA, 4. 1H NMR (500 MHz DMSO-d6) Pivotal signals: δ 8.58 (s, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.14-7.08 (m, 4H), 6.61 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 4.16-4.09 (m, 2H), 4.06 (dd, J=10.0, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (dd, J=7.8, 4.7 Hz, 1H). [M+H]+=Calculated 1449.64, found 1449.76
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00119
  • EXAMPLE. N10-TFA-Pte-γGlu-OtBu-Arg(Pbf)-Lys(Mtt)-resin 7. The general procedure described for the synthesis of resin bound folate-peptide resin 1 was followed for the coupling of Fmoc-L-Arg(Pbf)-OH, Fmoc-Glu-OtBu, and N10-TFA-Pte-OH to Fmoc-L-Lys(Mtt)-Wang resin.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00120
  • EXAMPLE. Pte-γGlu-Arg-Lys-Bn-NOTA 8 (EC2219). Pte-γGlu-Arg-Lys-Bn-NOTA, EC2219 was prepared in 20% yield according to the process described for folate-peptide-NOTA, 4. 1H NMR (500 MHz DMSO-d6) Pivotal signals: δ 8.68 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 3H), 7.27-6.97 (m, 4H), 6.77-6.69 (m, 2H), 4.28-f 4.19 (m, 2H), 4.08 (dd, J=9.0, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (dd, J=8.5, 5.4 Hz, 1H). [M+H]+=Calculated 1178.51, found 1178.7
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00121
  • EXAMPLE. Pte-γGlu-Arg-Arg-Lys-NOTA 9 (EC2222). In a peptide synthesis vessel, N10-TFA-Pte-γGlu-OtBu-Arg(Pbf)-Arg(Pbf)-Lys(Mtt)-resin (0.5 g, 0.12 mmol) was placed and washed with DCM (3×10 ml). Selective Mtt deprotection was performed by adding a 2% CF3CO2H/DCM solution to the vessel and bubbling with Argon for 10 min After filtering, the resin was washed with dichloromethane followed by a fresh solution of 2% CF3CO2H/DCM. This process was repeated until there was no more yellow solution being yielded and a Kaiser test was done. Following a DMF wash (3×10 ml); NOTA-Bis(tBu)ester (0.10 g, 0.24 mmol, 2.0 eq.) in DMF, PyBOP (0.14 g, 0.26 mmol, 2.2 eq) and DIPEA (64 μl, 0.36 mmol, 3.0 eq.) were added to the vessel and the solution bubbled with Argon for 2 hour. The coupling solution was filtered, the resin was washed with DMF (3×10 ml) and i-PrOH (3×10 ml) and a Kaiser test was done to assess reaction completion. Resin cleavage/global tert-butyl ester deprotection was performed with a cocktail consisting of 95% CF3CO2H, 2.5% H2O and 2.5% triisopropylsilane. The cleavage cocktail (10 ml) was poured onto the resin and bubbled with Argon for 1 hr, followed by filtration into a clean flask. Further cleavage was performed twice successively with fresh cleavage cocktail for 10 mins of bubbling. The combined filtrate was poured onto cold diethyl ether, the precipitate formed was collected by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 5 mins (3×). The precipitate was obtained following decanting and drying of the solid under vacuum. Deprotection of the trifluoro-acetyl group was achieved by dissolving the crude precipitate in H2O (15 ml), which was basified with Na2CO3 to pH 9 with Argon bubbling. Upon completion of the reaction, confirmed by LCMS, the solution was acidified to pH 5 using 2 M HCl and the desired linker was purified by preparative HPLC (mobile phase A=10 mM Ammonium acetate, pH=5; Organic phase B=Acetonitrile; Method; 10% B to 100% B in 30 mins) to yield EC2222 (28 mg, 20%). 1H NMR (500 MHz DMSO-d6) Pivotal signals: δ 8.60 (s, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.64 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.21-4.09 (m, 2H), 4.09-4.03 (m, 1H), 3.98-3.88 (m, 1H), 3.50 (s, 1H). [M+H]+=Calculated 1167.57, found 1167.8
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00122
  • EXAMPLE. (S)-Methyl 18-(4-(N-((2-amino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)benzamido)-2,2-dimethyl-4,15-dioxo-3,8,11-trioxa-5,14-diazanonadecan-19-oate (QC07010). QC02024 (100 mg, 0.181 mmol) is added to a solution of Mono-Boc-PEG-NH2 (45 mg, 0.181 mmol) and DIPEA (0.158 mL, 0.905 mmol) in DMSO (2 mL) at 23° C. under N2. After being stirred for 15 min at 23° C., PyBOP (94.2 mg, 0.181 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h at 23° C. Volatile material was removed under reduced vacuum, the crude material was further purified by SPE purification: extract successively with ACN (2×), EA (1×) and Et2O (1×) to afford pure product QC07010 (127 mg, 90%). λmax=280 nm; LC-MS (Agilent G6130B Quadrupole LC/MS): Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-CH3CN; Column: Analytic C18 column; Method: 0-100 CH3CN-15 min, tR=5.06 min MS m/z: MS-API: Calcd. for C33H43F3N9O10 ([M+H]+): 782.3, Found: 782.2; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ=11.59 (s, br, 1H), 8.92 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (s, 1H), 7.85-8.02 (m, 3H), 7.64 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.75 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.13 (s, 2H), 4.33-4.48 (m, 1H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.46 (s, 4H), 3.30-3.41 (s, 4H), 3.14-3.23 (m, 2H), 3.01-3.08 (m, 2H), 2.19-2.30 (m, 2H), 2.02-2.12 (m, 1H), 1.89-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.35 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ=172.43, 171.46, 165.73, 160.87, 156.80, 155.70 (d, J=35.5 Hz), 155.67, 154.17, 149.49, 144.20, 141.73, 134.30, 128.82, 128.55, 128.23, 116.20 (d, J=290.0 Hz), 77.65, 69.58, 69.50, 69.193, 69.192, 53.88, 52.52, 51.96, 38.89, 38.62, 31.65, 28.23, 26.32; 19F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl3) δ=−62.87.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00123
  • EXAMPLE. (S)-methyl 2-(4-(N-((2-amino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)benzamido)-5-((2-(2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)amino)-5-oxopentanoate (QC07011). QC07010 (274 mg, 0.35 mmol) was treated with TFA/DCM (4 mL, 1/3) at 23° C. The reaction was stirred at 23° C. and monitored by LC-MS. After 1.5 h, TLC showed that all starting material disappeared. The mixture was diluted with CH3CN and evaporated to dry via rota-vap. Residue TFA (b.p. 72.4° C.) was removed through azeotropic distillation with ACN to afford the product QC07011 in quantitative yield, which was used without further purification. λmax=280 nm; LC-MS (Agilent G6130B Quadrupole LC/MS): Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-ACN; Column: Analytic C18 column; Method: 0-100 ACN 15 min, tR=3.84 min MS m/z: MS-API: Calcd. for C28H35F3N9O8 ([M+H]+): 682.2, Found: 682.2.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00124
  • EXAMPLE. (S)-2,2′-(7-(4-(4-(N-((2-amino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)benzamido)-3,7,18-trioxo-2,11,14-trioxa-8,17-diazanonadecan-19-yl)-1,4,7-triazonane-1,4-diyl)diacetic acid (QC07013). QC07011 (15.7 mg, 0.023 mmol) in DMSO (0.5 ml) was added NOTA-NHS (18.2 mg, 0.028 mmol) followed by DIPEA (15 μL, 0.084 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 23° C., monitored by LC-MS, and most of the starting material was converted to QC07013 in 5 hours. The product was purified by RP-C18 HPLC to afford the pure product QC07013 (13.0 mg, 58.5%). λmax=280 nm; LC-MS (Agilent G6130B Quadrupole LC/MS): Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-CH3CN; Method: 0-100 CH3CN-15 min, tR=3.74 min MS m/z: MS-API: Calcd. for C40H54F3N12O13 ([M+H]+): 967.4, Found: 967.2; HPLC (Agilent Preparative C18 Column): Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-CH3CN; Method: 0-100 CH3CN-30 min, tR=10.75 min
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00125
  • EXAMPLE. (S)-2,2′-(7-(1-(4-(((2-amino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl)amino)phenyl)-3-carboxy-1,6,17-trioxo-10,13-dioxa-2,7,16-triazaoctadecan-18-yl)-1,4,7-triazonane-1,4-diyl)diacetic acid (FA-PEG1-NOTA, QC07017). QC07013 (20.8 mg, 0.022 mmol) was stirred in 1.2 mL of 1 M NaOH (aq.) at 23° C. and the reaction was monitored by LC-MS. After 15 min, all starting material was transformed to product, the crude material was purified by RP-C18 HPLC to afford QC07017 (11.3 mg, 60%). λmax=280 nm; HPLC (Agilent Preparative C18 Column): Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-CH3CN; Method: 0-30 CH3CN-30 min, tR=11.49 min LC-MS (Agilent G6130B Quadrupole LC/MS): Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-CH3CN; Method: 0-100 CH3CN 15 min, tR=2.72 min. MS m/z: MS-API: Calcd. for C37H53N12O12 ([M+H]+): 857.4, Found: 857.2. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ=8.62 (s, 1H), 8.28 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.76-7.80 (s, br, 2H), 7.58 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.47 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 4.13-4.18 (m, 1H), 3.43 (s, 4H), 3.31-3.41 (m, 4H), 3.29-3.32 (m, 2H), 3.10-3.24 (m, 4H), 3.03-3.10 (s, br, 2H), 2.90-3.03 (s, br, 2H), 2.10-2.14 (m, 2H), 1.97-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.91 (m, 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ=174.33, 172.21, 171.17, 170.35, 165.70, 161.85, 156.19, 154.95, 150.56, 148.45, 148.32, 128.62, 127.87, 121.84, 111.38, 69.44, 69.30, 69.08, 68.70, 60.95, 57.48, 53.11, 50.85, 49.41, 48.91, 45.88, 38.60, 38.18, 32.04, 27.52.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00126
  • EXAMPLE. Solid Phase Synthesis (SPS) of FA-PEG6-EDA-NH2 Precursor (QC03019). 1,2-Diaminoethane trityl resin (1.2 mmol/g, 100 mg, 0.12 mmol) was swollen with dichloromethane (DCM, 3 mL) followed by dimethyl formamide (DMF, 3 mL). After swelling the resin in DMF, a solution of fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-PEG6-OH (1.5 equiv), HATU (1.5 equiv), and DIPEA (2.0 equiv) in DMF was added. Argon was bubbled for 2 h, and resin was washed with DMF (3×3 mL) and i-PrOH (3×3 mL). The above sequence was repeated for two more coupling steps for conjugation of Fmoc-Glu-(OtBu)-OH and N10-TFA-Ptc-OH. The final product was cleaved from the resin using a trifluoroacetic acid (TFA):H2O:triisopropylsilane cocktail (95:2.5:2.5) and concentrated under vacuum. The concentrated product was precipitated in diethyl ether and dried under vacuum, which was then incubated in Sat. Na2CO3 and monitored by LC-MS. 1 hour later, the mixture was neutralized to pH=7 with 2 M HCl (aq.) which was purified by preparative with preparative RP-C18 HPLC [solvent gradient: 0% B to 50% B in 30 mM; A=10 mM NH4OAc, pH=7; B=CH3CN]. Acetonitrile was removed under vacuum, and the residue was freeze-dried to yield QC03019 as a yellow solid (59 mg, 60%). Analytical RP-C18 HPLC: tR=4.22 mM (A=10 mM NH4OAc, pH=7.0; B=CH3CN, solvent gradient: 0% B to 50% B in 15 min); Preparative RP-C18 HPLC: tR=11.7 mM (A=10 mM NH4OAc, pH=7.0; B=CH3CN, solvent gradient: 0% B to 50% B in 30 mM); λmax=280 nm; HPLC (Agilent Preparative C18 Column): Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-CH3CN; Method: 0-30 CH3CN-30 mM, tR=11.7 min. LC-MS (Agilent G6130B Quadrupole LC/MS): Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-CH3CN; Method: 0-50 CH3CN-15 min, tR=4.22 min MS m/z: MS-API: Calcd. for C36H55N10O12 ([M+H]+): 819.4, found, 819.2. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6/D2O) δ=8.63 (s, 1H), 7.64 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.64 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.48 (s, 2H), 4.12-4.21 (m, 1H), 3.58 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.41-3.53 (m, 24 H), 3.18-3.25 (m, 2H), 3.11-3.18 (m, 2H), 2.28 (t, J=6.4, 2H), 2.15 (t, J=7.4, 2H), 2.03 (m, 1H), 1.88 (m, 1H) ppm.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00127
  • EXAMPLE. FA-PEG6-NOTA. To QC03019 (9.5 mg, 0.011 mmol) in DMSO (0.40 ml, with a concentration at 0.029 M) was added NOTA-NHS (8.6 mg, 0.013 mmol) followed by DIPEA (7.0 μL, 0.039 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 23° C., monitored by LC-MS, and most of the starting material was transformed to the corresponding product in 5 hours. The crude material was purified by RP-C18 HPLC to afford the pure product QC07029 (5.5 mg, 45%). Analytical RP-C18 HPLC: tR=3.91 min (A=10 mM NH4OAc, pH=7.0; B=CH3CN, solvent gradient: 0% B to 50% B in 15 min); Preparative RP-C18 HPLC: tR=10.51 min (A=10 mM NH4OAc, pH=7.0; B=CH3CN, solvent gradient: 0% B to 50% B in 30 min); λmax=280 nm; HPLC (Agilent Preparative C18 Column): Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-CH3CN; Method: 0-30 CH3CN-30 min, tR=10.51 min LC-MS (Agilent G6130B Quadrupole LC/MS): Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-ACN; Method: 0-50 ACN-15 min, tR=3.91 min MS m/z: MS-API: Calcd. for C48H74N13O17([M+H]+): 1104.5, Found: 1104.4
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00128
  • EXAMPLE. FA-NOTA-Al—18F Radiotracer[2]. Two methods for the formation of FANOTA-Al—18F are described herein. Conditions including the pH value, concentration of the substrates and temperature for the chelating reaction with 18F—Al can be varied. The general methods for FA-NOTA-Al—18F are described as followed:
  • Method a). FA-NOTA Precursor was dissolved in 2 mM NaOAc (pH 4.5) and 0.5 mL of ethanol, which was treated with Al18F3.3H2O (1.5 eq.) which was freshly prepared before application. The pH was adjusted to 4.5-5.0, and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 15-30 mM with pH kept at 4.5-5.0. After being cooled down to room temperature, the crude material was loaded to a cartridge, and the radiotracer was eluted into vial. After sterile filtration and being diluted to appropriate radioactivity (5-10 mCi) and specific activity (>1 Ci/μmol), the radiotracer was ready for in vivo PET imaging study.
  • Method b). FA-NOTA Precursor was dissolved in 2 mM NaOAc (pH 4.5), and treated with AlCl3.3H2O (1.5 eq.). The pH was adjusted to 4.5-5.0, and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 15-30 min with pH kept at 4.5-5.0. The crude material was purified by RP-HPLC to afford the FA-NOTA-Al—OH intermediate ready for 18F-labeling. Appropriate amount of FA-NOTA-Al—OH was treated with Na18F saline solution and ethanol (1/1, v/v), and the whole mixture was heated at 100-110° C. for 15 mM. After being cooled down to room temperature, the crude material was loaded to a cartridge, and the radiotracer was eluted into vial. After sterile filtration and being diluted to appropriate radioactivity (5-10 mCi) and specific activity (>1 Ci/μmol), the radiotracer was ready for in vivo PET imaging study.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00129
  • EXAMPLE. Standard Protocol for the Formulation of Folate-NOTA-Al18F Radiotracer. The resin containing 18F was first washed with 1.5 mL of ultrapure water, and then 18F was eluted out from resin by using 1.0 mL of 0.4 M KHCO3 solution. 100 μL of the eluting solution containing 18F was added to a stem vial charged with 10 μL acetic acid, 25 μL AlCl3 (2 mM in 0.1 M NaOAc pH 4 buffer) and 125 μL 0.1 M NaOAc pH 4 buffer. The whole mixture was incubated for 2 mM before 0.25 mg folate-NOTA precursor (1) in 125 μL of 0.1 M NaOAc pH 4 buffer was transferred to the same stem vial. The reaction was immediately heated to 100° C. for 15 min.
  • After cooling to room temperature, the crude material was mixed with 0.7 mL 0.1% formic acid and purified by radioactive HPLC on a Xselect CSH C18 (250×10 mm) column using MeCN and 0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase. The fraction at 11.5 mM was collected to afford pure radiotracer in ˜40-50% radiochemical yield (RCY) with ˜98% radiochemical purity (RCP). The total radiochemical synthesis of folate-NOTA-Al18F (2, Al18F-QC07017) was accomplished in ˜37 mM with a specific activity (SA) of 70±18.4 GBq/μmol. After sterile filtration and appropriate dilution in isotonic saline to the desired radioactivity, the folate-NOTA-Al18F (2) radiotracer was ready for PET imaging study.
  • Using same strategy, radiochemcial synthesis of FA-PEG12-NOTA-Al—18F radiotracer (QC07043) was accomplished in ˜35 mM with a specific activity (SA) of 49±17.1 GBq/μmol. Although the radiochemical purity is excellent, 100% after radioactive HPLC purification, the total radiochemical yield (RCY) is relatively low, ˜25-30%. After sterile filtration and appropriate dilution in isotonic saline to the desired radioactivity, the FA-PEG12-NOTA-Al—18F radiotracer was ready for PET imaging study.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00130
  • EXAMPLE. Solid Phase Synthesis (SPS) of FA-PEG12-EDA-NH2 (QC07042)[11]. 1,2-Diaminoethane trityl resin (1.2 mmol/g, 50 mg, 0.06 mmol) was swollen with dichloromethane (DCM, 3mL) followed by dimethyl formamide (DMF, 3 mL). After swelling the resin in DMF, a solution of fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-PEG12-OH (1.5 equiv), HATU (1.5 equiv), and DIPEA (2.0 equiv) in DMF was added. Argon was bubbled for 2 h, and resin was washed with DMF (3×3 mL) and i-PrOH (3×3 mL). The above sequence was repeated for two more coupling steps for conjugation of Fmoc-Glu-(OtBu)-OH and N10-TFA-Ptc-OH. The final product was cleaved from the resin using a trifluoroacetic acid (TFA):H2O:triisopropylsilane cocktail (95:2.5:2.5) and concentrated under vacuum. The concentrated product was precipitated in diethyl ether and dried under vacuum, which was then incubated in Sat. Na2CO3 and monitored by LC-MS. 1 hour later, the mixture was neutralized to pH=7 with 2 M HCl (aq.) which was purified by preparative with preparative RP-C18 HPLC [solvent gradient: 0% B to 50% B in 30 mM; A=10 mM NH4OAc, pH=7; B=CH3CN]. Acetonitrile was removed under vacuum, and the residue was freeze-dried to yield pure QC07042 as a yellow solid (32.5 mg, 50%). Analytical RP-C18 HPLC: tR=4.76 min (A=10 mM NH4OAc, pH=7.0; B=CH3CN, solvent gradient: 0% B to 50% B in 15 min); Preparative RP-C18 HPLC: tR=13.75 mM (A=10 mM NH4OAc, pH=7.0; B=CH3CN, solvent gradient: 0% B to 50% B in 30 mM); UV-Vis: λmax=280 nm; Preparative RP-C18 HPLC: HPLC (Agilent Preparative C18 Column): Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-CH3CN; Method: 0-50 CH3CN, 30 min, tR=13.75 min. LC-MS: LC-MS (Agilent G6130B Quadrupole LC/MS) of Product Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-CH3CN; Method: 0-50 CH3CN, 15 min, tR=4.76 min MS m/z: MS-API: Calcd. for C48H79N10O18 [M+H]+): 1083.6, Found: 1083.4;
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00131
  • EXAMPLE. FA-PEG12-EDA-NH2-NOTA (QC07043). To FA-PEG12-EDA-NH2 (QC07042, 4.78 mg, 0.004 mmol, M.W.:1082.5) in DMSO (0.25 ml, with a concentration at 0.025 M) was added NOTA-NHS (3.5 mg, 0.005 mmol, 1.2 eq.) followed by DIPEA (2.7 μL, 0.039 mmol). The whole mixture was stirred at 23° C. and monitored by LC-MS. 4 hours later, LC-MS showed that almost all of the starting material was transformed to the product. The crude material was then purified by preparative RP-HPLC to afford the pure FA-PEG12-EDA-NH2-NOTA (QC07043, 4.09 mg, 68%). Analytical RP-C18 HPLC: tR=6.21 min (A=10 mM NH4OAc, pH=7.0; B=CH3CN, solvent gradient: 0% B to 30% B in 15 min); Preparative RP-C18 HPLC: tR=15.60 min (A=10 mM NH4OAc, pH=7.0; B=CH3CN, solvent gradient: 0% B to 30% B in 30 min); UV-Vis: λmax=280 nm; LC-MS: LC-MS (Agilent G6130B Quadrupole LC/MS) of Product Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-CH3CN; Method: 0-8.00 (m, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (s, br, 2H), 6.81-6.93 (m, 1H), 6.62 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.45 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 3.95-4.03 (m, 1H), 3.64-3.70 (m, 2H), 3.56-3.63 (m, 6H), 3.38-3.50 (m, 28 H), 3.33-3.36 (m, 6H), 3.20-3.24 (m, 4H), 3.09-3.18 (m, 10 H), 3.04-3.09 (m, 4H), 2.50 (s, 12 H, overlapping with the residue peak of DMSO), 2.27-2.34 (m, 2H), 2.02-2.12 (m, 2H), 1.99-2.01 (m, 2H).
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00132
  • EXAMPLE. C-NETA and folate-C-NETA. A PyBOP promoted coupling between QC04018 and compound 6, followed by deprotection of tert-butyl ester with TFA, provided folate-C-NETA. The folate-C-NETA is used to evaluate the labeling efficiency with Al18F and 68Ga and evaluate the in vivo PET imaging.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00133
  • EXAMPLE. Methyl 3-cyano-4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (QC07002)[1]. To a stirred solution of methyl 3-cyano-4-fluorobenzoate (5 g, 27.9 mmol) in DMSO (6 ml) was added dimethylamine hydrochloride (2.75 g, 33.7 mmol) followed by potassium carbonate (8.1 g, 58.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (50 ml) and washed with water (2×25 ml), brine, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo to give the methyl 3-cyano-4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (QC07002) in quantitative yield and was used without further purification.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00134
  • EXAMPLE. 2-Cyano-4-(methoxycarbonyl)-N,N,N-trimethylbenzenaminium trifluoromethanesulfonate (QC07003). To a stirred solution of methyl 3-cyano-4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (3.4 g, 16.7 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (17 ml) was added methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (10 g, 60.9 mmol, M.W. 164.1) dropwise. The reaction was stirred at RT for 16 h and another portion of methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (10 g, 60.9 mmol, M.W.: 164.1) was added. The reaction was stirred for another 16 hours and tert-butylmethylether (20 ml) was added slowly. The suspension was filtered and the collected solid was washed with tert-butylmethylether. The crude product was purified by RP-C18 HPLC: (acetonitrile/water-gradient 1:99 to 80:20) to afford product QC07003 (3.69 g) in 60% yield. Analytical RP-C18 HPLC: tR=0.49 min (A=10 mM NH4OAc, pH=7.0; B=CH3CN, solvent gradient: 0% B to 100% B in 15 min); λmax=275 nm; LC-MS (Agilent G6130B Quadrupole LC/MS): Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-CH3CN; Column: Analytic C18 column;Method: 0-100 CH3CN-15 mM, tR=0.49 mM MS m/z: MS-API: Calcd. for C12H15N2O2 ([M]+): 219.1, Found: 219.0; 1H NMR (400 MHz, D2O) δ=8.67 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.44 (dd, J=9.1, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.87 (s, 9H) ppm.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00135
  • EXAMPLE. 4-Carboxy-2-cyano-N,N,N-trimethylbenzenaminium trifluoromethanesulfonate (QC07004). A solution of QC07003 (3.6 g, 9.8 mmol) in water (83 ml) and TFA (83 ml) was heated at 120° C. for 48 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, the light green oil was treated with diethylether to result a suspension. This solid was collected by filtration, washed with diethylether and dried in vacuo to give 4-carboxy-2-cyano-N,N,Ntrimethylbenzenaminium trifluoromethanesulfonate QC07004 (2.8 g, 82%). Analytical RP-C18 HPLC: tR=0.61 mM (A=10 mM NH4OAc, pH=7.0; B=CH3CN, solvent gradient: 0% B to 100% B in 15 min); λmax=240 nm. LC-MS (Agilent G6130B Quadrupole LC/MS): Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-CH3CN; Column: Analytic C18 column; Method: 0-100 CH3CN 15 mM, tR=0.61 mM MS m/z: MS-API: Calcd. for C11H13N2O2 ([M]+): 205.1, Found: 205.1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ=8.58 (d, J=2.07 Hz, 1H), 8.39-8.49 (m, 1H), 8.23-8.35 (m, 1H), 3.85 (s, 9H).
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00136
  • EXAMPLE. FA-PEG1-TMA Precursor (QC07005). QC07004 (62 mg, 0.17 mmol) was added to the solution of QC07011 (0.14 mmol) and DIPEA (87 μL, 1.75 mmol) in DMSO (2.0 mL) at 23° C. under N2. After being stirred for 15 min at 23° C., PyBOP (91 mg, 0.17 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h at 23° C. Volatile material was removed under reduced vacuum to afford the crude product which was further purified by RP-HPLC (C18) to afford the pure compound QC07005 as pale yellow colored solid (125.1 mg, 72%). Analytical RP-C18 HPLC: tR=4.17 min (A=10 mM NH4OAc, pH=7.0; B=CH3CN, solvent gradient: 0% B to 100% B in 15 min); λmax=280 nm; LC-MS (Agilent G6130B Quadrupole LC/MS): Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-CH3CN; Column: Analytic C18 column; Method: 0-100 CH3CN-15 min, tR=4.17 min. MS m/z: MS-API: Calcd. for C28H35F3N9O8 ([M]+): 868.3, Found: 868.2.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00137
  • EXAMPLE. General procedure for the one-pot 19F-introduction and deprotection. 8.3 μL of freshly prepared KF-Kryptofix (1/1.5) (0.0012 mmol, 0.144 M) solution was azeotropically dried with CH3CN at 90-100° C., to which 1.2 mg (0.0012 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) QC07005 in 50 ul of anhydrous DMSO was added with a concentration of precursor at 0.024 M. The resulting mixture was immediately immersed into an oil bath preheated to 70-75° C. and kept at 70-75° C. for 10 min. After being cooled down to room temperature, 200 ul of 1M NaOH (aq.) was added with a concentration of NaOH (aq.) at 0.8 M. The reaction was monitored by LC-MS and found complete after 5 min, which was neutralized with 1 M HCl (aq.) and analyzed by LC-MS (QC07006). And the total labeling efficiency was about 30% based on the analysis of LC-MS. Analytical RP-C18 HPLC: A=10 mM NH4OAc, pH=7.0; B=CH3CN, solvent gradient: 0% B to 100% B in 15 min; λmax=280 nm; LC-MS: Method: 0-100 CH3CN-15 min, tR=5.13 min MS m/z: MS-API: Calcd. for C36H37F4N10O9 ([M+H]+): 829.3, Found: 829.1.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00138
  • EXAMPLE. Folate-18F-Boronate PET Imaging Agent
    • PSMA TARGETED EXAMPLES
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00139
  • EXAMPLE. EC1380, 10. In a dry flask, H-Glu(OtBu)-OtBu.HCl (2.48 g , 8.41 mmol) and 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (1.86 g, 9.25 mmol, 1.1 eq) were added, dissolved in CH2Cl2 (30 ml) under Argon atmosphere. The stirring solution was chilled to 0° C., followed by the dropwise addition of DIPEA (4.50 ml, 25.2 mmol, 3 eq). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 1 hr. To the stiffing solution was added H-Lys-(Z)-OtBu (4.39 g, 11.8 mmol, 1.4 eq), DIPEA (4.50 ml, 25.2 mmol, 3 eq) and stirred for 1 hr. Upon completion, the reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 and extracted with CH2Cl2 three times. The organic extracts were combined, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and the solvent was removed via reduced pressure. The product was purified using silica gel chromatography with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate. The Cbz protected amine was transferred to a round bottom flask with 10% Pd/C (10% wt eq), dissolved in MeOH (30 ml) under Hydrogen atmosphere (latm) and stirred for 3 hr. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was filtered through celite and the solvent was removed via reduced pressure to yield the crude amine. The amine was taken up in CH2Cl2 (30 ml) under Argon atmosphere and chilled to 0° C. To the chilled solution was added 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (2.2 g, 10.9 mmol, 1.3 eq) and DIPEA (6.0 ml, 33.6 mmol, 4 eq) subsequently and stirred for 2 hr at room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated NH4Cl and extract three times with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were combined, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and solvent was removed under vacuum and purified using silica gel chromatography to yield the desired activated amine, EC1380 (2.54 g, 46%).
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00140
  • EXAMPLE. Glu(OtBu)-OtBu-Lys-OtBu-AMPAA-Asp(OtBu)-Asp(OtBu)-Lys(Mtt)-resin 11. The general procedure described for the synthesis of resin bound folate-peptide resin 1 was followed for the coupling of 2× Fmoc-L-Asp(OtBu)-OH, Fmoc-AMPAA-OH, Fmoc-L-Lys(Z)-OtBu, and Fmoc-(L)-Glu(OtBu) to Fmoc-L-Lys(Mtt)-Wang resin. The resin bound penta-peptide was subjected to standard Fmoc deprotection, washings and Kaiser test. Following another DMF wash (3×10 ml); an EC1380 solution (2.0 eq.) in DMF, and DIPEA (3.0 eq.) were added to the vessel and the solution bubbled with Argon for 2 hour. The coupling solution was filtered, the resin was washed with DMF (3×10 ml) and i-PrOH (3×10 ml) and a Kaiser test was done to assess reaction completion.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00141
  • EXAMPLE. Glu-Lys-AMPAA-Asp-Asp-Lys-Bn-NOTA 12. Glu-Lys-AMPAA-Asp-Asp-Lys-Bn-NOTA, EC2209 was prepared in 47% yield according to the process described for folate-peptide-NOTA, 4. 1H NMR (500 MHz DMSO-d6) Pivotal signals: δ 7.25-7.18 (m, 2H), 7.14 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.06 (m, 5H), 4.47 (ddd, J=17.8, 7.5, 5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.11-4.08 (m, 3H), 4.08-4.02 (m, 2H), 3.98 (dd, J=8.2, 5.1 Hz, 1H). [M+H]+=Calculated 1319.50, found 1319.70
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00142
  • EXAMPLE. Glu(OtBu)-OtBu-Lys-OtBu-Aoc-Phe-Phe-Arg(Pbf)-Asp(OtBu)-Arg(Pbf)-Lys(Mtt)-resin 13. The general procedure described for the synthesis of resin bound folate-peptide resin 1 was followed for the coupling of Fmoc-L-Arg(Pbf)-OH, Fmoc-L-Asp(OtBu)-OH, Fmoc-L-Arg(Pbf)-OH, 2× Fmoc-Phe-OH, Fmoc-Aoc-OH, Fmoc-L-Lys(Z)-OtBu, Fmoc-(L)-Glu(OtBu) and EC1380 to Fmoc-L-Lys(Mtt)-Wang resin.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00143
  • EXAMPLE. Glu-Lys-Aoc-Phe-Phe-Arg-Asp-Arg-Lys-NOTA 14. Glu-Lys-Aoc-Phe-Phe-Arg-Asp-Arg-Lys-NOTA, EC2390 was prepared in 37% yield according to the process described for folate-peptide-NOTA, 4. 1H NMR (500 MHz DMSO-d6) Pivotal signals: δ 7.25-7.14 (m, 6H), 7.16-7.08 (m, 3H), 4.47 (dd, J=9.0, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (dd, J=10.4, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.16 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.97-3.88 (m, 2H). [M+H]+=Calculated 1639.84, found 1640.22
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00144
  • EXAMPLE. DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Arg-Lys-NH2. 2-[3-(3-Benzyloxycarbonyl-1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-propyl)-ureido]pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester (2). [1, 2] To a solution of L-glutamate di-tert-butyl ester hydrochloride 1 (1.0 g, 3.39 mmol) and triphosgene (329.8 mg, 1.12 mmol) in DCM (25.0 mL) at −78° C., triethylamine (TEA, 1.0 mL, 8.19 mmol) was added. After stirring for 2 h at −78° C. under argon, a solution of L-Glu(OBn)-OtBu (1.2 g, 3.72 mmol) and TEA (600 4, 4.91 mmol) in DCM (5.0 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was allowed to come to room temperature (rt) over a period of 1 h and stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched with 1 M HCl, and the organic layer was washed with brine and dried over Na2SO4. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (hexane:EtOAc) 1:1) to yield the intermediate 2 (1.76 g, 90.2%) as a colorless oil and crystallized using hexane:DCM. Rf) 0.67 (hexane:EtOAc) 1:1). 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 1.43 (s, 9H, CH3-tBu); 1.44 (s, 9H, CH3-tBu); 1.46 (s, 9H, CH3-tBu); 1.85 (m, 1H, Glu-H); 1.87 (m, 1H, Glu-H); 2.06 (m, 1H, Glu-H); 2.07 (m, 1H, Glu-H); 2.30 (m, 2H, Glu-H); 2.44 (m, 2H, Glu-H); 4.34 [s (broad), 1H, RH]; 4.38 [s (broad), 1H, R—H]; 5.10 (s, 2H, CH2-Ar); 5.22 [s (broad), 2H, Urea-H); 7.34 (m, 5H, Ar—H). EI-HRMS (m/z): (M+H)+ calcd for C30H47N2O9, 579.3282; found, 579.3289.
  • EXAMPLE. 2-[3-(1,3-Bis-tert-butoxycarbonyl-propyl)-ureido]pentanedioic Acid 1-tert-Butyl Ester, DUPA_1. To a solution of 2 (250 mg, 432 mmol) in DCM, 10% Pd/C was added. The reaction mixture was hydrogenated at 1 atm for 24 h at rt. Pd/C was filtered through a Celite pad and washed with DCM. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (hexane: EtOAc) 40:60) to yield DUPA_1 (169 mg, 80.2%) as a colorless oil, and crystallized using hexane:DCM. Rf=0.58 (hexane: EtOAc=40:60). 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 1.46 (m, 27H, CH3-tBu); 1.91 (m, 2H,Glu-H); 2.07 (m, 1H, Glu-H); 2.18 (m,1H, Glu-H); 2.33 (m, 2H, Glu-H); 2.46 (m, 2H, Glu-H); 4.31 (s (broad), 1H, RH); 4.35 (s (broad), 1H, R—H); 5.05 (t, 2H, Urea-H); EI-HRMS (m/z): (M+H)+ calcd for C23H41N2O9, 489.2812; found, 489.2808.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00145
  • Reagents and conditions: (a) (i) 20% piperidine/DMF, room temperature, 10 min; (ii) Fmoc-Arg(Boc)2-OH, HBTU, HOBt, DMF-DIPEA, 2 h. (b) (i) 20% piperidine/DMF, room temperature, 10 min; (ii) Fmoc-Phe-OH, HBTU, HOBt, DMF-DIPEA, 2 h. (c) (i) 20% piperidine/DMF, room temperature, 10 min; (ii) Fmoc-8-amino-octanoic (EAO) acid, HBTU, HOBt, DMF/DIPEA, 2 h. (d) (i) 20% piperidine/DMF, room temperature, 10 min; (ii) (tBuO)3-DUPA-OH, HBTU, HOBt, DIPEA, 2 h. (e) TFA/H2O/TIPS (95:2.5:2.5), 1 h
  • EXAMPLE. DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Arg-Lys-NH2. Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-Wang resin (0.43 mM) was swollen with DCM (3 mL) followed by dimethyl formamide (DMF, 3 mL). A solution of 20% piperidine in DMF (3×3 mL) was added to the resin, and argon was bubbled for 5 mM. The resin was washed with DMF (3×3 mL) and isopropyl alcohol (i-PrOH, 3×3 mL). Formation of free amine was assessed by the Kaiser test. After swelling the resin in DMF, a solution of Fmoc-Arg(Boc)2-OH (2.5 equiv), HBTU (2.5 equiv), HOBt (2.5 equiv), and DIPEA (4.0 equiv) in DMF was added. Argon was bubbled for 2 h, and resin was washed with DMF (3×3 mL) and i-PrOH (3×3 mL). The coupling efficiency was assessed by the Kaiser Test. The above sequence was repeated for 3 more coupling steps to introduce the phenylanaline (Phe), 8-amino-octanoic acid (EAO), and DUPA successively. Final compound was cleaved from the resin using a trifluoroacetic acid (TFA):H2O:triisopropylsilane cocktail (95:2.5:2.5) and concentrated under vacuum. The concentrated product was precipitated in cold diethyl ether and dried under vacuum. The crude product was purified using preparative RP-HPLC [(λ) 210 nm; solvent gradient: 0% B to 50% B in 30 min run; mobile phase: A) 0.1% TFA, pH=2; B) acetonitrile (ACN)]. ACN was removed under vacuum, and pure fractions were freeze-dried to yield DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Arg-Lys-NH2 as a white solid. UV/vis: λmax=205 nm. Analytical RP-HPLC: tR=6.2 min (A=0.1% TFA; B=CH3CN, solvent gradient: 0% B to 50% B in 15 min); ESI-MS (m/z): (M+H)+ calcd for C40H65N10O13, 893.5; found, 893.4.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00146
  • EXAMPLE. DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Arg-Lys-NH2-NOTA. To DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Arg-Lys-NH2 (QC08001, 5.0 mg, 0.0056 mmol, M.W.:893.0) in DMSO (0.20 ml, with a concentration at 0.028 M) was added NOTA-NHS (5.5 mg, 0.0084 mmol, 1.5 eq.) followed by DIPEA (2.9 μL, 0.017 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 23° C., monitored by LC-MS, and most of the starting material was transformed to the corresponding product in 5 hours. The crude material was purified by RP-C18 HPLC. ACN was removed under vacuum, and pure fractions were freeze-dried to yield the pure DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Arg-Lys-NH2-NOTA (QC08002, 3.3 mg, 50%). Analytical RP-C18 HPLC: tR=5.98 min (A=0.1% TFA; B=CH3CN, solvent gradient: 0% B to 50% B in 15 min); Preparative RP-C18 HPLC: tR=16.16 min (A=0.1% TFA; B=CH3CN, solvent gradient: 0% B to 50% B in 30 min); UV-Vis: λmax=201 nm; HPLC (Agilent Preparative C18 Column): Mobile phase: A=0.1% TFA; B=CH3CN; Method: 0-50 CH3CN-30 min, tR=16.16 min LC-MS (Agilent G6130B Quadrupole LC/MS): Mobile phase: A=0.1% TFA; B=CH3CN; Method: 0-50 CH3CN-30 min, tR=5.98 min; MS m/z: MS-API: Calcd. for C52H84N13O18 ([M+H]+): 1178.6, Found: 1178.4.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00147
  • EXAMPLE. DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Arg-Lys-NH2-NOTA-Al18F. Method a):. DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Arg-Lys-NH2-NOTA is dissolved in 2 mM NaOAc (pH 4.5) and 0.5 mL of ethanol, and treated with Al18F3.3H2O(1.5 eq.) which is freshly prepared before application. The pH is adjusted to 4.5-5.0, and the reaction mixture is refluxed for 15-30 min with pH kept at 4.5-5.0. After cooling to room temperature, the crude material is loaded to a cartridge, and the radiotracer eluted into vial. After sterile filtration and being diluted to appropriate radioactivity (5-10 mCi) and specific activity (>1 Ci/μmol), the radiotracer is used in in vivo PET imaging.
  • Method b). DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Arg-Lys-NH2-NOTA is dissolved in 2 mM NaOAc (pH 4.5), and treated with AlCl3.3H2O (1.5 eq.). The pH is adjusted to 4.5-5.0, and the reaction mixture is refluxed for 15-30 mM with the pH kept at 4.5-5.0. The crude material is purified by RP-HPLC to afford the DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Arg-Lys-NH2-NOTA-Al—OH intermediate ready for 18F-labeling. Appropriate amount of DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Arg-Lys-NH2-NOTA-Al—OH is treated with Na18F saline solution and ethanol (1/1, v/v), and the whole mixture is heated at 100-110° C. for 15 min. After cooling to room temperature, the crude material is loaded to a cartridge, and the radiotracer eluted into vial. After sterile filtration and being diluted to appropriate radioactivity (5-10 mCi) and specific activity (>1 Ci/μmol), the radiotracer is ready for use in in vivo PET imaging.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00148
  • Reagents and conditions: (a) Fmoc-Phe-OH, HBTU, HOBt, DMF/DIPEA, 2 h. (b) (i) 20% piperidine/DMF, room temperature, 10 min; (ii) Fmoc-Phe-OH, HBTU, HOBt, DMF/DIPEA, 2 h. (c) (i) 20% piperidine/DMF, room temperature, 10 min; (ii) Fmoc-8-amino-octanoic (EAO) acid, HBTU, HOBt, DMF/DIPEA, 2 h. (d) (i) 20% piperidine/DMF, room temperature, 10 min; (ii) (tBuO) 3-DUPA-OH, HBTU, HOBt, DIPEA, 2 h. (e) TFA/H2O/TIPS (95:2.5:2.5),1 h.
  • EXAMPLE. Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) of DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Phe-EDA-NH2.[2, 3]. As described herein for DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Arg-Lys-NH2 (QC08001), DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Phe-EDA-NH2 is prepared. The commercially available Trt-EDA resin was swollen with DCM (3 mL) followed by dimethyl formamide (DMF, 3 mL), to which a solution of Fmoc-Phe-OH (2.5 equiv), HBTU (2.5 equiv), HOBt (2.5 equiv), and DIPEA (4.0 equiv) in DMF was added. Argon was bubbled for 2 h, and resin was washed with DMF (3×3 mL) and i-PrOH (3×3 mL). The coupling efficiency was assessed by the Kaiser Test. A solution of 20% piperidine in DMF (3×3 mL) was added to the resin, and argon was bubbled for 5 mM. The resin was washed with DMF (3×3 mL) and isopropyl alcohol (i-PrOH, 3×3 mL). Formation of free amine was assessed by the Kaiser test. The above sequence was repeated for 3 more coupling steps to introduce the second phenylanaline (Phe), 8-amino-octanoic acid (EAO), and DUPA successively. Final compound was cleaved from the resin using a trifluoroacetic acid (TFA):H2O:triisopropylsilane cocktail (95:2.5:2.5) and concentrated under vacuum. The concentrated product was precipitated in cold diethyl ether and dried under vacuum. The crude product was purified using preparative RP-HPLC [λ] 210 nm; solvent gradient: 0% B to 100% B in 30 mM run; mobile phase: A) 10 mM NH4OAc (pH=7, buffer); B) acetonitrile (ACN)]. ACN was removed under vacuum, and pure fractions were freeze-dried to yield DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Phe-EDA-NH2 as a white solid. Analytical RP-C18 HPLC: tR=3.99 mM (A=10 mM NH4OAc, pH=7.0; B=CH3CN, solvent gradient: 0% B to 100% B in 15 min); Preparative RP-C18 HPLC: tR=16.05 mM (A=10 mM NH4OAc, pH=7.0; B=CH3CN, solvent gradient: 0% B to 100% B in 30 m); UV-Vis: λmax=209 nm; LC-MS: LC-MS (Agilent G6130B Quadrupole LC/MS) of Product Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-CH3CN; Method: 0-100 ACN-15 m, tR=3.99 min. MS m/z: MS-API: Calcd. for C39H56N7O11 ([M+H]+): 798.4, Found: 798.3; Calcd. for C39H55N7O11K ([M+K]+): 836.4, Found: 836.3. HPLC (Agilent Preparative C18 Column): Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-CH3CN; Method: 0-100 ACN-30 min, tR=16.05 min.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00149
  • EXAMPLE. To DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Phe-EDA-NH2 (QC08008, 5.9 mg, 0.0074 mmol, M.W.:797.4) in DMSO (0.25 ml, with a concentration at 0.025 M) was added NOTA-NHS (7.3 mg, 0.011 mmol, 1.5 eq.) followed by 4 drops of DIPEA. The mixture was stirred at 23° C. and monitored by LC-MS. 4 hours later, LC-MS showed that almost all of the starting material was transformed to the product. The crude material was then purified by preparative RP-HPLC to afford the pure DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Phe-NOTA (QC08009, 4.50 mg, 56%, based on 8.02 mg in theory, 97% purity by HPLC at 210 nm). Analytical RP-C18 HPLC: tR=3.45 min (A=10 mM NH4OAc, pH=7.0; B=CH3CN, solvent gradient: 0% B to 100% B in 15 min); Preparative RP-C18 HPLC: tR=10.09 min (A=10 mM NH4OAc, pH=7.0; B=CH3CN, solvent gradient: 0% B to 100% B in 30 min); UV-Vis: λmax=211 nm; LC-MS: LC-MS (Agilent G6130B Quadrupole LC/MS) of Product Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-CH3CN; Method: 0-100 ACN-15 min, tR=3.45 min MS m/z: MS-API: Calcd. for C51H75H10O16 ([M+H]+): 1083.5, Found: 1083.3; HPLC (Agilent Preparative C18 Column): Mobile phase: Buffer (pH 7)-CH3CN; Method: 0-100 ACN-30 min, tR=10.09 min 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ=10.13 (br, 1H), 8.98 (br, 1H), 8.43 (br, 1H), 7.90 (br, 3H), 7.30-7.10 (m, 10 H), 6.37 (br, 1H), 6.28 (br, 1H), 4.60-4.52 (m, 1H), 4.32-4.44 (m, 1H), 4.24-4.31 (m, 2H), 3.95-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.85-3.92 (m, 2H), 3.28 (s, 4H), 3.25 (s, 2H), 3.09 (m, 1H), 3.05 (m, 1H), 2.92-3.02 (m, 4H), 2.54-2.67 (m, 12 H), 2.31-2.38 (m, 2H), 2.19-2.31 (m, 3H), 2.11-2.18 (m, 2H),2.02-2.10 (m, 3H), 1.52-1.72 (m, 4H), 1.25-1.37 (m, 4H), 1.05-1.13 (m, 2H),
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00150
  • EXAMPLE. Radiochemical Synthesis of DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Arg-Lys-NOTA-64Cu Radiotracer. NOTA based chelators have also been reported and employed in the formulation of NOTA-64/67Cu for nuclear medicine/radiotherapy.[14-16] The corresponding DUPA-NOTA-64Cu was prepare for the dual purpose of imaging and therapy, also referred to as theranostics. DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Arg-Lys-NOTA-64Cu was prepared according a standard protocol with minor modifications. [4, 14-16] The 64Cu(OAc)2, in situ prepared from 64CuCl2 with 0.1 M ammonium acetate (pH 5.5),was added to the reaction tube containing the DUPA-NOTA precursor. The resulting mixture was then heated to 95° C. for 15 min. After cooling to room temperature, the crude material was purified by radioactive HPLC on a C18 column using MeCN and 0.1% TFA as the mobile phase to afford the target radiotracer with ˜90% radiochemical purity (RCP). Sterile filtration and dilution in isotonic saline to the desired radioactivity provided the radiotracer ready for PET imaging.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00151
  • EXAMPLE. Radiochemical synthesis of DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Phe-NOTA-64Cu/Al—18F.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00152
  • EXAMPLE. Radiochemical synthesis of DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Phe-NOTA-68Ga.
  • EXAMPLE. General procedure for 68Ga labeling: 68Ga was eluted from the 68Ge/68Ga generator with 0.1N HCl. A predetermined amount of 68Ga in 0.1N HCl was added to a DUPA-NOTA solution in acetate buffer (pH 4.8). The labeling mixture was incubated at room temperature, and labeling efficiencies were checked by radioactive HPLC. The radiolabeled product was purified by radioactive HPLC and the DUPA-NOTA-68Ga peak sample was collected. After sterile filtration and being diluted to appropriate radioactivity (5-10 mCi) and specific activity (>1 Ci/μmol), the radiotracer was ready for in vivo PET imaging study.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00153
  • EXAMPLE. Radiochemical synthesis of DUPA-C-NETA based theranostics.
  • Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00154
  • EXAMPLE. Preparation of the NOTA Derivatives. Bifunctional conjugates, also referred to as theranotics, are described herein. Compounds described herein can tightly chelate both radionuclides such as 18F and 68Ga for PET imaging, and radionuclides 177Lu and 90Y for radiotherapy. C-NETA, a NOTA derivative, has been reported to chelate Al18F with about twice the efficiency (87%) of NOTA.[17] Moreover, C-NETA also reportedly chelates the commonly used radiotherapeutic nuclides, such as 177Lu and 90Y, with high labeling efficiency.[18] Thus, it is appreciated herein, that C-NETA is useful as a bifunctional chelator that can be used for both PET imaging and radiotherapy, where the radionuclide is a metal or metal halide, such as Al18F, 68Ga, 177Lu or 90Y.
  • EXAMPLE. A PyBOP promoted coupling between QC04018 and QC08008, followed by deprotection of tert-butyl ester with TFA provides DUPA-C-NETA. DUPA-C-NETA is used to evaluate the labeling efficiency to Al18F, 177Lu and 90Y, and evaluate the in vivo PET imaging and radiotherapy.
    • METHOD EXAMPLES
  • EXAMPLE. The specificity of the radionuclide containing conjugates binding to FR is evaluated against KB xenografts homogenates and Cal51 xenografts homogenates. Concentration dependent binding was evaluated for 18F-AIF-QC07017 and 18F-AIF-QC07043, and separated into specific and non-specific binding. Significant non-specific binding was not observed in KB homogenates. Minor non-specific binding was observed in Cal51 homogenates, with a specific/non-specific binding ratio of >3:1 at all concentrations up to about 30 nM for 18F-AIF-QC07017, and a specific/non-specific binding ratio of >2:1 at all concentrations up to about 20 nM for 18F-AIF-QC07043. Minor non-specific binding was observed in A549 homogenates, with a specific/non-specific binding ratio of >2:1 at all concentrations up to about 10 nM for 18F-AIF-QC07043. Scatchard analyses were also performed. Displaceable and saturable binding of 18F-AIF-QC07017 in human tumor xenografts (KB and Cal51) by self competition was observed. Both 18F-AIF-QC07017 and 18F-AIF-QC07043 bound one site with high affinity in all cell xenografts. The high ratio of Bmax/Kd indicated a high specific binding affinity to KB xenografts. Moderate binding affinity was observed for Cal51 xenografts, and the lowest binding affinity was observed for A549 xenografts. Without being bound by theory, it is believed herein that the moderate expression of FR in Cal51 xenografts accounts for the lower binding affinity.
  • Binding affinities of 18F-AIF-QC07017 (2) to FR in KB and Cal51 tumor crude homogenate.
  • Folate-NOTA-Al18F (2) Bmax, nM* Kd, nM Bmax/Kd
    KB xenografts 511 0.7 >700
    Cal51 xenografts 36 1.1 >30
  • Binding affinities of 18F-AIF-QC07043 to FR in KB and Cal51 tumor crude homogenate.
  • FA-PEG12-NOTA-Al18F Bmax, nM* Kd, nM Bmax/Kd
    KB xenografts 241 0.4 603
    Cal51 xenografts 13 1.2 11
  • EXAMPLE. μPET imaging was performed on nude mice bearing KB tumor xenografts under baseline and competed conditions to evaluate the in vivo binding specificity of 18F-AIF-QC07017 (2) to FR. Nude mice bearing KB tumor xenografts on their left shoulder were injected with 0.30-0.40 mCi (2). The competed group received 100 μg of folic acid 10 min before the i.v. injection of (2), and the treatment group was injected with a corresponding volume of phosphate buffer. Time course inspection of PET images obtained at various time points revealed that the data acquired in 60-90 min post tracer injection gave the best visual PET imaging. The KB tumors were clearly visualized in the treated group, whereus the uptake of (2) was completely inhibited by competing with folic acid, supporting a high specificity of (2) binding to FR in vivo. Without being bound by theory, it is believed herein that the high radioactivity found in kidneys was due to the uptake mediated by FR that is expressed in the proximal tubule cells in kidneys and the potential accumulation of radiotracer via renal excretion, which was further supported by the biodistribution studies described herein. With the exception of the liver, significant uptake in other organs was not observed. A significant blocking effect in liver uptake was observed in under competed conditions.
  • EXAMPLE. Ex vivo biodistribution study of compounds described herein under both baseline and competed conditions in nude mice bearing KB tumor xenografts on their left shoulder demonstrates a high and specific uptake in FR(+) tumors. Radiotracer levels of 18F-AIF-QC07017 and 18F-AIF-QC07043 were determined in whole blood, plasma, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, spleen, KB xenograft tumor tissues and A549 xenograft tumor tissues (FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B, and FIG. 1C). The highest signal was observed in the kidneys. Accumulation was observed to a substantially less extent in the liver. Without being bound by theory, it is believed herein that the highest accumulation of radioactivity in kidneys, along with the relative low uptake of radiotracer in the hepatobiliary system i.e. liver, bile and intestine/feces supports that renal elimination is the predominant excretion pathway. Except for the kidneys, accumulation in KB xenograft tumor tissues was greatest, and significantly greater than in the liver. Accumulation in A549 xenograft tumor tissues was comparable to the liver. Accumulation in both KB xenograft tumor tissues and A549 xenograft tumor tissues was blocked under competition conditions with folic acid (FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B). The FR specificity of 18F-AIF-QC07017 and 18F-AIF-QC07043 was comparable to etarfolatide (EC20), a compound in clinical trials, in both KB xenograft tumor tissues and A549 xenograft tumor tissues.
  • Uptake in KB xenografts
    Uptake under competed
    Uptake conditions
    Example (SUV) (±SEM) (SUV) (±SEM)
    18F-AIF-QC07017 2.84 ± 0.76 0.34 ± 0.02
    18F-AIF-QC07043 2.33 ± 0.13 0.41 ± 0.06
    99mTc-EC20 2.75 ± 0.14 0.43 ± 0.05
    P values: 99mTc-EC20 vs 18F-AIF-QC07043, p = 0.15; 18F-AIF-QC07017 vs 18F-AIF-QC07043, p = 0.48; EC20 vs 18F-AIF-QC07017, p = 0.85.
  • Uptake in A549 xenografts
    Uptake under competed
    Uptake conditions
    Example (SUV) (±SEM) (SUV) (±SEM)
    18F-AIF-QC07017 0.64 ± 0.16 0.03 ± 0.01
    18F-AIF-QC07043 0.53 ± 0.06 0.04 ± 0.01
    99mTc-EC20 0.71 ± 0.09 0.08 ± 0.02
    P values: 99mTc-EC20 vs 18F-AIF-QC07043, p = 0.13; 18F-AIF-QC07017 vs 18F-AIF-QC07043, p = 0.50; 99mTc-EC20 vs 18F-AIF-QC07017, p = 0.74
  • EXAMPLE. In vitro evaluation of DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Phe-NOTA-68Ga radiotracer (68Ga-QC08009). 67Ga has a longer half life than 68Ga (about 3.3 days versus about 68 minutes, respectively). Thus, 67Ga is used as a surrogate of 68Ga for in vitro evaluation of Kd values and tissue imaging. It is to be understood that the in vitro evaluation of Kd values and tissue imaging observed for 67Ga is predictive of 68Ga. DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Phe-NOTA-67Ga (67Ga-NOTA-LC-PSMA2) was prepared in nearly quantitative radiochemical yield. In vitro study in both the PSMA(−) cell line (PC3) and the PSMA(+) cell lines (LnCaP and PIP-PC3) revealed a PSMA mediated high and specific uptake with a Kd=8.45±2.16 nM. PC3 is a PSMA (−) cell line; LnCap is a PSMA (+) cell line; and PIP-PC3 is a transfect cell line with higher PSMA expression. Uptake of 68Ga-QC08009 by PC3 cells was minimal, and did not change when competed. Uptake of 68Ga-QC08009 by LnCaP and PIP-PC3 was substantial, with PIP-PC3 cells showing the highest uptake. In both cases, Uptake of 68Ga-QC08009 by LnCaP and PIP-PC3 is blocked by competing ligand. Compared to 67Ga-DKFZ-PSMA11, an imaging agent in clinical trials, 67Ga-NOTA-LC-PSMA2 demonstrated superior binding to PSMA(+) prostate cancer tissues.
  • EXAMPLE. In vivo PET imaging and BioD study of DUPA-EAOA-Phe-Phe-NOTA-68Ga radiotracer (68Ga-QC08009). In vivo micro-PET/CT scan with 68Ga-NOTA-LC-PSMA2 radiotracer in mice carrying PSMA (+) LnCaP xenografts showed 4.29% ID uptake in PSMA(+) tumor. At 1 hour post-injection, most of the radiotracer was found in bladder. Without being bound by theory, it is believed herein that the data support that the primary elimination pathway is in urine. In addition, compared to other tissues, minor accumulation of radiotracer was observed in the kidneys. Without being bound by theory, it is believed herein that the relatively high PSMA expression in mouse kidneys, compared to other tissues, accounts at least in part for the minor accumulation of 68Ga-NOTA-LC-PSMA2 radiotracer in kidneys.

Claims (21)

1-19. (canceled)
20. A conjugate of the formula

B-L-P
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein B is a radical of a targeting agent selected from vitamin receptor binding ligands, PSMA binding ligands, and PSMA inhibitors, L is a divalent linker, and P is a radical of an imaging agent or radiotherapy agent, such as a radionuclide or radionuclide containing group, or a precursor thereof, or a radical of a compound capable of binding a radionuclide or radionuclide containing group, such as a metal chelating group.
21. The conjugate of claim 20 comprising folate-Asp,
22. The conjugate of claim 20 comprising folate-Arg.
23. The conjugate of claim 20 wherein the linker comprises a polypeptide comprising lysine, arginine, or aspartic acid, or a combination thereof.
24. The conjugate of claim 20 wherein the linker does not include a diradical of the formula NH—(CH2)2—NH,
25. The conjugate of claim 20 comprising the formula
Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00155
or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
26. The conjugate of claim 20 comprising folate-PEG.
27. The conjugate of claim 26 comprising the formula
Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00156
or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
28. The conjugate of claim 26 comprising the formula
Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00157
or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
29. The conjugate of claim 20 wherein the targeting agent is a radical of a PSMA binding ligand or PSMA inhibitor.
30. The conjugate of claim 29 comprising the formula
Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00158
where n is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; or
Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00159
where n is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; or
Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00160
where W is O or S.
31. The conjugate of claim 29 wherein the linker comprises a polypeptide comprising phenylalanine, lysine, arginine, or aspartic acid, or a combination thereof.
32. The conjugate of claim 29 comprising the formula
Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00161
or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
33. The conjugate of claim 29 comprising the formula
Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00162
where n is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
34. The conjugate of claim 29 wherein the linker comprises the formula
Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00163
35. The conjugate of claim 29 wherein the linker comprises the formula
Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00164
36. The conjugate of claim 33 comprising the formula
Figure US20160287731A1-20161006-C00165
or a derivative thereof comprising a chelated metal.
37. The conjugate of claim 20, wherein the radionuclide is a positron-emitting radionuclide.
38. The conjugate of claim 37, wherein the positron-emitting radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of 89Zr, 45Ti, 51Mn, 64Cu, 61Cu, 63Zn, 82Rb, 68Ga, 66Ga, 11C, 13N, 15O, 124I, 34Cl, 18F, and 19F.
39. The conjugate of claim 20 wherein the radionuclide is a radiotherapy agent.
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