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US20110195429A1 - Methods and compositions for diagnosis and prognosis of renal injury and renal failure - Google Patents

Methods and compositions for diagnosis and prognosis of renal injury and renal failure Download PDF

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US20110195429A1
US20110195429A1 US13/061,413 US200913061413A US2011195429A1 US 20110195429 A1 US20110195429 A1 US 20110195429A1 US 200913061413 A US200913061413 A US 200913061413A US 2011195429 A1 US2011195429 A1 US 2011195429A1
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renal
measured concentration
subject
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soluble
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US11150250B2 (en
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Joseph Anderberg
Jeff Gray
Paul McPherson
Kevin Nakamura
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Astute Medical Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G01N33/6893—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids related to diseases not provided for elsewhere
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/34—Genitourinary disorders
    • G01N2800/347—Renal failures; Glomerular diseases; Tubulointerstitial diseases, e.g. nephritic syndrome, glomerulonephritis; Renovascular diseases, e.g. renal artery occlusion, nephropathy

Definitions

  • the kidney is responsible for water and solute excretion from the body. Its functions include maintenance of acid-base balance, regulation of electrolyte concentrations, control of blood volume, and regulation of blood pressure. As such, loss of kidney function through injury and/or disease results in substantial morbidity and mortality. A detailed discussion of renal injuries is provided in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17 th Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, pages 1741-1830, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Renal disease and/or injury may be acute or chronic.
  • Acute and chronic kidney disease are described as follows (from Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2008, 47 th Ed, McGraw Hill, New York, pages 785-815, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety): “Acute renal failure is worsening of renal function over hours to days, resulting in the retention of nitrogenous wastes (such as urea nitrogen) and creatinine in the blood. Retention of these substances is called azotemia.
  • Chronic renal failure results from an abnormal loss of renal function over months to years”.
  • Acute renal failure also known as acute kidney injury, or AKI
  • AKI acute kidney injury
  • Type Risk Factors Prerenal ECF volume depletion Excessive diuresis, hemorrhage, GI losses, loss of intravascular fluid into the extravascular space (due to ascites, peritonitis, pancreatitis, or burns), loss of skin and mucus membranes, renal salt- and water-wasting states
  • Low systemic vascular Septic shock, liver failure, antihypertensive drugs resistance Increased renal vascular NSAIDs, cyclosporines, tacrolimus, hypercalcemia, resistance anaphylaxis, anesthetics, renal artery obstruction, renal vein thrombosis, sepsis, hepatorenal syndrome Decreased efferent ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers arteriolar tone (leading to decreased GFR from reduced glomerular transcapillary pressure, especially in patients with bilateral renal
  • ischemic ARF the course of the disease may be divided into four phases.
  • an initiation phase which lasts hours to days, reduced perfusion of the kidney is evolving into injury. Glomerular ultrafiltration reduces, the flow of filtrate is reduced due to debris within the tubules, and back leakage of filtrate through injured epithelium occurs.
  • Renal injury can be mediated during this phase by reperfusion of the kidney.
  • Initiation is followed by an extension phase which is characterized by continued ischemic injury and inflammation and may involve endothelial damage and vascular congestion.
  • the maintenance phase lasting from 1 to 2 weeks, renal cell injury occurs, and glomerular filtration and urine output reaches a minimum.
  • a recovery phase can follow in which the renal epithelium is repaired and GFR gradually recovers. Despite this, the survival rate of subjects with ARF may be as low as about 60%.
  • Acute kidney injury caused by radiocontrast agents also called contrast media
  • other nephrotoxins such as cyclosporine, antibiotics including aminoglycosides and anticancer drugs such as cisplatin manifests over a period of days to about a week.
  • Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN, which is AKI caused by radiocontrast agents) is thought to be caused by intrarenal vasoconstriction (leading to ischemic injury) and from the generation of reactive oxygen species that are directly toxic to renal tubular epithelial cells.
  • CIN classically presents as an acute (onset within 24-48 h) but reversible (peak 3-5 days, resolution within 1 week) rise in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine.
  • a commonly reported criteria for defining and detecting AKI is an abrupt (typically within about 2-7 days or within a period of hospitalization) elevation of serum creatinine.
  • serum creatinine elevation to define and detect AKI is well established, the magnitude of the serum creatinine elevation and the time over which it is measured to define AKI varies considerably among publications.
  • relatively large increases in serum creatinine such as 100%, 200%, an increase of at least 100% to a value over 2 mg/dL and other definitions were used to define AKI.
  • the recent trend has been towards using smaller serum creatinine rises to define AKI.
  • “Risk” serum creatinine increased 1.5 fold from baseline OR urine production of ⁇ 0.5 ml/kg body weight/hr for 6 hours; “Injury”: serum creatinine increased 2.0 fold from baseline OR urine production ⁇ 0.5 ml/kg/hr for 12 h; “Failure”: serum creatinine increased 3.0 fold from baseline OR creatinine >355 ⁇ mol/l (with a rise of >44) or urine output below 0.3 ml/kg/hr for 24 h or anuria for at least 12 hours; And included two clinical outcomes: “Loss”: persistent need for renal replacement therapy for more than four weeks. “ESRD”: end stage renal disease—the need for dialysis for more than 3 months.
  • RIFLE criteria which provide a useful clinical tool to classify renal status.
  • the RIFLE criteria provide a uniform definition of AKI which has been validated in numerous studies.
  • “Stage I” increase in serum creatinine of more than or equal to 0.3 mg/dL ( ⁇ 26.4 ⁇ mol/L) or increase to more than or equal to 150% (1.5-fold) from baseline OR urine output less than 0.5 mL/kg per hour for more than 6 hours; “Stage II”: increase in serum creatinine to more than 200% (>2-fold) from baseline OR urine output less than 0.5 mL/kg per hour for more than 12 hours; “Stage III”: increase in serum creatinine to more than 300% (>3-fold) from baseline OR serum creatinine ⁇ 354 ⁇ mol/L accompanied by an acute increase of at least 44 ⁇ mol/L OR urine output less than 0.3 mL/kg per hour for 24 hours or anuria for 12 hours.
  • the CIN Consensus Working Panel uses a serum creatinine rise of 25% to define Contrast induced nephropathy (which is a type of AKI).
  • Contrast induced nephropathy which is a type of AKI.
  • various groups propose slightly different criteria for using serum creatinine to detect AKI, the consensus is that small changes in serum creatinine, such as 0.3 mg/dL or 25%, are sufficient to detect AKI (worsening renal function) and that the magnitude of the serum creatinine change is an indicator of the severity of the AKI and mortality risk.
  • serum creatinine is generally regarded to have several limitations in the diagnosis, assessment and monitoring of AKI patients.
  • the time period for serum creatinine to rise to values (e.g., a 0.3 mg/dL or 25% rise) considered diagnostic for AKI can be 48 hours or longer depending on the definition used. Since cellular injury in AKI can occur over a period of hours, serum creatinine elevations detected at 48 hours or longer can be a late indicator of injury, and relying on serum creatinine can thus delay diagnosis of AKI.
  • serum creatinine is not a good indicator of the exact kidney status and treatment needs during the most acute phases of AKI when kidney function is changing rapidly. Some patients with AKI will recover fully, some will need dialysis (either short term or long term) and some will have other detrimental outcomes including death, major adverse cardiac events and chronic kidney disease. Because serum creatinine is a marker of filtration rate, it does not differentiate between the causes of AKI (pre-renal, intrinsic renal, post-renal obstruction, atheroembolic, etc) or the category or location of injury in intrinsic renal disease (for example, tubular, glomerular or interstitial in origin). Urine output is similarly limited, Knowing these things can be of vital importance in managing and treating patients with AKI.
  • measurement of one or more markers selected from the group consisting of soluble p-selectin, protein NOV homolog, soluble epidermal growth factor receptor, netrin-4, haptoglobin, heat shock protein beta-1, alpha-1-antitrypsin, leukocyte elastase, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2, caspase-3 (and most preferably active caspase-3), and soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (collectively referred to herein as “kidney injury markers, and individually as a “kidney injury marker”) can be used for diagnosis, prognosis, risk stratification, staging, monitoring, categorizing and determination of further diagnosis and treatment regimens in subjects suffering or at risk of suffering from an injury to renal function, reduced renal function, and/or acute renal failure (
  • kidney injury markers may be used, individually or in panels comprising a plurality of kidney injury markers, for risk stratification (that is, to identify subjects at risk for a future injury to renal function, for future progression to reduced renal function, for future progression to ARF, for future improvement in renal function, etc.); for diagnosis of existing disease (that is, to identify subjects who have suffered an injury to renal function, who have progressed to reduced renal function, who have progressed to ARF, etc.); for monitoring for deterioration or improvement of renal function; and for predicting a future medical outcome, such as improved or worsening renal function, a decreased or increased mortality risk, a decreased or increased risk that a subject will require renal replacement therapy (i.e., hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, hemofiltration, and/or renal transplantation, a decreased or increased risk that a subject will recover from an injury to renal function, a decreased or increased risk that a subject will recover from ARF, a decreased or increased risk that a subject will progress to end stage renal disease, a decreased or
  • the present invention relates to methods for evaluating renal status in a subject. These methods comprise performing an assay method that is configured to detect one or more kidney injury markers of the present invention in a body fluid sample obtained from the subject.
  • the assay result(s) for example a measured concentration of one or more markers selected from the group consisting of soluble p-selectin, protein NOV homolog, soluble epidermal growth factor receptor, netrin-4, haptoglobin, heat shock protein beta-1, alpha-1-antitrypsin, leukocyte elastase, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2, caspase-3 (and most preferably active caspase-3), and soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule is/are then correlated to the renal status of the subject.
  • This correlation to renal status may include correlating the assay result(s) to one or more of risk stratification, diagnosis, prognosis, staging, classifying and monitoring of the subject as described herein.
  • the present invention utilizes one or more kidney injury markers of the present invention for the evaluation of renal injury.
  • the methods for evaluating renal status described herein are methods for risk stratification of the subject; that is, assigning a likelihood of one or more future changes in renal status to the subject.
  • the assay result(s) is/are correlated to one or more such future changes. The following are preferred risk stratification embodiments.
  • these methods comprise determining a subject's risk for a future injury to renal function, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to a likelihood of such a future injury to renal function.
  • the measured concentration(s) may each be compared to a threshold value.
  • a threshold value For a “positive going” kidney injury marker, an increased likelihood of suffering a future injury to renal function is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold.
  • a “negative going” kidney injury marker an increased likelihood of suffering a future injury to renal function is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold.
  • these methods comprise determining a subject's risk for future reduced renal function, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to a likelihood of such reduced renal function.
  • the measured concentrations may each be compared to a threshold value.
  • a threshold value For a “positive going” kidney injury marker, an increased likelihood of suffering a future reduced renal function is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold.
  • a “negative going” kidney injury marker an increased likelihood of future reduced renal function is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold.
  • these methods comprise determining a subject's likelihood for a future improvement in renal function, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to a likelihood of such a future improvement in renal function.
  • the measured concentration(s) may each be compared to a threshold value.
  • a threshold value For a “positive going” kidney injury marker, an increased likelihood of a future improvement in renal function is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold.
  • a “negative going” kidney injury marker an increased likelihood of a future improvement in renal function is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold.
  • these methods comprise determining a subject's risk for progression to ARF, and the result(s) is/are correlated to a likelihood of such progression to ARF.
  • the measured concentration(s) may each be compared to a threshold value.
  • a threshold value For a “positive going” kidney injury marker, an increased likelihood of progression to ARF is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold.
  • a “negative going” kidney injury marker an increased likelihood of progression to ARF is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold.
  • these methods comprise determining a subject's outcome risk, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to a likelihood of the occurrence of a clinical outcome related to a renal injury suffered by the subject.
  • the measured concentration(s) may each be compared to a threshold value.
  • a “positive going” kidney injury marker an increased likelihood of one or more of: acute kidney injury, progression to a worsening stage of AKI, mortality, a requirement for renal replacement therapy, a requirement for withdrawal of renal toxins, end stage renal disease, heart failure, stroke, myocardial infarction, progression to chronic kidney disease, etc., is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold.
  • kidney injury marker For a “negative going” kidney injury marker, an increased likelihood of one or more of: acute kidney injury, progression to a worsening stage of AKI, mortality, a requirement for renal replacement therapy, a requirement for withdrawal of renal toxins, end stage renal disease, heart failure, stroke, myocardial infarction, progression to chronic kidney disease, etc., is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold.
  • the likelihood or risk assigned is that an event of interest is more or less likely to occur within 180 days of the time at which the body fluid sample is obtained from the subject.
  • the likelihood or risk assigned relates to an event of interest occurring within a shorter time period such as 18 months, 120 days, 90 days, 60 days, 45 days, 30 days, 21 days, 14 days, 7 days, 5 days, 96 hours, 72 hours, 48 hours, 36 hours, 24 hours, 12 hours, or less.
  • a risk at 0 hours of the time at which the body fluid sample is obtained from the subject is equivalent to diagnosis of a current condition.
  • the subject is selected for risk stratification based on the pre-existence in the subject of one or more known risk factors for prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal ARF.
  • a subject undergoing or having undergone major vascular surgery, coronary artery bypass, or other cardiac surgery a subject having pre-existing congestive heart failure, preeclampsia, eclampsia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, proteinuria, renal insufficiency, glomerular filtration below the normal range, cirrhosis, serum creatinine above the normal range, or sepsis; or a subject exposed to NSAIDs, cyclosporines, tacrolimus, aminoglycosides, foscarnet, ethylene glycol, hemoglobin, myoglobin, ifosfamide, heavy metals, methotrexate, radiopaque contrast agents, or streptozotocin are all preferred subjects for monitoring risks according to the methods described here
  • pre-existence in this context is meant that the risk factor exists at the time the body fluid sample is obtained from the subject.
  • a subject is chosen for risk stratification based on an existing diagnosis of injury to renal function, reduced renal function, or ARF.
  • the methods for evaluating renal status described herein are methods for diagnosing a renal injury in the subject; that is, assessing whether or not a subject has suffered from an injury to renal function, reduced renal function, or ARF.
  • the assay result(s) for example a measured concentration of one or more markers selected from the group consisting of soluble p-selectin, protein NOV homolog, soluble epidermal growth factor receptor, netrin-4, haptoglobin, heat shock protein beta-1, alpha-1-antitrypsin, leukocyte elastase, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2, caspase-3 (and most preferably active caspase-3), and soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule is/are correlated to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a change in renal status.
  • the following are preferred diagnostic embodiments.
  • these methods comprise diagnosing the occurrence or nonoccurrence of an injury to renal function, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of such an injury.
  • each of the measured concentration(s) may be compared to a threshold value.
  • an increased likelihood of the occurrence of an injury to renal function is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold); alternatively, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, an increased likelihood of the nonoccurrence of an injury to renal function may be assigned to the subject (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold).
  • an increased likelihood of the occurrence of an injury to renal function is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold); alternatively, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, an increased likelihood of the nonoccurrence of an injury to renal function may be assigned to the subject (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold).
  • these methods comprise diagnosing the occurrence or nonoccurrence of reduced renal function, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of an injury causing reduced renal function.
  • each of the measured concentration(s) may be compared to a threshold value.
  • an increased likelihood of the occurrence of an injury causing reduced renal function is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold); alternatively, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, an increased likelihood of the nonoccurrence of an injury causing reduced renal function may be assigned to the subject (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold).
  • an increased likelihood of the occurrence of an injury causing reduced renal function is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold); alternatively, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, an increased likelihood of the nonoccurrence of an injury causing reduced renal function may be assigned to the subject (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold).
  • these methods comprise diagnosing the occurrence or nonoccurrence of ARF, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of an injury causing ARF.
  • each of the measured concentration(s) may be compared to a threshold value.
  • an increased likelihood of the occurrence of ARF is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold); alternatively, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, an increased likelihood of the nonoccurrence of ARF may be assigned to the subject (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold).
  • an increased likelihood of the occurrence of ARF is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold); alternatively, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, an increased likelihood of the nonoccurrence of ARF may be assigned to the subject (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold).
  • these methods comprise diagnosing a subject as being in need of renal replacement therapy, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to a need for renal replacement therapy.
  • each of the measured concentration(s) may be compared to a threshold value.
  • an increased likelihood of the occurrence of an injury creating a need for renal replacement therapy is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold); alternatively, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, an increased likelihood of the nonoccurrence of an injury creating a need for renal replacement therapy may be assigned to the subject (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold).
  • an increased likelihood of the occurrence of an injury creating a need for renal replacement therapy is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold); alternatively, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, an increased likelihood of the nonoccurrence of an injury creating a need for renal replacement therapy may be assigned to the subject (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold).
  • these methods comprise diagnosing a subject as being in need of renal transplantation, and the assay result(s0 is/are correlated to a need for renal transplantation.
  • each of the measured concentration(s) may be compared to a threshold value.
  • an increased likelihood of the occurrence of an injury creating a need for renal transplantation is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold); alternatively, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, an increased likelihood of the nonoccurrence of an injury creating a need for renal transplantation may be assigned to the subject (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold).
  • an increased likelihood of the occurrence of an injury creating a need for renal transplantation is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold); alternatively, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, an increased likelihood of the nonoccurrence of an injury creating a need for renal transplantation may be assigned to the subject (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold).
  • the methods for evaluating renal status described herein are methods for monitoring a renal injury in the subject; that is, assessing whether or not renal function is improving or worsening in a subject who has suffered from an injury to renal function, reduced renal function, or ARF.
  • the assay result(s) for example a measured concentration of one or more markers selected from the group consisting of soluble p-selectin, protein NOV homolog, soluble epidermal growth factor receptor, netrin-4, haptoglobin, heat shock protein beta-1, alpha-1-antitrypsin, leukocyte elastase, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2, caspase-3 (and most preferably active caspase-3), and soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule is/are correlated to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a change in renal status.
  • the following are preferred monitoring embodiments.
  • these methods comprise monitoring renal status in a subject suffering from an injury to renal function, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a change in renal status in the subject.
  • the measured concentration(s) may be compared to a threshold value.
  • a threshold value For a positive going marker, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, a worsening of renal function may be assigned to the subject; alternatively, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, an improvement of renal function may be assigned to the subject.
  • a negative going marker when the measured concentration is below the threshold, a worsening of renal function may be assigned to the subject; alternatively, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, an improvement of renal function may be assigned to the subject.
  • these methods comprise monitoring renal status in a subject suffering from reduced renal function, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a change in renal status in the subject.
  • the measured concentration(s) may be compared to a threshold value.
  • a threshold value For a positive going marker, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, a worsening of renal function may be assigned to the subject; alternatively, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, an improvement of renal function may be assigned to the subject.
  • a negative going marker when the measured concentration is below the threshold, a worsening of renal function may be assigned to the subject; alternatively, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, an improvement of renal function may be assigned to the subject.
  • these methods comprise monitoring renal status in a subject suffering from acute renal failure, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a change in renal status in the subject.
  • the measured concentration(s) may be compared to a threshold value.
  • a threshold value For a positive going marker, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, a worsening of renal function may be assigned to the subject; alternatively, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, an improvement of renal function may be assigned to the subject.
  • a negative going marker when the measured concentration is below the threshold, a worsening of renal function may be assigned to the subject; alternatively, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, an improvement of renal function may be assigned to the subject.
  • these methods comprise monitoring renal status in a subject at risk of an injury to renal function due to the pre-existence of one or more known risk factors for prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal ARF, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a change in renal status in the subject.
  • the measured concentration(s) may be compared to a threshold value.
  • a threshold value For a positive going marker, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, a worsening of renal function may be assigned to the subject; alternatively, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, an improvement of renal function may be assigned to the subject.
  • a negative going marker when the measured concentration is below the threshold, a worsening of renal function may be assigned to the subject; alternatively, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, an improvement of renal function may be assigned to the subject.
  • the methods for evaluating renal status described herein are methods for classifying a renal injury in the subject; that is, determining whether a renal injury in a subject is prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal; and/or further subdividing these classes into subclasses such as acute tubular injury, acute glomerulonephritis acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, acute vascular nephropathy, or infiltrative disease; and/or assigning a likelihood that a subject will progress to a particular RIFLE stage.
  • the assay result(s) for example a measured concentration of one or more markers selected from the group consisting of soluble p-selectin, protein NOV homolog, soluble epidermal growth factor receptor, netrin-4, haptoglobin, heat shock protein beta-1, alpha-1-antitrypsin, leukocyte elastase, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2, caspase-3 (and most preferably active caspase-3), and soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule is/are correlated to a particular class and/or subclass.
  • these methods comprise determining whether a renal injury in a subject is prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal; and/or further subdividing these classes into subclasses such as acute tubular injury, acute glomerulonephritis acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, acute vascular nephropathy, or infiltrative disease; and/or assigning a likelihood that a subject will progress to a particular RIFLE stage, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to the injury classification for the subject. For example, the measured concentration may be compared to a threshold value, and when the measured concentration is above the threshold, a particular classification is assigned; alternatively, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, a different classification may be assigned to the subject.
  • the threshold value may be determined from a population of normal subjects by selecting a concentration representing the 75 th , 85 th , 90 th , 95 th , or 99 th percentile of a kidney injury marker measured in such normal subjects.
  • the threshold value may be determined from a “diseased” population of subjects, e.g., those suffering from an injury or having a predisposition for an injury (e.g., progression to ARF or some other clinical outcome such as death, dialysis, renal transplantation, etc.), by selecting a concentration representing the 75 th , 85 th , 90 th , 95 th , or 99 th percentile of a kidney injury marker measured in such subjects.
  • the threshold value may be determined from a prior measurement of a kidney injury marker in the same subject; that is, a temporal change in the level of a kidney injury marker in the subject may be used to assign risk to the subject.
  • kidney injury markers of the present invention must be compared to corresponding individual thresholds.
  • Methods for combining assay results can comprise the use of multivariate logistical regression, loglinear modeling, neural network analysis, n-of-m analysis, decision tree analysis, calculating ratios of markers, etc. This list is not meant to be limiting.
  • a composite result which is determined by combining individual markers may be treated as if it is itself a marker; that is, a threshold may be determined for the composite result as described herein for individual markers, and the composite result for an individual patient compared to this threshold.
  • ROC curves established from a “first” subpopulation which is predisposed to one or more future changes in renal status, and a “second” subpopulation which is not so predisposed can be used to calculate a ROC curve, and the area under the curve provides a measure of the quality of the test.
  • the tests described herein provide a ROC curve area greater than 0.5, preferably at least 0.6, more preferably 0.7, still more preferably at least 0.8, even more preferably at least 0.9, and most preferably at least 0.95.
  • the measured concentration of one or more kidney injury markers, or a composite of such markers may be treated as continuous variables.
  • any particular concentration can be converted into a corresponding probability of a future reduction in renal function for the subject, the occurrence of an injury, a classification, etc.
  • a threshold that can provide an acceptable level of specificity and sensitivity in separating a population of subjects into “bins” such as a “first” subpopulation (e.g., which is predisposed to one or more future changes in renal status, the occurrence of an injury, a classification, etc.) and a “second” subpopulation which is not so predisposed.
  • a threshold value is selected to separate this first and second population by one or more of the following measures of test accuracy:
  • Multiple thresholds may also be used to assess renal status in a subject. For example, a “first” subpopulation which is predisposed to one or more future changes in renal status, the occurrence of an injury, a classification, etc., and a “second” subpopulation which is not so predisposed can be combined into a single group. This group is then subdivided into three or more equal parts (known as tertiles, quartiles, quintiles, etc., depending on the number of subdivisions). An odds ratio is assigned to subjects based on which subdivision they fall into. If one considers a tertile, the lowest or highest tertile can be used as a reference for comparison of the other subdivisions. This reference subdivision is assigned an odds ratio of 1.
  • the second tertile is assigned an odds ratio that is relative to that first tertile. That is, someone in the second tertile might be 3 times more likely to suffer one or more future changes in renal status in comparison to someone in the first tertile.
  • the third tertile is also assigned an odds ratio that is relative to that first tertile.
  • the assay method is an immunoassay.
  • Antibodies for use in such assays will specifically bind a full length kidney injury marker of interest, and may also bind one or more polypeptides that are “related” thereto, as that term is defined hereinafter. Numerous immunoassay formats are known to those of skill in the art.
  • Preferred body fluid samples are selected from the group consisting of urine, blood, serum, saliva, tears, and plasma.
  • kidney injury marker assay result(s) is/are used in isolation in the methods described herein. Rather, additional variables or other clinical indicia may be included in the methods described herein. For example, a risk stratification, diagnostic, classification, monitoring, etc.
  • method may combine the assay result(s) with one or more variables measured for the subject selected from the group consisting of demographic information (e.g., weight, sex, age, race), medical history (e.g., family history, type of surgery, pre-existing disease such as aneurism, congestive heart failure, preeclampsia, eclampsia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, proteinuria, renal insufficiency, or sepsis, type of toxin exposure such as NSAIDs, cyclosporines, tacrolimus, aminoglycosides, foscarnet, ethylene glycol, hemoglobin, myoglobin, ifosfamide, heavy metals, methotrexate, radiopaque contrast agents, or streptozotocin), clinical variables (e.g., blood pressure, temperature, respiration rate), risk scores (APACHE score, PREDICT score, TIMI Risk Score for UA/NSTEMI, Framingham Risk Score
  • kidney injury marker assay result(s) Other measures of renal function which may be combined with one or more kidney injury marker assay result(s) are described hereinafter and in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17 th Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, pages 1741-1830, and Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2008, 47 th Ed, McGraw Hill, New York, pages 785-815, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • the individual markers may be measured in samples obtained at the same time, or may be determined from samples obtained at different (e.g., an earlier or later) times.
  • the individual markers may also be measured on the same or different body fluid samples. For example, one kidney injury marker may be measured in a serum or plasma sample and another kidney injury marker may be measured in a urine sample.
  • assignment of a likelihood may combine an individual kidney injury marker assay result with temporal changes in one or more additional variables.
  • kits for performing the methods described herein comprise reagents sufficient for performing an assay for at least one of the described kidney injury markers, together with instructions for performing the described threshold comparisons.
  • reagents for performing such assays are provided in an assay device, and such assay devices may be included in such a kit.
  • Preferred reagents can comprise one or more solid phase antibodies, the solid phase antibody comprising antibody that detects the intended biomarker target(s) bound to a solid support.
  • such reagents can also include one or more detectably labeled antibodies, the detectably labeled antibody comprising antibody that detects the intended biomarker target(s) bound to a detectable label. Additional optional elements that may be provided as part of an assay device are described hereinafter.
  • Detectable labels may include molecules that are themselves detectable (e.g., fluorescent moieties, electrochemical labels, ecl (electrochemical luminescence) labels, metal chelates, colloidal metal particles, etc.) as well as molecules that may be indirectly detected by production of a detectable reaction product (e.g., enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, etc.) or through the use of a specific binding molecule which itself may be detectable (e.g., a labeled antibody that binds to the second antibody, biotin, digoxigenin, maltose, oligohistidine, 2,4-dintrobenzene, phenylarsenate, ssDNA, dsDNA, etc.).
  • a detectable reaction product e.g., enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, etc.
  • a specific binding molecule which itself may be detectable (e.g.,
  • a signal from the signal development element can be performed using various optical, acoustical, and electrochemical methods well known in the art.
  • detection modes include fluorescence, radiochemical detection, reflectance, absorbance, amperometry, conductance, impedance, interferometry, ellipsometry, etc.
  • the solid phase antibody is coupled to a transducer (e.g., a diffraction grating, electrochemical sensor, etc) for generation of a signal, while in others, a signal is generated by a transducer that is spatially separate from the solid phase antibody (e.g., a fluorometer that employs an excitation light source and an optical detector).
  • a transducer e.g., a diffraction grating, electrochemical sensor, etc
  • a signal is generated by a transducer that is spatially separate from the solid phase antibody (e.g., a fluorometer that employs an excitation light source and an optical detector).
  • Antibody-based biosensors may
  • the present invention relates to methods and compositions for diagnosis, differential diagnosis, risk stratification, monitoring, classifying and determination of treatment regimens in subjects suffering or at risk of suffering from injury to renal function, reduced renal function and/or acute renal failure through measurement of one or more kidney injury markers.
  • a measured concentration of one or more markers selected from the group consisting of soluble p-selectin, protein NOV homolog, soluble epidermal growth factor receptor, netrin-4, haptoglobin, heat shock protein beta-1, alpha-1-antitrypsin, leukocyte elastase, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2, caspase-3 (and most preferably active caspase-3), and soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule, or one or more markers related thereto, are correlated to the renal status of the subject.
  • an “injury to renal function” is an abrupt (within 14 days, preferably within 7 days, more preferably within 72 hours, and still more preferably within 48 hours) measurable reduction in a measure of renal function. Such an injury may be identified, for example, by a decrease in glomerular filtration rate or estimated GFR, a reduction in urine output, an increase in serum creatinine, an increase in serum cystatin C, a requirement for renal replacement therapy, etc.
  • “Improvement in Renal Function” is an abrupt (within 14 days, preferably within 7 days, more preferably within 72 hours, and still more preferably within 48 hours) measurable increase in a measure of renal function. Preferred methods for measuring and/or estimating GFR are described hereinafter.
  • reduced renal function is an abrupt (within 14 days, preferably within 7 days, more preferably within 72 hours, and still more preferably within 48 hours) reduction in kidney function identified by an absolute increase in serum creatinine of greater than or equal to 0.1 mg/dL ( ⁇ 8.8 ⁇ mol/L), a percentage increase in serum creatinine of greater than or equal to 20% (1.2-fold from baseline), or a reduction in urine output (documented oliguria of less than 0.5 ml/kg per hour).
  • Acute renal failure is an abrupt (within 14 days, preferably within 7 days, more preferably within 72 hours, and still more preferably within 48 hours) reduction in kidney function identified by an absolute increase in serum creatinine of greater than or equal to 0.3 mg/dl ( ⁇ 26.4 ⁇ mil/l), a percentage increase in serum creatinine of greater than or equal to 50% (1.5-fold from baseline), or a reduction in urine output (documented oliguria of less than 0.5 ml/kg per hour for at least 6 hours).
  • This term is synonymous with “acute kidney injury” or “AKI.”
  • the signals obtained from an immunoassay are a direct result of complexes formed between one or more antibodies and the target biomolecule (i.e., the analyte) and polypeptides containing the necessary epitope(s) to which the antibodies bind. While such assays may detect the full length biomarker and the assay result be expressed as a concentration of a biomarker of interest, the signal from the assay is actually a result of all such “immunoreactive” polypeptides present in the sample.
  • Biomarkers may also be determined by means other than immunoassays, including protein measurements (such as dot blots, western blots, chromatographic methods, mass spectrometry, etc.) and nucleic acid measurements (mRNA quatitation). This list is not meant to be limiting.
  • p-selectin refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the p-selectin precursor (Swiss-Prot P16109 (SEQ ID NO: 1)).
  • the p-selectin assay detects one or more soluble forms of p-selectin.
  • P-selectin is a single-pass type I membrane protein having a large extracellular domain, most or all of which is present in soluble forms of p-selectin generated either through alternative splicing event which deletes all or a portion of the transmembrane domain, or by proteolysis of the membrane-bound form.
  • one or more antibodies that bind to epitopes within this extracellular domain may be used to detect these soluble form(s). The following domains have been identified in p-selectin:
  • Residues Length Domain ID 1-41 41 signal sequence 42-830 789 p-selectin 42-771 730 extracellular 772-795 24 transmembrane 796-830 35 cytoplasmic
  • protein NOV homolog refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the protein NOV homolog precursor (Swiss-Prot P48745 (SEQ ID NO: 2)).
  • Residues Length Domain ID 1-31 31 signal sequence 32-357 326 protein NOV homolog
  • epidermal growth factor receptor refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the epidermal growth factor receptor precursor (Swiss-Prot P00533 (SEQ ID NO: 3)).
  • the epidermal growth factor receptor assay detects one or more soluble forms of epidermal growth factor receptor.
  • Epidermal growth factor receptor is a single-pass type I membrane protein having a large extracellular domain, most or all of which is present in soluble forms of epidermal growth factor receptor generated either through alternative splicing event which deletes all or a portion of the transmembrane domain, or by proteolysis of the membrane-bound form.
  • an immunoassay one or more antibodies that bind to epitopes within this extracellular domain may be used to detect these soluble form(s). The following domains have been identified in epidermal growth factor receptor:
  • netrin-4 refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the netrin-4 precursor (Swiss-Prot Q9HB63 (SEQ ID NO: 4)).
  • haptoglobin refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the haptoglobin precursor (Swiss-Prot P00738 (SEQ ID NO: 5)).
  • haptoglobin The following domains have been identified in haptoglobin:
  • alpha-1-antitrypsin refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the alpha-1-antitrypsin precursor (Swiss-Prot P01009 (SEQ ID NO: 6)).
  • Residues Length Domain ID 1-24 24 signal sequence 25-418 394 alpha-1-antitrypsin
  • leukocyte elastase refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the leukocyte elastase precursor (Swiss-Prot P08246 (SEQ ID NO: 7)).
  • tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 precursor (Swiss-Prot P25445 (SEQ ID NO: 8)).
  • the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 assay detects one or more soluble forms of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6.
  • Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 is a single-pass type I membrane protein having a large extracellular domain, most or all of which is present in soluble forms of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 generated either through alternative splicing event which deletes all or a portion of the transmembrane domain, or by proteolysis of the membrane-bound form.
  • an immunoassay one or more antibodies that bind to epitopes within this extracellular domain may be used to detect these soluble form(s). The following domains have been identified in tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6:
  • tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 precursor (Swiss-Prot P48023 (SEQ ID NO: 9)).
  • the tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 assay detects one or more soluble forms of tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6.
  • Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 is a single-pass type II membrane protein having a large extracellular domain, most or all of which is present in soluble forms of tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 generated either through alternative splicing event which deletes all or a portion of the transmembrane domain, or by proteolysis of the membrane-bound form.
  • an immunoassay one or more antibodies that bind to epitopes within this extracellular domain may be used to detect these soluble form(s). The following domains have been identified in tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6:
  • intercellular adhesion molecule 2 refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the intercellular adhesion molecule 2 precursor (Swiss-Prot P13598 (SEQ ID NO: 10)).
  • the intercellular adhesion molecule 2 assay detects one or more soluble forms of intercellular adhesion molecule 2.
  • Intercellular adhesion molecule 2 is a single-pass type I membrane protein having a large extracellular domain, most or all of which is present in soluble forms of intercellular adhesion molecule 2 generated either through alternative splicing event which deletes all or a portion of the transmembrane domain, or by proteolysis of the membrane-bound form.
  • one or more antibodies that bind to epitopes within this extracellular domain may be used to detect these soluble form(s). The following domains have been identified in intercellular adhesion molecule 2:
  • caspase-3 refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the caspase-3 precursor (Swiss-Prot P42574 (SEQ ID NO: 11)).
  • Suitable assays may recognize only the p17 subunit of caspase-3, may recognize only the p12 subunit of caspase-3 (24 kDa) but not the full length caspase-3, may recognize only full length caspase-3, or may recognize one subunit and the full length full length caspase-3.
  • the skilled artisan will understand that the signals obtained from an immunoassay are a direct result of complexes formed between one or more antibodies and the target biomolecule (i.e., the analyte) and polypeptides containing the necessary epitope(s) to which the antibodies bind.
  • platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule precursor (Swiss-Prot P16284 (SEQ ID NO: 12)).
  • the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule assay detects one or more soluble forms of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule.
  • Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule is a single-pass type I membrane protein having a large extracellular domain, most or all of which is present in soluble forms of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule generated either through alternative splicing event which deletes all or a portion of the transmembrane domain, or by proteolysis of the membrane-bound form.
  • an immunoassay one or more antibodies that bind to epitopes within this extracellular domain may be used to detect these soluble form(s). The following domains have been identified in platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule:
  • heat shock protein beta-1 refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the heat shock protein beta-1 precursor (Swiss-Prot P04792 (SEQ ID NO: 13)).
  • epidermal growth factor receptor refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the epidermal growth factor receptor precursor (Swiss-Prot P00533 (SEQ ID NO: 14)).
  • the epidermal growth factor receptor assay detects one or more soluble forms of epidermal growth factor receptor.
  • Epidermal growth factor receptor is a single-pass type I membrane protein having a large extracellular domain, most or all of which is present in soluble forms of epidermal growth factor receptor generated either through alternative splicing event which deletes all or a portion of the transmembrane domain, or by proteolysis of the membrane-bound form.
  • an immunoassay one or more antibodies that bind to epitopes within this extracellular domain may be used to detect these soluble form(s). The following domains have been identified in epidermal growth factor receptor:
  • an assay is “configured to detect” an analyte if an assay can generate a detectable signal indicative of the presence or amount of a physiologically relevant concentration of the analyte.
  • an immunoassay configured to detect a marker of interest will also detect polypeptides related to the marker sequence, so long as those polypeptides contain the epitope(s) necessary to bind to the antibody or antibodies used in the assay.
  • the term “related marker” as used herein with regard to a biomarker such as one of the kidney injury markers described herein refers to one or more fragments, variants, etc., of a particular marker or its biosynthetic parent that may be detected as a surrogate for the marker itself or as independent biomarkers.
  • the term also refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the biomarker precursor complexed to additional species, such as binding proteins, receptors, heparin, lipids, sugars, etc.
  • positive going marker refers to a marker that is determined to be elevated in subjects suffering from a disease or condition, relative to subjects not suffering from that disease or condition.
  • negative going marker refers to a marker that is determined to be reduced in subjects suffering from a disease or condition, relative to subjects not suffering from that disease or condition.
  • subject refers to a human or non-human organism.
  • methods and compositions described herein are applicable to both human and veterinary disease.
  • a subject is preferably a living organism, the invention described herein may be used in post-mortem analysis as well.
  • Preferred subjects are humans, and most preferably “patients,” which as used herein refers to living humans that are receiving medical care for a disease or condition. This includes persons with no defined illness who are being investigated for signs of pathology.
  • an analyte is measured in a sample.
  • a sample may be obtained from a subject, or may be obtained from biological materials intended to be provided to the subject.
  • a sample may be obtained from a kidney being evaluated for possible transplantation into a subject, and an analyte measurement used to evaluate the kidney for preexisting damage.
  • Preferred samples are body fluid samples.
  • body fluid sample refers to a sample of bodily fluid obtained for the purpose of diagnosis, prognosis, classification or evaluation of a subject of interest, such as a patient or transplant donor. In certain embodiments, such a sample may be obtained for the purpose of determining the outcome of an ongoing condition or the effect of a treatment regimen on a condition.
  • Preferred body fluid samples include blood, serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, saliva, sputum, and pleural effusions.
  • body fluid samples would be more readily analyzed following a fractionation or purification procedure, for example, separation of whole blood into serum or plasma components.
  • diagnosis refers to methods by which the skilled artisan can estimate and/or determine the probability (“a likelihood”) of whether or not a patient is suffering from a given disease or condition.
  • diagnosis includes using the results of an assay, most preferably an immunoassay, for a kidney injury marker of the present invention, optionally together with other clinical characteristics, to arrive at a diagnosis (that is, the occurrence or nonoccurrence) of an acute renal injury or ARF for the subject from which a sample was obtained and assayed. That such a diagnosis is “determined” is not meant to imply that the diagnosis is 100% accurate. Many biomarkers are indicative of multiple conditions.
  • a measured biomarker level on one side of a predetermined diagnostic threshold indicates a greater likelihood of the occurrence of disease in the subject relative to a measured level on the other side of the predetermined diagnostic threshold.
  • a prognostic risk signals a probability (“a likelihood”) that a given course or outcome will occur.
  • a level or a change in level of a prognostic indicator which in turn is associated with an increased probability of morbidity (e.g., worsening renal function, future ARF, or death) is referred to as being “indicative of an increased likelihood” of an adverse outcome in a patient.
  • immunoassays involve contacting a sample containing or suspected of containing a biomarker of interest with at least one antibody that specifically binds to the biomarker. A signal is then generated indicative of the presence or amount of complexes formed by the binding of polypeptides in the sample to the antibody. The signal is then related to the presence or amount of the biomarker in the sample. Numerous methods and devices are well known to the skilled artisan for the detection and analysis of biomarkers. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • the assay devices and methods known in the art can utilize labeled molecules in various sandwich, competitive, or non-competitive assay formats, to generate a signal that is related to the presence or amount of the biomarker of interest.
  • Suitable assay formats also include chromatographic, mass spectrographic, and protein “blotting” methods.
  • certain methods and devices such as biosensors and optical immunoassays, may be employed to determine the presence or amount of analytes without the need for a labeled molecule. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,631,171; and 5,955,377, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, including all tables, figures and claims.
  • robotic instrumentation including but not limited to Beckman ACCESS®, Abbott AXSYM®, Roche ELECSYS®, Dade Behring STRATUS® systems are among the immunoassay analyzers that are capable of performing immunoassays.
  • any suitable immunoassay may be utilized, for example, enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISA), radioimmunoassays (RIAs), competitive binding assays, and the like.
  • Antibodies or other polypeptides may be immobilized onto a variety of solid supports for use in assays.
  • Solid phases that may be used to immobilize specific binding members include those developed and/or used as solid phases in solid phase binding assays. Examples of suitable solid phases include membrane filters, cellulose-based papers, beads (including polymeric, latex and paramagnetic particles), glass, silicon wafers, microparticles, nanoparticles, TentaGels, AgroGels, PEGA gels, SPOCC gels, and multiple-well plates.
  • An assay strip could be prepared by coating the antibody or a plurality of antibodies in an array on solid support.
  • Antibodies or other polypeptides may be bound to specific zones of assay devices either by conjugating directly to an assay device surface, or by indirect binding. In an example of the later case, antibodies or other polypeptides may be immobilized on particles or other solid supports, and that solid support immobilized to the device surface.
  • Biological assays require methods for detection, and one of the most common methods for quantitation of results is to conjugate a detectable label to a protein or nucleic acid that has affinity for one of the components in the biological system being studied.
  • Detectable labels may include molecules that are themselves detectable (e.g., fluorescent moieties, electrochemical labels, metal chelates, etc.) as well as molecules that may be indirectly detected by production of a detectable reaction product (e.g., enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, etc.) or by a specific binding molecule which itself may be detectable (e.g., biotin, digoxigenin, maltose, oligohistidine, 2,4-dintrobenzene, phenylarsenate, ssDNA, dsDNA, etc.).
  • a detectable reaction product e.g., enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, etc.
  • Cross-linking reagents contain at least two reactive groups, and are divided generally into homofunctional cross-linkers (containing identical reactive groups) and heterofunctional cross-linkers (containing non-identical reactive groups). Homobifunctional cross-linkers that couple through amines, sulfhydryls or react non-specifically are available from many commercial sources. Maleimides, alkyl and aryl halides, alpha-haloacyls and pyridyl disulfides are thiol reactive groups.
  • kits for the analysis of the described kidney injury markers comprises reagents for the analysis of at least one test sample which comprise at least one antibody that a kidney injury marker.
  • the kit can also include devices and instructions for performing one or more of the diagnostic and/or prognostic correlations described herein.
  • Preferred kits will comprise an antibody pair for performing a sandwich assay, or a labeled species for performing a competitive assay, for the analyte.
  • an antibody pair comprises a first antibody conjugated to a solid phase and a second antibody conjugated to a detectable label, wherein each of the first and second antibodies that bind a kidney injury marker.
  • each of the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies.
  • the instructions for use of the kit and performing the correlations can be in the form of labeling, which refers to any written or recorded material that is attached to, or otherwise accompanies a kit at any time during its manufacture, transport, sale or use.
  • labeling encompasses advertising leaflets and brochures, packaging materials, instructions, audio or video cassettes, computer discs, as well as writing imprinted directly on kits.
  • antibody refers to a peptide or polypeptide derived from, modeled after or substantially encoded by an immunoglobulin gene or immunoglobulin genes, or fragments thereof, capable of specifically binding an antigen or epitope. See, e.g. Fundamental Immunology, 3rd Edition, W. E. Paul, ed., Raven Press, N.Y. (1993); Wilson (1994; J. Immunol. Methods 175:267-273; Yarmush (1992) J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 25:85-97.
  • antibody includes antigen-binding portions, i.e., “antigen binding sites,” (e.g., fragments, subsequences, complementarity determining regions (CDRs)) that retain capacity to bind antigen, including (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CHl domains; (ii) a F(ab′)2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CHl domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341:544-546), which consists of a VH domain; and (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR).
  • Antigen binding sites e.g., fragments, subs
  • Antibodies used in the immunoassays described herein preferably specifically bind to a kidney injury marker of the present invention.
  • the term “specifically binds” is not intended to indicate that an antibody binds exclusively to its intended target since, as noted above, an antibody binds to any polypeptide displaying the epitope(s) to which the antibody binds. Rather, an antibody “specifically binds” if its affinity for its intended target is about 5-fold greater when compared to its affinity for a non-target molecule which does not display the appropriate epitope(s).
  • the affinity of the antibody will be at least about 5 fold, preferably 10 fold, more preferably 25-fold, even more preferably 50-fold, and most preferably 100-fold or more, greater for a target molecule than its affinity for a non-target molecule.
  • Preferred antibodies bind with affinities of at least about 10 7 M ⁇ 1 , and preferably between about 10 8 M ⁇ 1 to about 10 9 M ⁇ 1 , about 10 9 M ⁇ 1 to about 10 10 M ⁇ 1 , or about 10 10 M ⁇ 1 to about 10 12 M ⁇ 1 .
  • r/c is plotted on the Y-axis versus r on the X-axis, thus producing a Scatchard plot.
  • Antibody affinity measurement by Scatchard analysis is well known in the art. See, e.g., van Erp et al., J. Immunoassay 12: 425-43, 1991; Nelson and Griswold, Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 27: 65-8, 1988.
  • epitope refers to an antigenic determinant capable of specific binding to an antibody.
  • Epitopes usually consist of chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or sugar side chains and usually have specific three dimensional structural characteristics, as well as specific charge characteristics. Conformational and nonconformational epitopes are distinguished in that the binding to the former but not the latter is lost in the presence of denaturing solvents.
  • phage display technology to produce and screen libraries of polypeptides for binding to a selected analyte. See, e.g, Cwirla et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 6378-82, 1990; Devlin et al., Science 249, 404-6, 1990, Scott and Smith, Science 249, 386-88, 1990; and Ladner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,698.
  • a basic concept of phage display methods is the establishment of a physical association between DNA encoding a polypeptide to be screened and the polypeptide.
  • This physical association is provided by the phage particle, which displays a polypeptide as part of a capsid enclosing the phage genome which encodes the polypeptide.
  • the establishment of a physical association between polypeptides and their genetic material allows simultaneous mass screening of very large numbers of phage bearing different polypeptides.
  • Phage displaying a polypeptide with affinity to a target bind to the target and these phage are enriched by affinity screening to the target.
  • the identity of polypeptides displayed from these phage can be determined from their respective genomes. Using these methods a polypeptide identified as having a binding affinity for a desired target can then be synthesized in bulk by conventional means. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,057,098, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety, including all tables, figures, and claims.
  • the antibodies that are generated by these methods may then be selected by first screening for affinity and specificity with the purified polypeptide of interest and, if required, comparing the results to the affinity and specificity of the antibodies with polypeptides that are desired to be excluded from binding.
  • the screening procedure can involve immobilization of the purified polypeptides in separate wells of microtiter plates. The solution containing a potential antibody or groups of antibodies is then placed into the respective microtiter wells and incubated for about 30 min to 2 h.
  • microtiter wells are then washed and a labeled secondary antibody (for example, an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to alkaline phosphatase if the raised antibodies are mouse antibodies) is added to the wells and incubated for about 30 min and then washed. Substrate is added to the wells and a color reaction will appear where antibody to the immobilized polypeptide(s) are present.
  • a labeled secondary antibody for example, an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to alkaline phosphatase if the raised antibodies are mouse antibodies
  • the antibodies so identified may then be further analyzed for affinity and specificity in the assay design selected.
  • the purified target protein acts as a standard with which to judge the sensitivity and specificity of the immunoassay using the antibodies that have been selected. Because the binding affinity of various antibodies may differ; certain antibody pairs (e.g., in sandwich assays) may interfere with one another sterically, etc., assay performance of an antibody may be a more important measure than absolute affinity and specificity of an antibody.
  • correlating refers to comparing the presence or amount of the biomarker(s) in a patient to its presence or amount in persons known to suffer from, or known to be at risk of, a given condition; or in persons known to be free of a given condition. Often, this takes the form of comparing an assay result in the form of a biomarker concentration to a predetermined threshold selected to be indicative of the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a disease or the likelihood of some future outcome.
  • Selecting a diagnostic threshold involves, among other things, consideration of the probability of disease, distribution of true and false diagnoses at different test thresholds, and estimates of the consequences of treatment (or a failure to treat) based on the diagnosis. For example, when considering administering a specific therapy which is highly efficacious and has a low level of risk, few tests are needed because clinicians can accept substantial diagnostic uncertainty. On the other hand, in situations where treatment options are less effective and more risky, clinicians often need a higher degree of diagnostic certainty. Thus, cost/benefit analysis is involved in selecting a diagnostic threshold.
  • Suitable thresholds may be determined in a variety of ways. For example, one recommended diagnostic threshold for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction using cardiac troponin is the 97.5 th percentile of the concentration seen in a normal population. Another method may be to look at serial samples from the same patient, where a prior “baseline” result is used to monitor for temporal changes in a biomarker level.
  • ROC Reciever Operating Characteristic
  • the ROC graph is sometimes called the sensitivity vs (1-specificity) plot.
  • a perfect test will have an area under the ROC curve of 1.0; a random test will have an area of 0.5.
  • a threshold is selected to provide an acceptable level of specificity and sensitivity.
  • diseased is meant to refer to a population having one characteristic (the presence of a disease or condition or the occurrence of some outcome) and “nondiseased” is meant to refer to a population lacking the characteristic. While a single decision threshold is the simplest application of such a method, multiple decision thresholds may be used. For example, below a first threshold, the absence of disease may be assigned with relatively high confidence, and above a second threshold the presence of disease may also be assigned with relatively high confidence. Between the two thresholds may be considered indeterminate. This is meant to be exemplary in nature only.
  • other methods for correlating assay results to a patient classification include decision trees, rule sets, Bayesian methods, and neural network methods. These methods can produce probability values representing the degree to which a subject belongs to one classification out of a plurality of classifications.
  • Measures of test accuracy may be obtained as described in Fischer et al., Intensive Care Med. 29: 1043-51, 2003, and used to determine the effectiveness of a given biomarker. These measures include sensitivity and specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, diagnostic odds ratios, and ROC curve areas.
  • the area under the curve (“AUC”) of a ROC plot is equal to the probability that a classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive instance higher than a randomly chosen negative one.
  • the area under the ROC curve may be thought of as equivalent to the Mann-Whitney U test, which tests for the median difference between scores obtained in the two groups considered if the groups are of continuous data, or to the Wilcoxon test of ranks.
  • suitable tests may exhibit one or more of the following results on these various measures: a specificity of greater than 0.5, preferably at least 0.6, more preferably at least 0.7, still more preferably at least 0.8, even more preferably at least 0.9 and most preferably at least 0.95, with a corresponding sensitivity greater than 0.2, preferably greater than 0.3, more preferably greater than 0.4, still more preferably at least 0.5, even more preferably 0.6, yet more preferably greater than 0.7, still more preferably greater than 0.8, more preferably greater than 0.9, and most preferably greater than 0.95; a sensitivity of greater than 0.5, preferably at least 0.6, more preferably at least 0.7, still more preferably at least 0.8, even more preferably at least 0.9 and most preferably at least 0.95, with a corresponding specificity greater than 0.2, preferably greater than 0.3, more preferably greater than 0.4, still more preferably at least 0.5, even more preferably 0.6, yet more preferably greater than 0.7, still more preferably greater than
  • Additional clinical indicia may be combined with the kidney injury marker assay result(s) of the present invention.
  • biomarkers related to renal status include the following, which recite the common biomarker name, followed by the Swiss-Prot entry number for that biomarker or its parent: Actin (P68133); Adenosine deaminase binding protein (DPP4, P27487); Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 (P02763); Alpha-1-microglobulin (P02760); Albumin (P02768); Angiotensinogenase (Renin, P00797); Annexin A2 (P07355); Beta-glucuronidase (P08236); B-2-microglobulin (P61679); Beta-galactosidase (P16278); BMP-7 (P18075); Brain natriuretic peptide (proBNP, BNP-32, NTproBNP; P16860); Calcium-binding protein Beta (S100-beta
  • Adiponectin (Q15848); Alkaline phosphatase (P05186); Aminopeptidase N (P15144); CalbindinD28k (P05937); Cystatin C (P01034); 8 subunit of FIFO ATPase (P03928); Gamma-glutamyltransferase (P19440); GSTa (alpha-glutathione-S-transferase, P08263); GSTpi (Glutathione-S-transferase P; GST class-pi; P09211); IGFBP-1 (P08833); IGFBP-2 (P18065); IGFBP-6 (P24592); Integral membrane protein 1 (Itm1, P46977); Interleukin-6 (P05231); Interleukin-8 (P10145); Interleukin-18 (Q14116); IP-10 (10 kDa interferon-gamma-induced protein, P02778); IRPR
  • Other clinical indicia which may be combined with the kidney injury marker assay result(s) of the present invention includes demographic information (e.g., weight, sex, age, race), medical history (e.g., family history, type of surgery, pre-existing disease such as aneurism, congestive heart failure, preeclampsia, eclampsia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, proteinuria, renal insufficiency, or sepsis, type of toxin exposure such as NSAIDs, cyclosporines, tacrolimus, aminoglycosides, foscarnet, ethylene glycol, hemoglobin, myoglobin, ifosfamide, heavy metals, methotrexate, radiopaque contrast agents, or streptozotocin), clinical variables (e.g., blood pressure, temperature, respiration rate), risk scores (APACHE score, PREDICT score, TIMI Risk Score for UA/NSTEMI, Framingham Risk Score
  • kidney injury marker assay result(s) Other measures of renal function which may be combined with the kidney injury marker assay result(s) are described hereinafter and in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17 th Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, pages 1741-1830, and Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2008, 47 th Ed, McGraw Hill, New York, pages 785-815, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • Combining assay results/clinical indicia in this manner can comprise the use of multivariate logistical regression, loglinear modeling, neural network analysis, n-of-m analysis, decision tree analysis, etc. This list is not meant to be limiting.
  • the terms “acute renal (or kidney) injury” and “acute renal (or kidney) failure” as used herein are defined in part in terms of changes in serum creatinine from a baseline value.
  • Most definitions of ARF have common elements, including the use of serum creatinine and, often, urine output. Patients may present with renal dysfunction without an available baseline measure of renal function for use in this comparison. In such an event, one may estimate a baseline serum creatinine value by assuming the patient initially had a normal GFR.
  • Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be calculated by measuring any chemical that has a steady level in the blood, and is freely filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys. GFR is typically expressed in units of ml/min:
  • GFR Urine ⁇ ⁇ Concentration ⁇ Urine ⁇ ⁇ Flow Plasma ⁇ ⁇ Concentration
  • GFR glomerular filtration rate
  • eGFR glomerular filtration rate
  • Creatinine clearance is used to measure GFR. Creatinine is produced naturally by the body (creatinine is a metabolite of creatine, which is found in muscle). It is freely filtered by the glomerulus, but also actively secreted by the renal tubules in very small amounts such that creatinine clearance overestimates actual GFR by 10-20%. This margin of error is acceptable considering the ease with which creatinine clearance is measured.
  • Creatinine clearance can be calculated if values for creatinine's urine concentration (U Cr ), urine flow rate (V), and creatinine's plasma concentration (P Cr ) are known. Since the product of urine concentration and urine flow rate yields creatinine's excretion rate, creatinine clearance is also said to be its excretion rate (U Cr ⁇ V) divided by its plasma concentration. This is commonly represented mathematically as:
  • the CCr is often corrected for the body surface area (BSA) and expressed compared to the average sized man as ml/min/1.73 m2. While most adults have a BSA that approaches 1.7 (1.6-1.9), extremely obese or slim patients should have their CCr corrected for their actual BSA:
  • the clinician can readily select a treatment regimen that is compatible with the diagnosis, such as initiating renal replacement therapy, withdrawing delivery of compounds that are known to be damaging to the kidney, kidney transplantation, delaying or avoiding procedures that are known to be damaging to the kidney, modifying diuretic administration, initiating goal directed therapy, etc.
  • a treatment regimen that is compatible with the diagnosis, such as initiating renal replacement therapy, withdrawing delivery of compounds that are known to be damaging to the kidney, kidney transplantation, delaying or avoiding procedures that are known to be damaging to the kidney, modifying diuretic administration, initiating goal directed therapy, etc.
  • the skilled artisan is aware of appropriate treatments for numerous diseases discussed in relation to the methods of diagnosis described herein. See, e.g., Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 17th Ed. Merck Research Laboratories, Whitehouse Station, N.J., 1999.
  • the markers of the present invention may be used to monitor a course of treatment. For example, improved or worsened prognostic state may indicate that a particular treatment is or
  • the objective of this sample collection study is to collect samples of plasma and urine and clinical data from patients before and after receiving intravascular contrast media. Approximately 250 adults undergoing radiographic/angiographic procedures involving intravascular administration of iodinated contrast media are enrolled. To be enrolled in the study, each patient must meet all of the following inclusion criteria and none of the following exclusion criteria:
  • renal transplant recipients acutely worsening renal function prior to the contrast procedure; already receiving dialysis (either acute or chronic) or in imminent need of dialysis at enrollment; expected to undergo a major surgical procedure (such as involving cardiopulmonary bypass) or an additional imaging procedure with contrast media with significant risk for further renal insult within the 48 hrs following contrast administration; participation in an interventional clinical study with an experimental therapy within the previous 30 days; known infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or a hepatitis virus.
  • HIV human immunodeficiency virus
  • an EDTA anti-coagulated blood sample (10 mL) and a urine sample (10 mL) are collected from each patient. Blood and urine samples are then collected at 4 ( ⁇ 0.5), 8 ( ⁇ 1), 24 ( ⁇ 2) 48 ( ⁇ 2), and 72 ( ⁇ 2) hrs following the last administration of contrast media during the index contrast procedure. Blood is collected via direct venipuncture or via other available venous access, such as an existing femoral sheath, central venous line, peripheral intravenous line or hep-lock. These study blood samples are processed to plasma at the clinical site, frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc., San Diego, Calif. The study urine samples are frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc.
  • Serum creatinine is assessed at the site immediately prior to the first contrast administration (after any pre-procedure hydration) and at 4 ( ⁇ 0.5), 8 ( ⁇ 1), 24 ( ⁇ 2) and 48 ( ⁇ 2)), and 72 ( ⁇ 2) hours following the last administration of contrast (ideally at the same time as the study samples are obtained).
  • each patient's status is evaluated through day 30 with regard to additional serum and urine creatinine measurements, a need for dialysis, hospitalization status, and adverse clinical outcomes (including mortality).
  • the objective of this sample collection study is to collect samples of plasma and urine and clinical data from patients before and after undergoing cardiovascular surgery, a procedure known to be potentially damaging to kidney function. Approximately 900 adults undergoing such surgery are enrolled. To be enrolled in the study, each patient must meet all of the following inclusion criteria and none of the following exclusion criteria:
  • an EDTA anti-coagulated blood sample (10 mL), whole blood (3 mL), and a urine sample (35 mL) are collected from each patient. Blood and urine samples are then collected at 3 ( ⁇ 0.5), 6 ( ⁇ 0.5), 12 ( ⁇ 1), 24 ( ⁇ 2) and 48 ( ⁇ 2) hrs following the procedure and then daily on days 3 through 7 if the subject remains in the hospital. Blood is collected via direct venipuncture or via other available venous access, such as an existing femoral sheath, central venous line, peripheral intravenous line or hep-lock.
  • These study blood samples are frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc., San Diego, Calif.
  • the study urine samples are frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc.
  • the objective of this study is to collect samples from acutely ill patients. Approximately 900 adults expected to be in the ICU for at least 48 hours will be enrolled. To be enrolled in the study, each patient must meet all of the following inclusion criteria and none of the following exclusion criteria:
  • Study population 1 approximately 300 patients that have at least one of: shock (SBP ⁇ 90 mmHg and/or need for vasopressor support to maintain MAP >60 mmHg and/or documented drop in SBP of at least 40 mmHg); and sepsis;
  • Study population 2 approximately 300 patients that have at least one of: IV antibiotics ordered in computerized physician order entry (CPOE) within 24 hours of enrollment; contrast media exposure within 24 hours of enrollment; increased Intra-Abdominal Pressure with acute decompensated heart failure; and severe trauma as the primary reason for ICU admission and likely to be hospitalized in the ICU for 48 hours after enrollment;
  • Study population 3 approximately 300 patients expected to be hospitalized through acute care setting (ICU or ED) with a known risk factor for acute renal injury (e.g.
  • shock systolic BP ⁇ 90 mmHg and/or the need for vasopressor support to maintain a MAP >60 mmHg and/or a documented drop in SBP >40 mmHg), major trauma, hemorrhage, or major surgery); and/or expected to be hospitalized to the ICU for at least 24 hours after enrollment.
  • an EDTA anti-coagulated blood sample (10 mL) and a urine sample (25-30 mL) are collected from each patient. Blood and urine samples are then collected at 4 ( ⁇ 0.5) and 8 ( ⁇ 1) hours after contrast administration (if applicable); at 12 ( ⁇ 1), 24 ( ⁇ 2), and 48 ( ⁇ 2) hours after enrollment, and thereafter daily up to day 7 to day 14 while the subject is hospitalized. Blood is collected via direct venipuncture or via other available venous access, such as an existing femoral sheath, central venous line, peripheral intravenous line or hep-lock. These study blood samples are processed to plasma at the clinical site, frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc., San Diego, Calif. The study urine samples are frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc.
  • Analytes are is measured using standard sandwich enzyme immunoassay techniques.
  • a first antibody which binds the analyte is immobilized in wells of a 96 well polystyrene microplate.
  • Analyte standards and test samples are pipetted into the appropriate wells and any analyte present is bound by the immobilized antibody.
  • a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated second antibody which binds the analyte is added to the wells, thereby forming sandwich complexes with the analyte (if present) and the first antibody.
  • a substrate solution comprising tetramethylbenzidine and hydrogen peroxide is added to the wells. Color develops in proportion to the amount of analyte present in the sample. The color development is stopped and the intensity of the color is measured at 540 nm or 570 nm. An analyte concentration is assigned to the test sample by comparison to a standard curve determined from the analyte standards.
  • Concentrations are expressed in the following examples as follows: soluble p-selectin-ng/mL; protein NOV homolog-pg ⁇ mL; netrin 4-ng/mL; haptoglobin-mg/mL; alpha-1-antitrypsin-mg/mL; leukocyte elastase-ng/mL; soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6-pg/mL; soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6-pg/mL; soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2-units/mL; caspase 3 (active)-ng/mL; soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-ng/mL; heat shock protein beta-1-ng/mL; soluble epidermal growth factor receptor-pg/mL.
  • Chronic Disease Patients Human urine samples from donors with various chronic diseases (“Chronic Disease Patients”) including congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus and hypertension were purchased from Virginia Medical Research, Inc., 915 First Colonial Rd., Virginia Beach, Va. 23454. The urine samples were shipped and stored frozen at less than ⁇ 20 degrees centigrade. The vendor provided a case report form for each individual donor with age, gender, race (Black/White), smoking status and alcohol use, height, weight, chronic disease(s) diagnosis, current medications and previous surgeries.
  • Chronic Disease Patients including congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus and hypertension were purchased from Virginia Medical Research, Inc., 915 First Colonial Rd., Virginia Beach, Va. 23454. The urine samples were shipped and stored frozen at less than ⁇ 20 degrees centigrade. The vendor provided a case report form for each individual donor with age, gender, race (Black/White), smoking
  • Two cohorts were defined as (Cohort 1) patients that did not progress beyond stage 0, and (Cohort 2) patients that reached stage R, I, or F within 10 days.
  • marker levels in urine samples collected for Cohort 1. Marker concentrations were measured in urine samples collected from a subject at 0, 24 hours, and 48 hours prior to reaching stage R, I or F in Cohort 2.
  • the time “prior max stage” represents the time at which a sample is collected, relative to the time a particular patient reaches the lowest disease stage as defined for that cohort, binned into three groups which are +/ ⁇ 12 hours. For example, 24 hr prior for this example (0 vs R, I, F) would mean 24 hr (+/ ⁇ 12 hours) prior to reaching stage R (or I if no sample at R, or F if no sample at R or I).
  • ROC receiver operating characteristic
  • the stage 0 cohort may have included patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of urine output; for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of urine output alone, the stage 0 cohort may have included patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements; and for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements or urine output, the stage 0 cohort contains only patients in stage 0 for both serum creatinine measurements and urine output. Also, for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements or urine output, the adjudication method which yielded the most severe RIFLE stage was used.
  • Example 6 Patients were classified and analyzed as described in Example 6. However, patients that reached stage R but did not progress to stage I or F were grouped with patients from non-injury stage 0 in Cohort 1. Cohort 2 in this example included only patients that progressed to stage I or F. Marker concentrations in urine samples were included for Cohort 1. Marker concentrations in urine samples collected within 0, 24, and 48 hours of reaching stage I or F were included for Cohort 2.
  • Cohort 1 contained patients that reached stage R but did not progress to stage I or F within 10 days
  • Cohort 2 included only patients that progressed to stage I or F. Marker concentrations in urine samples collected within 12 hours of reaching stage R were included in the analysis for both Cohort 1 and 2.
  • Two cohorts were defined as (Cohort 1) patients that did not progress beyond stage 0, and (Cohort 2) patients that reached stage R, I, or F within 10 days.
  • marker levels in blood samples collected for Cohort 1. Marker concentrations were measured in the plasma component of the blood samples collected from a subject at 0, 24 hours, and 48 hours prior to reaching stage R, I or F in Cohort 2.
  • the time “prior max stage” represents the time at which a sample is collected, relative to the time a particular patient reaches the lowest disease stage as defined for that cohort, binned into three groups which are +/ ⁇ 12 hours. For example, 24 hr prior for this example (0 vs R, I, F) would mean 24 hr (+/ ⁇ 12 hours) prior to reaching stage R (or I if no sample at R, or F if no sample at R or I).
  • ROC receiver operating characteristic
  • the stage 0 cohort may have included patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of urine output; for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of urine output alone, the stage 0 cohort may have included patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements; and for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements or urine output, the stage 0 cohort contains only patients in stage 0 for both serum creatinine measurements and urine output. Also, for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements or urine output, the adjudication method which yielded the most severe RIFLE stage was used.
  • Example 9 Patients were classified and analyzed as described in Example 9. However, patients that reached stage R but did not progress to stage I or F were grouped with patients from non-injury stage 0 in Cohort 1. Cohort 2 in this example included only patients that progressed to stage I or F. Marker concentrations in the plasma component of blood samples were included for Cohort 1. Marker concentrations the plasma component of blood samples collected within 0, 24, and 48 hours of reaching stage I or F were included for Cohort 2.
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar- AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR sCr or UO 0 hours 0 na na 1 0 na na 2 na na na 0 na na 3 na na na 0 na na 4 na na na 0 na na 0 na na 24 hours 41.57990997 77% 24% 1 41.16807386 85% 24% 2 0.4 0.1 2.6 36.15698737 92% 15% 3 1.0 0.3 3.8 85.18918315 31% 72% 4 0.8 0.2 3.4 98.6629192 23% 80% 116.8580315 0% 91% 48 hours 71.26241682 100% 54% 1 71.26241682 100% 54% 2 na na na 71.26241682 100% 54% 3 na na 85.18918315 0% 72%
  • Cohort 1 contained patients that reached stage R but did not progress to stage I or F within 10 days
  • Cohort 2 included only patients that progressed to stage I or F. Marker concentrations in the plasma component from blood samples collected within 12 hours of reaching stage R were included in the analysis for both Cohort 1 and 2.

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Abstract

The present invention relates to methods and compositions for monitoring, diagnosis, prognosis, and determination of treatment regimens in subjects suffering from or suspected of having a renal injury. In particular, the invention relates to using assays that detect one or more markers selected from the group consisting of soluble p-selectin, protein NOV homolog, soluble epidermal growth factor receptor, netrin-4, haptoglobin, heat shock protein beta-1, alpha-1-antitrypsin, leukocyte elastase, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2, active caspase-3, and soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in renal injuries.

Description

  • The present invention claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/092,733 filed Aug. 28, 2008, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/092,905 filed Aug. 29, 2008, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/092,912 filed Aug. 29, 2008, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/092,926 filed Aug. 29, 2008, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/093,154 filed Aug. 29, 2008, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/093,247 filed Aug. 29, 2008, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/093,249 filed Aug. 29, 2008, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/093,262 filed Aug. 29, 2008, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/093,263 filed Aug. 29, 2008, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/093,264 filed Aug. 29, 2008, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/093,266 filed Aug. 29, 2008, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/093,244 filed Aug. 29, 2008, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/093,272 filed Aug. 29, 2008, each of which is hereby incorporated in its entirety including all tables, figures, and claims.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • The following discussion of the background of the invention is merely provided to aid the reader in understanding the invention and is not admitted to describe or constitute prior art to the present invention.
  • The kidney is responsible for water and solute excretion from the body. Its functions include maintenance of acid-base balance, regulation of electrolyte concentrations, control of blood volume, and regulation of blood pressure. As such, loss of kidney function through injury and/or disease results in substantial morbidity and mortality. A detailed discussion of renal injuries is provided in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, pages 1741-1830, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Renal disease and/or injury may be acute or chronic. Acute and chronic kidney disease are described as follows (from Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2008, 47th Ed, McGraw Hill, New York, pages 785-815, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety): “Acute renal failure is worsening of renal function over hours to days, resulting in the retention of nitrogenous wastes (such as urea nitrogen) and creatinine in the blood. Retention of these substances is called azotemia. Chronic renal failure (chronic kidney disease) results from an abnormal loss of renal function over months to years”.
  • Acute renal failure (ARF, also known as acute kidney injury, or AKI) is an abrupt (typically detected within about 48 hours to 1 week) reduction in glomerular filtration. This loss of filtration capacity results in retention of nitrogenous (urea and creatinine) and non-nitrogenous waste products that are normally excreted by the kidney, a reduction in urine output, or both. It is reported that ARF complicates about 5% of hospital admissions, 4-15% of cardiopulmonary bypass surgeries, and up to 30% of intensive care admissions. ARF may be categorized as prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal in causation. Intrinsic renal disease can be further divided into glomerular, tubular, interstitial, and vascular abnormalities. Major causes of ARF are described in the following table, which is adapted from the Merck Manual, 17th ed., Chapter 222, and which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety:
  • Type Risk Factors
    Prerenal
    ECF volume depletion Excessive diuresis, hemorrhage, GI losses, loss of
    intravascular fluid into the extravascular space (due to
    ascites, peritonitis, pancreatitis, or burns), loss of skin
    and mucus membranes, renal salt- and water-wasting
    states
    Low cardiac output Cardiomyopathy, MI, cardiac tamponade, pulmonary
    embolism, pulmonary hypertension, positive-pressure
    mechanical ventilation
    Low systemic vascular Septic shock, liver failure, antihypertensive drugs
    resistance
    Increased renal vascular NSAIDs, cyclosporines, tacrolimus, hypercalcemia,
    resistance anaphylaxis, anesthetics, renal artery obstruction, renal
    vein thrombosis, sepsis, hepatorenal syndrome
    Decreased efferent ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers
    arteriolar tone (leading to
    decreased GFR from
    reduced glomerular
    transcapillary pressure,
    especially in patients with
    bilateral renal artery stenosis)
    Intrinsic Renal
    Acute tubular injury Ischemia (prolonged or severe prerenal state): surgery,
    hemorrhage, arterial or venous obstruction; Toxins:
    NSAIDs, cyclosporines, tacrolimus, aminoglycosides,
    foscarnet, ethylene glycol, hemoglobin, myoglobin,
    ifosfamide, heavy metals, methotrexate, radiopaque
    contrast agents, streptozotocin
    Acute glomerulonephritis ANCA-associated: Crescentic glomerulonephritis,
    polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granulomatosis; Anti-
    GBM glomerulonephritis: Goodpasture's syndrome;
    Immune-complex: Lupus glomerulonephritis,
    postinfectious glomerulonephritis, cryoglobulinemic
    glomerulonephritis
    Acute tubulointerstitial Drug reaction (eg, β-lactams, NSAIDs, sulfonamides,
    nephritis ciprofloxacin, thiazide diuretics, furosemide, phenytoin,
    allopurinol, pyelonephritis, papillary necrosis
    Acute vascular Vasculitis, malignant hypertension, thrombotic
    nephropathy microangiopathies, scleroderma, atheroembolism
    Infiltrative diseases Lymphoma, sarcoidosis, leukemia
    Postrenal
    Tubular precipitation Uric acid (tumor lysis), sulfonamides, triamterene,
    acyclovir, indinavir, methotrexate, ethylene glycol
    ingestion, myeloma protein, myoglobin
    Ureteral obstruction Intrinsic: Calculi, clots, sloughed renal tissue, fungus
    ball, edema, malignancy, congenital defects; Extrinsic:
    Malignancy, retroperitoneal fibrosis, ureteral trauma
    during surgery or high impact injury
    Bladder obstruction Mechanical: Benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate
    cancer, bladder cancer, urethral strictures, phimosis,
    paraphimosis, urethral valves, obstructed indwelling
    urinary catheter; Neurogenic: Anticholinergic drugs,
    upper or lower motor neuron lesion
  • In the case of ischemic ARF, the course of the disease may be divided into four phases. During an initiation phase, which lasts hours to days, reduced perfusion of the kidney is evolving into injury. Glomerular ultrafiltration reduces, the flow of filtrate is reduced due to debris within the tubules, and back leakage of filtrate through injured epithelium occurs. Renal injury can be mediated during this phase by reperfusion of the kidney. Initiation is followed by an extension phase which is characterized by continued ischemic injury and inflammation and may involve endothelial damage and vascular congestion. During the maintenance phase, lasting from 1 to 2 weeks, renal cell injury occurs, and glomerular filtration and urine output reaches a minimum. A recovery phase can follow in which the renal epithelium is repaired and GFR gradually recovers. Despite this, the survival rate of subjects with ARF may be as low as about 60%.
  • Acute kidney injury caused by radiocontrast agents (also called contrast media) and other nephrotoxins such as cyclosporine, antibiotics including aminoglycosides and anticancer drugs such as cisplatin manifests over a period of days to about a week. Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN, which is AKI caused by radiocontrast agents) is thought to be caused by intrarenal vasoconstriction (leading to ischemic injury) and from the generation of reactive oxygen species that are directly toxic to renal tubular epithelial cells. CIN classically presents as an acute (onset within 24-48 h) but reversible (peak 3-5 days, resolution within 1 week) rise in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine.
  • A commonly reported criteria for defining and detecting AKI is an abrupt (typically within about 2-7 days or within a period of hospitalization) elevation of serum creatinine. Although the use of serum creatinine elevation to define and detect AKI is well established, the magnitude of the serum creatinine elevation and the time over which it is measured to define AKI varies considerably among publications. Traditionally, relatively large increases in serum creatinine such as 100%, 200%, an increase of at least 100% to a value over 2 mg/dL and other definitions were used to define AKI. However, the recent trend has been towards using smaller serum creatinine rises to define AKI. The relationship between serum creatinine rise, AKI and the associated health risks are reviewed in Praught and Shlipak, Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 14:265-270, 2005 and Chertow et al, J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 3365-3370, 2005, which, with the references listed therein, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. As described in these publications, acute worsening renal function (AKI) and increased risk of death and other detrimental outcomes are now known to be associated with very small increases in serum creatinine. These increases may be determined as a relative (percent) value or a nominal value. Relative increases in serum creatinine as small as 20% from the pre-injury value have been reported to indicate acutely worsening renal function (AKI) and increased health risk, but the more commonly reported value to define AKI and increased health risk is a relative increase of at least 25%. Nominal increases as small as 0.3 mg/dL, 0.2 mg/dL or even 0.1 mg/dL have been reported to indicate worsening renal function and increased risk of death. Various time periods for the serum creatinine to rise to these threshold values have been used to define AKI, for example, ranging from 2 days, 3 days, 7 days, or a variable period defined as the time the patient is in the hospital or intensive care unit. These studies indicate there is not a particular threshold serum creatinine rise (or time period for the rise) for worsening renal function or AKI, but rather a continuous increase in risk with increasing magnitude of serum creatinine rise.
  • One study (Lassnigg et all, J Am Soc Nephrol 15:1597-1605, 2004, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) investigated both increases and decreases in serum creatinine. Patients with a mild fall in serum creatinine of −0.1 to −0.3 mg/dL following heart surgery had the lowest mortality rate. Patients with a larger fall in serum creatinine (more than or equal to −0.4 mg/dL) or any increase in serum creatinine had a larger mortality rate. These findings caused the authors to conclude that even very subtle changes in renal function (as detected by small creatinine changes within 48 hours of surgery) seriously effect patient's outcomes. In an effort to reach consensus on a unified classification system for using serum creatinine to define AKI in clinical trials and in clinical practice, Bellomo et al., Crit Care. 8(4):R204-12, 2004, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, proposes the following classifications for stratifying AKI patients:
  • “Risk”: serum creatinine increased 1.5 fold from baseline OR urine production of <0.5 ml/kg body weight/hr for 6 hours;
    “Injury”: serum creatinine increased 2.0 fold from baseline OR urine production <0.5 ml/kg/hr for 12 h;
    “Failure”: serum creatinine increased 3.0 fold from baseline OR creatinine >355 μmol/l (with a rise of >44) or urine output below 0.3 ml/kg/hr for 24 h or anuria for at least 12 hours;
    And included two clinical outcomes:
    “Loss”: persistent need for renal replacement therapy for more than four weeks.
    “ESRD”: end stage renal disease—the need for dialysis for more than 3 months.
    These criteria are called the RIFLE criteria, which provide a useful clinical tool to classify renal status. As discussed in Kellum, Crit. Care Med. 36: S141-45, 2008 and Ricci et al., Kidney Int. 73, 538-546, 2008, each hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, the RIFLE criteria provide a uniform definition of AKI which has been validated in numerous studies.
  • More recently, Mehta et al., Crit. Care 11:R31 (doi:10.1186.cc5713), 2007, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, proposes the following similar classifications for stratifying AKI patients, which have been modified from RIFLE:
  • “Stage I”: increase in serum creatinine of more than or equal to 0.3 mg/dL (≧26.4 μmol/L) or increase to more than or equal to 150% (1.5-fold) from baseline OR urine output less than 0.5 mL/kg per hour for more than 6 hours;
    “Stage II”: increase in serum creatinine to more than 200% (>2-fold) from baseline OR urine output less than 0.5 mL/kg per hour for more than 12 hours;
    “Stage III”: increase in serum creatinine to more than 300% (>3-fold) from baseline OR serum creatinine ≧354 μmol/L accompanied by an acute increase of at least 44 μmol/L OR urine output less than 0.3 mL/kg per hour for 24 hours or anuria for 12 hours.
  • The CIN Consensus Working Panel (McCollough et al, Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2006; 7(4):177-197, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) uses a serum creatinine rise of 25% to define Contrast induced nephropathy (which is a type of AKI). Although various groups propose slightly different criteria for using serum creatinine to detect AKI, the consensus is that small changes in serum creatinine, such as 0.3 mg/dL or 25%, are sufficient to detect AKI (worsening renal function) and that the magnitude of the serum creatinine change is an indicator of the severity of the AKI and mortality risk.
  • Although serial measurement of serum creatinine over a period of days is an accepted method of detecting and diagnosing AKI and is considered one of the most important tools to evaluate AKI patients, serum creatinine is generally regarded to have several limitations in the diagnosis, assessment and monitoring of AKI patients. The time period for serum creatinine to rise to values (e.g., a 0.3 mg/dL or 25% rise) considered diagnostic for AKI can be 48 hours or longer depending on the definition used. Since cellular injury in AKI can occur over a period of hours, serum creatinine elevations detected at 48 hours or longer can be a late indicator of injury, and relying on serum creatinine can thus delay diagnosis of AKI. Furthermore, serum creatinine is not a good indicator of the exact kidney status and treatment needs during the most acute phases of AKI when kidney function is changing rapidly. Some patients with AKI will recover fully, some will need dialysis (either short term or long term) and some will have other detrimental outcomes including death, major adverse cardiac events and chronic kidney disease. Because serum creatinine is a marker of filtration rate, it does not differentiate between the causes of AKI (pre-renal, intrinsic renal, post-renal obstruction, atheroembolic, etc) or the category or location of injury in intrinsic renal disease (for example, tubular, glomerular or interstitial in origin). Urine output is similarly limited, Knowing these things can be of vital importance in managing and treating patients with AKI.
  • These limitations underscore the need for better methods to detect and assess AKI, particularly in the early and subclinical stages, but also in later stages when recovery and repair of the kidney can occur. Furthermore, there is a need to better identify patients who are at risk of having an AKI.
    • BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • It is an object of the invention to provide methods and compositions for evaluating renal function in a subject. As described herein, measurement of one or more markers selected from the group consisting of soluble p-selectin, protein NOV homolog, soluble epidermal growth factor receptor, netrin-4, haptoglobin, heat shock protein beta-1, alpha-1-antitrypsin, leukocyte elastase, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2, caspase-3 (and most preferably active caspase-3), and soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (collectively referred to herein as “kidney injury markers, and individually as a “kidney injury marker”) can be used for diagnosis, prognosis, risk stratification, staging, monitoring, categorizing and determination of further diagnosis and treatment regimens in subjects suffering or at risk of suffering from an injury to renal function, reduced renal function, and/or acute renal failure (also called acute kidney injury).
  • These kidney injury markers may be used, individually or in panels comprising a plurality of kidney injury markers, for risk stratification (that is, to identify subjects at risk for a future injury to renal function, for future progression to reduced renal function, for future progression to ARF, for future improvement in renal function, etc.); for diagnosis of existing disease (that is, to identify subjects who have suffered an injury to renal function, who have progressed to reduced renal function, who have progressed to ARF, etc.); for monitoring for deterioration or improvement of renal function; and for predicting a future medical outcome, such as improved or worsening renal function, a decreased or increased mortality risk, a decreased or increased risk that a subject will require renal replacement therapy (i.e., hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, hemofiltration, and/or renal transplantation, a decreased or increased risk that a subject will recover from an injury to renal function, a decreased or increased risk that a subject will recover from ARF, a decreased or increased risk that a subject will progress to end stage renal disease, a decreased or increased risk that a subject will progress to chronic renal failure, a decreased or increased risk that a subject will suffer rejection of a transplanted kidney, etc.
  • In a first aspect, the present invention relates to methods for evaluating renal status in a subject. These methods comprise performing an assay method that is configured to detect one or more kidney injury markers of the present invention in a body fluid sample obtained from the subject. The assay result(s), for example a measured concentration of one or more markers selected from the group consisting of soluble p-selectin, protein NOV homolog, soluble epidermal growth factor receptor, netrin-4, haptoglobin, heat shock protein beta-1, alpha-1-antitrypsin, leukocyte elastase, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2, caspase-3 (and most preferably active caspase-3), and soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule is/are then correlated to the renal status of the subject. This correlation to renal status may include correlating the assay result(s) to one or more of risk stratification, diagnosis, prognosis, staging, classifying and monitoring of the subject as described herein. Thus, the present invention utilizes one or more kidney injury markers of the present invention for the evaluation of renal injury.
  • In certain embodiments, the methods for evaluating renal status described herein are methods for risk stratification of the subject; that is, assigning a likelihood of one or more future changes in renal status to the subject. In these embodiments, the assay result(s) is/are correlated to one or more such future changes. The following are preferred risk stratification embodiments.
  • In preferred risk stratification embodiments, these methods comprise determining a subject's risk for a future injury to renal function, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to a likelihood of such a future injury to renal function. For example, the measured concentration(s) may each be compared to a threshold value. For a “positive going” kidney injury marker, an increased likelihood of suffering a future injury to renal function is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold. For a “negative going” kidney injury marker, an increased likelihood of suffering a future injury to renal function is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold.
  • In other preferred risk stratification embodiments, these methods comprise determining a subject's risk for future reduced renal function, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to a likelihood of such reduced renal function. For example, the measured concentrations may each be compared to a threshold value. For a “positive going” kidney injury marker, an increased likelihood of suffering a future reduced renal function is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold. For a “negative going” kidney injury marker, an increased likelihood of future reduced renal function is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold.
  • In still other preferred risk stratification embodiments, these methods comprise determining a subject's likelihood for a future improvement in renal function, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to a likelihood of such a future improvement in renal function. For example, the measured concentration(s) may each be compared to a threshold value. For a “positive going” kidney injury marker, an increased likelihood of a future improvement in renal function is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold. For a “negative going” kidney injury marker, an increased likelihood of a future improvement in renal function is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold.
  • In yet other preferred risk stratification embodiments, these methods comprise determining a subject's risk for progression to ARF, and the result(s) is/are correlated to a likelihood of such progression to ARF. For example, the measured concentration(s) may each be compared to a threshold value. For a “positive going” kidney injury marker, an increased likelihood of progression to ARF is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold. For a “negative going” kidney injury marker, an increased likelihood of progression to ARF is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold.
  • And in other preferred risk stratification embodiments, these methods comprise determining a subject's outcome risk, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to a likelihood of the occurrence of a clinical outcome related to a renal injury suffered by the subject. For example, the measured concentration(s) may each be compared to a threshold value. For a “positive going” kidney injury marker, an increased likelihood of one or more of: acute kidney injury, progression to a worsening stage of AKI, mortality, a requirement for renal replacement therapy, a requirement for withdrawal of renal toxins, end stage renal disease, heart failure, stroke, myocardial infarction, progression to chronic kidney disease, etc., is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold. For a “negative going” kidney injury marker, an increased likelihood of one or more of: acute kidney injury, progression to a worsening stage of AKI, mortality, a requirement for renal replacement therapy, a requirement for withdrawal of renal toxins, end stage renal disease, heart failure, stroke, myocardial infarction, progression to chronic kidney disease, etc., is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold.
  • In such risk stratification embodiments, preferably the likelihood or risk assigned is that an event of interest is more or less likely to occur within 180 days of the time at which the body fluid sample is obtained from the subject. In particularly preferred embodiments, the likelihood or risk assigned relates to an event of interest occurring within a shorter time period such as 18 months, 120 days, 90 days, 60 days, 45 days, 30 days, 21 days, 14 days, 7 days, 5 days, 96 hours, 72 hours, 48 hours, 36 hours, 24 hours, 12 hours, or less. A risk at 0 hours of the time at which the body fluid sample is obtained from the subject is equivalent to diagnosis of a current condition.
  • In preferred risk stratification embodiments, the subject is selected for risk stratification based on the pre-existence in the subject of one or more known risk factors for prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal ARF. For example, a subject undergoing or having undergone major vascular surgery, coronary artery bypass, or other cardiac surgery; a subject having pre-existing congestive heart failure, preeclampsia, eclampsia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, proteinuria, renal insufficiency, glomerular filtration below the normal range, cirrhosis, serum creatinine above the normal range, or sepsis; or a subject exposed to NSAIDs, cyclosporines, tacrolimus, aminoglycosides, foscarnet, ethylene glycol, hemoglobin, myoglobin, ifosfamide, heavy metals, methotrexate, radiopaque contrast agents, or streptozotocin are all preferred subjects for monitoring risks according to the methods described herein. This list is not meant to be limiting. By “pre-existence” in this context is meant that the risk factor exists at the time the body fluid sample is obtained from the subject. In particularly preferred embodiments, a subject is chosen for risk stratification based on an existing diagnosis of injury to renal function, reduced renal function, or ARF.
  • In other embodiments, the methods for evaluating renal status described herein are methods for diagnosing a renal injury in the subject; that is, assessing whether or not a subject has suffered from an injury to renal function, reduced renal function, or ARF. In these embodiments, the assay result(s), for example a measured concentration of one or more markers selected from the group consisting of soluble p-selectin, protein NOV homolog, soluble epidermal growth factor receptor, netrin-4, haptoglobin, heat shock protein beta-1, alpha-1-antitrypsin, leukocyte elastase, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2, caspase-3 (and most preferably active caspase-3), and soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule is/are correlated to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a change in renal status. The following are preferred diagnostic embodiments.
  • In preferred diagnostic embodiments, these methods comprise diagnosing the occurrence or nonoccurrence of an injury to renal function, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of such an injury. For example, each of the measured concentration(s) may be compared to a threshold value. For a positive going marker, an increased likelihood of the occurrence of an injury to renal function is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold); alternatively, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, an increased likelihood of the nonoccurrence of an injury to renal function may be assigned to the subject (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold). For a negative going marker, an increased likelihood of the occurrence of an injury to renal function is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold); alternatively, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, an increased likelihood of the nonoccurrence of an injury to renal function may be assigned to the subject (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold).
  • In other preferred diagnostic embodiments, these methods comprise diagnosing the occurrence or nonoccurrence of reduced renal function, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of an injury causing reduced renal function. For example, each of the measured concentration(s) may be compared to a threshold value. For a positive going marker, an increased likelihood of the occurrence of an injury causing reduced renal function is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold); alternatively, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, an increased likelihood of the nonoccurrence of an injury causing reduced renal function may be assigned to the subject (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold). For a negative going marker, an increased likelihood of the occurrence of an injury causing reduced renal function is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold); alternatively, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, an increased likelihood of the nonoccurrence of an injury causing reduced renal function may be assigned to the subject (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold).
  • In yet other preferred diagnostic embodiments, these methods comprise diagnosing the occurrence or nonoccurrence of ARF, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of an injury causing ARF. For example, each of the measured concentration(s) may be compared to a threshold value. For a positive going marker, an increased likelihood of the occurrence of ARF is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold); alternatively, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, an increased likelihood of the nonoccurrence of ARF may be assigned to the subject (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold). For a negative going marker, an increased likelihood of the occurrence of ARF is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold); alternatively, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, an increased likelihood of the nonoccurrence of ARF may be assigned to the subject (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold).
  • In still other preferred diagnostic embodiments, these methods comprise diagnosing a subject as being in need of renal replacement therapy, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to a need for renal replacement therapy. For example, each of the measured concentration(s) may be compared to a threshold value. For a positive going marker, an increased likelihood of the occurrence of an injury creating a need for renal replacement therapy is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold); alternatively, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, an increased likelihood of the nonoccurrence of an injury creating a need for renal replacement therapy may be assigned to the subject (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold). For a negative going marker, an increased likelihood of the occurrence of an injury creating a need for renal replacement therapy is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold); alternatively, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, an increased likelihood of the nonoccurrence of an injury creating a need for renal replacement therapy may be assigned to the subject (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold).
  • In still other preferred diagnostic embodiments, these methods comprise diagnosing a subject as being in need of renal transplantation, and the assay result(s0 is/are correlated to a need for renal transplantation. For example, each of the measured concentration(s) may be compared to a threshold value. For a positive going marker, an increased likelihood of the occurrence of an injury creating a need for renal transplantation is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold); alternatively, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, an increased likelihood of the nonoccurrence of an injury creating a need for renal transplantation may be assigned to the subject (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold). For a negative going marker, an increased likelihood of the occurrence of an injury creating a need for renal transplantation is assigned to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold); alternatively, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, an increased likelihood of the nonoccurrence of an injury creating a need for renal transplantation may be assigned to the subject (relative to the likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold).
  • In still other embodiments, the methods for evaluating renal status described herein are methods for monitoring a renal injury in the subject; that is, assessing whether or not renal function is improving or worsening in a subject who has suffered from an injury to renal function, reduced renal function, or ARF. In these embodiments, the assay result(s), for example a measured concentration of one or more markers selected from the group consisting of soluble p-selectin, protein NOV homolog, soluble epidermal growth factor receptor, netrin-4, haptoglobin, heat shock protein beta-1, alpha-1-antitrypsin, leukocyte elastase, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2, caspase-3 (and most preferably active caspase-3), and soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule is/are correlated to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a change in renal status. The following are preferred monitoring embodiments.
  • In preferred monitoring embodiments, these methods comprise monitoring renal status in a subject suffering from an injury to renal function, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a change in renal status in the subject. For example, the measured concentration(s) may be compared to a threshold value. For a positive going marker, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, a worsening of renal function may be assigned to the subject; alternatively, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, an improvement of renal function may be assigned to the subject. For a negative going marker, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, a worsening of renal function may be assigned to the subject; alternatively, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, an improvement of renal function may be assigned to the subject.
  • In other preferred monitoring embodiments, these methods comprise monitoring renal status in a subject suffering from reduced renal function, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a change in renal status in the subject. For example, the measured concentration(s) may be compared to a threshold value. For a positive going marker, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, a worsening of renal function may be assigned to the subject; alternatively, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, an improvement of renal function may be assigned to the subject. For a negative going marker, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, a worsening of renal function may be assigned to the subject; alternatively, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, an improvement of renal function may be assigned to the subject.
  • In yet other preferred monitoring embodiments, these methods comprise monitoring renal status in a subject suffering from acute renal failure, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a change in renal status in the subject. For example, the measured concentration(s) may be compared to a threshold value. For a positive going marker, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, a worsening of renal function may be assigned to the subject; alternatively, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, an improvement of renal function may be assigned to the subject. For a negative going marker, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, a worsening of renal function may be assigned to the subject; alternatively, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, an improvement of renal function may be assigned to the subject.
  • In other additional preferred monitoring embodiments, these methods comprise monitoring renal status in a subject at risk of an injury to renal function due to the pre-existence of one or more known risk factors for prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal ARF, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a change in renal status in the subject. For example, the measured concentration(s) may be compared to a threshold value. For a positive going marker, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, a worsening of renal function may be assigned to the subject; alternatively, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, an improvement of renal function may be assigned to the subject. For a negative going marker, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, a worsening of renal function may be assigned to the subject; alternatively, when the measured concentration is above the threshold, an improvement of renal function may be assigned to the subject.
  • In still other embodiments, the methods for evaluating renal status described herein are methods for classifying a renal injury in the subject; that is, determining whether a renal injury in a subject is prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal; and/or further subdividing these classes into subclasses such as acute tubular injury, acute glomerulonephritis acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, acute vascular nephropathy, or infiltrative disease; and/or assigning a likelihood that a subject will progress to a particular RIFLE stage. In these embodiments, the assay result(s), for example a measured concentration of one or more markers selected from the group consisting of soluble p-selectin, protein NOV homolog, soluble epidermal growth factor receptor, netrin-4, haptoglobin, heat shock protein beta-1, alpha-1-antitrypsin, leukocyte elastase, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2, caspase-3 (and most preferably active caspase-3), and soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule is/are correlated to a particular class and/or subclass. The following are preferred classification embodiments.
  • In preferred classification embodiments, these methods comprise determining whether a renal injury in a subject is prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal; and/or further subdividing these classes into subclasses such as acute tubular injury, acute glomerulonephritis acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, acute vascular nephropathy, or infiltrative disease; and/or assigning a likelihood that a subject will progress to a particular RIFLE stage, and the assay result(s) is/are correlated to the injury classification for the subject. For example, the measured concentration may be compared to a threshold value, and when the measured concentration is above the threshold, a particular classification is assigned; alternatively, when the measured concentration is below the threshold, a different classification may be assigned to the subject.
  • A variety of methods may be used by the skilled artisan to arrive at a desired threshold value for use in these methods. For example, the threshold value may be determined from a population of normal subjects by selecting a concentration representing the 75th, 85th, 90th, 95th, or 99th percentile of a kidney injury marker measured in such normal subjects. Alternatively, the threshold value may be determined from a “diseased” population of subjects, e.g., those suffering from an injury or having a predisposition for an injury (e.g., progression to ARF or some other clinical outcome such as death, dialysis, renal transplantation, etc.), by selecting a concentration representing the 75th, 85th, 90th, 95th, or 99th percentile of a kidney injury marker measured in such subjects. In another alternative, the threshold value may be determined from a prior measurement of a kidney injury marker in the same subject; that is, a temporal change in the level of a kidney injury marker in the subject may be used to assign risk to the subject.
  • The foregoing discussion is not meant to imply, however, that the kidney injury markers of the present invention must be compared to corresponding individual thresholds. Methods for combining assay results can comprise the use of multivariate logistical regression, loglinear modeling, neural network analysis, n-of-m analysis, decision tree analysis, calculating ratios of markers, etc. This list is not meant to be limiting. In these methods, a composite result which is determined by combining individual markers may be treated as if it is itself a marker; that is, a threshold may be determined for the composite result as described herein for individual markers, and the composite result for an individual patient compared to this threshold.
  • The ability of a particular test to distinguish two populations can be established using ROC analysis. For example, ROC curves established from a “first” subpopulation which is predisposed to one or more future changes in renal status, and a “second” subpopulation which is not so predisposed can be used to calculate a ROC curve, and the area under the curve provides a measure of the quality of the test. Preferably, the tests described herein provide a ROC curve area greater than 0.5, preferably at least 0.6, more preferably 0.7, still more preferably at least 0.8, even more preferably at least 0.9, and most preferably at least 0.95.
  • In certain aspects, the measured concentration of one or more kidney injury markers, or a composite of such markers, may be treated as continuous variables. For example, any particular concentration can be converted into a corresponding probability of a future reduction in renal function for the subject, the occurrence of an injury, a classification, etc. In yet another alternative, a threshold that can provide an acceptable level of specificity and sensitivity in separating a population of subjects into “bins” such as a “first” subpopulation (e.g., which is predisposed to one or more future changes in renal status, the occurrence of an injury, a classification, etc.) and a “second” subpopulation which is not so predisposed. A threshold value is selected to separate this first and second population by one or more of the following measures of test accuracy:
  • an odds ratio greater than 1, preferably at least about 2 or more or about 0.5 or less, more preferably at least about 3 or more or about 0.33 or less, still more preferably at least about 4 or more or about 0.25 or less, even more preferably at least about 5 or more or about 0.2 or less, and most preferably at least about 10 or more or about 0.1 or less;
    a specificity of greater than 0.5, preferably at least about 0.6, more preferably at least about 0.7, still more preferably at least about 0.8, even more preferably at least about 0.9 and most preferably at least about 0.95, with a corresponding sensitivity greater than 0.2, preferably greater than about 0.3, more preferably greater than about 0.4, still more preferably at least about 0.5, even more preferably about 0.6, yet more preferably greater than about 0.7, still more preferably greater than about 0.8, more preferably greater than about 0.9, and most preferably greater than about 0.95;
    a sensitivity of greater than 0.5, preferably at least about 0.6, more preferably at least about 0.7, still more preferably at least about 0.8, even more preferably at least about 0.9 and most preferably at least about 0.95, with a corresponding specificity greater than 0.2, preferably greater than about 0.3, more preferably greater than about 0.4, still more preferably at least about 0.5, even more preferably about 0.6, yet more preferably greater than about 0.7, still more preferably greater than about 0.8, more preferably greater than about 0.9, and most preferably greater than about 0.95;
    at least about 75% sensitivity, combined with at least about 75% specificity;
    a positive likelihood ratio (calculated as sensitivity/(1-specificity)) of greater than 1, at least about 2, more preferably at least about 3, still more preferably at least about 5, and most preferably at least about 10; or
    a negative likelihood ratio (calculated as (1-sensitivity)/specificity) of less than 1, less than or equal to about 0.5, more preferably less than or equal to about 0.3, and most preferably less than or equal to about 0.1.
    The term “about” in the context of any of the above measurements refers to +/−5% of a given measurement.
  • Multiple thresholds may also be used to assess renal status in a subject. For example, a “first” subpopulation which is predisposed to one or more future changes in renal status, the occurrence of an injury, a classification, etc., and a “second” subpopulation which is not so predisposed can be combined into a single group. This group is then subdivided into three or more equal parts (known as tertiles, quartiles, quintiles, etc., depending on the number of subdivisions). An odds ratio is assigned to subjects based on which subdivision they fall into. If one considers a tertile, the lowest or highest tertile can be used as a reference for comparison of the other subdivisions. This reference subdivision is assigned an odds ratio of 1. The second tertile is assigned an odds ratio that is relative to that first tertile. That is, someone in the second tertile might be 3 times more likely to suffer one or more future changes in renal status in comparison to someone in the first tertile. The third tertile is also assigned an odds ratio that is relative to that first tertile.
  • In certain embodiments, the assay method is an immunoassay. Antibodies for use in such assays will specifically bind a full length kidney injury marker of interest, and may also bind one or more polypeptides that are “related” thereto, as that term is defined hereinafter. Numerous immunoassay formats are known to those of skill in the art. Preferred body fluid samples are selected from the group consisting of urine, blood, serum, saliva, tears, and plasma.
  • The foregoing method steps should not be interpreted to mean that the kidney injury marker assay result(s) is/are used in isolation in the methods described herein. Rather, additional variables or other clinical indicia may be included in the methods described herein. For example, a risk stratification, diagnostic, classification, monitoring, etc. method may combine the assay result(s) with one or more variables measured for the subject selected from the group consisting of demographic information (e.g., weight, sex, age, race), medical history (e.g., family history, type of surgery, pre-existing disease such as aneurism, congestive heart failure, preeclampsia, eclampsia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, proteinuria, renal insufficiency, or sepsis, type of toxin exposure such as NSAIDs, cyclosporines, tacrolimus, aminoglycosides, foscarnet, ethylene glycol, hemoglobin, myoglobin, ifosfamide, heavy metals, methotrexate, radiopaque contrast agents, or streptozotocin), clinical variables (e.g., blood pressure, temperature, respiration rate), risk scores (APACHE score, PREDICT score, TIMI Risk Score for UA/NSTEMI, Framingham Risk Score), a glomerular filtration rate, an estimated glomerular filtration rate, a urine production rate, a serum or plasma creatinine concentration, a urine creatinine concentration, a fractional excretion of sodium, a urine sodium concentration, a urine creatinine to serum or plasma creatinine ratio, a urine specific gravity, a urine osmolality, a urine urea nitrogen to plasma urea nitrogen ratio, a plasma BUN to creatnine ratio, a renal failure index calculated as urine sodium/(urine creatinine/plasma creatinine), a serum or plasma neutrophil gelatinase (NGAL) concentration, a urine NGAL concentration, a serum or plasma cystatin C concentration, a serum or plasma cardiac troponin concentration, a serum or plasma BNP concentration, a serum or plasma NTproBNP concentration, and a serum or plasma proBNP concentration. Other measures of renal function which may be combined with one or more kidney injury marker assay result(s) are described hereinafter and in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, pages 1741-1830, and Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2008, 47th Ed, McGraw Hill, New York, pages 785-815, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • When more than one marker is measured, the individual markers may be measured in samples obtained at the same time, or may be determined from samples obtained at different (e.g., an earlier or later) times. The individual markers may also be measured on the same or different body fluid samples. For example, one kidney injury marker may be measured in a serum or plasma sample and another kidney injury marker may be measured in a urine sample. In addition, assignment of a likelihood may combine an individual kidney injury marker assay result with temporal changes in one or more additional variables.
  • In various related aspects, the present invention also relates to devices and kits for performing the methods described herein. Suitable kits comprise reagents sufficient for performing an assay for at least one of the described kidney injury markers, together with instructions for performing the described threshold comparisons.
  • In certain embodiments, reagents for performing such assays are provided in an assay device, and such assay devices may be included in such a kit. Preferred reagents can comprise one or more solid phase antibodies, the solid phase antibody comprising antibody that detects the intended biomarker target(s) bound to a solid support. In the case of sandwich immunoassays, such reagents can also include one or more detectably labeled antibodies, the detectably labeled antibody comprising antibody that detects the intended biomarker target(s) bound to a detectable label. Additional optional elements that may be provided as part of an assay device are described hereinafter.
  • Detectable labels may include molecules that are themselves detectable (e.g., fluorescent moieties, electrochemical labels, ecl (electrochemical luminescence) labels, metal chelates, colloidal metal particles, etc.) as well as molecules that may be indirectly detected by production of a detectable reaction product (e.g., enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, etc.) or through the use of a specific binding molecule which itself may be detectable (e.g., a labeled antibody that binds to the second antibody, biotin, digoxigenin, maltose, oligohistidine, 2,4-dintrobenzene, phenylarsenate, ssDNA, dsDNA, etc.).
  • Generation of a signal from the signal development element can be performed using various optical, acoustical, and electrochemical methods well known in the art. Examples of detection modes include fluorescence, radiochemical detection, reflectance, absorbance, amperometry, conductance, impedance, interferometry, ellipsometry, etc. In certain of these methods, the solid phase antibody is coupled to a transducer (e.g., a diffraction grating, electrochemical sensor, etc) for generation of a signal, while in others, a signal is generated by a transducer that is spatially separate from the solid phase antibody (e.g., a fluorometer that employs an excitation light source and an optical detector). This list is not meant to be limiting. Antibody-based biosensors may also be employed to determine the presence or amount of analytes that optionally eliminate the need for a labeled molecule.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention relates to methods and compositions for diagnosis, differential diagnosis, risk stratification, monitoring, classifying and determination of treatment regimens in subjects suffering or at risk of suffering from injury to renal function, reduced renal function and/or acute renal failure through measurement of one or more kidney injury markers. In various embodiments, a measured concentration of one or more markers selected from the group consisting of soluble p-selectin, protein NOV homolog, soluble epidermal growth factor receptor, netrin-4, haptoglobin, heat shock protein beta-1, alpha-1-antitrypsin, leukocyte elastase, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2, caspase-3 (and most preferably active caspase-3), and soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule, or one or more markers related thereto, are correlated to the renal status of the subject.
  • For purposes of this document, the following definitions apply:
  • As used herein, an “injury to renal function” is an abrupt (within 14 days, preferably within 7 days, more preferably within 72 hours, and still more preferably within 48 hours) measurable reduction in a measure of renal function. Such an injury may be identified, for example, by a decrease in glomerular filtration rate or estimated GFR, a reduction in urine output, an increase in serum creatinine, an increase in serum cystatin C, a requirement for renal replacement therapy, etc. “Improvement in Renal Function” is an abrupt (within 14 days, preferably within 7 days, more preferably within 72 hours, and still more preferably within 48 hours) measurable increase in a measure of renal function. Preferred methods for measuring and/or estimating GFR are described hereinafter.
    As used herein, “reduced renal function” is an abrupt (within 14 days, preferably within 7 days, more preferably within 72 hours, and still more preferably within 48 hours) reduction in kidney function identified by an absolute increase in serum creatinine of greater than or equal to 0.1 mg/dL (≧8.8 μmol/L), a percentage increase in serum creatinine of greater than or equal to 20% (1.2-fold from baseline), or a reduction in urine output (documented oliguria of less than 0.5 ml/kg per hour).
  • As used herein, “acute renal failure” or “ARF” is an abrupt (within 14 days, preferably within 7 days, more preferably within 72 hours, and still more preferably within 48 hours) reduction in kidney function identified by an absolute increase in serum creatinine of greater than or equal to 0.3 mg/dl (≧26.4 μmil/l), a percentage increase in serum creatinine of greater than or equal to 50% (1.5-fold from baseline), or a reduction in urine output (documented oliguria of less than 0.5 ml/kg per hour for at least 6 hours). This term is synonymous with “acute kidney injury” or “AKI.”
  • In this regard, the skilled artisan will understand that the signals obtained from an immunoassay are a direct result of complexes formed between one or more antibodies and the target biomolecule (i.e., the analyte) and polypeptides containing the necessary epitope(s) to which the antibodies bind. While such assays may detect the full length biomarker and the assay result be expressed as a concentration of a biomarker of interest, the signal from the assay is actually a result of all such “immunoreactive” polypeptides present in the sample. Expression of biomarkers may also be determined by means other than immunoassays, including protein measurements (such as dot blots, western blots, chromatographic methods, mass spectrometry, etc.) and nucleic acid measurements (mRNA quatitation). This list is not meant to be limiting.
  • As used herein, the term “p-selectin” refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the p-selectin precursor (Swiss-Prot P16109 (SEQ ID NO: 1)).
  •         10         20         30         40         50         60
    MANCQIAILY QRFQRVVFGI SQLLCFSALI SELTNQKEVA AWTYHYSTKA YSWNISRKYC
            70         80         90        100        110        120
    QNRYTDLVAI QNKNEIDYLN KVLPYYSSYY WIGIRKNNKT WTWVGTKKAL TNEAENWADN
           130        140        150        160        170        180
    EPNNKRNNED CVEIYIKSPS APGKWNDEHC LKKKHALCYT ASCQDMSCSK QGECLETIGN
           190        200        210        220        230        240
    YTCSCYPGFY GPECEYVREC GELELPQHVL MNCSHPLGNF SFNSQCSFHC TDGYQVNGPS
           250        260        270        280        290        300
    KLECLASGIW TNKPPQCLAA QCPPLKIPER GNMICLHSAK AFQHQSSCSF SCEEGFALVG
           310        320        330        340        350        360
    PEVVQCTASG VWTAPAPVCK AVQCQHLEAP SEGTMDCVHP LTAFAYGSSC KFECQPGYRV
           370        380        390        400        410        420
    RGLDMLRCID SGHWSAPLPT CEAISCEPLE SPVHGSMDCS PSLRAFQYDT NCSFRCAEGF
           430        440        450        460        470        480
    MLRGADIVRC DNLGQWTAPA PVCQALQCQD LPVPNEARVN CSHPFGAFRY QSVCSFTCNE
           490        500        510        520        530        540
    GLLLVGASVL QCLATGNWNS VPPECQAIPC TPLLSPQNGT MTCVQPLGSS SYKSTCQFIC
           550        560        570        580        590        600
    DEGYSLSGPE RLDCTRSGRW TDSPPMCEAI KCPELFAPEQ GSLDCSDTRG EFNVGSTCHF
           610        620        630        640        650        660
    SCNNGFKLEG PNNVECTTSG RWSATPPTCK GIASLPTPGL QCPALTTPGQ GTMYCRHHPG
           670        680        690        700        710        720
    TFGFNTTCYF GCNAGFTLIG DSTLSCRPSG QWTAVTPACR AVKCSELHVN KPIAMNCSNL
           730        740        750        760        770        780
    WGNFSYGSIC SFHCLEGQLL NGSAQTACQE NGHWSTTVPT CQAGPLTIQE ALTYFGGAVA
           790        800        810        820        830
    STIGLIMGGT LLALLRKRFR QKDDGKCPLN PHSHLGTYGV FTNAAFDPSP
  • Most preferably, the p-selectin assay detects one or more soluble forms of p-selectin. P-selectin is a single-pass type I membrane protein having a large extracellular domain, most or all of which is present in soluble forms of p-selectin generated either through alternative splicing event which deletes all or a portion of the transmembrane domain, or by proteolysis of the membrane-bound form. In the case of an immunoassay, one or more antibodies that bind to epitopes within this extracellular domain may be used to detect these soluble form(s). The following domains have been identified in p-selectin:
  • Residues Length Domain ID
     1-41 41 signal sequence
     42-830 789 p-selectin
     42-771 730 extracellular
    772-795 24 transmembrane
    796-830 35 cytoplasmic
  • As used herein, the term “protein NOV homolog” refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the protein NOV homolog precursor (Swiss-Prot P48745 (SEQ ID NO: 2)).
  •         10         20         30         40         50         60
    MQSVQSTSFC LRKQCLCLTF LLLHLLGQVA ATQRCPPQCP GRCPATPPTC APGVRAVLDG
            70         80         90        100        110        120
    CSCCLVCARQ RGESCSDLEP CDESSGLYCD RSADPSNQTG ICTAVEGDNC VFDGVIYRSG
           130        140        150        160        170        180
    EKFQPSCKFQ CTCRDGQIGC VPRCQLDVLL PEPNCPAPRK VEVPGECCEK WICGPDEEDS
           190        200        210        220        230        240
    LGGLTLAAYR PEATLGVEVS DSSVNCIEQT TEWTACSKSC GMGFSTRVTN RNRQCEMLKQ
           250        260        270        280        290        300
    TRLCMVRPCE QEPEQPTDKK GKKCLRTKKS LKAIHLQFKN CTSLHTYKPR FCGVCSDGRC
           310        320        330        340        350
    CTPHNTKTIQ AEFQCSPGQI VKKPVMVIGT CTCHTNCPKN NEAFLQELEL KTTRGKM
  • The following domains have been identified in protein NOV homolog:
  • Residues Length Domain ID
    1-31 31 signal sequence
    32-357 326 protein NOV homolog
  • As used herein, the term “epidermal growth factor receptor” refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the epidermal growth factor receptor precursor (Swiss-Prot P00533 (SEQ ID NO: 3)).
  •         10         20         30         40         50         60
    MRPSGTAGAA LLALLAALCP ASRALEEKKV CQGTSNKLTQ LGTFEDHFLS LQRMFNNCEV
            70         80         90        100        110        120
    VLGNLEITYV QRNYDLSFLK TIQEVAGYVL IALNTVERIP LENLQIIRGN MYYENSYALA
           130        140        150        160        170        180
    VLSNYDANKT GLKELPMRNL QEILHGAVRF SNNPALCNVE SIQWRDIVSS DFLSNMSMDF
           190        200        210        220        230        240
    QNHLGSCQKC DPSCPNGSCW GAGEENCQKL TKIICAQQCS GRCRGKSPSD CCHNQCAAGC
           250        260        270        280        290        300
    TGPRESDCLV CRKFRDEATC KDTCPPLMLY NPTTYQMDVN PEGKYSFGAT CVKKCPRNYV
           310        320        330        340        350        360
    VTDHGSCVRA CGADSYEMEE DGVRKCKKCE GPCRKVCNGI GIGEFKDSLS INATNIKHFK
           370        380        390        400        410        420
    NCTSISGDLH ILPVAFRGDS FTHTPPLDPQ ELDILKTVKE ITGFLLIQAW PENRTDLHAF
           430        440        450        460        470        480
    ENLEIIRGRT KQHGQFSLAV VSLNITSLGL RSLKEISDGD VIISGNKNLC YANTINWKKL
           490        500        510        520        530        540
    FGTSGQKTKI ISNRGENSCK ATGQVCHALC SPEGCWGPEP RDCVSCRNVS RGRECVDKCN
           550        560        570        580        590        600
    LLEGEPREFV ENSECIQCHP ECLPQAMNIT CTGRGPDNCI QCAHYIDGPH CVKTCPAGVM
           610        620        630        640        650        660
    GENNTLVWKY ADAGHVCHLC HPNCTYGCTG PGLEGCPTNG PKIPSIATGM VGALLLLLVV
           670        680        690        700        710        720
    ALGIGLFMRR RHIVRKRTLR RLLQERELVE PLTPSGEAPN QALLRILKET EFKKIKVLGS
           730        740        750        760        770        780
    GAFGTVYKGL WIPEGEKVKI PVAIKELREA TSPKANKEIL DEAYVMASVD NPHVCRLLGI
           790        800        810        820        830        840
    CLTSTVQLIT QLMPFGCLLD YVREHKDNIG SQYLLNWCVQ IAKGMNYLED RRLVHRDLAA
           850        860        870        880        890        900
    RNVLVKTPQH VKITDFGLAK LLGAEEKEYH AEGGKVPIKW MALESILHRI YTHQSDVWSY
           910        920        930        940        950        960
    GVTVWELMTF GSKPYDGIPA SEISSILEKG ERLPQPPICT IDVYMIMVKC WMIDADSRPK
           970        980        990       1000       1010       1020
    FRELIIEFSK MARDPQRYLV IQGDERMHLP SPTDSNFYRA LMDEEDMDDV VDADEYLIPQ
          1030       1040       1050       1060       1070       1080
    QGFFSSPSTS RTPLLSSLSA TSNNSTVACI DRNGLQSCPI KEDSFLQRYS SDPTGALTED
          1090       1100       1110       1120       1130       1140
    SIDDTFLPVP EYINQSVPKR PAGSVQNPVY HNQPLNPAPS RDPHYQDPHS TAVGNPEYLN
          1150       1160       1170       1180       1190       1200
    TVQPTCVNST FDSPAHWAQK GSHQISLDNP DYQQDFFPKE AKPNGIFKGS TAENAEYLRV
          1210
    APQSSEFIGA
  • Most preferably, the epidermal growth factor receptor assay detects one or more soluble forms of epidermal growth factor receptor. Epidermal growth factor receptor is a single-pass type I membrane protein having a large extracellular domain, most or all of which is present in soluble forms of epidermal growth factor receptor generated either through alternative splicing event which deletes all or a portion of the transmembrane domain, or by proteolysis of the membrane-bound form. In the case of an immunoassay, one or more antibodies that bind to epitopes within this extracellular domain may be used to detect these soluble form(s). The following domains have been identified in epidermal growth factor receptor:
  • Residues Length Domain ID
    1-24 24 signal sequence
     25-1210 1186 epidermal growth factor receptor
    25-645 621 extracellular
    646-668  23 transmembrane
    669-1210 542 cytoplasmic
  • As used herein, the term “netrin-4” refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the netrin-4 precursor (Swiss-Prot Q9HB63 (SEQ ID NO: 4)).
  •         10         20         30         40         50         60
    MGSCARLLLL WGCTVVAAGL SGVAGVSSRC EKACNPRMGN LALGRKLWAD TTCGQNATEL
            70         80         90        100        110        120
    YCFYSENTDL TCRQPKCDKC NAAYPHLAHL PSAMADSSFR FPRTWWQSAE DVHREKIQLD
           130        140        150        160        170        180
    LEAEFYFTHL IVMFKSPRPA AMVLDRSQDF GKTWKPYKYF ATNCSATFGL EDDVVKKGAI
           190        200        210        220        230        240
    CTSKYSSPFP CTGGEVIFKA LSPPYDTENP YSAKVQEQLK ITNLRVQLLK RQSCPCQRND
           250        260        270        280        290        300
    LNEEPQHFTH YAIYDFIVKG SCFCNGHADQ CIPVHGFRPV KAPGTFHMVH GKCMCKHNTA
           310        320        330        340        350        360
    GSHCQHCAPL YNDRPWEAAD GKTGAPNECR TCKCNGHADT CHFDVNVWEA SGNRSGGVCD
           370        380        390        400        410        420
    DCQHNTEGQY CQRCKPGFYR DLRRPFSAPD ACKPCSCHPV GSAVLPANSV TFCDPSNGDC
           430        440        450        460        470        480
    PCKPGVAGRR CDRCMVGYWG FGDYGCRPCD CAGSCDPITG DCISSHTDID WYHEVPDFRP
           490        500        510        520        530        540
    VHNKSEPAWE WEDAQGFSAL LHSGKCECKE QTLGNAKAFC GMKYSYVLKI KILSAHDKGT
           550        560        570        580        590        600
    HVEVNVKIKK VLKSTKLKIF RGKRTLYPES WTDRGCTCPI LNPGLEYLVA GHEDIRTGKL
           610        620
    IVNMKSFVQH WKPSLGRKVM DILKRECK
  • The following domains have been identified in netrin-4:
  • Residues Length Domain ID
    1-18 18 initiator methionine
    19-628 610 netrin-4
  • As used herein, the term “haptoglobin” refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the haptoglobin precursor (Swiss-Prot P00738 (SEQ ID NO: 5)).
  •         10         20         30         40         50         60
    MSALGAVIAL LLWGQLFAVD SGNDVTDIAD DGCPKPPEIA HGYVEHSVRY QCKNYYKLRT
            70         80         90        100        110        120
    EGDGVYTLND KKQWINKAVG DKLPECEADD GCPKPPEIAH GYVEHSVRYQ CKNYYKLRTE
           130        140        150        160        170        180
    GDGVYTLNNE KQWINKAVGD KLPECEAVCG KPKNPANPVQ RILGGHLDAK GSFPWQAKMV
           190        200        210        220        230        240
    SHHNLTTGAT LINEQWLLTT AKNLFLNHSE NATAKDIAPT LTLYVGKKQL VEIEKVVLHP
           250        260        270        280        290        300
    NYSQVDIGLI KLKQKVSVNE RVMPICLPSK DYAEVGRVGY VSGWGRNANF KFTDHLKYVM
           310        320        330        340        350        360
    LPVADQDQCI RHYEGSTVPE KKTPKSPVGV QPILNEHTFC AGMSKYQEDT CYGDAGSAFA
           370        380        390        400
    VHDLEEDTWY ATGILSFDKS CAVAEYGVYV KVTSIQDWVQ KTIAEN
  • The following domains have been identified in haptoglobin:
  • Residues Length Domain ID
    1-18 18 signal sequence
    19-406 388 haptoglobin
    19-160 142 haptoglobin alpha chain
    162-406  245 haptoglobin beta chain
  • As used herein, the term “alpha-1-antitrypsin” refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the alpha-1-antitrypsin precursor (Swiss-Prot P01009 (SEQ ID NO: 6)).
  •         10         20         30         40         50         60
    MPSSVSWGIL LLAGLCCLVP VSLAEDPQGD AAQKTDTSHH DQDHPTFNKI TPNLAEFAFS
            70         80         90        100        110        120
    LYRQLAHQSN STNIFFSPVS IATAFAMLSL GTKADTHDEI LEGLNFNLTE IPEAQIHEGF
           130        140        150        160        170        180
    QELLRTLNQP DSQLQLTTGN GLFLSEGLKL VDKFLEDVKK LYHSEAFTVN FGDTEEAKKQ
           190        200        210        220        230        240
    INDYVEKGTQ GKIVDLVKEL DRDTVFALVN YIFFKGKWER PFEVKDTEEE DFHVDQVTTV
           250        260        270        280        290        300
    KVPMMKRLGM FNIQHCKKLS SWVLLMKYLG NATAIFFLPD EGKLQHLENE LTHDIITKFL
           310        320        330        340        350        360
    ENEDRRSASL HLPKLSITGT YDLKSVLGQL GITKVFSNGA DLSGVTEEAP LKLSKAVHKA
           370        380        390        400        410
    VLTIDEKGTE AAGAMFLEAI PMSIPPEVKF NKPFVFLMIE QNTKSPLFMG KVVNPTQK
  • The following domains have been identified in alpha-1-antitrypsin:
  • Residues Length Domain ID
    1-24 24 signal sequence
    25-418 394 alpha-1-antitrypsin
  • As used herein, the term “leukocyte elastase” refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the leukocyte elastase precursor (Swiss-Prot P08246 (SEQ ID NO: 7)).
  •         10         20         30         40         50         60
    MTLGRRLACL FLACVLPALL LGGTALASEI VGGRRARPHA WPFMVSLQLR GGHFCGATLI
            70         80         90        100        110        120
    APNFVMSAAH CVANVNVRAV RVVLGAHNLS RREPTRQVFA VQRIFENGYD PVNLLNDIVI
           130        140        150        160        170        180
    LQLNGSATIN ANVQVAQLPA QGRRLGNGVQ CLAMGWGLLG RNRGIASVLQ ELNVTVVTSL
           190        200        210        220        230        240
    CRRSNVCTLV RGRQAGVCFG DSGSPLVCNG LIHGIASFVR GGCASGLYPD AFAPVAQFVN
           250        260
    WIDSIIQRSE DNPCPHPRDP DPASRTH
  • The following domains have been identified in leukocyte elastase:
  • Residues Length Domain ID
    1-27 315 signal sequence
    28-29  2 pro-peptide
    30-267 238 leukocyte elastase
  • As used herein, the term “tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6” refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 precursor (Swiss-Prot P25445 (SEQ ID NO: 8)).
  •         10         20         30         40         50         60
    MLGIWTLLPL VLTSVARLSS KSVNAQVTDI NSKGLELRKT VTTVETQNLE GLHHDGQFCH
            70         80         90        100        110        120
    KPCPPGERKA RDCTVNGDEP DCVPCQEGKE YTDKAHFSSK CRRCRLCDEG HGLEVEINCT
           130        140        150        160        170        180
    RTQNTKCRCK PNFFCNSTVC EHCDPCTKCE HGIIKECTLT SNTKCKEEGS RSNLGWLCLL
           190        200        210        220        230        240
    LLPIPLIVWV KRKEVQKTCR KHRKENQGSH ESPTLNPETV AINLSDVDLS KYITTIAGVM
           250        260        270        280        290        300
    TLSQVKGFVR KNGVNEAKID EIKNDNVQDT AEQKVQLLRN WHQLHGKKEA YDTLIKDLKK
           310        320        330
    ANLCTLAEKI QTIILKDITS DSENSNFRNE IQSLV
  • Most preferably, the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 assay detects one or more soluble forms of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6. Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 is a single-pass type I membrane protein having a large extracellular domain, most or all of which is present in soluble forms of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 generated either through alternative splicing event which deletes all or a portion of the transmembrane domain, or by proteolysis of the membrane-bound form. In the case of an immunoassay, one or more antibodies that bind to epitopes within this extracellular domain may be used to detect these soluble form(s). The following domains have been identified in tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6:
  • Residues Length Domain ID
    1-25 25 signal sequence
    26-335 310 tumor necrosis factor receptor
    superfamily member 6
    26-173 148 extracellular
    174-190  17 transmembrane
    191-335  145 cytoplasmic
  • As used herein, the term “tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6” refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 precursor (Swiss-Prot P48023 (SEQ ID NO: 9)).
  •         10         20         30         40         50         60
    MQQPFNYPYP QIYWVDSSAS SPWAPPGTVL PCPTSVPRRP GQRRPPPPPP PPPLPPPPPP
            70         80         90        100        110        120
    PPLPPLPLPP LKKRGNHSTG LCLLVMFFMV LVALVGLGLG MFQLFHLQKE LAELRESTSQ
           130        140        150        160        170        180
    MHTASSLEKQ IGHPSPPPEK KELRKVAHLT GKSNSRSMPL EWEDTYGIVL LSGVKYKKGG
           190        200        210        220        230        240
    LVINETGLYF VYSKVYFRGQ SCNNLPLSHK VYMRNSKYPQ DLVMMEGKMM SYCTTGQMWA
           250        260        270        280
    RSSYLGAVFN LTSADHLYVN VSELSLVNFE ESQTFFGLYK L
  • Most preferably, the tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 assay detects one or more soluble forms of tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6. Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 is a single-pass type II membrane protein having a large extracellular domain, most or all of which is present in soluble forms of tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 generated either through alternative splicing event which deletes all or a portion of the transmembrane domain, or by proteolysis of the membrane-bound form. In the case of an immunoassay, one or more antibodies that bind to epitopes within this extracellular domain may be used to detect these soluble form(s). The following domains have been identified in tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6:
  • Residues Length Domain ID
     1-281 281 necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6,
    membrane bound form
    130-281 152 tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily
    member 6, soluble form
     1-180 180 cytoplasmic
     81-102 22 membrane anchor signal
    103-281 179 extracellular
  • As used herein, the term “intercellular adhesion molecule 2” refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the intercellular adhesion molecule 2 precursor (Swiss-Prot P13598 (SEQ ID NO: 10)).
  •         10         20         30         40         50         60
    MSSFGYRTLT VALFTLICCP GSDEKVFEVH VRPKKLAVEP KGSLEVNCST TCNQPEVGGL
            70         80         90        100        110        120
    ETSLDKILLD EQAQWKHYLV SNISHDTVLQ CHFTCSGKQE SMNSNVSVYQ PPRQVILTLQ
           130        140        150        160        170        180
    PTLVAVGKSF TIECRVPTVE PLDSLTLFLF RGNETLHYET FGKAAPAPQE ATATFNSTAD
           190        200        210        220        230        240
    REDGHRNFSC LAVLDLMSRG GNIFHKHSAP KMLEIYEPVS DSQMVIIVTV VSVLLSLFVT
           250        260        270
    SVLLCFIFGQ HLRQQRMGTY GVRAAWRRLP QAFRP
  • Most preferably, the intercellular adhesion molecule 2 assay detects one or more soluble forms of intercellular adhesion molecule 2. Intercellular adhesion molecule 2 is a single-pass type I membrane protein having a large extracellular domain, most or all of which is present in soluble forms of intercellular adhesion molecule 2 generated either through alternative splicing event which deletes all or a portion of the transmembrane domain, or by proteolysis of the membrane-bound form. In the case of an immunoassay, one or more antibodies that bind to epitopes within this extracellular domain may be used to detect these soluble form(s). The following domains have been identified in intercellular adhesion molecule 2:
  • Residues Length Domain ID
    1-21 21 signal sequence
    22-275 254 intercellular adhesion molecule 2
    22-223 202 extracellular
    224-248  25 transmembrane
    249-275  27 cytoplasmic
  • As used herein, the term “caspase-3” refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the caspase-3 precursor (Swiss-Prot P42574 (SEQ ID NO: 11)).
  •         10         20         30         40         50         60
    MENTENSVDS KSIKNLEPKI IHGSESMDSG ISLDNSYKMD YPEMGLCIII NNKNFHKSTG
            70         80         90        100        110        120
    MTSRSGTDVD AANLRETFRN LKYEVRNKND LTREEIVELM RDVSKEDHSK RSSFVCVLLS
           130        140        150        160        170        180
    HGEEGIIFGT NGPVDLKKIT NFFRGDRCRS LTGKPKLFII QACRGTELDC GIETDSGVDD
           190        200        210        220        230        240
    DMACHKIPVE ADFLYAYSTA PGYYSWRNSK DGSWFIQSLC AMLKQYADKL EFMHILTRVN
           250        260        270
    RKVATEFESF SFDATFHAKK QIPCIVSMLT KELYFYH
  • The following domains have been identified in caspase-3:
  • Residues Length Domain ID
    1-9 9 Propeptide
    10-28 19 propeptide
     29-175 147 caspase-3 p17 subunit
    176-277 102 caspase-3 p12 subunit
  • Suitable assays may recognize only the p17 subunit of caspase-3, may recognize only the p12 subunit of caspase-3 (24 kDa) but not the full length caspase-3, may recognize only full length caspase-3, or may recognize one subunit and the full length full length caspase-3. In this regard, the skilled artisan will understand that the signals obtained from an immunoassay are a direct result of complexes formed between one or more antibodies and the target biomolecule (i.e., the analyte) and polypeptides containing the necessary epitope(s) to which the antibodies bind. While such assays may detect the full length caspase-3 molecule and the assay result be expressed as a concentration of caspase-3, the signal from the assay is actually a result of all such “immunoreactive” polypeptides present in the sample.
  • As used herein, the term “platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule” refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule precursor (Swiss-Prot P16284 (SEQ ID NO: 12)).
  •         10         20         30         40         50         60
    MQPRWAQGAT MWLGVLLTLL LCSSLEGQEN SFTINSVDMK SLPDWTVQNG KNLTLQCFAD
            70         80         90        100        110        120
    VSTTSHVKPQ HQMLFYKDDV LFYNISSMKS TESYFIPEVR IYDSGTYKCT VIVNNKEKTT
           130        140        150        160        170        180
    AEYQLLVEGV PSPRVTLDKK EAIQGGIVRV NCSVPEEKAP IHFTIEKLEL NEKMVKLKRE
           190        200        210        220        230        240
    KNSRDQNFVI LEFPVEEQDR VLSFRCQARI ISGIHMQTSE STKSELVTVT ESFSTPKFHI
           250        260        270        280        290        300
    SPTGMIMEGA QLHIKCTIQV THLAQEFPEI IIQKDKAIVA HNRHGNKAVY SVMAMVEHSG
           310        320        330        340        350        360
    NYTCKVESSR ISKVSSIVVN ITELFSKPEL ESSFTHLDQG ERLNLSCSIP GAPPANFTIQ
           370        380        390        400        410        420
    KEDTIVSQTQ DFTKIASKSD SGTYICTAGI DKVVKKSNTV QIVVCEMLSQ PRISYDAQFE
           430        440        450        460        470        480
    VIKGQTIEVR CESISGTLPI SYQLLKTSKV LENSTKNSND PAVFKDNPTE DVEYQCVADN
           490        500        510        520        530        540
    CHSHAKMLSE VLRVKVIAPV DEVQISILSS KVVESGEDIV LQCAVNEGSG PITYKFYREK
           550        560        570        580        590        600
    EGKPFYQMTS NATQAFWTKQ KASKEQEGEY YCTAFNRANH ASSVPRSKIL TVRVILAPWK
           610        620        630        640        650        660
    KGLIAVVIIG VIIALLIIAA KCYFLRKAKA KQMPVEMSRP AVPLLNSNNE KMSDPNMEAN
           670        680        690        700        710        720
    SHYGHNDDVR NHAMKPINDN KEPLNSDVQY TEVQVSSAES HKDLGKKDTE TVYSEVRKAV
           730
    PDAVESRYSR TEGSLDGT
  • Most preferably, the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule assay detects one or more soluble forms of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule is a single-pass type I membrane protein having a large extracellular domain, most or all of which is present in soluble forms of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule generated either through alternative splicing event which deletes all or a portion of the transmembrane domain, or by proteolysis of the membrane-bound form. In the case of an immunoassay, one or more antibodies that bind to epitopes within this extracellular domain may be used to detect these soluble form(s). The following domains have been identified in platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule:
  • Residues Length Domain ID
    1-27 27 signal sequence
    28-738 711 platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule
    28-601 574 extracellular
    602-620  19 transmembrane
    621-738  118 cytoplasmic
  • As used herein, the term “heat shock protein beta-1” refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the heat shock protein beta-1 precursor (Swiss-Prot P04792 (SEQ ID NO: 13)).
  •         10         20         30         40         50         60
    MTERRVPFSL LRGPSWDPFR DWYPHSRLFD QAFGLPRLPE EWSQWLGGSS WPGYVRPLPP
            70         80         90        100        110        120
    AAIESPAVAA PAYSRALSRQ LSSGVSEIRH TADRWRVSLD VNHFAPDELT VKTKDGVVEI
           130        140        150        160        170        180
    TGKHEERQDE HGYISRCFTR KYTLPPGVDP TQVSSSLSPE GTLTVEAPMP KLATQSNEIT
           190        200
    IPVTFESRAQ LGGPEAAKSD ETAAK
  • As used herein, the term “epidermal growth factor receptor” refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the epidermal growth factor receptor precursor (Swiss-Prot P00533 (SEQ ID NO: 14)).
  •         10         20         30         40         50         60
    MRPSGTAGAA LLALLAALCP ASRALEEKKV CQGTSNKLTQ LGTFEDHFLS LQRMFNNCEV
            70         80         90        100        110        120
    VLGNLEITYV QRNYDLSFLK TIQEVAGYVL IALNTVERIP LENLQIIRGN MYYENSYALA
           130        140        150        160        170        180
    VLSNYDANKT GLKELPMRNL QEILHGAVRF SNNPALCNVE SIQWRDIVSS DFLSNMSMDF
           190        200        210        220        230        240
    QNHLGSCQKC DPSCPNGSCW GAGEENCQKL TKIICAQQCS GRCRGKSPSD CCHNQCAAGC
           250        260        270        280        290        300
    TGPRESDCLV CRKFRDEATC KDTCPPLMLY NPTTYQMDVN PEGKYSFGAT CVKKCPRNYV
           310        320        330        340        350        360
    VTDHGSCVRA CGADSYEMEE DGVRKCKKCE GPCRKVCNGI GIGEFKDSLS INATNIKHFK
           370        380        390        400        410        420
    NCTSISGDLH ILPVAFRGDS FTHTPPLDPQ ELDILKTVKE ITGFLLIQAW PENRTDLHAF
           430        440        450        460        470        480
    ENLEIIRGRT KQHGQFSLAV VSLNITSLGL RSLKEISDGD VIISGNKNLC YANTINWKKL
           490        500        510        520        530        540
    FGTSGQKTKI ISNRGENSCK ATGQVCHALC SPEGCWGPEP RDCVSCRNVS RGRECVDKCN
           550        560        570        580        590        600
    LLEGEPREFV ENSECIQCHP ECLPQAMNIT CTGRGPDNCI QCAHYIDGPH CVKTCPAGVM
           610        620        630        640        650        660
    GENNTLVWKY ADAGHVCHLC HPNCTYGCTG PGLEGCPTNG PKIPSIATGM VGALLLLLVV
           670        680        690        700        710        720
    ALGIGLFMRR RHIVRKRTLR RLLQERELVE PLTPSGEAPN QALLRILKET EFKKIKVLGS
           730        740        750        760        770        780
    GAFGTVYKGL WIPEGEKVKI PVAIKELREA TSPKANKEIL DEAYVMASVD NPHVCRLLGI
           790        800        810        820        830        840
    CLTSTVQLIT QLMPFGCLLD YVREHKDNIG SQYLLNWCVQ IAKGMNYLED RRLVHRDLAA
           850        860        870        880        890        900
    RNVLVKTPQH VKITDFGLAK LLGAEEKEYH AEGGKVPIKW MALESILHRI YTHQSDVWSY
           910        920        930        940        950        960
    GVTVWELMTF GSKPYDGIPA SEISSILEKG ERLPQPPICT IDVYMIMVKC WMIDADSRPK
           970        980        990       1000       1010       1020
    FRELIIEFSK MARDPQRYLV IQGDERMHLP SPTDSNFYRA LMDEEDMDDV VDADEYLIPQ
          1030       1040       1050       1060       1070       1080
    QGFFSSPSTS RTPLLSSLSA TSNNSTVACI DRNGLQSCPI KEDSFLQRYS SDPTGALTED
          1090       1100       1110       1120       1130       1140
    SIDDTFLPVP EYINQSVPKR PAGSVQNPVY HNQPLNPAPS RDPHYQDPHS TAVGNPEYLN
          1150       1160       1170       1180       1190       1200
    TVQPTCVNST FDSPAHWAQK GSHQISLDNP DYQQDFFPKE AKPNGIFKGS TAENAEYLRV
          1210
    APQSSEFIGA
  • Most preferably, the epidermal growth factor receptor assay detects one or more soluble forms of epidermal growth factor receptor. Epidermal growth factor receptor is a single-pass type I membrane protein having a large extracellular domain, most or all of which is present in soluble forms of epidermal growth factor receptor generated either through alternative splicing event which deletes all or a portion of the transmembrane domain, or by proteolysis of the membrane-bound form. In the case of an immunoassay, one or more antibodies that bind to epitopes within this extracellular domain may be used to detect these soluble form(s). The following domains have been identified in epidermal growth factor receptor:
  • Residues Length Domain ID
    1-24 24 signal sequence
     25-1210 1186 epidermal growth factor receptor
    25-645 621 extracellular
    646-668  23 transmembrane
    669-1210 542 cytoplasmic
  • As used herein, the term “relating a signal to the presence or amount” of an analyte reflects this understanding. Assay signals are typically related to the presence or amount of an analyte through the use of a standard curve calculated using known concentrations of the analyte of interest. As the term is used herein, an assay is “configured to detect” an analyte if an assay can generate a detectable signal indicative of the presence or amount of a physiologically relevant concentration of the analyte. Because an antibody epitope is on the order of 8 amino acids, an immunoassay configured to detect a marker of interest will also detect polypeptides related to the marker sequence, so long as those polypeptides contain the epitope(s) necessary to bind to the antibody or antibodies used in the assay. The term “related marker” as used herein with regard to a biomarker such as one of the kidney injury markers described herein refers to one or more fragments, variants, etc., of a particular marker or its biosynthetic parent that may be detected as a surrogate for the marker itself or as independent biomarkers. The term also refers to one or more polypeptides present in a biological sample that are derived from the biomarker precursor complexed to additional species, such as binding proteins, receptors, heparin, lipids, sugars, etc.
  • The term “positive going” marker as that term is used herein refer to a marker that is determined to be elevated in subjects suffering from a disease or condition, relative to subjects not suffering from that disease or condition. The term “negative going” marker as that term is used herein refer to a marker that is determined to be reduced in subjects suffering from a disease or condition, relative to subjects not suffering from that disease or condition.
  • The term “subject” as used herein refers to a human or non-human organism. Thus, the methods and compositions described herein are applicable to both human and veterinary disease. Further, while a subject is preferably a living organism, the invention described herein may be used in post-mortem analysis as well. Preferred subjects are humans, and most preferably “patients,” which as used herein refers to living humans that are receiving medical care for a disease or condition. This includes persons with no defined illness who are being investigated for signs of pathology.
  • Preferably, an analyte is measured in a sample. Such a sample may be obtained from a subject, or may be obtained from biological materials intended to be provided to the subject. For example, a sample may be obtained from a kidney being evaluated for possible transplantation into a subject, and an analyte measurement used to evaluate the kidney for preexisting damage. Preferred samples are body fluid samples.
  • The term “body fluid sample” as used herein refers to a sample of bodily fluid obtained for the purpose of diagnosis, prognosis, classification or evaluation of a subject of interest, such as a patient or transplant donor. In certain embodiments, such a sample may be obtained for the purpose of determining the outcome of an ongoing condition or the effect of a treatment regimen on a condition. Preferred body fluid samples include blood, serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, saliva, sputum, and pleural effusions. In addition, one of skill in the art would realize that certain body fluid samples would be more readily analyzed following a fractionation or purification procedure, for example, separation of whole blood into serum or plasma components.
  • The term “diagnosis” as used herein refers to methods by which the skilled artisan can estimate and/or determine the probability (“a likelihood”) of whether or not a patient is suffering from a given disease or condition. In the case of the present invention, “diagnosis” includes using the results of an assay, most preferably an immunoassay, for a kidney injury marker of the present invention, optionally together with other clinical characteristics, to arrive at a diagnosis (that is, the occurrence or nonoccurrence) of an acute renal injury or ARF for the subject from which a sample was obtained and assayed. That such a diagnosis is “determined” is not meant to imply that the diagnosis is 100% accurate. Many biomarkers are indicative of multiple conditions. The skilled clinician does not use biomarker results in an informational vacuum, but rather test results are used together with other clinical indicia to arrive at a diagnosis. Thus, a measured biomarker level on one side of a predetermined diagnostic threshold indicates a greater likelihood of the occurrence of disease in the subject relative to a measured level on the other side of the predetermined diagnostic threshold.
  • Similarly, a prognostic risk signals a probability (“a likelihood”) that a given course or outcome will occur. A level or a change in level of a prognostic indicator, which in turn is associated with an increased probability of morbidity (e.g., worsening renal function, future ARF, or death) is referred to as being “indicative of an increased likelihood” of an adverse outcome in a patient.
  • Marker Assays
  • In general, immunoassays involve contacting a sample containing or suspected of containing a biomarker of interest with at least one antibody that specifically binds to the biomarker. A signal is then generated indicative of the presence or amount of complexes formed by the binding of polypeptides in the sample to the antibody. The signal is then related to the presence or amount of the biomarker in the sample. Numerous methods and devices are well known to the skilled artisan for the detection and analysis of biomarkers. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,143,576; 6,113,855; 6,019,944; 5,985,579; 5,947,124; 5,939,272; 5,922,615; 5,885,527; 5,851,776; 5,824,799; 5,679,526; 5,525,524; and 5,480,792, and The Immunoassay Handbook, David Wild, ed. Stockton Press, New York, 1994, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, including all tables, figures and claims.
  • The assay devices and methods known in the art can utilize labeled molecules in various sandwich, competitive, or non-competitive assay formats, to generate a signal that is related to the presence or amount of the biomarker of interest. Suitable assay formats also include chromatographic, mass spectrographic, and protein “blotting” methods. Additionally, certain methods and devices, such as biosensors and optical immunoassays, may be employed to determine the presence or amount of analytes without the need for a labeled molecule. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,631,171; and 5,955,377, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, including all tables, figures and claims. One skilled in the art also recognizes that robotic instrumentation including but not limited to Beckman ACCESS®, Abbott AXSYM®, Roche ELECSYS®, Dade Behring STRATUS® systems are among the immunoassay analyzers that are capable of performing immunoassays. But any suitable immunoassay may be utilized, for example, enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISA), radioimmunoassays (RIAs), competitive binding assays, and the like.
  • Antibodies or other polypeptides may be immobilized onto a variety of solid supports for use in assays. Solid phases that may be used to immobilize specific binding members include those developed and/or used as solid phases in solid phase binding assays. Examples of suitable solid phases include membrane filters, cellulose-based papers, beads (including polymeric, latex and paramagnetic particles), glass, silicon wafers, microparticles, nanoparticles, TentaGels, AgroGels, PEGA gels, SPOCC gels, and multiple-well plates. An assay strip could be prepared by coating the antibody or a plurality of antibodies in an array on solid support. This strip could then be dipped into the test sample and then processed quickly through washes and detection steps to generate a measurable signal, such as a colored spot. Antibodies or other polypeptides may be bound to specific zones of assay devices either by conjugating directly to an assay device surface, or by indirect binding. In an example of the later case, antibodies or other polypeptides may be immobilized on particles or other solid supports, and that solid support immobilized to the device surface.
  • Biological assays require methods for detection, and one of the most common methods for quantitation of results is to conjugate a detectable label to a protein or nucleic acid that has affinity for one of the components in the biological system being studied. Detectable labels may include molecules that are themselves detectable (e.g., fluorescent moieties, electrochemical labels, metal chelates, etc.) as well as molecules that may be indirectly detected by production of a detectable reaction product (e.g., enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, etc.) or by a specific binding molecule which itself may be detectable (e.g., biotin, digoxigenin, maltose, oligohistidine, 2,4-dintrobenzene, phenylarsenate, ssDNA, dsDNA, etc.).
  • Preparation of solid phases and detectable label conjugates often comprise the use of chemical cross-linkers. Cross-linking reagents contain at least two reactive groups, and are divided generally into homofunctional cross-linkers (containing identical reactive groups) and heterofunctional cross-linkers (containing non-identical reactive groups). Homobifunctional cross-linkers that couple through amines, sulfhydryls or react non-specifically are available from many commercial sources. Maleimides, alkyl and aryl halides, alpha-haloacyls and pyridyl disulfides are thiol reactive groups. Maleimides, alkyl and aryl halides, and alpha-haloacyls react with sulfhydryls to form thiol ether bonds, while pyridyl disulfides react with sulfhydryls to produce mixed disulfides. The pyridyl disulfide product is cleavable. Imidoesters are also very useful for protein-protein cross-links. A variety of heterobifunctional cross-linkers, each combining different attributes for successful conjugation, are commercially available.
  • In certain aspects, the present invention provides kits for the analysis of the described kidney injury markers. The kit comprises reagents for the analysis of at least one test sample which comprise at least one antibody that a kidney injury marker. The kit can also include devices and instructions for performing one or more of the diagnostic and/or prognostic correlations described herein. Preferred kits will comprise an antibody pair for performing a sandwich assay, or a labeled species for performing a competitive assay, for the analyte. Preferably, an antibody pair comprises a first antibody conjugated to a solid phase and a second antibody conjugated to a detectable label, wherein each of the first and second antibodies that bind a kidney injury marker. Most preferably each of the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies. The instructions for use of the kit and performing the correlations can be in the form of labeling, which refers to any written or recorded material that is attached to, or otherwise accompanies a kit at any time during its manufacture, transport, sale or use. For example, the term labeling encompasses advertising leaflets and brochures, packaging materials, instructions, audio or video cassettes, computer discs, as well as writing imprinted directly on kits.
  • Antibodies
  • The term “antibody” as used herein refers to a peptide or polypeptide derived from, modeled after or substantially encoded by an immunoglobulin gene or immunoglobulin genes, or fragments thereof, capable of specifically binding an antigen or epitope. See, e.g. Fundamental Immunology, 3rd Edition, W. E. Paul, ed., Raven Press, N.Y. (1993); Wilson (1994; J. Immunol. Methods 175:267-273; Yarmush (1992) J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 25:85-97. The term antibody includes antigen-binding portions, i.e., “antigen binding sites,” (e.g., fragments, subsequences, complementarity determining regions (CDRs)) that retain capacity to bind antigen, including (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CHl domains; (ii) a F(ab′)2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CHl domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341:544-546), which consists of a VH domain; and (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR). Single chain antibodies are also included by reference in the term “antibody.”
  • Antibodies used in the immunoassays described herein preferably specifically bind to a kidney injury marker of the present invention. The term “specifically binds” is not intended to indicate that an antibody binds exclusively to its intended target since, as noted above, an antibody binds to any polypeptide displaying the epitope(s) to which the antibody binds. Rather, an antibody “specifically binds” if its affinity for its intended target is about 5-fold greater when compared to its affinity for a non-target molecule which does not display the appropriate epitope(s). Preferably the affinity of the antibody will be at least about 5 fold, preferably 10 fold, more preferably 25-fold, even more preferably 50-fold, and most preferably 100-fold or more, greater for a target molecule than its affinity for a non-target molecule. In preferred embodiments, Preferred antibodies bind with affinities of at least about 107 M−1, and preferably between about 108 M−1 to about 109 M−1, about 109 M−1 to about 1010 M−1, or about 1010 M−1 to about 1012 M−1.
  • Affinity is calculated as Kd=koff/kon (koff is the dissociation rate constant, Kon is the association rate constant and Kd is the equilibrium constant). Affinity can be determined at equilibrium by measuring the fraction bound (r) of labeled ligand at various concentrations (c). The data are graphed using the Scatchard equation: r/c=K(n−r): where r=moles of bound ligand/mole of receptor at equilibrium; c=free ligand concentration at equilibrium; K=equilibrium association constant; and n=number of ligand binding sites per receptor molecule. By graphical analysis, r/c is plotted on the Y-axis versus r on the X-axis, thus producing a Scatchard plot. Antibody affinity measurement by Scatchard analysis is well known in the art. See, e.g., van Erp et al., J. Immunoassay 12: 425-43, 1991; Nelson and Griswold, Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 27: 65-8, 1988.
  • The term “epitope” refers to an antigenic determinant capable of specific binding to an antibody. Epitopes usually consist of chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or sugar side chains and usually have specific three dimensional structural characteristics, as well as specific charge characteristics. Conformational and nonconformational epitopes are distinguished in that the binding to the former but not the latter is lost in the presence of denaturing solvents.
  • Numerous publications discuss the use of phage display technology to produce and screen libraries of polypeptides for binding to a selected analyte. See, e.g, Cwirla et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 6378-82, 1990; Devlin et al., Science 249, 404-6, 1990, Scott and Smith, Science 249, 386-88, 1990; and Ladner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,698. A basic concept of phage display methods is the establishment of a physical association between DNA encoding a polypeptide to be screened and the polypeptide. This physical association is provided by the phage particle, which displays a polypeptide as part of a capsid enclosing the phage genome which encodes the polypeptide. The establishment of a physical association between polypeptides and their genetic material allows simultaneous mass screening of very large numbers of phage bearing different polypeptides. Phage displaying a polypeptide with affinity to a target bind to the target and these phage are enriched by affinity screening to the target. The identity of polypeptides displayed from these phage can be determined from their respective genomes. Using these methods a polypeptide identified as having a binding affinity for a desired target can then be synthesized in bulk by conventional means. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,057,098, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety, including all tables, figures, and claims.
  • The antibodies that are generated by these methods may then be selected by first screening for affinity and specificity with the purified polypeptide of interest and, if required, comparing the results to the affinity and specificity of the antibodies with polypeptides that are desired to be excluded from binding. The screening procedure can involve immobilization of the purified polypeptides in separate wells of microtiter plates. The solution containing a potential antibody or groups of antibodies is then placed into the respective microtiter wells and incubated for about 30 min to 2 h. The microtiter wells are then washed and a labeled secondary antibody (for example, an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to alkaline phosphatase if the raised antibodies are mouse antibodies) is added to the wells and incubated for about 30 min and then washed. Substrate is added to the wells and a color reaction will appear where antibody to the immobilized polypeptide(s) are present.
  • The antibodies so identified may then be further analyzed for affinity and specificity in the assay design selected. In the development of immunoassays for a target protein, the purified target protein acts as a standard with which to judge the sensitivity and specificity of the immunoassay using the antibodies that have been selected. Because the binding affinity of various antibodies may differ; certain antibody pairs (e.g., in sandwich assays) may interfere with one another sterically, etc., assay performance of an antibody may be a more important measure than absolute affinity and specificity of an antibody.
    • Assay Correlations
  • The term “correlating” as used herein in reference to the use of biomarkers refers to comparing the presence or amount of the biomarker(s) in a patient to its presence or amount in persons known to suffer from, or known to be at risk of, a given condition; or in persons known to be free of a given condition. Often, this takes the form of comparing an assay result in the form of a biomarker concentration to a predetermined threshold selected to be indicative of the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a disease or the likelihood of some future outcome.
  • Selecting a diagnostic threshold involves, among other things, consideration of the probability of disease, distribution of true and false diagnoses at different test thresholds, and estimates of the consequences of treatment (or a failure to treat) based on the diagnosis. For example, when considering administering a specific therapy which is highly efficacious and has a low level of risk, few tests are needed because clinicians can accept substantial diagnostic uncertainty. On the other hand, in situations where treatment options are less effective and more risky, clinicians often need a higher degree of diagnostic certainty. Thus, cost/benefit analysis is involved in selecting a diagnostic threshold.
  • Suitable thresholds may be determined in a variety of ways. For example, one recommended diagnostic threshold for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction using cardiac troponin is the 97.5th percentile of the concentration seen in a normal population. Another method may be to look at serial samples from the same patient, where a prior “baseline” result is used to monitor for temporal changes in a biomarker level.
  • Population studies may also be used to select a decision threshold. Reciever Operating Characteristic (“ROC”) arose from the field of signal dectection theory developed during World War II for the analysis of radar images, and ROC analysis is often used to select a threshold able to best distinguish a “diseased” subpopulation from a “nondiseased” subpopulation. A false positive in this case occurs when the person tests positive, but actually does not have the disease. A false negative, on the other hand, occurs when the person tests negative, suggesting they are healthy, when they actually do have the disease. To draw a ROC curve, the true positive rate (TPR) and false positive rate (FPR) are determined as the decision threshold is varied continuously. Since TPR is equivalent with sensitivity and FPR is equal to 1-specificity, the ROC graph is sometimes called the sensitivity vs (1-specificity) plot. A perfect test will have an area under the ROC curve of 1.0; a random test will have an area of 0.5. A threshold is selected to provide an acceptable level of specificity and sensitivity.
  • In this context, “diseased” is meant to refer to a population having one characteristic (the presence of a disease or condition or the occurrence of some outcome) and “nondiseased” is meant to refer to a population lacking the characteristic. While a single decision threshold is the simplest application of such a method, multiple decision thresholds may be used. For example, below a first threshold, the absence of disease may be assigned with relatively high confidence, and above a second threshold the presence of disease may also be assigned with relatively high confidence. Between the two thresholds may be considered indeterminate. This is meant to be exemplary in nature only.
  • In addition to threshold comparisons, other methods for correlating assay results to a patient classification (occurrence or nonoccurrence of disease, likelihood of an outcome, etc.) include decision trees, rule sets, Bayesian methods, and neural network methods. These methods can produce probability values representing the degree to which a subject belongs to one classification out of a plurality of classifications.
  • Measures of test accuracy may be obtained as described in Fischer et al., Intensive Care Med. 29: 1043-51, 2003, and used to determine the effectiveness of a given biomarker. These measures include sensitivity and specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, diagnostic odds ratios, and ROC curve areas. The area under the curve (“AUC”) of a ROC plot is equal to the probability that a classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive instance higher than a randomly chosen negative one. The area under the ROC curve may be thought of as equivalent to the Mann-Whitney U test, which tests for the median difference between scores obtained in the two groups considered if the groups are of continuous data, or to the Wilcoxon test of ranks.
  • As discussed above, suitable tests may exhibit one or more of the following results on these various measures: a specificity of greater than 0.5, preferably at least 0.6, more preferably at least 0.7, still more preferably at least 0.8, even more preferably at least 0.9 and most preferably at least 0.95, with a corresponding sensitivity greater than 0.2, preferably greater than 0.3, more preferably greater than 0.4, still more preferably at least 0.5, even more preferably 0.6, yet more preferably greater than 0.7, still more preferably greater than 0.8, more preferably greater than 0.9, and most preferably greater than 0.95; a sensitivity of greater than 0.5, preferably at least 0.6, more preferably at least 0.7, still more preferably at least 0.8, even more preferably at least 0.9 and most preferably at least 0.95, with a corresponding specificity greater than 0.2, preferably greater than 0.3, more preferably greater than 0.4, still more preferably at least 0.5, even more preferably 0.6, yet more preferably greater than 0.7, still more preferably greater than 0.8, more preferably greater than 0.9, and most preferably greater than 0.95; at least 75% sensitivity, combined with at least 75% specificity; a ROC curve area of greater than 0.5, preferably at least 0.6, more preferably 0.7, still more preferably at least 0.8, even more preferably at least 0.9, and most preferably at least 0.95; an odds ratio different from 1, preferably at least about 2 or more or about 0.5 or less, more preferably at least about 3 or more or about 0.33 or less, still more preferably at least about 4 or more or about 0.25 or less, even more preferably at least about 5 or more or about 0.2 or less, and most preferably at least about 10 or more or about 0.1 or less; a positive likelihood ratio (calculated as sensitivity/(1-specificity)) of greater than 1, at least 2, more preferably at least 3, still more preferably at least 5, and most preferably at least 10; and or a negative likelihood ratio (calculated as (1-sensitivity)/specificity) of less than 1, less than or equal to 0.5, more preferably less than or equal to 0.3, and most preferably less than or equal to 0.1
  • Additional clinical indicia may be combined with the kidney injury marker assay result(s) of the present invention. These include other biomarkers related to renal status. Examples include the following, which recite the common biomarker name, followed by the Swiss-Prot entry number for that biomarker or its parent: Actin (P68133); Adenosine deaminase binding protein (DPP4, P27487); Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 (P02763); Alpha-1-microglobulin (P02760); Albumin (P02768); Angiotensinogenase (Renin, P00797); Annexin A2 (P07355); Beta-glucuronidase (P08236); B-2-microglobulin (P61679); Beta-galactosidase (P16278); BMP-7 (P18075); Brain natriuretic peptide (proBNP, BNP-32, NTproBNP; P16860); Calcium-binding protein Beta (S100-beta, P04271); Carbonic anhydrase (Q16790); Casein Kinase 2 (P68400); Cathepsin B (P07858); Ceruloplasmin (P00450); Clusterin (P10909); Complement C3 (P01024); Cysteine-rich protein (CYR61, O00622); Cytochrome C (P99999); Epidermal growth factor (EGF, P01133); Endothelin-1 (P05305); Exosomal Fetuin-A (P02765); Fatty acid-binding protein, heart (FABP3, P05413); Fatty acid-binding protein, liver (P07148); Ferritin (light chain, P02793; heavy chain P02794); Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase (P09467); GRO-alpha (CXCL1, (P09341); Growth Hormone (P01241); Hepatocyte growth factor (P14210); Insulin-like growth factor I (P01343); Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin Light Chains (Kappa and Lambda); Interferon gamma (P01308); Lysozyme (P61626); Interleukin-1alpha (P01583); Interleukin-2 (P60568); Interleukin-4 (P60568); Interleukin-9 (P15248); Interleukin-12p40 (P29460); Interleukin-13 (P35225); Interleukin-16 (Q14005); L1 cell adhesion molecule (P32004); Lactate dehydrogenase (P00338); Leucine Aminopeptidase (P28838); Meprin A-alpha subunit (Q16819); Meprin A-beta subunit (Q16820); Midkine (P21741); MIP2-alpha (CXCL2, P19875); MMP-2 (P08253); MMP-9 (P14780); Netrin-1 (O95631); Neutral endopeptidase (P08473); Osteopontin (P10451); Renal papillary antigen 1 (RPA1); Renal papillary antigen 2 (RPA2); Retinol binding protein (P09455); Ribonuclease; S100 calcium-binding protein A6 (P06703); Serum Amyloid P Component (P02743); Sodium/Hydrogen exchanger isoform (NHE3, P48764); Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (P21673); TGF-Beta1 (P01137); Transferrin (P02787); Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3, Q07654); Toll-Like protein 4 (O00206); Total protein; Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen (Q9UJW2); Uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall protein, P07911).
  • For purposes of risk stratification, Adiponectin (Q15848); Alkaline phosphatase (P05186); Aminopeptidase N (P15144); CalbindinD28k (P05937); Cystatin C (P01034); 8 subunit of FIFO ATPase (P03928); Gamma-glutamyltransferase (P19440); GSTa (alpha-glutathione-S-transferase, P08263); GSTpi (Glutathione-S-transferase P; GST class-pi; P09211); IGFBP-1 (P08833); IGFBP-2 (P18065); IGFBP-6 (P24592); Integral membrane protein 1 (Itm1, P46977); Interleukin-6 (P05231); Interleukin-8 (P10145); Interleukin-18 (Q14116); IP-10 (10 kDa interferon-gamma-induced protein, P02778); IRPR (IFRD1, O00458); Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVD, P26440); I-TAC/CXCL11 (O14625); Keratin 19 (P08727); Kim-1 (Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1, O43656); L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (P50440); Leptin (P41159); Lipocalin2 (NGAL, P80188); MCP-1 (P13500); MIG (Gamma-interferon-induced monokine Q07325); MIP-1a (P10147); MIP-3a (P78556); MIP-1beta (P13236); MIP-1d (Q16663); NAG (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, P54802); Organic ion transporter (OCT2, O15244); Osteoprotegerin (O14788); P8 protein (O60356); Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1, P05121); ProANP(1-98) (P01160); Protein phosphatase 1-beta (PPI-beta, P62140); Rab GDI-beta (P50395); Renal kallikrein (Q86U61); RT1.B-1 (alpha) chain of the integral membrane protein (Q5Y7A8); Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A (sTNFR-I, P19438); Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B (sTNFR-II, P20333); Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP-3, P35625); uPAR (Q03405) may be combined with the kidney injury marker assay result(s) of the present invention.
  • Other clinical indicia which may be combined with the kidney injury marker assay result(s) of the present invention includes demographic information (e.g., weight, sex, age, race), medical history (e.g., family history, type of surgery, pre-existing disease such as aneurism, congestive heart failure, preeclampsia, eclampsia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, proteinuria, renal insufficiency, or sepsis, type of toxin exposure such as NSAIDs, cyclosporines, tacrolimus, aminoglycosides, foscarnet, ethylene glycol, hemoglobin, myoglobin, ifosfamide, heavy metals, methotrexate, radiopaque contrast agents, or streptozotocin), clinical variables (e.g., blood pressure, temperature, respiration rate), risk scores (APACHE score, PREDICT score, TIMI Risk Score for UA/NSTEMI, Framingham Risk Score), a urine total protein measurement, a glomerular filtration rate, an estimated glomerular filtration rate, a urine production rate, a serum or plasma creatinine concentration, a renal papillary antigen 1 (RPA1) measurement; a renal papillary antigen 2 (RPA2) measurement; a urine creatinine concentration, a fractional excretion of sodium, a urine sodium concentration, a urine creatinine to serum or plasma creatinine ratio, a urine specific gravity, a urine osmolality, a urine urea nitrogen to plasma urea nitrogen ratio, a plasma BUN to creatnine ratio, and/or a renal failure index calculated as urine sodium/(urine creatinine/plasma creatinine). Other measures of renal function which may be combined with the kidney injury marker assay result(s) are described hereinafter and in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, pages 1741-1830, and Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2008, 47th Ed, McGraw Hill, New York, pages 785-815, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • Combining assay results/clinical indicia in this manner can comprise the use of multivariate logistical regression, loglinear modeling, neural network analysis, n-of-m analysis, decision tree analysis, etc. This list is not meant to be limiting.
  • Diagnosis of Acute Renal Failure
  • As noted above, the terms “acute renal (or kidney) injury” and “acute renal (or kidney) failure” as used herein are defined in part in terms of changes in serum creatinine from a baseline value. Most definitions of ARF have common elements, including the use of serum creatinine and, often, urine output. Patients may present with renal dysfunction without an available baseline measure of renal function for use in this comparison. In such an event, one may estimate a baseline serum creatinine value by assuming the patient initially had a normal GFR. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be calculated by measuring any chemical that has a steady level in the blood, and is freely filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys. GFR is typically expressed in units of ml/min:
  • GFR = Urine Concentration × Urine Flow Plasma Concentration
  • By normalizing the GFR to the body surface area, a GFR of approximately 75-100 ml/min per 1.73 m2 can be assumed. The rate therefore measured is the quantity of the substance in the urine that originated from a calculable volume of blood.
  • There are several different techniques used to calculate or estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR or eGFR). In clinical practice, however, creatinine clearance is used to measure GFR. Creatinine is produced naturally by the body (creatinine is a metabolite of creatine, which is found in muscle). It is freely filtered by the glomerulus, but also actively secreted by the renal tubules in very small amounts such that creatinine clearance overestimates actual GFR by 10-20%. This margin of error is acceptable considering the ease with which creatinine clearance is measured.
  • Creatinine clearance (CCr) can be calculated if values for creatinine's urine concentration (UCr), urine flow rate (V), and creatinine's plasma concentration (PCr) are known. Since the product of urine concentration and urine flow rate yields creatinine's excretion rate, creatinine clearance is also said to be its excretion rate (UCr×V) divided by its plasma concentration. This is commonly represented mathematically as:
  • C Cr = U Cr × V P Cr
  • Commonly a 24 hour urine collection is undertaken, from empty-bladder one morning to the contents of the bladder the following morning, with a comparative blood test then taken:
  • C Cr = U Cr × 24 - hour volume P Cr × 24 × 60 mins
  • To allow comparison of results between people of different sizes, the CCr is often corrected for the body surface area (BSA) and expressed compared to the average sized man as ml/min/1.73 m2. While most adults have a BSA that approaches 1.7 (1.6-1.9), extremely obese or slim patients should have their CCr corrected for their actual BSA:
  • C Cr - corrected = C Cr × 1.73 BSA
  • The accuracy of a creatinine clearance measurement (even when collection is complete) is limited because as glomerular filtration rate (GFR) falls creatinine secretion is increased, and thus the rise in serum creatinine is less. Thus, creatinine excretion is much greater than the filtered load, resulting in a potentially large overestimation of the GFR (as much as a twofold difference). However, for clinical purposes it is important to determine whether renal function is stable or getting worse or better. This is often determined by monitoring serum creatinine alone. Like creatinine clearance, the serum creatinine will not be an accurate reflection of GFR in the non-steady-state condition of ARF. Nonetheless, the degree to which serum creatinine changes from baseline will reflect the change in GFR. Serum creatinine is readily and easily measured and it is specific for renal function.
  • For purposes of determining urine output on a Urine output on a mL/kg/hr basis, hourly urine collection and measurement is adequate. In the case where, for example, only a cumulative 24-h output was available and no patient weights are provided, minor modifications of the RIFLE urine output criteria have been described. For example, Bagshaw et al., Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 23: 1203-1210, 2008, assumes an average patient weight of 70 kg, and patients are assigned a RIFLE classification based on the following: <35 mL/h (Risk), <21 mL/h (Injury) or <4 mL/h (Failure).
  • Selecting a Treatment Regimen
  • Once a diagnosis is obtained, the clinician can readily select a treatment regimen that is compatible with the diagnosis, such as initiating renal replacement therapy, withdrawing delivery of compounds that are known to be damaging to the kidney, kidney transplantation, delaying or avoiding procedures that are known to be damaging to the kidney, modifying diuretic administration, initiating goal directed therapy, etc. The skilled artisan is aware of appropriate treatments for numerous diseases discussed in relation to the methods of diagnosis described herein. See, e.g., Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 17th Ed. Merck Research Laboratories, Whitehouse Station, N.J., 1999. In addition, since the methods and compositions described herein provide prognostic information, the markers of the present invention may be used to monitor a course of treatment. For example, improved or worsened prognostic state may indicate that a particular treatment is or is not efficacious.
  • One skilled in the art readily appreciates that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The examples provided herein are representative of preferred embodiments, are exemplary, and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention.
    • Example 1 Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Sample Collection
  • The objective of this sample collection study is to collect samples of plasma and urine and clinical data from patients before and after receiving intravascular contrast media. Approximately 250 adults undergoing radiographic/angiographic procedures involving intravascular administration of iodinated contrast media are enrolled. To be enrolled in the study, each patient must meet all of the following inclusion criteria and none of the following exclusion criteria:
    • Inclusion Criteria
  • males and females 18 years of age or older;
    undergoing a radiographic/angiographic procedure (such as a CT scan or coronary intervention) involving the intravascular administration of contrast media;
    expected to be hospitalized for at least 48 hours after contrast administration.
    able and willing to provide written informed consent for study participation and to comply with all study procedures.
    • Exclusion Criteria
  • renal transplant recipients;
    acutely worsening renal function prior to the contrast procedure;
    already receiving dialysis (either acute or chronic) or in imminent need of dialysis at enrollment;
    expected to undergo a major surgical procedure (such as involving cardiopulmonary bypass) or an additional imaging procedure with contrast media with significant risk for further renal insult within the 48 hrs following contrast administration;
    participation in an interventional clinical study with an experimental therapy within the previous 30 days;
    known infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or a hepatitis virus.
  • Immediately prior to the first contrast administration (and after any pre-procedure hydration), an EDTA anti-coagulated blood sample (10 mL) and a urine sample (10 mL) are collected from each patient. Blood and urine samples are then collected at 4 (±0.5), 8 (±1), 24 (±2) 48 (±2), and 72 (±2) hrs following the last administration of contrast media during the index contrast procedure. Blood is collected via direct venipuncture or via other available venous access, such as an existing femoral sheath, central venous line, peripheral intravenous line or hep-lock. These study blood samples are processed to plasma at the clinical site, frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc., San Diego, Calif. The study urine samples are frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc.
  • Serum creatinine is assessed at the site immediately prior to the first contrast administration (after any pre-procedure hydration) and at 4 (±0.5), 8 (±1), 24 (±2) and 48 (±2)), and 72 (±2) hours following the last administration of contrast (ideally at the same time as the study samples are obtained). In addition, each patient's status is evaluated through day 30 with regard to additional serum and urine creatinine measurements, a need for dialysis, hospitalization status, and adverse clinical outcomes (including mortality).
  • Prior to contrast administration, each patient is assigned a risk based on the following assessment: systolic blood pressure <80 mm Hg=5 points; intra-arterial balloon pump=5 points; congestive heart failure (Class III-IV or history of pulmonary edema)=5 points; age >75 yrs=4 points; hematocrit level <39% for men, <35% for women=3 points; diabetes=3 points; contrast media volume=1 point for each 100 mL; serum creatinine level >1.5 g/dL=4 points OR estimated GFR 40-60 mL/min/1.73 m2=2 points, 20-40 mL/min/1.73 m2=4 points, <20 mL/min/1.73 m2=6 points. The risks assigned are as follows: risk for CIN and dialysis: 5 or less total points=risk of CIN −7.5%, risk of dialysis −0.04%; 6-10 total points=risk of CIN −14%, risk of dialysis −0.12%; 11-16 total points=risk of CIN −26.1%, risk of dialysis −1.09%; >16 total points=risk of CIN −57.3%, risk of dialysis −12.8%.
    • Example 2 Cardiac Surgery Sample Collection
  • The objective of this sample collection study is to collect samples of plasma and urine and clinical data from patients before and after undergoing cardiovascular surgery, a procedure known to be potentially damaging to kidney function. Approximately 900 adults undergoing such surgery are enrolled. To be enrolled in the study, each patient must meet all of the following inclusion criteria and none of the following exclusion criteria:
    • Inclusion Criteria
  • males and females 18 years of age or older;
    undergoing cardiovascular surgery;
    Toronto/Ottawa Predictive Risk Index for Renal Replacement risk score of at least 2 (Wijeysundera et al., JAMA 297: 1801-9, 2007); and
    able and willing to provide written informed consent for study participation and to comply with all study procedures.
    • Exclusion Criteria
  • known pregnancy;
    previous renal transplantation;
    acutely worsening renal function prior to enrollment (e.g., any category of RIFLE criteria);
    already receiving dialysis (either acute or chronic) or in imminent need of dialysis at enrollment;
    currently enrolled in another clinical study or expected to be enrolled in another clinical study within 7 days of cardiac surgery that involves drug infusion or a therapeutic intervention for AKI;
    known infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or a hepatitis virus.
  • Within 3 hours prior to the first incision (and after any pre-procedure hydration), an EDTA anti-coagulated blood sample (10 mL), whole blood (3 mL), and a urine sample (35 mL) are collected from each patient. Blood and urine samples are then collected at 3 (±0.5), 6 (±0.5), 12 (±1), 24 (±2) and 48 (±2) hrs following the procedure and then daily on days 3 through 7 if the subject remains in the hospital. Blood is collected via direct venipuncture or via other available venous access, such as an existing femoral sheath, central venous line, peripheral intravenous line or hep-lock. These study blood samples are frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc., San Diego, Calif. The study urine samples are frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc.
    • Example 3 Acutely Ill Subject Sample Collection
  • The objective of this study is to collect samples from acutely ill patients. Approximately 900 adults expected to be in the ICU for at least 48 hours will be enrolled. To be enrolled in the study, each patient must meet all of the following inclusion criteria and none of the following exclusion criteria:
    • Inclusion Criteria
  • males and females 18 years of age or older;
    Study population 1: approximately 300 patients that have at least one of:
    shock (SBP <90 mmHg and/or need for vasopressor support to maintain MAP >60 mmHg and/or documented drop in SBP of at least 40 mmHg); and
    sepsis;
    Study population 2: approximately 300 patients that have at least one of:
    IV antibiotics ordered in computerized physician order entry (CPOE) within 24 hours of enrollment;
    contrast media exposure within 24 hours of enrollment; increased Intra-Abdominal Pressure with acute decompensated heart failure; and
    severe trauma as the primary reason for ICU admission and likely to be hospitalized in the ICU for 48 hours after enrollment;
    Study population 3: approximately 300 patients
    expected to be hospitalized through acute care setting (ICU or ED) with a known risk factor for acute renal injury (e.g. sepsis, hypotension/shock (Shock=systolic BP <90 mmHg and/or the need for vasopressor support to maintain a MAP >60 mmHg and/or a documented drop in SBP >40 mmHg), major trauma, hemorrhage, or major surgery); and/or expected to be hospitalized to the ICU for at least 24 hours after enrollment.
    • Exclusion Criteria
  • known pregnancy;
    institutionalized individuals;
    previous renal transplantation;
    known acutely worsening renal function prior to enrollment (e.g., any category of RIFLE criteria);
    received dialysis (either acute or chronic) within 5 days prior to enrollment or in imminent need of dialysis at the time of enrollment;
    known infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HW) or a hepatitis virus;
    meets only the SBP <90 mmHg inclusion criterion set forth above, and does not have shock in the attending physician's or principal investigator's opinion.
  • After providing informed consent, an EDTA anti-coagulated blood sample (10 mL) and a urine sample (25-30 mL) are collected from each patient. Blood and urine samples are then collected at 4 (±0.5) and 8 (±1) hours after contrast administration (if applicable); at 12 (±1), 24 (±2), and 48 (±2) hours after enrollment, and thereafter daily up to day 7 to day 14 while the subject is hospitalized. Blood is collected via direct venipuncture or via other available venous access, such as an existing femoral sheath, central venous line, peripheral intravenous line or hep-lock. These study blood samples are processed to plasma at the clinical site, frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc., San Diego, Calif. The study urine samples are frozen and shipped to Astute Medical, Inc.
    • Example 4 Immunoassay Format
  • Analytes are is measured using standard sandwich enzyme immunoassay techniques. A first antibody which binds the analyte is immobilized in wells of a 96 well polystyrene microplate. Analyte standards and test samples are pipetted into the appropriate wells and any analyte present is bound by the immobilized antibody. After washing away any unbound substances, a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated second antibody which binds the analyte is added to the wells, thereby forming sandwich complexes with the analyte (if present) and the first antibody. Following a wash to remove any unbound antibody-enzyme reagent, a substrate solution comprising tetramethylbenzidine and hydrogen peroxide is added to the wells. Color develops in proportion to the amount of analyte present in the sample. The color development is stopped and the intensity of the color is measured at 540 nm or 570 nm. An analyte concentration is assigned to the test sample by comparison to a standard curve determined from the analyte standards.
  • Concentrations are expressed in the following examples as follows: soluble p-selectin-ng/mL; protein NOV homolog-pg·mL; netrin 4-ng/mL; haptoglobin-mg/mL; alpha-1-antitrypsin-mg/mL; leukocyte elastase-ng/mL; soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6-pg/mL; soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6-pg/mL; soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2-units/mL; caspase 3 (active)-ng/mL; soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-ng/mL; heat shock protein beta-1-ng/mL; soluble epidermal growth factor receptor-pg/mL.
    • Example 5 Apparently Healthy Donor and Chronic Disease Patient Samples
  • Human urine samples from donors with no known chronic or acute disease (“Apparently Healthy Donors”) were purchased from two vendors (Golden West Biologicals, Inc., 27625 Commerce Center Dr., Temecula, Calif. 92590 and Virginia Medical Research, Inc., 915 First Colonial Rd., Virginia Beach, Va. 23454). The urine samples were shipped and stored frozen at less than −20° C. The vendors supplied demographic information for the individual donors including gender, race (Black/White), smoking status and age.
  • Human urine samples from donors with various chronic diseases (“Chronic Disease Patients”) including congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus and hypertension were purchased from Virginia Medical Research, Inc., 915 First Colonial Rd., Virginia Beach, Va. 23454. The urine samples were shipped and stored frozen at less than −20 degrees centigrade. The vendor provided a case report form for each individual donor with age, gender, race (Black/White), smoking status and alcohol use, height, weight, chronic disease(s) diagnosis, current medications and previous surgeries.
    • Example 6 Kidney Injury Markers for Evaluating Renal Status in Patients at RIFLE Stage 0
  • Patients from the intensive care unit (ICU) were classified by kidney status as non-injury (0), risk of injury (R), injury (I), and failure (F) according to the maximum stage reached within 7 days of enrollment as determined by the RIFLE criteria.
  • Two cohorts were defined as (Cohort 1) patients that did not progress beyond stage 0, and (Cohort 2) patients that reached stage R, I, or F within 10 days. To address normal marker fluctuations that occur within patients at the ICU and thereby assess utility for monitoring AKI status, marker levels in urine samples collected for Cohort 1. Marker concentrations were measured in urine samples collected from a subject at 0, 24 hours, and 48 hours prior to reaching stage R, I or F in Cohort 2. In the following tables, the time “prior max stage” represents the time at which a sample is collected, relative to the time a particular patient reaches the lowest disease stage as defined for that cohort, binned into three groups which are +/−12 hours. For example, 24 hr prior for this example (0 vs R, I, F) would mean 24 hr (+/−12 hours) prior to reaching stage R (or I if no sample at R, or F if no sample at R or I).
  • Each marker was measured by standard immunoassay methods using commercially available assay reagents. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated for each marker and the area under each ROC curve (AUC) was determined. Patients in Cohort 2 were also separated according to the reason for adjudication to stage R, I, or F as being based on serum creatinine measurements (sCr), being based on urine output (UO), or being based on either serum creatinine measurements or urine output. That is, for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements alone, the stage 0 cohort may have included patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of urine output; for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of urine output alone, the stage 0 cohort may have included patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements; and for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements or urine output, the stage 0 cohort contains only patients in stage 0 for both serum creatinine measurements and urine output. Also, for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements or urine output, the adjudication method which yielded the most severe RIFLE stage was used.
  • The following descriptive statistics were obtained:
  • Soluble p-Selectin:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 0.244 0.183 0.244 0.290 0.244 0.000
    average 0.243 0.217 0.243 3.764 0.243 0.190
    stdev 0.153 0.162 0.153 16.703 0.153 na
    p (t-test) 0.527 0.134 na
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.190
    max 0.662 0.662 0.662 82.167 0.662 0.190
    n (Samp) 51 22 51 24 51 1
    n (Pat) 40 22 40 24 40 1
    sCr only
    median 0.247 0.210 0.247 0.251 0.247 0.335
    average 1.128 0.221 1.128 0.435 1.128 0.335
    stdev 8.450 0.156 8.450 0.427 8.450 0.289
    p (t-test) 0.794 0.830 0.895
    min 0.000 0.068 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.130
    max 82.167 0.499 82.167 1.244 82.167 0.539
    n (Samp) 94 6 94 7 94 2
    n (Pat) 74 6 74 7 74 2
    UO only
    median 0.196 0.190 0.196 0.325 0.196 0.344
    average 0.210 0.218 0.210 4.057 0.210 0.394
    stdev 0.141 0.164 0.141 17.449 0.141 0.336
    p (t-test) 0.858 0.155 0.036
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.019 0.000 0.068
    max 0.662 0.662 0.662 82.167 0.662 0.818
    n (Samp) 42 17 42 22 42 4
    n (Pat) 33 17 33 22 33 4
    • Protein NOV Homolog:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 25253.378 52184.874 25253.378 60843.958 25253.378 66053.687
    average 43022.422 62430.121 43022.422 83958.436 43022.422 66053.687
    stdev 46997.024 56276.741 46997.024 70276.919 46997.024 23004.666
    p (t-test) 0.057 0.001 0.492
    min 14.544 1226.994 14.544 3448.276 14.544 49786.932
    max 227486.911 211725.664 227486.911 228010.471 227486.911 82320.442
    n (Samp) 101 31 101 26 101 2
    n (Pat) 50 31 50 26 50 2
    sCr only
    median 38059.701 33595.839 38059.701 71096.059 38059.701 11883.803
    average 53718.274 48877.947 53718.274 71936.428 53718.274 38044.172
    stdev 52989.113 55336.198 52989.113 65678.754 52989.113 45869.498
    p (t-test) 0.780 0.298 0.612
    min 14.544 1226.994 14.544 2952.454 14.544 11240.310
    max 228010.471 187781.350 228010.471 178982.301 228010.471 91008.403
    n (Samp) 173 10 173 10 173 3
    n (Pat) 94 10 94 10 94 3
    UO only
    median 23591.366 57512.315 23591.366 52352.941 23591.366 49786.932
    average 34707.021 66292.036 34707.021 82763.046 34707.021 52148.495
    stdev 34366.696 53041.733 34366.696 66472.787 34366.696 29735.062
    p (t-test) 0.001 0.000 0.272
    min 14.544 3125.000 14.544 11821.705 14.544 17223.502
    max 165265.487 211725.664 165265.487 228010.471 165265.487 82320.442
    n (Samp) 78 25 78 23 78 5
    n (Pat) 38 25 38 23 38 5
    • Netrin 4:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.011 0.007 0.000
    average 0.037 0.014 0.037 0.011 0.037 0.126
    stdev 0.071 0.015 0.071 0.016 0.071 na
    p (t-test) 0.276 0.621 na
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.126
    max 0.262 0.050 0.262 0.023 0.262 0.126
    n (Samp) 52 12 52 2 52 1
    n (Pat) 36 12 36 2 36 1
    sCr only
    median 0.007 0.010 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.000
    average 0.040 0.011 0.040 0.007 0.040 0.002
    stdev 0.081 0.009 0.081 0.009 0.081 na
    p (t-test) 0.476 0.563 na
    min 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002
    max 0.469 0.023 0.469 0.013 0.469 0.002
    n (Samp) 86 4 86 2 86 1
    n (Pat) 61 4 61 2 61 1
    UO only
    median 0.004 0.007 0.004 0.007 0.004 0.000
    average 0.025 0.012 0.025 0.010 0.025 0.126
    stdev 0.055 0.015 0.055 0.011 0.055 na
    p (t-test) 0.447 0.648 na
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.126
    max 0.225 0.050 0.225 0.023 0.225 0.126
    n (Samp) 38 11 38 3 38 1
    n (Pat) 26 11 26 3 26 1
    • Haptoglobin:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
    average 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
    stdev 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    p (t-test) 0.420 0.964 0.124
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
    max 0.007 0.005 0.007 0.004 0.007 0.004
    n (Samp) 216 38 216 51 216 23
    n (Pat) 77 38 77 51 77 23
    sCr only
    median 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
    average 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000
    stdev 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000
    p (t-test) 0.403 0.705 0.560
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
    max 0.007 0.002 0.007 0.003 0.007 0.001
    n (Samp) 375 16 375 21 375 11
    n (Pat) 127 16 127 21 127 11
    UO only
    median 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
    average 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
    stdev 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    p (t-test) 0.074 0.530 0.041
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
    max 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.004 0.006 0.004
    n (Samp) 181 34 181 45 181 23
    n (Pat) 61 34 61 45 61 23
    • Alpha-1-Antitrypsin:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    average 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    stdev 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    p (t-test) 0.065 0.133 0.365
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
    max 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.003 0.005 0.003
    n (Samp) 216 38 216 51 216 23
    n (Pat) 77 38 77 51 77 23
    sCr only
    median 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    average 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    stdev 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    p (t-test) 0.093 0.063 0.261
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
    max 0.005 0.002 0.005 0.003 0.005 0.003
    n (Samp) 375 16 375 21 375 11
    n (Pat) 127 16 127 21 127 11
    UO only
    median 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    average 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    Stdev 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    p (t-test) 0.374 0.933 0.493
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
    max 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.003 0.005 0.003
    n (Samp) 181 34 181 45 181 23
    n (Pat) 61 34 61 45 61 23
    • Leukocyte Elastase:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 23.999 42.003 23.999 34.568 23.999 23.410
    average 34.066 49.753 34.066 47.135 34.066 36.253
    stdev 31.889 41.280 31.889 41.324 31.889 34.715
    p (t-test) 0.020 0.037 0.770
    min 0.080 2.989 0.080 0.870 0.080 0.973
    max 137.517 136.336 137.517 131.883 137.517 126.749
    n (Samp) 103 36 103 46 103 23
    n (Pat) 62 36 62 46 62 23
    sCr only
    median 34.568 33.123 34.568 31.179 34.568 43.691
    average 43.827 42.392 43.827 38.160 43.827 55.480
    stdev 37.819 36.409 37.819 38.649 37.819 44.934
    p (t-test) 0.898 0.542 0.324
    min 0.080 3.965 0.080 2.174 0.080 1.002
    max 137.517 103.409 137.517 125.675 137.517 125.810
    n (Samp) 226 12 226 18 226 11
    n (Pat) 106 12 106 18 106 11
    UO only
    median 26.665 43.891 26.665 36.077 26.665 25.217
    average 37.321 50.294 37.321 51.366 37.321 39.875
    stdev 32.107 42.250 32.107 41.005 32.107 39.000
    p (t-test) 0.078 0.037 0.750
    min 0.080 2.989 0.080 0.870 0.080 0.973
    max 137.517 136.336 137.517 131.883 137.517 126.749
    n (Samp) 88 31 88 41 88 22
    n (Pat) 50 31 50 41 50 22
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 6:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 282.634 542.790 282.634 491.935 282.634 662.625
    average 424.230 571.252 424.230 657.667 424.230 611.976
    stdev 418.752 456.904 418.752 549.928 418.752 164.637
    p (t-test) 0.103 0.014 0.441
    min 13.944 57.065 13.944 0.278 13.944 427.966
    max 1765.586 1846.785 1765.586 2094.793 1765.586 745.338
    n (Samp) 117 28 117 28 117 3
    n (Pat) 48 28 48 28 48 3
    sCr only
    median 432.203 348.164 432.203 958.796 432.203 529.812
    average 505.976 587.771 505.976 851.837 505.976 514.814
    stdev 420.406 584.956 420.406 705.854 420.406 214.168
    p (t-test) 0.576 0.012 0.967
    min 0.278 57.065 0.278 21.169 0.278 254.294
    max 2094.793 1648.865 2094.793 1870.324 2094.793 745.338
    n (Samp) 194 9 194 11 194 4
    n (Pat) 83 9 83 11 83 4
    UO only
    median 287.523 589.230 287.523 543.706 287.523 703.981
    average 393.670 627.433 393.670 692.169 393.670 712.925
    stdev 377.902 474.260 377.902 557.457 377.902 297.752
    p (t-test) 0.015 0.002 0.046
    min 13.944 108.491 13.944 0.278 13.944 348.164
    max 1765.586 1846.785 1765.586 2094.793 1765.586 1082.777
    n (Samp) 92 22 92 25 92 6
    n (Pat) 38 22 38 25 38 6
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 6:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 0.158 1.290 0.158 1.418 0.158 0.300
    average 0.915 1.454 0.915 2.059 0.915 0.300
    stdev 2.398 1.331 2.398 2.492 2.398 0.200
    p (t-test) 0.535 0.129 0.720
    min 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.158
    max 16.774 3.754 16.774 9.276 16.774 0.442
    n (Samp) 78 8 78 12 78 2
    n (Pat) 19 8 19 12 19 2
    sCr only
    median 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.627 0.158 0.812
    average 1.356 0.441 1.356 0.976 1.356 1.007
    stdev 2.585 0.566 2.585 1.005 2.585 0.684
    p (t-test) 0.483 0.722 0.817
    min 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.442
    max 16.774 1.290 16.774 2.724 16.774 1.768
    n (Samp) 118 4 118 6 118 3
    n (Pat) 26 4 26 6 26 3
    UO only
    median 0.158 1.290 0.158 1.051 0.158 0.300
    average 1.114 1.639 1.114 1.977 1.114 0.300
    stdev 2.703 1.322 2.703 2.781 2.703 0.200
    p (t-test) 0.616 0.355 0.674
    min 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.158
    max 16.774 3.754 16.774 9.276 16.774 0.442
    n (Samp) 60 7 60 10 60 2
    n (Pat) 14 7 14 10 14 2
    • Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 2:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 0.460 0.148 0.460 0.254 0.460 0.001
    average 1.609 0.766 1.609 5.376 1.609 0.163
    stdev 3.464 2.193 3.464 22.215 3.464 na
    p (t-test) 0.220 0.118 na
    min 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.006 0.001 0.163
    max 30.484 11.883 30.484 113.267 30.484 0.163
    n (Samp) 92 29 92 26 92 1
    n (Pat) 48 29 48 26 48 1
    sCr only
    median 0.237 0.390 0.237 0.399 0.237 0.148
    average 1.972 0.420 1.972 1.955 1.972 0.628
    stdev 9.484 0.449 9.484 4.860 9.484 0.915
    p (t-test) 0.607 0.995 0.807
    min 0.001 0.006 0.001 0.012 0.001 0.054
    max 113.267 1.308 113.267 15.738 113.267 1.684
    n (Samp) 154 10 154 10 154 3
    n (Pat) 89 10 89 10 89 3
    UO only
    median 0.507 0.103 0.507 0.201 0.507 0.470
    average 1.804 0.752 1.804 5.218 1.804 0.603
    stdev 4.188 2.418 4.188 23.024 4.188 0.505
    p (t-test) 0.248 0.235 0.570
    min 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.006 0.001 0.163
    max 30.484 11.883 30.484 113.267 30.484 1.308
    n (Samp) 70 24 70 24 70 4
    n (Pat) 37 24 37 24 37 4
    • Caspase 3 (Active):
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    Median 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000
    Average 0.004 0.005 0.004 0.016 0.004 0.014
    Stdev 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.025 0.008 na
    p (t-test) 0.541 0.003 na
    Min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.014
    Max 0.041 0.034 0.041 0.095 0.041 0.014
    n (Samp) 51 22 51 24 51 1
    n (Pat) 40 22 40 24 40 1
    sCr only
    median 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.008
    average 0.007 0.005 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.008
    stdev 0.015 0.006 0.015 0.011 0.015 0.006
    p (t-test) 0.703 0.878 0.908
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.005
    max 0.095 0.013 0.095 0.028 0.095 0.012
    n (Samp) 94 6 94 7 94 2
    n (Pat) 74 6 74 7 74 2
    UO only
    median 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.009
    average 0.004 0.006 0.004 0.017 0.004 0.008
    stdev 0.008 0.009 0.008 0.026 0.008 0.007
    p (t-test) 0.554 0.004 0.384
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
    max 0.041 0.034 0.041 0.095 0.041 0.014
    n (Samp) 42 17 42 22 42 4
    n (Pat) 33 17 33 22 33 4
    • Soluble Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 1.224 0.618 1.224 0.788 1.224 na
    average 1.866 1.103 1.866 0.913 1.866 na
    stdev 1.800 1.076 1.800 0.754 1.800 na
    p (t-test) 0.206 0.371 na
    min 0.002 0.212 0.002 0.229 0.002 na
    max 7.216 3.281 7.216 1.722 7.216 na
    n (Samp) 43 10 43 3 43 0
    n (Pat) 26 10 26 3 26 0
    sCr only
    median 0.921 0.440 0.921 0.788 0.921 1.198
    average 1.521 1.004 1.521 0.869 1.521 1.198
    stdev 1.592 1.302 1.592 0.815 1.592 0.579
    p (t-test) 0.482 0.486 0.777
    min 0.002 0.212 0.002 0.097 0.002 0.788
    max 7.216 3.281 7.216 1.722 7.216 1.607
    n (Samp) 65 5 65 3 65 2
    n (Pat) 41 5 41 3 41 2
    UO only
    median 1.378 0.618 1.378 1.224 1.378 na
    average 1.959 1.108 1.959 1.058 1.959 na
    stdev 1.608 1.088 1.608 0.760 1.608 na
    p (t-test) 0.129 0.350 na
    min 0.002 0.212 0.002 0.229 0.002 na
    max 6.393 3.331 6.393 1.722 6.393 na
    n (Samp) 30 10 30 3 30 0
    n (Pat) 16 10 16 3 16 0
    • Heat Shock Protein Beta-1:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 1.490 1.616 1.490 1.088 1.490 0.086
    average 2.984 5.803 2.984 1.088 2.984 1.546
    stdev 4.947 11.437 4.947 0.710 4.947 na
    p (t-test) 0.168 0.593 na
    min 0.086 0.317 0.086 0.586 0.086 1.546
    max 33.481 42.428 33.481 1.589 33.481 1.546
    n (Samp) 54 14 54 2 54 1
    n (Pat) 36 14 36 2 36 1
    sCr only
    median 1.533 5.412 1.533 1.259 1.533 0.905
    average 3.203 10.462 3.203 1.259 3.203 0.905
    stdev 5.494 15.904 5.494 0.468 5.494 0.561
    p (t-test) 0.010 0.620 0.558
    min 0.078 0.223 0.078 0.928 0.078 0.509
    max 34.307 42.428 34.307 1.589 34.307 1.302
    n (Samp) 88 6 88 2 88 2
    n (Pat) 61 6 61 2 61 2
    UO only
    median 1.135 1.616 1.135 0.984 1.135 0.086
    average 1.952 3.013 1.952 1.053 1.952 1.546
    stdev 1.979 4.610 1.979 0.505 1.979 na
    p (t-test) 0.245 0.442 na
    Min 0.086 0.317 0.086 0.586 0.086 1.546
    max 7.975 17.432 7.975 1.589 7.975 1.546
    n (Samp) 40 13 40 3 40 1
    n (Pat) 26 13 26 3 26 1
    • Soluble Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 26.667 80.647 26.667 115.780 26.667 0.000
    average 236.400 202.513 236.400 1553.848 236.400 47.329
    stdev 470.310 281.585 470.310 6184.478 470.310 na
    p (t-test) 0.755 0.132 na
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 47.329
    max 2046.762 954.226 2046.762 29882.667 2046.762 47.329
    n (Samp) 51 22 51 23 51 1
    n (Pat) 40 22 40 23 40 1
    sCr only
    median 98.860 0.000 98.860 0.000 98.860 781.108
    average 586.773 104.569 586.773 523.899 586.773 781.108
    stdev 3099.913 162.125 3099.913 841.439 3099.913 191.895
    p (t-test) 0.705 0.958 0.930
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 645.418
    max 29882.667 323.886 29882.667 2186.810 29882.667 916.798
    n (Samp) 93 6 93 7 93 2
    n (Pat) 73 6 73 7 73 2
    UO only
    median 0.000 190.158 0.000 183.840 0.000 175.427
    average 205.187 244.221 205.187 1682.860 205.187 328.289
    stdev 474.101 302.208 474.101 6468.618 474.101 443.206
    p (t-test) 0.755 0.143 0.621
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
    max 2046.762 954.226 2046.762 29882.667 2046.762 962.300
    n (Samp) 42 17 42 21 42 4
    n (Pat) 33 17 33 21 33 4
  • In the following tables, the ability to distinguish cohort 1 (subjects remaining in RIFLE 0) from Cohort 2 (subjects progressing to RIFLE R, I or F) was determined using ROC analysis. SE is the standard error of the AUC, n is the number of sample or individual patients (“pts,” as indicated). Standard errors were calculated as described in Hanley, J. A., and McNeil, B. J., The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology (1982) 143: 29-36; p values were calculated with a two-tailed Z-test. An AUC <0.5 is indicative of a negative going marker for the comparison, and an AUC >0.5 is indicative of a positive going marker for the comparison.
  • Soluble p-Selectin:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.42 0.072 51 22 1.727
    24 hours 0.59 0.072 51 24 0.214
    48 hours 0.40 0.269 51 1 1.285
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.41 0.114 94 6 1.561
    24 hours 0.58 0.117 94 7 0.479
    48 hours 0.58 0.214 94 2 0.710
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.49 0.083 42 17 1.120
    24 hours 0.66 0.074 42 22 0.031
    48 hours 0.65 0.156 42 4 0.320
    • Protein NOV Homolog:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.62 0.060 101 31 0.050
    24 hours 0.69 0.062 101 26 0.003
    48 hours 0.79 0.192 101 2 0.129
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.46 0.092 173 10 1.299
    24 hours 0.54 0.096 173 10 0.652
    48 hours 0.40 0.153 173 3 1.500
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.70 0.064 78 25 0.002
    24 hours 0.76 0.062 78 23 0.000
    48 hours 0.71 0.134 78 5 0.116
    • Netrin 4:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.57 0.095 52 12 0.462
    24 hours 0.40 0.192 52 2 1.402
    48 hours 0.88 0.221 52 1 0.082
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.56 0.152 86 4 0.689
    24 hours 0.39 0.186 86 2 1.458
    48 hours 0.24 0.191 86 1 1.828
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.54 0.101 38 11 0.678
    24 hours 0.51 0.176 38 3 0.941
    48 hours 0.92 0.189 38 1 0.026
    • Haptoglobin:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.52 0.051 216 38 0.743
    24 hours 0.55 0.046 216 51 0.291
    48 hours 0.65 0.065 216 23 0.017
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.40 0.067 375 16 1.865
    24 hours 0.52 0.065 375 21 0.777
    48 hours 0.56 0.091 375 11 0.519
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.57 0.055 181 34 0.202
    24 hours 0.56 0.049 181 45 0.224
    48 hours 0.60 0.066 181 23 0.116
    • Alpha-1-Antitrypsin:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.44 0.049 216 38 1.816
    24 hours 0.45 0.044 216 51 1.741
    48 hours 0.49 0.063 216 23 1.134
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.40 0.067 375 16 1.864
    24 hours 0.38 0.058 375 21 1.966
    48 hours 0.43 0.084 375 11 1.581
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.48 0.054 181 34 1.261
    24 hours 0.52 0.049 181 45 0.692
    48 hours 0.50 0.064 181 23 1.019
    • Leukocyte Elastase:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.60 0.056 103 36 0.071
    24 hours 0.58 0.052 103 46 0.121
    48 hours 0.52 0.067 103 23 0.771
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.50 0.086 226 12 0.988
    24 hours 0.45 0.069 226 18 1.494
    48 hours 0.59 0.092 226 11 0.344
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.56 0.061 88 31 0.303
    24 hours 0.59 0.055 88 41 0.113
    48 hours 0.49 0.069 88 22 1.155
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 6:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.63 0.062 117 28 0.040
    24 hours 0.65 0.061 117 28 0.015
    48 hours 0.76 0.163 117 3 0.106
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.49 0.098 194 9 1.065
    24 hours 0.61 0.093 194 11 0.221
    48 hours 0.58 0.151 194 4 0.580
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.69 0.068 92 22 0.005
    24 hours 0.71 0.063 92 25 0.001
    48 hours 0.80 0.112 92 6 0.008
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 6:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements
    or urine output
     0 hours 0.70 0.108 78 8 0.065
    24 hours 0.78 0.082 78 12 0.001
    48 hours 0.54 0.212 78 2 0.868
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.39 0.133 118 4 1.578
    24 hours 0.57 0.125 118 6 0.553
    48 hours 0.68 0.173 118 3 0.293
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.72 0.114 60 7 0.050
    24 hours 0.69 0.099 60 10 0.061
    48 hours 0.50 0.209 60 2 1.016
    • Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 2:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements or
    urine output
     0 hours 0.36 0.056 92 29 1.987
    24 hours 0.44 0.062 92 26 1.671
    48 hours 0.38 0.258 92 1 1.356
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.41 0.088 154 10 1.692
    24 hours 0.50 0.095 154 10 0.992
    48 hours 0.48 0.166 154 3 1.098
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.29 0.057 70 24 2.000
    24 hours 0.41 0.065 70 24 1.811
    48 hours 0.49 0.149 70 4 1.029
    • Caspase 3 (Active):
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements or
    urine output
     0 hours 0.57 0.075 51 22 0.351
    24 hours 0.64 0.071 51 24 0.043
    48 hours 0.94 0.166 51 1 0.008
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.53 0.124 94 6 0.813
    24 hours 0.55 0.116 94 7 0.680
    48 hours 0.75 0.203 94 2 0.223
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.59 0.084 42 17 0.302
    24 hours 0.69 0.073 42 22 0.010
    48 hours 0.77 0.143 42 4 0.058
    • Soluble Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements or
    urine output
     0 hours 0.37 0.093 43 10 1.832
    24 hours 0.37 0.154 43 3 1.593
    48 hours nd nd 43 0 0.211
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.36 0.118 65 5 1.766
    24 hours 0.41 0.158 65 3 1.452
    48 hours 0.57 0.215 65 2 0.747
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.32 0.092 30 10 1.952
    24 hours 0.36 0.156 30 3 1.627
    48 hours nd nd 30 0 0.211
    • Heat Shock Protein Beta-1:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements or
    urine output
     0 hours 0.54 0.088 54 14 0.674
    24 hours 0.38 0.187 54 2 1.481
    48 hours 0.56 0.302 54 1 0.854
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.70 0.123 88 6 0.095
    24 hours 0.43 0.195 88 2 1.295
    48 hours 0.28 0.152 88 2 1.854
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.55 0.094 40 13 0.581
    24 hours 0.43 0.166 40 3 1.312
    48 hours 0.63 0.306 40 1 0.683
    • Soluble Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements or
    urine output
     0 hours 0.52 0.074 51 22 0.756
    24 hours 0.60 0.073 51 23 0.163
    48 hours 0.53 0.299 51 1 0.922
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.37 0.108 93 6 1.768
    24 hours 0.49 0.113 93 7 1.038
    48 hours 0.87 0.163 93 2 0.023
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.61 0.084 42 17 0.169
    24 hours 0.69 0.074 42 21 0.011
    48 hours 0.66 0.155 42 4 0.301
  • Various threshold (or “cutoff”) concentrations were selected, and the associated sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing cohort 1 from cohort 2, as shown in the following tables. OR is the odds ratio calculated for the particular cutoff concentration, and 95% CI is the confidence interval for the odds ratio.
  • Soluble p-Selectin:
  • sCr or UO
    Time prior Quar- 95% CI of
    AKI stag Cutoff value sens spec tile OR OR
     0 hours 0.103709071  73% 24% 1
    0.086590607  82% 18% 2 3.4 1.0 11.7
    0.046882916  91% 12% 3 2.7 0.8 9.5
    0.316978593  14% 73% 4 2.7 0.8 9.5
    0.35046571  14% 80%
    0.44303694  14% 90%
    24 hours 0.134932873  71% 25% 1
    0.067535135  88% 16% 2 0.5 0.2 1.6
    0.018843437  92%  8% 3 0.5 0.2 1.6
    0.316978593  46% 73% 4 2.2 0.9 5.5
    0.35046571  42% 80%
    0.44303694  29% 90%
    48 hours 0.180141162 100% 39% 1
    0.180141162 100% 39% 2 na na na
    0.180141162 100% 39% 3 na na na
    0.316978593  0% 73% 4 na na na
    0.35046571  0% 80%
    0.44303694  0% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 0.067535135  83% 13% 1
    0.067535135  83% 13% 2 2.1 0.1 46.6
    0.046882916 100% 11% 3 1.0 0.0 59.3
    0.326917826  17% 71% 4 2.1 0.1 46.6
    0.382377815  17% 81%
    0.478965584  17% 90%
    24 hours 0.243665533  71% 50% 1
    0.067535135  86% 13% 2 0.5 0.0 10.7
    0 100%  0% 3 0.5 0.0 10.7
    0.326917826  43% 71% 4 1.5 0.2 9.1
    0.382377815  43% 81%
    0.478965584  43% 90%
    48 hours 0.119738536 100% 22% 1
    0.119738536 100% 22% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.119738536 100% 22% 3 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.326917826  50% 71% 4 1.0 0.0 59.8
    0.382377815  50% 81%
    0.478965584  50% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 0.163424475  71% 36% 1
    0.101554867  82% 26% 2 2.7 0.7 10.4
    0.000000001  94% 10% 3 2.0 0.5 8.1
    0.26217594  18% 71% 4 1.1 0.2 5.7
    0.326917826  12% 81%
    0.366600707  12% 90%
    24 hours 0.134932873  73% 31% 1
    0.086590607  86% 21% 2 0.5 0.1 2.0
    0.067535135  91% 17% 3 0.7 0.2 2.5
    0.26217594  59% 71% 4 3.7 1.2 10.9
    0.326917826  50% 81%
    0.366600707  45% 90%
    48 hours 0.180141162  75% 48% 1
    0.046882916 100% 14% 2 0.9 0.0 66.6
    0.046882916 100% 14% 3 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.26217594  50% 71% 4 2.0 0.1 56.0
    0.326917826  50% 81%
    0.366600707  50% 90%
    • Protein NOV Homolog:
  • Time prior 95% CI
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 22183.09859 71% 47% 1
    14866.50485 81% 31% 2 1.8 0.8 3.9
    8817.829457 90% 20% 3 1.0 0.4 2.5
    42671.00977 58% 70% 4 3.6 1.8 7.4
    58743.84236 42% 80%
    126813.1868 13% 90%
    24 hours 26266.89189 73% 51% 1
    17738.97059 81% 39% 2 1.0 0.3 3.0
    11355.6338 92% 25% 3 1.3 0.4 3.5
    42671.00977 65% 70% 4 4.6 2.0 10.4
    58743.84236 50% 80%
    126813.1868 27% 90%
    48 hours 47550.67568 100% 75% 1
    47550.67568 100% 75% 2 na na na
    47550.67568 100% 75% 3 na na na
    42671.00977 100% 70% 4 na na na
    58743.84236 50% 80%
    126813.1868 0% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 17187.5 70% 29% 1
    14964.78873 80% 24% 2 1.5 0.3 8.6
    6602.112676 90% 8% 3 1.0 0.1 7.8
    58169.29134 30% 71% 4 1.6 0.3 8.8
    85635.35912 10% 80%
    138681.3187 10% 90%
    24 hours 11355.6338 70% 18% 1
    8538.732394 80% 13% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    3125 90% 2% 3 0.5 0.1 2.2
    58169.29134 60% 71% 4 1.0 0.3 2.9
    85635.35912 40% 80%
    138681.3187 20% 90%
    48 hours 10937.5 100% 18% 1
    10937.5 100% 18% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    10937.5 100% 18% 3 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    58169.29134 33% 71% 4 2.0 0.1 42.5
    85635.35912 33% 80%
    138681.3187 0% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 23968.4466 72% 51% 1
    22150.73529 80% 49% 2 1.7 0.5 6.0
    9342.783505 92% 22% 3 1.3 0.4 5.0
    39780.40541 64% 71% 4 7.3 2.6 20.8
    47798.29545 60% 81%
    83977.90055 32% 91%
    24 hours 40390.87948 74% 73% 1
    18658.08824 83% 45% 2 2.2 0.4 11.4
    14866.50485 91% 33% 3 2.9 0.6 13.6
    39780.40541 74% 71% 4 9.9 2.5 38.7
    47798.29545 61% 81%
    83977.90055 43% 91%
    48 hours 26491.47727 80% 55% 1
    26491.47727 80% 55% 2 na na na
    17187.5 100% 40% 3 na na na
    39780.40541 60% 71% 4 na na na
    47798.29545 60% 81%
    83977.90055 0% 91%
    • Netrin 4:
  • Time prior
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 0.006865846 83% 50% 1
    0.006865846 83% 50% 2 1.0 0.1 9.4
    0 100% 0% 3 3.2 0.6 17.2
    0.009466545 42% 71% 4 1.6 0.2 11.1
    0.059621711 0% 83%
    0.188419118 0% 92%
    24 hours 0 100% 0% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0 100% 0% 3 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.009466545 50% 71% 4 1.1 0.0 74.7
    0.059621711 0% 83%
    0.188419118 0% 92%
    48 hours 0.102163462 100% 88% 1
    0.102163462 100% 88% 2 na na na
    0.102163462 100% 88% 3 na na na
    0.009466545 100% 71% 4 na na na
    0.059621711 100% 83%
    0.188419118 0% 92%
    sCr only
     0 hours 0.006865846 75% 44% 1
    0.001144308 100% 20% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.001144308 100% 20% 3 3.3 0.2 55.1
    0.012067244 50% 71% 4 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.050370066 0% 80%
    0.188419118 0% 92%
    24 hours 0 100% 0% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 na na na
    0 100% 0% 3 na na na
    0.012067244 50% 71% 4 na na na
    0.050370066 0% 80%
    0.188419118 0% 92%
    48 hours 0.001144308 100% 20% 1
    0.001144308 100% 20% 2 na na na
    0.001144308 100% 20% 3 na na na
    0.012067244 0% 71% 4 na na na
    0.050370066 0% 80%
    0.188419118 0% 92%
    UO only
     0 hours 0.006865846 73% 58% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0 100% 0% 3 2.1 0.5 10.0
    0.007336754 27% 76% 4 0.9 0.2 5.0
    0.013363487 18% 82%
    0.068873355 0% 92%
    24 hours 0 100% 0% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0 100% 0% 3 1.0 0.0 77.9
    0.007336754 33% 76% 4 0.9 0.0 68.6
    0.013363487 33% 82%
    0.068873355 0% 92%
    48 hours 0.068873355 100% 92% 1
    0.068873355 100% 92% 2 na na na
    0.068873355 100% 92% 3 na na na
    0.007336754 100% 76% 4 na na na
    0.013363487 100% 82%
    0.068873355 100% 92%
    • Haptoglobin:
  • Time prior 95% CI of
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 0.0000193 71% 30% 1
    0.00000305 82% 11% 2 0.8 0.5 1.3
    0 100% 0% 3 0.9 0.5 1.4
    0.000415 32% 70% 4 1.1 0.7 1.7
    0.000588 26% 80%
    0.00115 18% 90%
    24 hours 0.000067 71% 44% 1
    0.0000337 80% 36% 2 1.9 1.2 3.0
    0 100% 0% 3 2.5 1.6 3.8
    0.000415 29% 70% 4 1.6 1.0 2.6
    0.000588 24% 80%
    0.00115 12% 90%
    48 hours 0.0000848 74% 48% 1
    0.0000729 83% 47% 2 2.6 0.6 11.0
    0.000026 91% 34% 3 3.8 1.0 14.3
    0.000415 43% 70% 4 5.0 1.4 17.9
    0.000588 39% 80%
    0.00115 22% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 0.00000101 75% 8% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 0.7 0.2 2.4
    0 100% 0% 3 0.5 0.1 2.2
    0.00048 31% 70% 4 1.8 0.8 4.1
    0.000763 13% 80%
    0.00137 6% 90%
    24 hours 0.0000757 71% 43% 1
    0.0000669 81% 39% 2 1.0 0.4 2.8
    0 100% 0% 3 2.1 1.0 4.5
    0.00048 24% 70% 4 1.3 0.5 3.2
    0.000763 19% 80%
    0.00137 10% 90%
    48 hours 0.0000757 73% 43% 1
    0.0000588 82% 39% 2 3.0 0.2 43.1
    0.000026 91% 30% 3 5.2 0.5 57.2
    0.00048 27% 70% 4 2.0 0.1 39.4
    0.000763 18% 80%
    0.00137 0% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 0.0000533 71% 41% 1
    0.0000146 82% 28% 2 1.6 0.8 2.9
    0.00000277 91% 12% 3 1.4 0.7 2.6
    0.000347 44% 70% 4 2.0 1.1 3.6
    0.000534 32% 80%
    0.00111 18% 90%
    24 hours 0.0000705 71% 44% 1
    0.0000308 80% 36% 2 2.5 1.4 4.3
    0.00000794 91% 19% 3 2.8 1.6 4.8
    0.000347 33% 70% 4 2.2 1.3 3.9
    0.000534 22% 80%
    0.00111 11% 90%
    48 hours 0.0000737 74% 45% 1
    0.0000533 83% 41% 2 1.7 0.6 5.4
    0 100% 0% 3 2.5 0.9 7.0
    0.000347 39% 70% 4 3.0 1.1 8.0
    0.000534 35% 80%
    0.00111 22% 90%
    • Alpha-1-Antitrypsin:
  • Time prior 95% CI of
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 0.000491 71% 31% 1
    0.000315 82% 20% 2 5.3 2.2 12.7
    0.0000896 92% 3% 3 5.2 2.2 12.4
    0.00202 8% 70% 4 3.4 1.3 8.7
    0.00273 8% 80%
    0.00362 3% 90%
    24 hours 0.000491 71% 31% 1
    0.000272 80% 17% 2 1.6 1.1 2.4
    0.000125 90% 6% 3 1.2 0.8 1.9
    0.00202 25% 70% 4 1.5 1.0 2.3
    0.00273 18% 80%
    0.00362 0% 90%
    48 hours 0.000569 74% 33% 1
    0.000415 83% 28% 2 2.2 1.0 4.8
    0.00033 91% 21% 3 2.2 1.0 4.8
    0.00202 17% 70% 4 0.8 0.2 2.5
    0.00273 17% 80%
    0.00362 0% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 0.000499 75% 28% 1
    0.000277 81% 16% 2 na na na
    0.0000896 94% 4% 3 na na na
    0.00191 0% 70% 4 na na na
    0.00264 0% 80%
    0.00309 0% 90%
    24 hours 0.000343 71% 20% 1
    0.000173 81% 9% 2 3.1 0.8 12.0
    0.0000841 90% 3% 3 2.0 0.5 9.3
    0.00191 19% 70% 4 4.9 1.4 16.8
    0.00264 10% 80%
    0.00309 0% 90%
    48 hours 0.000587 73% 31% 1
    0.00053 82% 30% 2 3.1 0.2 44.0
    0.000306 91% 17% 3 5.2 0.5 57.2
    0.00191 9% 70% 4 2.0 0.1 40.3
    0.00264 9% 80%
    0.00309 0% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 0.00065 71% 36% 1
    0.000371 82% 23% 2 2.0 1.1 3.7
    0.000275 91% 15% 3 1.8 1.0 3.3
    0.00181 18% 70% 4 1.2 0.6 2.4
    0.0024 12% 80%
    0.00297 6% 90%
    24 hours 0.000698 71% 39% 1
    0.000429 80% 27% 2 1.2 0.8 2.0
    0.00016 91% 7% 3 1.4 0.9 2.3
    0.00181 31% 70% 4 1.5 1.0 2.4
    0.0024 27% 80%
    0.00297 0% 90%
    48 hours 0.00053 74% 31% 1
    0.000429 83% 27% 2 1.9 0.8 4.4
    0.000409 91% 25% 3 2.2 1.0 5.0
    0.00181 22% 70% 4 1.0 0.3 2.9
    0.0024 17% 80%
    0.00297 0% 90%
    • Leukocyte Elastase:
  • Time prior 95% CI of
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 10.11904762 72% 28% 1
    5.967620482 81% 23% 2 0.7 0.3 1.4
    3.949652778 92% 15% 3 0.8 0.4 1.6
    46.49621212 47% 71% 4 2.4 1.4 4.2
    61.598493 42% 81%
    76.74897119 33% 90%
    24 hours 13.34541063 72% 38% 1
    5.095720721 80% 17% 2 0.6 0.3 1.0
    2.892287234 91% 11% 3 1.0 0.6 1.7
    46.49621212 39% 71% 4 1.9 1.2 3.0
    61.598493 37% 81%
    76.74897119 26% 90%
    48 hours 12.91130186 74% 37% 1
    8.935546875 83% 27% 2 2.3 0.9 5.5
    4.210069444 91% 16% 3 1.6 0.6 4.3
    46.49621212 26% 71% 4 1.3 0.4 3.5
    61.598493 22% 81%
    76.74897119 13% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 18.29710145 75% 37% 1
    4.870495495 83% 17% 2 1.3 0.4 4.5
    3.965336134 92% 13% 3 0.7 0.1 3.6
    67.37516869 25% 70% 4 1.0 0.2 3.9
    81.89300412 17% 80%
    99.65016146 17% 90%
    24 hours 11.26644737 72% 29% 1
    3.949652778 83% 13% 2 1.4 0.4 4.6
    2.36037234 94% 7% 3 2.1 0.7 6.0
    67.37516869 17% 70% 4 1.7 0.6 5.3
    81.89300412 11% 80%
    99.65016146 11% 90%
    48 hours 21.94711538 73% 40% 1
    16.76755448 82% 35% 2 4.2 0.3 52.4
    16.00241546 91% 35% 3 2.0 0.1 41.2
    67.37516869 36% 70% 4 4.1 0.3 51.4
    81.89300412 36% 80%
    99.65016146 18% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 10.11904762 71% 19% 1
    6.624348958 81% 17% 2 0.1 0.0 0.5
    3.807773109 90% 6% 3 0.5 0.2 1.0
    47.90836653 48% 70% 4 1.5 0.8 2.6
    61.9752422 42% 81%
    83.56950067 26% 91%
    24 hours 18.29710145 71% 40% 1
    10.49254967 80% 23% 2 0.7 0.4 1.4
    3.689236111 90% 5% 3 1.0 0.5 1.8
    47.90836653 44% 70% 4 2.4 1.4 4.1
    61.9752422 39% 81%
    83.56950067 24% 91%
    48 hours 10.49254967 73% 23% 1
    5.176957831 82% 11% 2 0.5 0.2 1.3
    3.807773109 91% 6% 3 0.5 0.2 1.3
    47.90836653 32% 70% 4 1.1 0.5 2.2
    61.9752422 32% 81%
    83.56950067 18% 91%
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 6:
  • Time prior 95% CI
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 206.5217391 71% 39% 1
    188.8586957 82% 38% 2 3.1 1.1 8.8
    110.8490566 93% 19% 3 1.4 0.4 4.9
    500.7385524 54% 70% 4 6.0 2.3 15.3
    597.4643423 39% 80%
    1080.711354 11% 91%
    24 hours 312.8531073 71% 54% 1
    294.7941889 82% 53% 2 1.3 0.5 3.5
    49.01960784 93% 4% 3 1.9 0.8 4.7
    500.7385524 50% 70% 4 3.8 1.7 8.5
    597.4643423 39% 80%
    1080.711354 14% 91%
    48 hours 421.9128329 100% 62% 1
    421.9128329 100% 62% 2 na na na
    421.9128329 100% 62% 3 na na na
    500.7385524 67% 70% 4 na na na
    597.4643423 67% 80%
    1080.711354 0% 91%
    sCr only
     0 hours 154.8913043 78% 22% 1
    137.2093023 89% 20% 2 0.3 0.0 4.7
    49.01960784 100% 4% 3 0.7 0.1 3.6
    610.0443131 33% 70% 4 1.0 0.3 4.1
    779.9855491 33% 80%
    1037.383178 22% 90%
    24 hours 243.3628319 73% 34% 1
    92.39130435 82% 10% 2 0.3 0.0 4.7
    49.01960784 91% 4% 3 0.3 0.0 4.7
    610.0443131 55% 70% 4 2.1 0.7 6.0
    779.9855491 55% 80%
    1037.383178 45% 90%
    48 hours 438.8619855 75% 51% 1
    249.4158879 100% 34% 2 na na na
    249.4158879 100% 34% 3 na na na
    610.0443131 50% 70% 4 na na na
    779.9855491 0% 80%
    1037.383178 0% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 226.9021739 73% 43% 1
    203.4883721 82% 39% 2 3.4 0.8 14.7
    188.8586957 91% 38% 3 0.5 0.0 10.6
    483.6561743 64% 71% 4 10.6 2.8 39.9
    527.1041369 59% 80%
    771.0413695 27% 90%
    24 hours 354.2944785 72% 59% 1
    317.3652695 80% 54% 2 2.2 0.4 10.9
    294.7941889 92% 52% 3 3.5 0.8 15.2
    483.6561743 52% 71% 4 10.3 2.8 38.6
    527.1041369 52% 80%
    771.0413695 28% 90%
    48 hours 421.9128329 83% 64% 1
    421.9128329 83% 64% 2 na na na
    344.4309927 100% 58% 3 na na na
    483.6561743 67% 71% 4 na na na
    527.1041369 67% 80%
    771.0413695 33% 90%
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 6:
  • Time prior 95% CI of
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 0 100% 0% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 na na na
    0 100% 0% 3 na na na
    0.334480122 63% 73% 4 na na na
    0.993816254 63% 86%
    1.767966361 38% 92%
    24 hours 0.441696113 75% 73% 1
    0.334480122 83% 73% 2 na na na
    0 100% 0% 3 na na na
    0.334480122 83% 73% 4 na na na
    0.993816254 58% 86%
    1.767966361 33% 92%
    48 hours 0 100% 0% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 na na na
    0 100% 0% 3 na na na
    0.334480122 50% 73% 4 na na na
    0.993816254 0% 86%
    1.767966361 0% 92%
    sCr only
     0 hours 0 100% 0% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0 100% 0% 3 3.2 0.2 50.2
    0.993816254 25% 73% 4 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    1.545936396 0% 81%
    3.20229682 0% 91%
    24 hours 0 100% 0% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0 100% 0% 3 1.0 0.1 8.1
    0.993816254 33% 73% 4 1.0 0.1 8.1
    1.545936396 33% 81%
    3.20229682 0% 91%
    48 hours 0.334480122 100% 59% 1
    0.334480122 100% 59% 2 na na na
    0.334480122 100% 59% 3 na na na
    0.993816254 33% 73% 4 na na na
    1.545936396 33% 81%
    3.20229682 0% 91%
    UO only
     0 hours 0.993816254 71% 82% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0 100% 0% 3 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.812308869 71% 75% 4 2.9 0.5 15.6
    0.993816254 71% 82%
    1.767966361 43% 90%
    24 hours 0.334480122 70% 68% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 2.0 0.1 48.3
    0 100% 0% 3 2.1 0.1 52.0
    0.812308869 50% 75% 4 6.2 0.4 85.0
    0.993816254 50% 82%
    1.767966361 30% 90%
    48 hours 0 100% 0% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 na na na
    0 100% 0% 3 na na na
    0.812308869 0% 75% 4 na na na
    0.993816254 0% 82%
    1.767966361 0% 90%
    • Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 2:
  • Time prior 95% CI
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 0.04233871 72% 22% 1
    0.00133452 97% 1% 2 6.2 1.6 24.2
    0.00133452 97% 1% 3 6.2 1.6 24.2
    1.608510638 7% 71% 4 6.2 1.6 24.2
    2.846938776 3% 80%
    4.203488372 3% 90%
    24 hours 0.072580645 73% 29% 1
    0.03125 85% 20% 2 1.4 0.5 3.8
    0.012096774 92% 14% 3 3.3 1.4 7.7
    1.608510638 15% 71% 4 2.1 0.8 5.3
    2.846938776 8% 80%
    4.203488372 8% 90%
    48 hours 0.161476868 100% 38% 1
    0.161476868 100% 38% 2 na na na
    0.161476868 100% 38% 3 na na na
    1.608510638 0% 71% 4 na na na
    2.846938776 0% 80%
    4.203488372 0% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 0.00133452 100% 1% 1
    0.00133452 100% 1% 2 na na na
    0.00133452 100% 1% 3 na na na
    1.066666667 10% 70% 4 na na na
    2.015151515 0% 81%
    3.42 0% 90%
    24 hours 0.041370107 80% 23% 1
    0.041370107 80% 23% 2 0.3 0.0 4.8
    0.027217742 90% 21% 3 1.8 0.6 5.6
    1.066666667 10% 70% 4 0.3 0.0 4.8
    2.015151515 10% 81%
    3.42 10% 90%
    48 hours 0.04233871 100% 25% 1
    0.04233871 100% 25% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.04233871 100% 25% 3 2.1 0.1 44.2
    1.066666667 33% 70% 4 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    2.015151515 0% 81%
    3.42 0% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 0.00133452 96% 1% 1
    0.00133452 96% 1% 2 2.3 0.4 12.2
    0.00133452 96% 1% 3 6.6 1.6 27.2
    1.530612245 8% 70% 4 7.1 1.7 29.5
    2.326530612 4% 80%
    4.26 4% 90%
    24 hours 0.072580645 79% 26% 1
    0.03125 83% 17% 2 0.4 0.1 1.7
    0.012096774 92% 14% 3 3.8 1.7 8.6
    1.530612245 21% 70% 4 1.1 0.4 2.9
    2.326530612 4% 80%
    4.26 4% 90%
    48 hours 0.25 75% 39% 1
    0.161476868 100% 36% 2 na na na
    0.161476868 100% 36% 3 na na na
    1.530612245 0% 70% 4 na na na
    2.326530612 0% 80%
    4.26 0% 90%
    • Caspase 3 (Active):
  • Time prior 95% CI
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 0 100% 0% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 0.4 0.1 1.4
    0 100% 0% 3 1.0 0.4 2.7
    0.004194723 41% 71% 4 1.2 0.5 3.0
    0.006341002 32% 80%
    0.010457847 18% 90%
    24 hours 0.000279912 71% 51% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 1.3 0.4 4.0
    0 100% 0% 3 1.3 0.4 4.0
    0.004194723 46% 71% 4 3.9 1.4 11.0
    0.006341002 42% 80%
    0.010457847 33% 90%
    48 hours 0.013171083 100% 94% 1
    0.013171083 100% 94% 2 na na na
    0.013171083 100% 94% 3 na na na
    0.004194723 100% 71% 4 na na na
    0.006341002 100% 80%
    0.010457847 100% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 0 100% 0% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 2.1 0.1 46.6
    0 100% 0% 3 1.0 0.0 59.3
    0.00531421 33% 70% 4 2.1 0.1 46.6
    0.008907421 33% 81%
    0.019515127 0% 90%
    24 hours 0 100% 0% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 na na na
    0 100% 0% 3 na na na
    0.00531421 43% 70% 4 na na na
    0.008907421 43% 81%
    0.019515127 14% 90%
    48 hours 0.004313086 100% 65% 1
    0.004313086 100% 65% 2 na na na
    0.004313086 100% 65% 3 na na na
    0.00531421 50% 70% 4 na na na
    0.008907421 50% 81%
    0.019515127 0% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 0 100% 0% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 0.4 0.1 2.4
    0 100% 0% 3 1.3 0.3 4.5
    0.004313086 41% 71% 4 1.7 0.5 5.7
    0.006922461 29% 81%
    0.012887702 12% 90%
    24 hours 0.001069236 73% 60% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 0.3 0.1 1.7
    0 100% 0% 3 1.3 0.4 3.9
    0.004313086 50% 71% 4 2.8 1.0 8.2
    0.006922461 45% 81%
    0.012887702 36% 90%
    48 hours 0.002958621 75% 67% 1
    0.000279912 100% 55% 2 na na na
    0.000279912 100% 55% 3 na na na
    0.004313086 50% 71% 4 na na na
    0.006922461 50% 81%
    0.012887702 50% 90%
    • Soluble Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule:
  • Time prior 95% CI
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 0.440167683 70% 21% 1
    0.229048295 80% 14% 2 0.5 0.0 13.1
    0.154344512 100% 12% 3 1.8 0.2 13.2
    2.492647059 20% 72% 4 2.7 0.4 17.0
    3.110294118 10% 81%
    4.564393939 0% 93%
    24 hours 0.154344512 100% 12% 1
    0.154344512 100% 12% 2 na na na
    0.154344512 100% 12% 3 na na na
    2.492647059 0% 72% 4 na na na
    3.110294118 0% 81%
    4.564393939 0% 93%
    48 hours 0 na na 1
    0 na na 2 na na na
    0 na na 3 na na na
    0 na na 4 na na na
    0 na na
    0 na na
    sCr only
     0 hours 0.154344512 100% 8% 1
    0.154344512 100% 8% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.154344512 100% 8% 3 2.1 0.1 51.0
    1.650815217 20% 71% 4 2.3 0.1 54.8
    2.625 20% 80%
    4.109848485 0% 91%
    24 hours 0.040015244 100% 5% 1
    0.040015244 100% 5% 2 na na na
    0.040015244 100% 5% 3 na na na
    1.650815217 33% 71% 4 na na na
    2.625 0% 80%
    4.109848485 0% 91%
    48 hours 0.786830357 100% 45% 1
    0.786830357 100% 45% 2 na na na
    0.786830357 100% 45% 3 na na na
    1.650815217 0% 71% 4 na na na
    2.625 0% 80%
    4.109848485 0% 91%
    UO only
     0 hours 0.440167683 70% 13% 1
    0.229048295 80% 10% 2 2.3 0.1 67.6
    0.154344512 100% 7% 3 2.3 0.1 67.6
    2.492647059 20% 70% 4 9.0 0.5 174.0
    3.110294118 10% 80%
    4.26199262 0% 90%
    24 hours 0.154344512 100% 7% 1
    0.154344512 100% 7% 2 na na na
    0.154344512 100% 7% 3 na na na
    2.492647059 0% 70% 4 na na na
    3.110294118 0% 80%
    4.26199262 0% 90%
    48 hours 0 na na 1
    0 na na 2 na na na
    0 na na 3 na na na
    0 na na 4 na na na
    0 na na
    0 na na
    • Heat Shock Protein Beta-1:
  • Time prior 95% CI
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 1.025390625 71% 44% 1
    0.68359375 86% 20% 2 1.0 0.2 4.9
    0.390625 93% 9% 3 1.9 0.5 7.5
    2.412280702 29% 70% 4 1.0 0.2 4.9
    4.58511396 21% 81%
    6.43966763 14% 91%
    24 hours 0.581395349 100% 19% 1
    0.581395349 100% 19% 2 na na na
    0.581395349 100% 19% 3 na na na
    2.412280702 0% 70% 4 na na na
    4.58511396 0% 81%
    6.43966763 0% 91%
    48 hours 1.519097222 100% 56% 1
    1.519097222 100% 56% 2 na na na
    1.519097222 100% 56% 3 na na na
    2.412280702 0% 70% 4 na na na
    4.58511396 0% 81%
    6.43966763 0% 91%
    sCr only
     0 hours 1.683208155 83% 57% 1
    1.683208155 83% 57% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.110463627 100% 5% 3 1.0 0.0 60.2
    2.715933476 67% 70% 4 4.4 0.3 61.5
    4.258928571 67% 81%
    6.43966763 33% 91%
    24 hours 0.896990741 100% 33% 1
    0.896990741 100% 33% 2 na na na
    0.896990741 100% 33% 3 na na na
    2.715933476 0% 70% 4 na na na
    4.258928571 0% 81%
    6.43966763 0% 91%
    48 hours 0.446428571 100% 13% 1
    0.446428571 100% 13% 2 na na na
    0.446428571 100% 13% 3 na na na
    2.715933476 0% 70% 4 na na na
    4.258928571 0% 81%
    6.43966763 0% 91%
    UO only
     0 hours 0.882523148 77% 38% 1
    0.581395349 85% 20% 2 0.6 0.1 4.5
    0.382620389 92% 8% 3 2.1 0.5 9.2
    1.978272532 31% 70% 4 0.9 0.2 4.9
    2.467105263 23% 80%
    3.926282051 15% 90%
    24 hours 0.581395349 100% 20% 1
    0.581395349 100% 20% 2 na na na
    0.581395349 100% 20% 3 na na na
    1.978272532 0% 70% 4 na na na
    2.467105263 0% 80%
    3.926282051 0% 90%
    48 hours 1.519097222 100% 63% 1
    1.519097222 100% 63% 2 na na na
    1.519097222 100% 63% 3 na na na
    1.978272532 0% 70% 4 na na na
    2.467105263 0% 80%
    3.926282051 0% 90%
    • Soluble Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor:
  • Time prior 95% CI
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 0 100% 0% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 0.8 0.3 2.2
    0 100% 0% 3 0.4 0.1 1.4
    153.7521097 50% 71% 4 1.5 0.6 3.6
    249.1463853 36% 80%
    756.4365897 9% 90%
    24 hours 0 100% 0% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 0.7 0.2 2.2
    0 100% 0% 3 0.7 0.2 2.4
    153.7521097 48% 71% 4 2.9 1.1 7.5
    249.1463853 43% 80%
    756.4365897 17% 90%
    48 hours 41.16691598 100% 53% 1
    41.16691598 100% 53% 2 na na na
    41.16691598 100% 53% 3 na na na
    153.7521097 0% 71% 4 na na na
    249.1463853 0% 80%
    756.4365897 0% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 0 100% 0% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 1.0 0.0 59.3
    0 100% 0% 3 4.6 0.3 63.1
    300.9850468 33% 71% 4 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    397.4771484 0% 81%
    921.4914927 0% 90%
    24 hours 0 100% 0% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0 100% 0% 3 1.0 0.2 4.4
    300.9850468 43% 71% 4 0.3 0.0 4.9
    397.4771484 29% 81%
    921.4914927 29% 90%
    48 hours 556.2664366 100% 85% 1
    556.2664366 100% 85% 2 na na na
    556.2664366 100% 85% 3 na na na
    300.9850468 100% 71% 4 na na na
    397.4771484 100% 81%
    921.4914927 0% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 0 100% 0% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 1.3 0.3 6.0
    0 100% 0% 3 0.9 0.2 4.8
    98.85989481 59% 71% 4 3.2 0.8 12.5
    249.1463853 41% 83%
    666.4908125 12% 90%
    24 hours 48.27635621 71% 62% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 0.1 0.0 1.9
    0 100% 0% 3 1.2 0.4 3.6
    98.85989481 57% 71% 4 2.6 0.9 7.6
    249.1463853 43% 83%
    666.4908125 19% 90%
    48 hours 41.16691598 75% 60% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0 100% 0% 3 1.0 0.0 74.6
    98.85989481 50% 71% 4 2.0 0.1 56.0
    249.1463853 50% 83%
    666.4908125 25% 90%
    • Example 7 Kidney Injury Markers for Evaluating Renal Status in Patients at RIFLE Stages 0 and R
  • Patients were classified and analyzed as described in Example 6. However, patients that reached stage R but did not progress to stage I or F were grouped with patients from non-injury stage 0 in Cohort 1. Cohort 2 in this example included only patients that progressed to stage I or F. Marker concentrations in urine samples were included for Cohort 1. Marker concentrations in urine samples collected within 0, 24, and 48 hours of reaching stage I or F were included for Cohort 2.
  • The following descriptive statistics were obtained:
  • Soluble p-Selectin:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 0.244 0.000 0.244 0.350 0.244 0.000
    average 0.272 0.239 0.272 5.440 0.272 0.818
    stdev 0.220 na 0.220 20.461 0.220 na
    p (t-test) na 0.011 na
    min 0.000 0.239 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.818
    max 1.367 0.239 1.367 82.167 1.367 0.818
    n (Samp) 99 1 99 16 99 1
    n (Pat) 75 1 75 16 75 1
    sCr only
    median 0.251 na 0.251 0.514 0.251 na
    average 0.995 na 0.995 0.465 0.995 na
    stdev 7.673 na 7.673 0.202 7.673 na
    p (t-test) na 0.905 na
    min 0.000 na 0.000 0.244 0.000 na
    max 82.167 na 82.167 0.639 82.167 na
    n (Samp) 114 0 114 3 114 0
    n (Pat) 88 0 88 3 88 0
    UO only
    median 0.202 0.000 0.202 0.317 0.202 0.666
    average 0.253 0.239 0.253 5.769 0.253 0.666
    stdev 0.206 na 0.206 21.135 0.206 0.215
    p (t-test) na 0.017 0.006
    min 0.000 0.239 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.514
    max 1.367 0.239 1.367 82.167 1.367 0.818
    n (Samp) 82 1 82 15 82 2
    n (Pat) 62 1 62 15 62 2
    • Protein NOV Homolog:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 38059.701 37922.297 38059.701 52182.427 38059.701 29478.827
    average 52501.927 43800.740 52501.927 66347.716 52501.927 40156.051
    stdev 51579.286 42686.735 51579.286 64235.376 51579.286 42349.801
    p (t-test) 0.620 0.293 0.681
    min 14.544 1785.714 14.544 9600.515 14.544 4166.667
    max 227486.911 139120.879 227486.911 228010.471 227486.911 86822.660
    n (Samp) 167 9 167 18 167 3
    n (Pat) 90 9 90 18 90 3
    sCr only
    median 37990.999 14.544 37990.999 71096.059 37990.999 49353.231
    average 54176.796 51847.291 54176.796 80144.315 54176.796 49353.231
    stdev 53334.647 na 53334.647 26378.749 53334.647 52989.774
    p (t-test) na 0.333 0.899
    min 14.544 51847.291 14.544 59579.832 14.544 11883.803
    max 228010.471 51847.291 228010.471 118805.310 228010.471 86822.660
    n (Samp) 198 1 198 4 198 2
    n (Pat) 110 1 110 4 110 2
    UO only
    median 38281.250 37922.297 38281.250 38168.932 38281.250 29478.827
    average 48607.167 43800.740 48607.167 67966.748 48607.167 50816.935
    stdev 45556.799 42686.735 45556.799 69694.118 45556.799 60224.503
    p (t-test) 0.759 0.134 0.934
    min 14.544 1785.714 14.544 9600.515 14.544 4166.667
    max 226963.351 139120.879 226963.351 228010.471 226963.351 118805.310
    n (Samp) 133 9 133 16 133 3
    n (Pat) 71 9 71 16 71 3
    • Netrin 4:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.011 0.007 0.030
    average 0.032 0.030 0.032 0.011 0.032 0.030
    stdev 0.062 0.072 0.062 0.016 0.062 0.042
    p (t-test) 0.939 0.644 0.965
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
    max 0.262 0.207 0.262 0.023 0.262 0.060
    n (Samp) 75 8 75 2 75 2
    n (Pat) 55 8 55 2 55 2
    sCr only
    median 0.007 0.000 0.007 na 0.007 0.001
    average 0.038 0.002 0.038 na 0.038 0.001
    stdev 0.079 na 0.079 na 0.079 0.001
    p (t-test) na na 0.506
    min 0.000 0.002 0.000 na 0.000 0.000
    max 0.469 0.002 0.469 na 0.469 0.002
    n (Samp) 92 1 92 0 92 2
    n (Pat) 67 1 67 0 67 2
    UO only
    median 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.011 0.007 0.000
    average 0.024 0.030 0.024 0.011 0.024 0.060
    stdev 0.049 0.072 0.049 0.016 0.049 na
    p (t-test) 0.755 0.719 na
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.060
    max 0.225 0.207 0.225 0.023 0.225 0.060
    n (Samp) 58 8 58 2 58 1
    n (Pat) 42 8 42 2 42 1
    • Alpha-1-Antitrypsin:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000
    average 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    stdev 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    p (t-test) 0.467 0.240 0.286
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
    max 0.005 0.003 0.005 0.003 0.005 0.003
    n (Samp) 351 21 351 25 351 13
    n (Pat) 121 21 121 25 121 13
    sCr only
    median 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    average 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    stdev 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    p (t-test) 0.509 0.301 0.224
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
    max 0.005 0.002 0.005 0.003 0.005 0.002
    n (Samp) 428 5 428 6 428 5
    n (Pat) 146 5 146 6 146 5
    UO only
    median 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    average 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    stdev 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    p (t-test) 0.923 0.480 0.566
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
    max 0.005 0.003 0.005 0.003 0.005 0.003
    n (Samp) 294 20 294 22 294 13
    n (Pat) 96 20 96 22 96 13
    • Leukocyte Elastase:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 27.160 60.358 27.160 78.767 27.160 61.235
    average 37.230 57.770 37.230 69.139 37.230 48.020
    stdev 34.627 46.896 34.627 40.418 34.627 37.264
    p (t-test) 0.024 0.000 0.279
    min 0.080 0.678 0.080 2.106 0.080 0.899
    max 137.517 136.336 137.517 125.592 137.517 110.014
    n (Samp) 202 17 202 23 202 13
    n (Pat) 106 17 106 23 106 13
    sCr only
    median 34.290 12.262 34.290 57.332 34.290 32.287
    average 43.605 12.262 43.605 41.532 43.605 50.430
    stdev 37.731 12.000 37.731 35.174 37.731 47.217
    p (t-test) 0.242 0.903 0.690
    min 0.080 3.776 0.080 3.950 0.080 1.002
    max 137.517 20.747 137.517 78.767 137.517 125.810
    n (Samp) 260 2 260 5 260 5
    n (Pat) 125 2 125 5 125 5
    UO only
    median 27.498 60.358 27.498 79.904 27.498 57.332
    average 39.360 57.677 39.360 69.880 39.360 49.239
    stdev 35.376 46.899 35.376 41.313 35.376 35.461
    p (t-test) 0.050 0.000 0.333
    min 0.080 0.678 0.080 2.106 0.080 0.899
    max 137.517 136.336 137.517 125.592 137.517 110.014
    n (Samp) 174 17 174 21 174 13
    n (Pat) 85 17 85 21 85 13
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 6:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 344.431 202.687 344.431 520.423 344.431 791.546
    average 465.773 230.410 465.773 689.222 465.773 877.443
    stdev 424.385 232.277 424.385 598.397 424.385 661.989
    p (t-test) 0.219 0.041 0.036
    min 13.944 26.930 13.944 0.278 13.944 98.864
    max 2094.793 622.960 2094.793 2002.736 2094.793 1870.324
    n (Samp) 189 5 189 18 189 5
    n (Pat) 84 5 84 18 84 5
    sCr only
    median 390.719 na 390.719 1738.473 390.719 1062.309
    average 492.914 na 492.914 1667.984 492.914 1062.309
    stdev 417.039 na 417.039 348.507 417.039 1142.706
    p (t-test) na 0.000 0.059
    min 0.278 na 0.278 1192.256 0.278 254.294
    max 2094.793 na 2094.793 2002.736 2094.793 1870.324
    n (Samp) 225 0 225 4 225 2
    n (Pat) 98 0 98 4 98 2
    UO only
    median 380.682 202.687 380.682 460.539 380.682 791.546
    average 474.759 230.410 474.759 481.530 474.759 903.926
    stdev 409.593 232.277 409.593 312.181 409.593 712.370
    p (t-test) 0.188 0.949 0.026
    min 13.944 26.930 13.944 0.278 13.944 98.864
    max 2094.793 622.960 2094.793 1120.160 2094.793 2002.736
    n (Samp) 148 5 148 16 148 5
    n (Pat) 68 5 68 16 68 5
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 6:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 0.158 0.724 0.158 0.812 0.158 0.627
    average 1.092 2.030 1.092 1.187 1.092 2.716
    stdev 2.393 3.037 2.393 0.976 2.393 4.378
    p (t-test) 0.447 0.917 0.199
    min 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.334
    max 16.774 6.515 16.774 2.724 16.774 9.276
    n (Samp) 109 4 109 7 109 4
    n (Pat) 27 4 27 7 27 4
    sCr only
    median 0.158 na 0.158 1.441 0.158 1.105
    average 1.278 na 1.278 1.441 1.278 1.105
    stdev 2.489 na 2.489 1.814 2.489 0.938
    p (t-test) na 0.927 0.922
    min 0.158 na 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.442
    max 16.774 na 16.774 2.724 16.774 1.768
    n (Samp) 133 0 133 2 133 2
    n (Pat) 32 0 32 2 32 2
    UO only
    median 0.158 0.724 0.158 0.812 0.158 0.812
    average 1.294 2.030 1.294 1.085 1.294 3.474
    stdev 2.661 3.037 2.661 0.749 2.661 5.030
    p (t-test) 0.592 0.862 0.180
    min 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.334
    max 16.774 6.515 16.774 2.098 16.774 9.276
    n (Samp) 82 4 82 5 82 3
    n (Pat) 20 4 20 5 20 3
    • Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 2:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 0.360 0.006 0.360 0.133 0.360 0.330
    average 1.329 0.268 1.329 7.349 1.329 0.546
    stdev 3.057 0.603 3.057 26.578 3.057 0.650
    p (t-test) 0.301 0.008 0.659
    min 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.006 0.001 0.031
    max 30.484 1.810 30.484 113.267 30.484 1.276
    n (Samp) 148 9 148 18 148 3
    n (Pat) 85 9 85 18 85 3
    sCr only
    median 0.254 0.001 0.254 0.186 0.254 0.042
    average 1.860 0.006 1.860 0.331 1.860 0.042
    stdev 8.870 na 8.870 0.424 8.870 0.016
    p (t-test) na 0.731 0.773
    min 0.001 0.006 0.001 0.006 0.001 0.031
    max 113.267 0.006 113.267 0.945 113.267 0.054
    n (Samp) 179 1 179 4 179 2
    n (Pat) 104 1 104 4 104 2
    UO only
    median 0.360 0.006 0.360 0.133 0.360 0.330
    average 1.330 0.268 1.330 8.203 1.330 0.570
    stdev 3.327 0.603 3.327 28.170 3.327 0.623
    p (t-test) 0.343 0.011 0.694
    min 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.006 0.001 0.103
    max 30.484 1.810 30.484 113.267 30.484 1.276
    n (Samp) 117 9 117 16 117 3
    n (Pat) 68 9 68 16 68 3
    • Heat Shock Protein Beta-1:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 1.533 1.493 1.533 1.616 1.533 1.795
    average 3.434 1.754 3.434 2.869 3.434 1.795
    stdev 6.360 1.423 6.360 3.104 6.360 0.291
    p (t-test) 0.460 0.879 0.718
    min 0.086 0.078 0.086 0.586 0.086 1.589
    max 42.428 3.819 42.428 6.404 42.428 2.001
    n (Samp) 78 8 78 3 78 2
    n (Pat) 56 8 56 3 56 2
    sCr only
    median 1.516 0.078 1.516 0.078 1.516 1.049
    average 3.460 4.420 3.460 6.404 3.460 1.049
    stdev 6.642 na 6.642 na 6.642 0.764
    p (t-test) na na 0.611
    min 0.078 4.420 0.078 6.404 0.078 0.509
    max 42.428 4.420 42.428 6.404 42.428 1.589
    n (Samp) 96 1 96 1 96 2
    n (Pat) 69 1 69 1 69 2
    UO only
    median 1.476 1.493 1.476 1.101 1.476 0.086
    average 2.292 1.754 2.292 1.101 2.292 2.001
    stdev 2.701 1.423 2.701 0.728 2.701 na
    p (t-test) 0.583 0.539 na
    min 0.086 0.078 0.086 0.586 0.086 2.001
    max 17.432 3.819 17.432 1.616 17.432 2.001
    n (Samp) 61 8 61 2 61 1
    n (Pat) 43 8 43 2 43 1
  • In the following tables, the ability to distinguish cohort 1 (subjects remaining in RIFLE 0 or R) from Cohort 2 (subjects progressing to RIFLE I or F) was determined using ROC analysis.
  • Soluble p-Selectin:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements or
    urine output
     0 hours 0.49 0.290 99 1 1.028
    24 hours 0.65 0.079 99 16 0.059
    48 hours 0.98 0.099 99 1 0.000
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours nd nd 114 0 0.211
    24 hours 0.78 0.161 114 3 0.085
    48 hours nd nd 114 0 0.211
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.55 0.300 82 1 0.855
    24 hours 0.66 0.082 82 15 0.046
    48 hours 0.95 0.107 82 2 0.000
    • Protein NOV Homolog:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements or
    urine output
     0 hours 0.45 0.096 167 9 1.376
    24 hours 0.58 0.074 167 18 0.301
    48 hours 0.43 0.159 167 3 1.345
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.64 0.301 198 1 0.638
    24 hours 0.76 0.141 198 4 0.067
    48 hours 0.50 0.206 198 2 1.000
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.46 0.097 133 9 1.350
    24 hours 0.57 0.078 133 16 0.393
    48 hours 0.46 0.164 133 3 1.187
    • Netrin 4:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements or
    urine output
     0 hours 0.41 0.101 75 8 1.614
    24 hours 0.40 0.189 75 2 1.415
    48 hours 0.44 0.198 75 2 1.238
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.23 0.188 92 1 1.842
    24 hours nd nd 92 0 0.211
    48 hours 0.14 0.093 92 2 2.000
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.44 0.106 58 8 1.411
    24 hours 0.42 0.195 58 2 1.325
    48 hours 0.87 0.231 58 1 0.109
    • Alpha-1-Antitrypsin:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements or
    urine output
     0 hours 0.49 0.064 351 21 1.156
    24 hours 0.43 0.057 351 25 1.782
    48 hours 0.41 0.075 351 13 1.763
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.43 0.122 428 5 1.430
    24 hours 0.37 0.103 428 6 1.804
    48 hours 0.35 0.110 428 5 1.829
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.54 0.068 294 20 0.557
    24 hours 0.46 0.062 294 22 1.519
    48 hours 0.44 0.078 294 13 1.524
    • Leukocyte Elastase:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements or
    urine output
     0 hours 0.62 0.075 202 17 0.107
    24 hours 0.72 0.063 202 23 0.000
    48 hours 0.57 0.085 202 13 0.424
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.25 0.139 260 2 1.925
    24 hours 0.48 0.129 260 5 1.135
    48 hours 0.54 0.133 260 5 0.782
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.60 0.076 174 17 0.165
    24 hours 0.71 0.066 174 21 0.002
    48 hours 0.58 0.086 174 13 0.357
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 6:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements or
    urine output
     0 hours 0.31 0.104 189 5 1.925
    24 hours 0.61 0.073 189 18 0.122
    48 hours 0.72 0.131 189 5 0.092
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours nd nd 225 0 0.211
    24 hours 0.97 0.060 225 4 0.000
    48 hours 0.68 0.211 225 2 0.406
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.29 0.100 148 5 1.961
    24 hours 0.55 0.078 148 16 0.553
    48 hours 0.72 0.132 148 5 0.101
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 6:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements or
    urine output
     0 hours 0.60 0.153 109 4 0.523
    24 hours 0.66 0.115 109 7 0.154
    48 hours 0.76 0.143 109 4 0.073
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours nd nd 133 0 0.211
    24 hours 0.58 0.213 133 2 0.718
    48 hours 0.73 0.206 133 2 0.274
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.57 0.153 82 4 0.654
    24 hours 0.65 0.137 82 5 0.266
    48 hours 0.74 0.167 82 3 0.152
    • Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 2:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements or
    urine output
     0 hours 0.22 0.063 148 9 2.000
    24 hours 0.44 0.070 148 18 1.582
    48 hours 0.45 0.163 148 3 1.218
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.08 0.080 179 1 2.000
    24 hours 0.40 0.134 179 4 1.536
    48 hours 0.24 0.137 179 2 1.938
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.22 0.063 117 9 2.000
    24 hours 0.44 0.074 117 16 1.591
    48 hours 0.49 0.169 117 3 1.040
    • Heat Shock Protein Beta-1:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements or
    urine output
     0 hours 0.43 0.102 78 8 1.509
    24 hours 0.54 0.174 78 3 0.835
    48 hours 0.57 0.214 78 2 0.742
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.81 0.263 96 1 0.235
    24 hours 0.90 0.211 96 1 0.061
    48 hours 0.33 0.169 96 2 1.691
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.46 0.107 61 8 1.285
    24 hours 0.39 0.188 61 2 1.443
    48 hours 0.67 0.301 61 1 0.568
  • Various threshold (or “cutoff”) concentrations were selected, and the associated sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing cohort 1 from cohort 2, as shown in the following tables. OR is the odds ratio calculated for the particular cutoff concentration, and 95% CI is the confidence interval for the odds ratio.
  • Soluble p-Selectin:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 0.227269073 100% 48% 1
    0.227269073 100% 48% 2 na na na
    0.227269073 100% 48% 3 na na na
    0.326917826  0% 72% 4 na na na
    0.382377815  0% 81%
    0.512077136  0% 91%
    24 hours 0.23913407  75% 49% 1
    0.180141162  81% 38% 2 1.5 0.3 8.9
    0.086590607  94% 16% 3 1.5 0.3 8.9
    0.326917826  50% 72% 4 5.0 1.2 20.0 
    0.382377815  44% 81%
    0.512077136  19% 91%
    48 hours 0.743604394 100% 98% 1
    0.743604394 100% 98% 2 na na na
    0.743604394 100% 98% 3 na na na
    0.326917826 100% 72% 4 na na na
    0.382377815 100% 81%
    0.512077136 100% 91%
    sCr only
     0 hours 0 na na 1
    0 na na 2 na na na
    0 na na 3 na na na
    0 na na 4 na na na
    0 na na
    0 na na
    24 hours 0.23913407 100% 48% 1
    0.23913407 100% 48% 2 na na na
    0.23913407 100% 48% 3 na na na
    0.326917826  67% 70% 4 na na na
    0.412971955  67% 82%
    0.512077136  67% 90%
    48 hours 0 na na 1
    0 na na 2 na na na
    0 na na 3 na na na
    0 na na 4 na na na
    0 na na
    0 na na
    UO only
     0 hours 0.227269073 100% 55% 1
    0.227269073 100% 55% 2 na na na
    0.227269073 100% 55% 3 na na na
    0.299537531  0% 71% 4 na na na
    0.35046571  0% 80%
    0.498556372  0% 90%
    24 hours 0.250763181  73% 63% 1
    0.180141162  80% 43% 2 1.0 0.1 8.5
    0.086590607  93% 18% 3 2.2 0.4 11.5 
    0.299537531  53% 71% 4 4.3 1.0 18.4 
    0.35046571  47% 80%
    0.498556372  20% 90%
    48 hours 0.512077136 100% 91% 1
    0.512077136 100% 91% 2 na na na
    0.512077136 100% 91% 3 na na na
    0.299537531 100% 71% 4 na na na
    0.35046571 100% 80%
    0.498556372 100% 90%
    • Protein NOV Homolog:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 20680.14706 78% 36% 1
    1785.714286 89%  1% 2 1.0 0.1 7.8
    1226.993865 100%   1% 3 1.5 0.3 8.6
    57899.15966 22% 70% 4 1.0 0.1 7.8
    85359.11602 11% 80%
    138681.3187 11% 90%
    24 hours 19393.38235 72% 35% 1
    15230.58252 83% 27% 2 1.7 0.6 5.5
    10937.5 94% 20% 3 1.7 0.6 5.5
    57899.15966 44% 70% 4 1.7 0.5 5.3
    85359.11602 28% 80%
    138681.3187 11% 90%
    48 hours 3673.245614 100%   4% 1
    3673.245614 100%   4% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    3673.245614 100%   4% 3 1.0 0.0 55.3
    57899.15966 33% 70% 4 1.0 0.0 56.7
    85359.11602 33% 80%
    138681.3187  0% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 49915.54054 100%  64% 1
    49915.54054 100%  64% 2 na na na
    49915.54054 100%  64% 3 na na na
    58743.84236  0% 70% 4 na na na
    87315.27094  0% 80%
    138716.8142  0% 90%
    24 hours 66633.85827 75% 73% 1
    58743.84236 100%  70% 2 na na na
    58743.84236 100%  70% 3 na na na
    58743.84236 100%  70% 4 na na na
    87315.27094 25% 80%
    138716.8142  0% 90%
    48 hours 11821.70543 100%  20% 1
    11821.70543 100%  20% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    11821.70543 100%  20% 3 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    58743.84236 50% 70% 4 1.0 0.0 54.6
    87315.27094  0% 80%
    138716.8142  0% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 20680.14706 78% 36% 1
    1785.714286 89%  1% 2 1.0 0.1 8.2
    14.54359673 100%   1% 3 1.5 0.3 8.9
    56594.48819 22% 71% 4 1.0 0.1 8.2
    81932.77311 11% 80%
    104450.2618 11% 90%
    24 hours 16084.55882 75% 29% 1
    15230.58252 81% 26% 2 1.8 0.6 5.7
    10760.30928 94% 19% 3 1.0 0.2 4.1
    56594.48819 38% 71% 4 1.7 0.5 5.5
    81932.77311 31% 80%
    104450.2618 25% 90%
    48 hours 3673.245614 100%   4% 1
    3673.245614 100%   4% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    3673.245614 100%   4% 3 1.0 0.0 56.8
    56594.48819 33% 71% 4 1.0 0.0 56.8
    81932.77311 33% 80%
    104450.2618 33% 90%
    • Netrin 4:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 0 100%  0% 1
    0 100%  0% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0 100%  0% 3 1.6 0.3 10.0
    0.012067244  25% 71% 4 1.7 0.3 10.7
    0.031866776  13% 80%
    0.102163462  13% 91%
    24 hours 0 100%  0% 1
    0 100%  0% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0 100%  0% 3 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.012067244  50% 71% 4 1.1 0.0 65.8
    0.031866776  0% 80%
    0.102163462  0% 91%
    48 hours 0 100%  0% 1
    0 100%  0% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0 100%  0% 3 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.012067244  50% 71% 4 1.1 0.0 65.8
    0.031866776  50% 80%
    0.102163462  0% 91%
    sCr only
     0 hours 0.001144308 100% 20% 1
    0.001144308 100% 20% 2 na na na
    0.001144308 100% 20% 3 na na na
    0.012067244  0% 71% 4 na na na
    0.050370066  0% 82%
    0.170036765  0% 90%
    24 hours 0 na na 1
    0 na na 2 na na na
    0 na na 3 na na na
    0 na na 4 na na na
    0 na na
    0 na na
    48 hours 0 100%  0% 1
    0 100%  0% 2 na na na
    0 100%  0% 3 na na na
    0.012067244  0% 71% 4 na na na
    0.050370066  0% 82%
    0.170036765  0% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 0 100%  0% 1
    0 100%  0% 2 1.1 0.1 10.0
    0 100%  0% 3 0.5 0.0 11.4
    0.007336754  25% 72% 4 1.7 0.3 11.7
    0.028711718  13% 81%
    0.068873355  13% 91%
    24 hours 0 100%  0% 1
    0 100%  0% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0 100%  0% 3 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.007336754  50% 72% 4 1.0 0.0 66.7
    0.028711718  0% 81%
    0.068873355  0% 91%
    48 hours 0.050370066 100% 86% 1
    0.050370066 100% 86% 2 na na na
    0.050370066 100% 86% 3 na na na
    0.007336754 100% 72% 4 na na na
    0.028711718 100% 81%
    0.068873355  0% 91%
    • Alpha-1-Antitrypsin:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 0.000755 71% 40% 1
    0.000539 81% 32% 2 3.2 1.3 8.0
    0.0000896 90%  4% 3 1.7 0.6 5.1
    0.00179 24% 70% 4 1.3 0.4 4.4
    0.00258 14% 80%
    0.00295  0% 90%
    24 hours 0.000315 72% 19% 1
    0.000181 80% 11% 2 1.2 0.6 2.6
    0.000125 92%  7% 3 1.0 0.4 2.3
    0.00179 24% 70% 4 1.9 1.0 3.6
    0.00258 16% 80%
    0.00295  0% 90%
    48 hours 0.000409 77% 26% 1
    0.000283 85% 17% 2 0.7 0.1 3.5
    0.000225 92% 13% 3 1.7 0.6 5.1
    0.00179 23% 70% 4 1.0 0.3 3.9
    0.00258 23% 80%
    0.00295  0% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 0.000539 80% 30% 1
    0.000539 80% 30% 2 na na na
    0.0000896 100%   4% 3 na na na
    0.00179 40% 70% 4 na na na
    0.00258  0% 80%
    0.00291  0% 90%
    24 hours 0.000361 83% 22% 1
    0.000361 83% 22% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.0000657 100%   2% 3 3.1 0.2 43.3
    0.00179 17% 70% 4 2.0 0.1 40.0
    0.00258 17% 80%
    0.00291  0% 90%
    48 hours 0.000283 80% 16% 1
    0.000283 80% 16% 2 na na na
    0.000178 100%  10% 3 na na na
    0.00179  0% 70% 4 na na na
    0.00258  0% 80%
    0.00291  0% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 0.000972 70% 48% 1
    0.00065 80% 33% 2 1.3 0.4 4.4
    0.000313 90% 17% 3 2.9 1.1 7.4
    0.00179 30% 70% 4 1.7 0.6 5.1
    0.0024 25% 80%
    0.0029  5% 90%
    24 hours 0.000313 73% 17% 1
    0.00018 82% 10% 2 1.2 0.6 2.6
    0.000126 91%  6% 3 0.8 0.3 2.0
    0.00179 27% 70% 4 1.4 0.7 3.0
    0.0024 18% 80%
    0.0029  0% 90%
    48 hours 0.000429 77% 25% 1
    0.000409 85% 24% 2 0.2 0.0 2.9
    0.000225 92% 11% 3 1.3 0.5 3.2
    0.00179 31% 70% 4 0.8 0.2 2.5
    0.0024 31% 80%
    0.0029  0% 90%
    • Leukocyte Elastase:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 20.21791768 71% 45% 1
    8.935546875 82% 27% 2 1.0 0.2 3.9
    3.708584337 94% 13% 3 1.3 0.4 4.5
    49.6875 53% 70% 4 2.5 0.9 6.8
    69.99461787 41% 80%
    90.38461538 29% 90%
    24 hours 40.4467169 74% 63% 1
    18.29710145 83% 43% 2 0.7 0.1 3.6
    3.949652778 91% 14% 3 1.4 0.4 4.6
    49.6875 70% 70% 4 5.8 2.4 13.8
    69.99461787 57% 80%
    90.38461538 43% 90%
    48 hours 5.152027027 77% 18% 1
    4.210069444 85% 15% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.987617925 92%  4% 3 0.7 0.2 2.4
    49.6875 54% 70% 4 1.5 0.6 3.8
    69.99461787 23% 80%
    90.38461538 15% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 3.708584337 100%  12% 1
    3.708584337 100%  12% 2 na na na
    3.708584337 100%  12% 3 na na na
    65.21634615  0% 70% 4 na na na
    79.90397805  0% 80%
    99.65016146  0% 90%
    24 hours 3.949652778 80% 13% 1
    3.949652778 80% 13% 2 2.1 0.1 41.4
    3.860294118 100%  13% 3 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    65.21634615 20% 70% 4 2.1 0.1 41.4
    79.90397805  0% 80%
    99.65016146  0% 90%
    48 hours 30.80296896 80% 50% 1
    30.80296896 80% 50% 2 2.0 0.1 40.8
    0.987617925 100%   4% 3 1.0 0.0 53.5
    65.21634615 20% 70% 4 1.0 0.0 52.7
    79.90397805 20% 80%
    99.65016146 20% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 17.47596154 71% 40% 1
    8.963815789 82% 24% 2 0.5 0.1 2.2
    3.708584337 94%  8% 3 1.0 0.3 2.8
    54.73484848 53% 70% 4 1.8 0.8 4.4
    73.59396433 41% 80%
    95.2689243 29% 90%
    24 hours 40.4467169 71% 60% 1
    18.29710145 81% 41% 2 1.5 0.3 8.4
    12.5 90% 30% 3 2.0 0.4 9.7
    54.73484848 67% 70% 4 7.5 2.2 25.7
    73.59396433 57% 80%
    95.2689243 33% 90%
    48 hours 20.21791768 77% 43% 1
    5.152027027 85% 15% 2 0.3 0.0 4.6
    4.210069444 92% 11% 3 1.0 0.2 4.0
    54.73484848 54% 70% 4 2.1 0.7 6.1
    73.59396433 15% 80%
    95.2689243 15% 90%
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 6:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 92.39130435 80% 13% 1
    92.39130435 80% 13% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    24.82199367 100%   2% 3 2.0 0.1 42.0
    539.044289 20% 70% 4 2.1 0.1 42.9
    679.5520231  0% 80%
    1037.383178  0% 90%
    24 hours 302.3952096 72% 45% 1
    226.9021739 83% 37% 2 1.0 0.2 3.9
    78.94736842 94%  9% 3 1.7 0.6 5.3
    539.044289 50% 70% 4 2.5 0.9 6.9
    679.5520231 33% 80%
    1037.383178 22% 90%
    48 hours 539.044289 80% 70% 1
    539.044289 80% 70% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    95.83333333 100%  14% 3 1.0 0.0 54.8
    539.044289 80% 70% 4 3.1 0.2 45.5
    679.5520231 60% 80%
    1037.383178 40% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 0 na na 1
    0 na na 2 na na na
    0 na na 3 na na na
    0 na na 4 na na na
    0 na na
    0 na na
    24 hours 1522.427441 75% 96% 1
    1187.39255 100%  93% 2 na na na
    1187.39255 100%  93% 3 na na na
    597.4643423 100%  70% 4 na na na
    779.6005706 100%  80%
    1037.383178 100%  90%
    48 hours 249.4158879 100%  36% 1
    249.4158879 100%  36% 2 na na na
    249.4158879 100%  36% 3 na na na
    597.4643423 50% 70% 4 na na na
    779.6005706 50% 80%
    1037.383178 50% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 92.39130435 80% 11% 1
    92.39130435 80% 11% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    24.82199367 100%   2% 3 2.1 0.1 44.4
    549.9286733 20% 70% 4 2.1 0.1 44.4
    675.0369276  0% 80%
    1010.680908  0% 91%
    24 hours 294.7941889 75% 40% 1
    226.9021739 81% 32% 2 1.0 0.2 4.1
    78.94736842 94%  8% 3 1.8 0.6 5.6
    549.9286733 44% 70% 4 1.8 0.6 5.6
    675.0369276 25% 80%
    1010.680908  6% 91%
    48 hours 539.044289 80% 70% 1
    539.044289 80% 70% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    95.83333333 100%  11% 3 1.0 0.0 56.0
    549.9286733 60% 70% 4 3.1 0.2 46.8
    675.0369276 60% 80%
    1010.680908 40% 91%
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 6:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 0 100%   0% 1
    0 100%   0% 2 na na na
    0 100%   0% 3 na na na
    0.812308869 50% 73% 4 na na na
    1.290137615 25% 83%
    2.723623853 25% 91%
    24 hours 0.441696113 71% 69% 1
    0 100%   0% 2 1.0 0.0 58.0
    0 100%   0% 3 2.1 0.1 45.2
    0.812308869 43% 73% 4 3.2 0.2 51.0
    1.290137615 43% 83%
    2.723623853  0% 91%
    48 hours 0.334480122 75% 68% 1
    0.173611111 100%  63% 2 na na na
    0.173611111 100%  63% 3 na na na
    0.812308869 25% 73% 4 na na na
    1.290137615 25% 83%
    2.723623853 25% 91%
    sCr only
     0 hours 0 na na 1
    0 na na 2 na na na
    0 na na 3 na na na
    0 na na 4 na na na
    0 na na
    0 na na
    24 hours 0 100%   0% 1
    0 100%   0% 2 na na na
    0 100%   0% 3 na na na
    0.993816254 50% 74% 4 na na na
    1.545936396 50% 81%
    3.20229682  0% 91%
    48 hours 0.334480122 100%  62% 1
    0.334480122 100%  62% 2 na na na
    0.334480122 100%  62% 3 na na na
    0.993816254 50% 74% 4 na na na
    1.545936396 50% 81%
    3.20229682  0% 91%
    UO only
     0 hours 0 100%   0% 1
    0 100%   0% 2 na na na
    0 100%   0% 3 na na na
    0.993816254 50% 76% 4 na na na
    1.290137615 25% 80%
    3.201452599 25% 90%
    24 hours 0.441696113 80% 63% 1
    0.441696113 80% 63% 2 na na na
    0 100%   0% 3 na na na
    0.993816254 40% 76% 4 na na na
    1.290137615 40% 80%
    3.201452599  0% 90%
    48 hours 0.173611111 100%  56% 1
    0.173611111 100%  56% 2 na na na
    0.173611111 100%  56% 3 na na na
    0.993816254 33% 76% 4 na na na
    1.290137615 33% 80%
    3.201452599 33% 90%
    • Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 2:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 0.00133452 89%  1% 1
    0.00133452 89%  1% 2 1.0 0.0 57.3
    0 100%   0% 3 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    1.115384615 11% 70% 4 8.5 0.8 89.6
    2.015151515  0% 80%
    3.42  0% 91%
    24 hours 0.075892857 72% 28% 1
    0.012096774 83% 16% 2 0.2 0.0 2.2
    0.00133452 100%   1% 3 1.5 0.7 3.2
    1.115384615 28% 70% 4 1.0 0.4 2.5
    2.015151515 11% 80%
    3.42 11% 91%
    48 hours 0.027217742 100%  17% 1
    0.027217742 100%  17% 2 na na na
    0.027217742 100%  17% 3 na na na
    1.115384615 33% 70% 4 na na na
    2.015151515  0% 80%
    3.42  0% 91%
    sCr only
     0 hours 0.00133452 100%   1% 1
    0.00133452 100%   1% 2 na na na
    0.00133452 100%   1% 3 na na na
    1.066666667  0% 71% 4 na na na
    1.744897959  0% 80%
    3.39  0% 91%
    24 hours 0.087701613 75% 35% 1
    0.00133452 100%   1% 2 na na na
    0.00133452 100%   1% 3 na na na
    1.066666667  0% 71% 4 na na na
    1.744897959  0% 80%
    3.39  0% 91%
    48 hours 0.027217742 100%  21% 1
    0.027217742 100%  21% 2 na na na
    0.027217742 100%  21% 3 na na na
    1.066666667  0% 71% 4 na na na
    1.744897959  0% 80%
    3.39  0% 91%
    UO only
     0 hours 0.00133452 89%  1% 1
    0.00133452 89%  1% 2 1.0 0.0 59.2
    0 100%   0% 3 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    1.066666667 11% 71% 4 9.0 0.8 98.2
    1.685106383 11% 80%
    3.296511628  0% 91%
    24 hours 0.053571429 75% 22% 1
    0.012096774 81% 15% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.00133452 100%   1% 3 1.3 0.5 3.0
    1.066666667 31% 71% 4 1.0 0.4 2.6
    1.685106383 25% 80%
    3.296511628 13% 91%
    48 hours 0.087701613 100%  27% 1
    0.087701613 100%  27% 2 na na na
    0.087701613 100%  27% 3 na na na
    1.066666667 33% 71% 4 na na na
    1.685106383  0% 80%
    3.296511628  0% 91%
    • Heat Shock Protein Beta-1:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 0.882523148  75% 28% 1
    0.286565061  88%  5% 2 1.1 0.1 9.1
    0 100%  0% 3 1.0 0.1 8.6
    2.715933476  25% 71% 4 1.1 0.1 9.1
    4.478276353  0% 81%
    6.43966763  0% 91%
    24 hours 0.581395349 100% 17% 1
    0.581395349 100% 17% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.581395349 100% 17% 3 1.0 0.0 61.9
    2.715933476  33% 71% 4 1.0 0.0 58.5
    4.478276353  33% 81%
    6.43966763  0% 91%
    48 hours 1.575912017 100% 53% 1
    1.575912017 100% 53% 2 na na na
    1.575912017 100% 53% 3 na na na
    2.715933476  0% 71% 4 na na na
    4.478276353  0% 81%
    6.43966763  0% 91%
    sCr only
     0 hours 4.258928571 100% 81% 1
    4.258928571 100% 81% 2 na na na
    4.258928571 100% 81% 3 na na na
    2.713815789 100% 71% 4 na na na
    3.926282051 100% 80%
    6.43966763  0% 91%
    24 hours 5.973214286 100% 90% 1
    5.973214286 100% 90% 2 na na na
    5.973214286 100% 90% 3 na na na
    2.713815789 100% 71% 4 na na na
    3.926282051 100% 80%
    6.43966763  0% 91%
    48 hours 0.446428571 100% 13% 1
    0.446428571 100% 13% 2 na na na
    0.446428571 100% 13% 3 na na na
    2.713815789  0% 71% 4 na na na
    3.926282051  0% 80%
    6.43966763  0% 91%
    UO only
     0 hours 0.882523148  75% 30% 1
    0.286565061  88%  5% 2 1.1 0.1 9.8
    0 100%  0% 3 1.1 0.1 9.8
    2.110745614  38% 70% 4 1.1 0.1 9.8
    3.169642857  25% 80%
    5.332977208  0% 90%
    24 hours 0.581395349 100% 18% 1
    0.581395349 100% 18% 2 na na na
    0.581395349 100% 18% 3 na na na
    2.110745614  0% 70% 4 na na na
    3.169642857  0% 80%
    5.332977208  0% 90%
    48 hours 1.978272532 100% 67%
    1.978272532 100% 67% 2 na na na
    1.978272532 100% 67% 3 na na na
    2.110745614  0% 70% 4 na na na
    3.169642857  0% 80%
    5.332977208  0% 90%
    • Example 8 Kidney Injury Markers for Evaluating Renal Status in Patients Progressing from Stage R to Stages I and F
  • Patients were classified and analyzed as described in Example 6, but only those patients that reached Stage R were included in this example. Cohort 1 contained patients that reached stage R but did not progress to stage I or F within 10 days, and Cohort 2 included only patients that progressed to stage I or F. Marker concentrations in urine samples collected within 12 hours of reaching stage R were included in the analysis for both Cohort 1 and 2.
  • The following descriptive statistics were obtained
    • Alpha-1-Antitrypsin:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    average 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    stdev 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    p (t-test) 0.563 0.563 0.563
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
    max 0.005 0.003 0.005 0.003 0.005 0.003
    n (Samp) 33 16 33 16 33 16
    n (Pat) 33 16 33 16 33 16
    sCr only
    median 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.002
    average 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.002
    stdev 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    p (t-test) 0.035 0.035 0.035
    min 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001
    max 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003
    n (Samp) 14 5 14 5 14 5
    n (Pat) 14 5 14 5 14 5
    UO only
    median 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    average 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    stdev 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
    p (t-test) 0.179 0.179 0.179
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
    max 0.005 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.005 0.002
    n (Samp) 25 13 25 13 25 13
    n (Pat) 25 13 25 13 25 13
    • Leukocyte Elastase:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 28.438 71.179 28.438 71.179 28.438 71.179
    average 39.562 69.189 39.562 69.189 39.562 69.189
    stdev 37.684 40.182 37.684 40.182 37.684 40.182
    p (t-test) 0.013 0.013 0.013
    min 2.989 3.950 2.989 3.950 2.989 3.950
    max 125.675 124.623 125.675 124.623 125.675 124.623
    n (Samp) 33 17 33 17 33 17
    n (Pat) 33 17 33 17 33 17
    sCr only
    median 37.273 57.332 37.273 57.332 37.273 57.332
    average 44.713 55.067 44.713 55.067 44.713 55.067
    stdev 37.604 38.895 37.604 38.895 37.604 38.895
    p (t-test) 0.616 0.616 0.616
    min 3.965 4.010 3.965 4.010 3.965 4.010
    max 118.380 103.409 118.380 103.409 118.380 103.409
    n (Samp) 12 5 12 5 12 5
    n (Pat) 12 5 12 5 12 5
    UO only
    median 22.957 73.466 22.957 73.466 22.957 73.466
    average 40.248 66.363 40.248 66.363 40.248 66.363
    stdev 40.543 42.234 40.543 42.234 40.543 42.234
    p (t-test) 0.067 0.067 0.067
    min 2.989 3.776 2.989 3.776 2.989 3.776
    max 125.675 124.623 125.675 124.623 125.675 124.623
    n (Samp) 24 14 24 14 24 14
    n (Pat) 24 14 24 14 24 14
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 6:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 509.986 522.008 509.986 522.008 509.986 522.008
    average 571.908 730.530 571.908 730.530 571.908 730.530
    stdev 432.649 577.043 432.649 577.043 432.649 577.043
    p (t-test) 0.339 0.339 0.339
    min 57.065 225.000 57.065 225.000 57.065 225.000
    max 1846.785 2002.736 1846.785 2002.736 1846.785 2002.736
    n (Samp) 29 12 29 12 29 12
    n (Pat) 29 12 29 12 29 12
    Cr only
    median 317.365 1480.020 317.365 1480.020 317.365 1480.020
    average 412.409 1327.735 412.409 1327.735 412.409 1327.735
    stdev 357.389 711.474 357.389 711.474 357.389 711.474
    p (t-test) 0.005 0.005 0.005
    min 57.065 348.164 57.065 348.164 57.065 348.164
    max 1082.777 2002.736 1082.777 2002.736 1082.777 2002.736
    n (Samp) 11 4 11 4 11 4
    n (Pat) 11 4 11 4 11 4
    UO only
    median 615.549 416.168 615.549 416.168 615.549 416.168
    average 663.825 582.789 663.825 582.789 663.825 582.789
    stdev 445.268 477.453 445.268 477.453 445.268 477.453
    p (t-test) 0.671 0.671 0.671
    min 108.491 225.000 108.491 225.000 108.491 225.000
    max 1846.785 1648.865 1846.785 1648.865 1846.785 1648.865
    n (Samp) 21 8 21 8 21 8
    n (Pat) 21 8 21 8 21 8
  • In the following tables, the ability to distinguish cohort 1 (subjects remaining in RIFLE R) from Cohort 2 (subjects progressing to RIFLE I or F) was determined using ROC analysis.
    • Alpha-1-Antitrypsin:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.48 0.088 33 16 1.153
    24 hours 0.48 0.088 33 16 1.153
    48 hours 0.48 0.088 33 16 1.153
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.81 0.127 14 5 0.013
    24 hours 0.81 0.127 14 5 0.013
    48 hours 0.81 0.127 14 5 0.013
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.39 0.095 25 13 1.750
    24 hours 0.39 0.095 25 13 1.750
    48 hours 0.39 0.095 25 13 1.750
    • Leukocyte Elastase:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.70 0.082 33 17 0.015
    24 hours 0.70 0.082 33 17 0.015
    48 hours 0.70 0.082 33 17 0.015
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.58 0.159 12 5 0.600
    24 hours 0.58 0.159 12 5 0.600
    48 hours 0.58 0.159 12 5 0.600
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.67 0.094 24 14 0.077
    24 hours 0.67 0.094 24 14 0.077
    48 hours 0.67 0.094 24 14 0.077
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 6:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.58 0.101 29 12 0.442
    24 hours 0.58 0.101 29 12 0.442
    48 hours 0.58 0.101 29 12 0.442
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.91 0.106 11 4 0.000
    24 hours 0.91 0.106 11 4 0.000
    48 hours 0.91 0.106 11 4 0.000
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.40 0.116 21 8 1.589
    24 hours 0.40 0.116 21 8 1.589
    48 hours 0.40 0.116 21 8 1.589
  • Various threshold (or “cutoff”) concentrations were selected, and the associated sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing cohort 1 from cohort 2, as shown in the following tables. OR is the odds ratio calculated for the particular cutoff concentration, and 95% CI is the confidence interval for the odds ratio:
    • Alpha-1-Antitrypsin:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 0.000361 75% 27% 1
    0.000283 81% 24% 2 0.8 0.2 3.6
    0.000126 94% 18% 3 1.6 0.4 6.4
    0.00164 25% 73% 4 1.1 0.3 4.8
    0.00202  6% 82%
    0.0028  0% 97%
    24 hours 0.000361 75% 27% 1
    0.000283 81% 24% 2 0.8 0.2 3.6
    0.000126 94% 18% 3 1.6 0.4 6.4
    0.00164 25% 73% 4 1.1 0.3 4.8
    0.00202  6% 82%
    0.0028  0% 97%
    48 hours 0.000361 75% 27% 1
    0.000283 81% 24% 2 0.8 0.2 3.6
    0.000126 94% 18% 3 1.6 0.4 6.4
    0.00164 25% 73% 4 1.1 0.3 4.8
    0.00202  6% 82%
    0.0028  0% 97%
    sCr only
     0 hours 0.00135 80% 86% 1
    0.00135 80% 86% 2 na na na
    0.000814 100%  57% 3 na na na
    0.000935 80% 71% 4 na na na
    0.00135 80% 86%
    0.00175 20% 93%
    24 hours 0.00135 80% 86% 1
    0.00135 80% 86% 2 na na na
    0.000814 100%  57% 3 na na na
    0.000935 80% 71% 4 na na na
    0.00135 80% 86%
    0.00175 20% 93%
    48 hours 0.00135 80% 86% 1
    0.00135 80% 86% 2 na na na
    0.000814 100%  57% 3 na na na
    0.000935 80% 71% 4 na na na
    0.00135 80% 86%
    0.00175 20% 93%
    UO only
     0 hours 0.000283 77% 20% 1
    0.000184 85% 16% 2 1.1 0.1 13.7
    0.000126 92% 16% 3 4.0 0.5 29.8
    0.00164 15% 72% 4 3.2 0.4 26.3
    0.00202  0% 80%
    0.0028  0% 96%
    24 hours 0.000283 77% 20% 1
    0.000184 85% 16% 2 1.1 0.1 13.7
    0.000126 92% 16% 3 4.0 0.5 29.8
    0.00164 15% 72% 4 3.2 0.4 26.3
    0.00202  0% 80%
    0.0028  0% 96%
    48 hours 0.000283 77% 20% 1
    0.000184 85% 16% 2 1.1 0.1 13.7
    0.000126 92% 16% 3 4.0 0.5 29.8
    0.00164 15% 72% 4 3.2 0.4 26.3
    0.00202  0% 80%
    0.0028  0% 96%
    • Leukocyte Elastase:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 55.8934338 71% 73% 1
    28.4375 82% 52% 2 1.5 0.2 11.4
    3.965336134 94%  9% 3 5.0 0.8 31.1
    55.8934338 71% 73% 4 4.3 0.7 25.5
    81.89300412 35% 82%
    97.87405813 29% 91%
    24 hours 55.8934338 71% 73% 1
    28.4375 82% 52% 2 1.5 0.2 11.4
    3.965336134 94%  9% 3 5.0 0.8 31.1
    55.8934338 71% 73% 4 4.3 0.7 25.5
    81.89300412 35% 82%
    97.87405813 29% 91%
    48 hours 55.8934338 71% 73% 1
    28.4375 82% 52% 2 1.5 0.2 11.4
    3.965336134 94%  9% 3 5.0 0.8 31.1
    55.8934338 71% 73% 4 4.3 0.7 25.5
    81.89300412 35% 82%
    97.87405813 29% 91%
    sCr only
     0 hours 19.39903846 80% 42% 1
    19.39903846 80% 42% 2 1.0 0.0 186.2
    3.965336134 100%   8% 3 1.0 0.0 186.2
    65.40865385 40% 75% 4 2.0 0.0 139.7
    71.17868676 40% 83%
    101.4800861 20% 92%
    24 hours 19.39903846 80% 42% 1
    19.39903846 80% 42% 2 1.0 0.0 186.2
    3.965336134 100%   8% 3 1.0 0.0 186.2
    65.40865385 40% 75% 4 2.0 0.0 139.7
    71.17868676 40% 83%
    101.4800861 20% 92%
    48 hours 19.39903846 80% 42% 1
    19.39903846 80% 42% 2 1.0 0.0 186.2
    3.965336134 100%   8% 3 1.0 0.0 186.2
    65.40865385 40% 75% 4 2.0 0.0 139.7
    71.17868676 40% 83%
    101.4800861 20% 92%
    UO only
     0 hours 36.17788462 71% 58% 1
    10.20281457 86% 46% 2 1.5 0.2 13.4
    3.776041667 93%  8% 3 2.8 0.3 23.8
    55.8934338 64% 71% 4 3.5 0.5 27.0
    92.52400549 36% 83%
    97.87405813 29% 92%
    24 hours 36.17788462 71% 58% 1
    10.20281457 86% 46% 2 1.5 0.2 13.4
    3.776041667 93%  8% 3 2.8 0.3 23.8
    55.8934338 64% 71% 4 3.5 0.5 27.0
    92.52400549 36% 83%
    97.87405813 29% 92%
    48 hours 36.17788462 71% 58% 1
    10.20281457 86% 46% 2 1.5 0.2 13.4
    3.776041667 93%  8% 3 2.8 0.3 23.8
    55.8934338 64% 71% 4 3.5 0.5 27.0
    92.52400549 36% 83%
    97.87405813 29% 92%
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 6:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 344.3113772 75% 38% 1
    243.2065217 83% 31% 2 2.7 0.3 20.5
    225 92% 28% 3 1.0 0.1 11.6
    698.2881598 33% 72% 4 2.3 0.3 16.8
    857.3692552 25% 83%
    1273.352436 17% 93%
    24 hours 344.3113772 75% 38% 1
    243.2065217 83% 31% 2 2.7 0.3 20.5
    225 92% 28% 3 1.0 0.1 11.6
    698.2881598 33% 72% 4 2.3 0.3 16.8
    857.3692552 25% 83%
    1273.352436 17% 93%
    48 hours 344.3113772 75% 38% 1
    243.2065217 83% 31% 2 2.7 0.3 20.5
    225 92% 28% 3 1.0 0.1 11.6
    698.2881598 33% 72% 4 2.3 0.3 16.8
    857.3692552 25% 83%
    1273.352436 17% 93%
    sCr only
     0 hours 1082.777036 75% 100%  1
    344.3113772 100%  64% 2 na na na
    344.3113772 100%  64% 3 na na na
    427.7912621 75% 73% 4 na na na
    670.3645008 75% 82%
    1010.680908 75% 91%
    24 hours 1082.777036 75% 100%  1
    344.3113772 100%  64% 2 na na na
    344.3113772 100%  64% 3 na na na
    427.7912621 75% 73% 4 na na na
    670.3645008 75% 82%
    1010.680908 75% 91%
    48 hours 1082.777036 75% 100%  1
    344.3113772 100%  64% 2 na na na
    344.3113772 100%  64% 3 na na na
    427.7912621 75% 73% 4 na na na
    670.3645008 75% 82%
    1010.680908 75% 91%
    UO only
     0 hours 243.2065217 75% 24% 1
    225 88% 19% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    206.5217391 100%  19% 3 4.0 0.3 46.4
    722.027972 25% 71% 4 1.2 0.1 17.5
    857.3692552 13% 81%
    1273.352436 13% 90%
    24 hours 243.2065217 75% 24% 1
    225 88% 19% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    206.5217391 100%  19% 3 4.0 0.3 46.4
    722.027972 25% 71% 4 1.2 0.1 17.5
    857.3692552 13% 81%
    1273.352436 13% 90%
    48 hours 243.2065217 75% 24% 1
    225 88% 19% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    206.5217391 100%  19% 3 4.0 0.3 46.4
    722.027972 25% 71% 4 1.2 0.1 17.5
    857.3692552 13% 81%
    1273.352436 13% 90%
    • Example 9 Kidney Injury Markers for Evaluating Renal Status in Patients at RIFLE Stage 0
  • Patients from the intensive care unit (ICU) were classified by kidney status as non-injury (O), risk of injury (R), injury (I), and failure (F) according to the maximum stage reached within 7 days of enrollment as determined by the RIFLE criteria.
  • Two cohorts were defined as (Cohort 1) patients that did not progress beyond stage 0, and (Cohort 2) patients that reached stage R, I, or F within 10 days. To address normal marker fluctuations that occur within patients at the ICU and thereby assess utility for monitoring AKI status, marker levels in blood samples collected for Cohort 1. Marker concentrations were measured in the plasma component of the blood samples collected from a subject at 0, 24 hours, and 48 hours prior to reaching stage R, I or F in Cohort 2. In the following tables, the time “prior max stage” represents the time at which a sample is collected, relative to the time a particular patient reaches the lowest disease stage as defined for that cohort, binned into three groups which are +/−12 hours. For example, 24 hr prior for this example (0 vs R, I, F) would mean 24 hr (+/−12 hours) prior to reaching stage R (or I if no sample at R, or F if no sample at R or I).
  • Each marker was measured by standard immunoassay methods using commercially available assay reagents. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated for each marker and the area under each ROC curve (AUC) was determined. Patients in Cohort 2 were also separated according to the reason for adjudication to stage R, I, or F as being based on serum creatinine measurements (sCr), being based on urine output (UO), or being based on either serum creatinine measurements or urine output. That is, for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements alone, the stage 0 cohort may have included patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of urine output; for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of urine output alone, the stage 0 cohort may have included patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements; and for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements or urine output, the stage 0 cohort contains only patients in stage 0 for both serum creatinine measurements and urine output. Also, for those patients adjudicated to stage R, I, or F on the basis of serum creatinine measurements or urine output, the adjudication method which yielded the most severe RIFLE stage was used.
  • The following descriptive statistics were obtained:
  • Soluble p-Selectin:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 70.572 83.841 70.572 69.671 70.572 na
    average 71.352 85.322 71.352 72.002 71.352 na
    stdev 31.877 25.092 31.877 39.791 31.877 na
    p (t-test) 0.266 0.953 na
    min 26.445 56.486 26.445 27.323 26.445 na
    max 148.265 119.078 148.265 195.149 148.265 na
    n (Samp) 26 8 26 17 26 0
    n (Pat) 25 8 25 17 25 0
    sCr only
    median 69.882 63.763 69.882 48.651 69.882 22.994
    average 75.831 63.763 75.831 62.269 75.831 104.567
    stdev 39.565 10.291 39.565 27.300 39.565 na
    p (t-test) 0.672 0.331 na
    min 22.994 56.486 22.994 34.538 22.994 104.567
    max 196.760 71.039 196.760 106.261 196.760 104.567
    n (Samp) 47 2 47 9 47 1
    n (Pat) 44 2 44 9 44 1
    UO only
    median 71.039 96.643 71.039 69.671 71.039 26.445
    average 69.479 87.362 69.479 76.898 69.479 71.409
    stdev 32.279 26.376 32.279 43.557 32.279 na
    p (t-test) 0.187 0.566 na
    min 26.445 56.486 26.445 27.323 26.445 71.409
    max 148.265 119.078 148.265 195.149 148.265 71.409
    n (Samp) 27 7 27 11 27 1
    n (Pat) 25 7 25 11 25 1
    • Protein NOV Homolog:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 7867.816 10136.555 7867.816 11134.454 7867.816 14.544
    average 32628.823 11619.711 32628.823 11746.019 32628.823 13928.571
    stdev 118993.020 7490.315 118993.020 9009.294 118993.020 na
    p (t-test) 0.422 0.436 na
    min 14.544 1362.398 14.544 730.519 14.544 13928.571
    max 1005084.746 29632.588 1005084.746 32110.092 1005084.746 13928.571
    n (Samp) 82 21 82 20 82 1
    n (Pat) 47 21 47 20 47 1
    sCr only
    median 8560.924 15515.485 8560.924 11263.342 8560.924 21232.057
    average 24336.406 20501.633 24336.406 13302.341 24336.406 28699.397
    stdev 93316.115 16311.708 93316.115 9797.524 93316.115 19613.823
    p (t-test) 0.908 0.684 0.936
    min 14.544 1362.398 14.544 730.519 14.544 13916.016
    max 1005084.746 54988.124 1005084.746 39449.541 1005084.746 50950.119
    n (Samp) 135 8 135 12 135 3
    n (Pat) 78 8 78 12 78 3
    UO only
    median 9195.402 12646.484 9195.402 11449.580 9195.402 13629.325
    average 36969.265 13836.073 36969.265 15641.491 36969.265 13629.325
    stdev 130178.851 8858.174 130178.851 13967.881 130178.851 423.199
    p (t-test) 0.420 0.544 0.802
    min 14.544 1542.208 14.544 974.026 14.544 13330.078
    max 1005084.746 32827.476 1005084.746 48955.614 1005084.746 13928.571
    n (Samp) 68 21 68 14 68 2
    n (Pat) 37 21 37 14 37 2
    • Netrin 4:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 0.012 0.016 0.012 0.023 0.012 0.005
    average 0.332 0.024 0.332 0.064 0.332 0.038
    stdev 1.597 0.018 1.597 0.084 1.597 na
    p (t-test) 0.492 0.774 na
    min 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.008 0.005 0.038
    max 8.584 0.062 8.584 0.161 8.584 0.038
    n (Samp) 56 13 56 3 56 1
    n (Pat) 37 13 37 3 37 1
    sCr only
    median 0.013 0.037 0.013 0.027 0.013 0.012
    average 0.220 0.035 0.220 0.070 0.220 0.012
    stdev 1.279 0.017 1.279 0.078 1.279 0.007
    p (t-test) 0.725 0.840 0.820
    min 0.005 0.009 0.005 0.023 0.005 0.007
    max 8.584 0.053 8.584 0.161 8.584 0.017
    n (Samp) 88 6 88 3 88 2
    n (Pat) 61 6 61 3 61 2
    UO only
    median 0.011 0.018 0.011 0.019 0.011 0.005
    average 0.437 0.024 0.437 0.017 0.437 0.038
    stdev 1.861 0.018 1.861 0.008 1.861 na
    p (t-test) 0.413 0.701 na
    min 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.008 0.005 0.038
    max 8.584 0.062 8.584 0.023 8.584 0.038
    n (Samp) 41 14 41 3 41 1
    n (Pat) 27 14 27 3 27 1
    • Haptoglobin:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 2.650 1.820 2.650 1.910 2.650 2.400
    average 3.055 2.257 3.055 2.372 3.055 2.704
    stdev 2.226 1.750 2.226 1.940 2.226 2.157
    p (t-test) 0.044 0.044 0.481
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.021
    max 12.700 7.060 12.700 8.540 12.700 8.970
    n (Samp) 221 35 221 51 221 22
    n (Pat) 80 35 80 51 80 22
    sCr only
    median 2.465 1.640 2.465 1.910 2.465 1.985
    average 2.759 2.213 2.759 2.473 2.759 1.804
    stdev 2.083 2.136 2.083 2.067 2.083 0.796
    p (t-test) 0.306 0.540 0.149
    min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.703
    max 12.700 8.320 12.700 8.870 12.700 2.730
    n (Samp) 386 16 386 21 386 10
    n (Pat) 129 16 129 21 129 10
    UO only
    median 2.190 1.620 2.190 2.160 2.190 2.670
    average 2.571 2.144 2.571 2.446 2.571 2.863
    stdev 2.000 1.724 2.000 2.021 2.000 2.289
    p (t-test) 0.245 0.709 0.533
    min 0.000 0.019 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.021
    max 12.700 7.060 12.700 8.540 12.700 8.970
    n (Samp) 183 34 183 45 183 21
    n (Pat) 65 34 65 45 65 21
    • Alpha-1-Antitrypsin:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 3.510 2.460 3.510 2.160 3.510 2.200
    average 3.655 2.645 3.655 2.428 3.655 2.550
    stdev 1.505 0.889 1.505 1.053 1.505 1.005
    p (t-test) 0.000 0.000 0.001
    min 1.080 1.310 1.080 0.854 1.080 1.080
    max 8.930 5.090 8.930 5.640 8.930 5.060
    n (Samp) 221 35 221 51 221 22
    n (Pat) 80 35 80 51 80 22
    sCr only
    median 3.040 2.505 3.040 2.390 3.040 2.670
    average 3.311 2.854 3.311 2.558 3.311 2.701
    stdev 1.455 1.465 1.455 1.354 1.455 1.386
    p (t-test) 0.220 0.021 0.191
    min 0.769 1.220 0.769 0.968 0.769 0.737
    max 8.930 6.700 8.930 5.580 8.930 5.060
    n (Samp) 386 16 386 21 386 10
    n (Pat) 129 16 129 21 129 10
    UO only
    median 3.240 2.550 3.240 2.170 3.240 2.160
    average 3.533 2.860 3.533 2.553 3.533 2.438
    stdev 1.410 1.092 1.410 1.086 1.410 0.910
    p (t-test) 0.009 0.000 0.001
    min 1.080 1.310 1.080 0.854 1.080 1.080
    max 8.230 6.250 8.230 5.640 8.230 5.060
    n (Samp) 183 34 183 45 183 21
    n (Pat) 65 34 65 45 65 21
    • Leukocyte Elastase:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 222.772 297.398 222.772 368.959 222.772 393.443
    average 247.491 329.042 247.491 354.958 247.491 400.478
    stdev 152.139 200.493 152.139 180.003 152.139 216.536
    p (t-test) 0.021 0.000 0.000
    min 8.409 48.240 8.409 1.849 8.409 80.793
    max 1032.377 874.180 1032.377 816.803 1032.377 954.508
    n (Samp) 84 31 84 46 84 22
    n (Pat) 49 31 49 46 49 22
    sCr only
    median 264.962 408.843 264.962 328.996 264.962 373.327
    average 304.658 485.313 304.658 314.930 304.658 397.912
    stdev 184.125 424.976 184.125 181.513 184.125 260.693
    p (t-test) 0.003 0.821 0.128
    min 8.409 79.573 8.409 1.849 8.409 80.793
    max 1032.377 1644.672 1032.377 689.754 1032.377 954.508
    n (Samp) 200 12 200 18 200 10
    n (Pat) 90 12 90 18 90 10
    UO only
    median 234.419 286.321 234.419 373.606 234.419 373.327
    average 287.226 321.020 287.226 362.698 287.226 373.328
    stdev 192.885 191.749 192.885 167.926 192.885 172.453
    p (t-test) 0.435 0.044 0.073
    min 8.409 48.240 8.409 36.724 8.409 82.317
    max 1032.377 861.088 1032.377 816.803 1032.377 742.213
    n (Samp) 76 27 76 37 76 20
    n (Pat) 44 27 44 37 44 20
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 6:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 8865.415 12729.659 8865.415 10371.517 8865.415 10338.807
    average 9989.544 12480.031 9989.544 11454.723 9989.544 10338.807
    stdev 4535.217 4126.782 4535.217 3896.751 4535.217 4906.249
    p (t-test) 0.037 0.156 0.914
    min 3586.165 6493.109 3586.165 6171.516 3586.165 6869.565
    max 21411.765 18935.447 21411.765 18618.347 21411.765 13808.050
    n (Samp) 97 17 97 23 97 2
    n (Pat) 34 17 34 23 34 2
    sCr only
    median 9860.870 15705.689 9860.870 9953.178 9860.870 12004.530
    average 10987.374 14748.081 10987.374 11852.762 10987.374 12374.972
    stdev 4642.075 3913.248 4642.075 3851.215 4642.075 1288.436
    p (t-test) 0.052 0.500 0.607
    min 3586.165 8367.072 3586.165 6202.144 3586.165 11312.336
    max 21494.904 18437.146 21494.904 18618.347 21494.904 13808.050
    n (Samp) 155 6 155 14 155 3
    n (Pat) 56 6 56 14 56 3
    UO only
    median 8909.217 12729.659 8909.217 10828.803 8909.217 9831.547
    average 9531.137 12459.768 9531.137 11236.077 9531.137 10169.720
    stdev 3917.481 4106.211 3917.481 3615.748 3917.481 3481.582
    p (t-test) 0.010 0.112 0.782
    min 3586.165 6493.109 3586.165 6171.516 3586.165 6869.565
    max 20557.276 18935.447 20557.276 18369.196 20557.276 13808.050
    n (Samp) 78 15 78 16 78 3
    n (Pat) 29 15 29 16 29 3
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 6:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 42.775 39.610 42.775 55.696 42.775 49.616
    average 51.446 48.676 51.446 66.236 51.446 49.616
    stdev 28.498 31.762 28.498 37.719 28.498 5.370
    p (t-test) 0.776 0.114 0.928
    min 12.326 13.368 12.326 23.077 12.326 45.819
    max 140.754 114.547 140.754 124.129 140.754 53.413
    n (Samp) 77 10 77 12 77 2
    n (Pat) 19 10 19 12 19 2
    sCr only
    median 43.362 37.796 43.362 41.424 43.362 44.816
    average 53.571 32.283 53.571 58.881 53.571 37.263
    stdev 31.254 12.032 31.254 37.415 31.254 13.960
    p (t-test) 0.133 0.666 0.371
    min 11.820 13.368 11.820 18.750 11.820 21.154
    max 140.754 41.424 140.754 120.509 140.754 45.819
    n (Samp) 117 5 117 7 117 3
    n (Pat) 26 5 26 7 26 3
    UO only
    median 42.996 48.707 42.996 47.702 42.996 49.616
    average 51.980 53.996 51.980 58.968 51.980 49.616
    stdev 29.050 32.850 29.050 34.286 29.050 5.370
    p (t-test) 0.857 0.496 0.910
    min 12.326 20.673 12.326 23.077 12.326 45.819
    max 140.754 114.547 140.754 124.129 140.754 53.413
    n (Samp) 58 8 58 10 58 2
    n (Pat) 14 8 14 10 14 2
    • Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 2:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 381.659 332.808 381.659 207.029 381.659 na
    average 453.439 471.326 453.439 175.035 453.439 na
    stdev 309.507 297.611 309.507 116.425 309.507 na
    p (t-test) 0.863 0.131 na
    min 1.944 115.768 1.944 45.957 1.944 na
    max 1343.415 920.780 1343.415 272.118 1343.415 na
    n (Samp) 47 11 47 3 47 0
    n (Pat) 26 11 26 3 26 0
    sCr only
    median 352.709 274.877 352.709 207.029 352.709 571.024
    average 437.179 299.470 437.179 214.280 437.179 571.024
    stdev 300.781 95.717 300.781 172.063 300.781 371.283
    p (t-test) 0.314 0.208 0.538
    min 1.944 193.610 1.944 45.957 1.944 308.488
    max 1343.415 445.517 1343.415 389.854 1343.415 833.561
    n (Samp) 72 5 72 3 72 2
    n (Pat) 43 5 43 3 43 2
    UO only
    median 354.483 392.230 354.483 272.118 354.483 na
    average 492.930 482.921 492.930 312.819 492.930 na
    stdev 322.471 281.363 322.471 130.973 322.471 na
    p (t-test) 0.925 0.349 na
    min 34.681 115.768 34.681 207.029 34.681 na
    max 1343.415 920.780 1343.415 459.310 1343.415 na
    n (Samp) 33 12 33 3 33 0
    n (Pat) 16 12 16 3 16 0
    • Soluble Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 73.208 64.207 73.208 52.986 73.208 na
    average 77.246 84.781 77.246 67.004 77.246 na
    stdev 29.337 47.540 29.337 29.571 29.337 na
    p (t-test) 0.502 0.561 na
    min 40.444 39.576 40.444 47.048 40.444 na
    max 184.615 193.269 184.615 100.978 184.615 na
    n (Samp) 47 11 47 3 47 0
    n (Pat) 26 11 26 3 26 0
    sCr only
    median 74.467 64.207 74.467 95.531 74.467 95.310
    average 84.898 70.258 84.898 83.165 84.898 95.310
    stdev 37.172 25.772 37.172 26.277 37.172 30.532
    p (t-test) 0.391 0.937 0.697
    min 39.576 43.771 39.576 52.986 39.576 73.720
    max 200.481 112.255 200.481 100.978 200.481 116.899
    n (Samp) 72 5 72 3 72 2
    n (Pat) 43 5 43 3 43 2
    UO only
    median 73.464 78.271 73.464 52.986 73.464 na
    average 75.845 85.411 75.845 62.838 75.845 na
    stdev 26.038 45.034 26.038 22.404 26.038 na
    p (t-test) 0.380 0.410 na
    min 42.620 39.576 42.620 47.048 42.620 na
    max 158.173 193.269 158.173 88.480 158.173 na
    n (Samp) 33 12 33 3 33 0
    n (Pat) 16 12 16 3 16 0
    • Heat Shock Protein Beta-1:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 83.383 62.505 83.383 57.533 83.383 3.449
    average 129.932 68.022 129.932 50.652 129.932 16.349
    stdev 127.748 57.697 127.748 28.391 127.748 na
    p (t-test) 0.082 0.291 na
    min 3.449 8.406 3.449 19.454 3.449 16.349
    max 683.847 211.848 683.847 74.970 683.847 16.349
    n (Samp) 57 14 57 3 57 1
    n (Pat) 37 14 37 3 37 1
    sCr only
    median 76.472 84.460 76.472 62.650 76.472 468.268
    average 117.716 143.771 117.716 65.051 117.716 468.268
    stdev 123.501 193.557 123.501 8.963 123.501 488.226
    p (t-test) 0.631 0.464 0.000
    min 3.449 9.395 3.449 57.533 3.449 123.040
    max 683.847 533.475 683.847 74.970 683.847 813.496
    n (Samp) 91 6 91 3 91 2
    n (Pat) 62 6 62 3 62 2
    UO only
    median 88.186 35.469 88.186 57.533 88.186 14.768
    average 136.091 57.330 136.091 178.691 136.091 16.349
    stdev 130.907 57.559 130.907 243.575 130.907 na
    p (t-test) 0.029 0.609 na
    min 14.768 8.406 14.768 19.454 14.768 16.349
    max 683.847 211.848 683.847 459.086 683.847 16.349
    n (Samp) 42 15 42 3 42 1
    n (Pat) 27 15 27 3 27 1
  • In the following tables, the ability to distinguish cohort 1 (subjects remaining in RIFLE 0) from Cohort 2 (subjects progressing to RIFLE R, I or F) was determined using ROC analysis. SE is the standard error of the AUC, n is the number of sample or individual patients (“pts,” as indicated). Standard errors were calculated as described in Hanley, J. A., and McNeil, B. J., The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology (1982) 143: 29-36; p values were calculated with a two-tailed Z-test. An AUC <0.5 is indicative of a negative going marker for the comparison, and an AUC >0.5 is indicative of a positive going marker for the comparison.
  • Soluble p-Selectin:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.63 0.119 26 8 0.293
    24 hours 0.47 0.091 26 17 1.236
    48 hours nd nd 26 0 0.211
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.43 0.198 47 2 1.293
    24 hours 0.41 0.100 47 9 1.626
    48 hours 0.81 0.267 47 1 0.247
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.67 0.123 27 7 0.161
    24 hours 0.51 0.105 27 11 0.962
    48 hours 0.56 0.307 27 1 0.856
    • Protein NOV Homolog:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.56 0.072 82 21 0.379
    24 hours 0.56 0.073 82 20 0.447
    48 hours 0.74 0.287 82 1 0.396
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.70 0.106 135 8 0.057
    24 hours 0.60 0.090 135 12 0.262
    48 hours 0.85 0.142 135 3 0.014
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.60 0.073 68 21 0.187
    24 hours 0.58 0.087 68 14 0.370
    48 hours 0.74 0.204 68 2 0.235
  • Netrin 4:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.56 0.091 56 13 0.482
    24 hours 0.63 0.178 56 3 0.482
    48 hours 0.79 0.275 56 1 0.299
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.73 0.120 88 6 0.050
    24 hours 0.81 0.153 88 3 0.042
    48 hours 0.35 0.175 88 2 1.619
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.63 0.090 41 14 0.147
    24 hours 0.60 0.180 41 3 0.572
    48 hours 0.83 0.257 41 1 0.200
    • Haptoglobin:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.40 0.049 221 35 1.955
    24 hours 0.41 0.042 221 51 1.971
    48 hours 0.45 0.062 221 22 1.601
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.40 0.068 386 16 1.843
    24 hours 0.45 0.062 386 21 1.620
    48 hours 0.37 0.081 386 10 1.888
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.44 0.052 183 34 1.716
    24 hours 0.48 0.048 183 45 1.396
    48 hours 0.54 0.068 183 21 0.589
    • Alpha-1-Antitrypsin:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.29 0.042 221 35 2.000
    24 hours 0.25 0.033 221 51 2.000
    48 hours 0.28 0.049 221 22 2.000
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.39 0.066 386 16 1.905
    24 hours 0.34 0.054 386 21 1.997
    48 hours 0.38 0.083 386 10 1.842
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.35 0.048 183 34 1.998
    24 hours 0.28 0.038 183 45 2.000
    48 hours 0.26 0.049 183 21 2.000
    • Leukocyte Elastase:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.63 0.061 84 31 0.027
    24 hours 0.70 0.050 84 46 0.000
    48 hours 0.73 0.066 84 22 0.001
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.64 0.089 200 12 0.117
    24 hours 0.54 0.073 200 18 0.564
    48 hours 0.61 0.097 200 10 0.254
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.57 0.066 76 27 0.282
    24 hours 0.65 0.057 76 37 0.006
    48 hours 0.67 0.072 76 20 0.020
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 6:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.67 0.076 97 17 0.027
    24 hours 0.62 0.068 97 23 0.077
    48 hours 0.52 0.210 97 2 0.922
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.74 0.119 155 6 0.046
    24 hours 0.57 0.083 155 14 0.403
    48 hours 0.66 0.174 155 3 0.371
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.70 0.080 78 15 0.013
    24 hours 0.65 0.080 78 16 0.071
    48 hours 0.58 0.176 78 3 0.662
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 6:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.45 0.095 77 10 1.368
    24 hours 0.62 0.092 77 12 0.193
    48 hours 0.60 0.215 77 2 0.651
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.30 0.103 117 5 1.945
    24 hours 0.54 0.115 117 7 0.703
    48 hours 0.38 0.151 117 3 1.554
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.52 0.111 58 8 0.876
    24 hours 0.57 0.102 58 10 0.492
    48 hours 0.57 0.216 58 2 0.749
    • Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 2:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.50 0.098 47 11 0.976
    24 hours 0.17 0.093 47 3 2.000
    48 hours nd nd 47 0 0.211
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.36 0.117 72 5 1.764
    24 hours 0.27 0.124 72 3 1.938
    48 hours 0.61 0.216 72 2 0.607
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.50 0.098 33 12 1.020
    24 hours 0.31 0.143 33 3 1.808
    48 hours nd nd 33 0 0.211
    • Soluble Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.49 0.097 47 11 1.087
    24 hours 0.39 0.157 47 3 1.515
    48 hours nd nd 47 0 0.211
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.38 0.120 72 5 1.686
    24 hours 0.55 0.175 72 3 0.762
    48 hours 0.64 0.215 72 2 0.508
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.52 0.099 33 12 0.848
    24 hours 0.35 0.153 33 3 1.661
    48 hours nd nd 33 0 0.211
    • Heat Shock Protein Beta-1:
  • Time prior max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
    measurements or urine output
     0 hours 0.34 0.076 57 14 1.965
    24 hours 0.26 0.122 57 3 1.953
    48 hours 0.08 0.081 57 1 2.000
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.52 0.123 91 6 0.894
    24 hours 0.45 0.163 91 3 1.255
    48 hours 0.84 0.176 91 2 0.053
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.25 0.067 42 15 2.000
    24 hours 0.42 0.164 42 3 1.372
    48 hours 0.04 0.044 42 1 2.000
  • Various threshold (or “cutoff”) concentrations were selected, and the associated sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing cohort 1 from cohort 2, as shown in the following tables. OR is the odds ratio calculated for the particular cutoff concentration, and 95% CI is the confidence interval for the odds ratio.
  • Soluble p-Selectin:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 62.1755931 75% 38% 1
    56.48600789 88% 35% 2 na na na
    49.50570666 100%  35% 3 na na na
    85.18918315 50% 73% 4 na na na
    100.9858993 25% 81%
    111.8621122 25% 92%
    24 hours 45.08916942 71% 31% 1
    36.15698737 82% 15% 2 1.0 0.2  4.7
    32.86446282 94% 15% 3 1.5 0.3  6.5
    85.18918315 24% 73% 4 1.2 0.2  5.7
    100.9858993 12% 81%
    111.8621122  6% 92%
    48 hours 0 na na 1
    0 na na 2 na na na
    0 na na 3 na na na
    0 na na 4 na na na
    0 na na
    0 na na
    sCr only
     0 hours 52.7973052 100%  32% 1
    52.7973052 100%  32% 2 na na na
    52.7973052 100%  32% 3 na na na
    87.65153768  0% 70% 4 na na na
    104.3602943  0% 81%
    116.8580315  0% 91%
    24 hours 39.57955124 78% 21% 1
    34.53796343 89% 15% 2 0.5 0.0 12.0
    32.86446282 100%  15% 3 1.6 0.2 11.8
    87.65153768 22% 70% 4 1.6 0.2 11.8
    104.3602943 11% 81%
    116.8580315  0% 91%
    48 hours 104.3602943 100%  81% 1
    104.3602943 100%  81% 2 na na na
    104.3602943 100%  81% 3 na na na
    87.65153768 100%  70% 4 na na na
    104.3602943 100%  81%
    116.8580315  0% 91%
    UO only
     0 hours 62.1755931 71% 44% 1
    56.48600789 86% 41% 2 na na na
    49.50570666 100%  41% 3 na na na
    84.57719926 57% 70% 4 na na na
    100.9858993 29% 81%
    111.8621122 29% 93%
    24 hours 62.1755931 73% 44% 1
    49.50570666 82% 41% 2 2.3 0.3 18.6
    36.15698737 91% 19% 3 1.8 0.2 16.4
    84.57719926 18% 70% 4 0.9 0.1 10.5
    100.9858993  9% 81%
    111.8621122  9% 93%
    48 hours 71.26241682 100%  56% 1
    71.26241682 100%  56% 2 na na na
    71.26241682 100%  56% 3 na na na
    84.57719926  0% 70% 4 na na na
    100.9858993  0% 81%
    111.8621122  0% 93%
    • Protein NOV Homolog:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 6465.517241 71% 44% 1
    5128.205128 81% 33% 2 0.7 0.2 2.6
    1785.714286 90% 11% 3 2.3 0.9 6.0
    11607.14286 48% 71% 4 1.6 0.6 4.3
    16845.70313 19% 80%
    37140.57508  0% 90%
    24 hours 7500 70% 48% 1
    5128.205128 80% 33% 2 0.7 0.2 2.6
    1461.038961 90% 10% 3 2.5 1.0 6.3
    11607.14286 35% 71% 4 1.3 0.4 3.6
    16845.70313 15% 80%
    37140.57508  0% 90%
    48 hours 13916.01563 100%  74% 1
    13916.01563 100%  74% 2 na na na
    13916.01563 100%  74% 3 na na na
    11607.14286 100%  71% 4 na na na
    16845.70313  0% 80%
    37140.57508  0% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 12978.4689 75% 72% 1
    10057.47126 88% 57% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    1209.128065 100%   6% 3 3.1 0.2 47.4
    12619.61722 75% 70% 4 4.3 0.3 55.5
    16566.98565 38% 80%
    29632.58786 25% 90%
    24 hours 9339.08046 75% 53% 1
    7500 83% 44% 2 2.0 0.1 42.3
    5970.149254 92% 36% 3 6.8 0.6 75.1
    12619.61722 42% 70% 4 3.1 0.2 47.2
    16566.98565 17% 80%
    29632.58786  8% 90%
    48 hours 13232.42188 100%  73% 1
    13232.42188 100%  73% 2 na na na
    13232.42188 100%  73% 3 na na na
    12619.61722 100%  70% 4 na na na
    16566.98565 67% 80%
    29632.58786 33% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 9500 71% 53% 1
    6089.74359 81% 31% 2 1.0 0.3 3.3
    2830.981183 90% 16% 3 1.7 0.6 4.8
    11607.14286 57% 72% 4 2.0 0.7 5.4
    16845.70313 29% 82%
    49738.90339  0% 91%
    24 hours 8189.655172 71% 47% 1
    2588.555858 86% 15% 2 0.6 0.1 3.8
    1461.038961 93%  7% 3 1.9 0.5 6.9
    11607.14286 43% 72% 4 1.3 0.3 5.3
    16845.70313 29% 82%
    49738.90339  0% 91%
    48 hours 12978.4689 100%  74% 1
    12978.4689 100%  74% 2 na na na
    12978.4689 100%  74% 3 na na na
    11607.14286 100%  72% 4 na na na
    16845.70313  0% 82%
    49738.90339  0% 91%
    • Netrin 4:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 0.01015625  77% 36% 1
    0.009315718  85% 32% 2 1.6 0.2 10.8
    0.006669207  92% 11% 3 1.6 0.2 10.8
    0.019901762  46% 71% 4 2.9 0.6 15.1
    0.04140625  15% 80%
    0.106860632  0% 91%
    24 hours 0.007727812 100% 20% 1
    0.007727812 100% 20% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.007727812 100% 20% 3 0.9 0.0 62.6
    0.019901762  67% 71% 4 0.9 0.0 62.6
    0.04140625  33% 80%
    0.106860632  33% 91%
    48 hours 0.03671875 100% 79% 1
    0.03671875 100% 79% 2 na na na
    0.03671875 100% 79% 3 na na na
    0.019901762 100% 71% 4 na na na
    0.04140625  0% 80%
    0.106860632  0% 91%
    sCr only
     0 hours 0.020431064  83% 72% 1
    0.020431064  83% 72% 2 na na na
    0.009315718 100% 31% 3 na na na
    0.019901762  83% 70% 4 na na na
    0.031546409  67% 81%
    0.0671875  0% 91%
    24 hours 0.021489668 100% 74% 1
    0.021489668 100% 74% 2 na na na
    0.021489668 100% 74% 3 na na na
    0.019901762 100% 70% 4 na na na
    0.031546409  33% 81%
    0.0671875  33% 91%
    48 hours 0.00625 100%  5% 1
    0.00625 100%  5% 2 na na na
    0.00625 100%  5% 3 na na na
    0.019901762  0% 70% 4 na na na
    0.031546409  0% 81%
    0.0671875  0% 91%
    UO only
     0 hours 0.0109375  71% 51% 1
    0.00984502  86% 39% 2 1.5 0.2 11.0
    0.006669207  93% 12% 3 1.5 0.2 11.0
    0.015138042  57% 71% 4 4.1 0.7 23.3
    0.019901762  50% 80%
    0.100574713  0% 90%
    24 hours 0.007727812 100% 22% 1
    0.007727812 100% 22% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.007727812 100% 22% 3 1.0 0.0 74.6
    0.015138042  67% 71% 4 1.0 0.0 74.6
    0.019901762  33% 80%
    0.100574713  0% 90%
    48 hours 0.021489668 100% 83% 1
    0.021489668 100% 83% 2 na na na
    0.021489668 100% 83% 3 na na na
    0.015138042 100% 71% 4 na na na
    0.019901762 100% 80%
    0.100574713  0% 90%
    • Haptoglobin:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 0.863 71% 16% 1
    0.695 80% 13% 2 3.1 1.5 6.5
    0.227 91%  8% 3 1.8 0.8 4.3
    3.74 20% 70% 4 3.8 1.9 7.8
    4.65  9% 80%
    6.38  3% 90%
    24 hours 1.16 71% 23% 1
    0.662 80% 13% 2 1.3 0.8 2.0
    0.213 90%  7% 3 1.9 1.2 2.8
    3.74 22% 70% 4 2.0 1.3 3.0
    4.65 12% 80%
    6.38  6% 90%
    48 hours 1.43 73% 28% 1
    1.27 82% 24% 2 1.6 0.6 3.8
    0.739 91% 14% 3 1.8 0.8 4.3
    3.74 18% 70% 4 1.3 0.5 3.4
    4.65  9% 80%
    6.38  9% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 0.875 75% 20% 1
    0.864 81% 20% 2 0.3 0.0 4.7
    0.275 94% 10% 3 2.1 0.7 5.7
    3.48 25% 70% 4 2.1 0.8 5.8
    4.15 13% 80%
    5.55  6% 90%
    24 hours 1.44 71% 31% 1
    1.16 81% 26% 2 0.5 0.1 2.2
    0.815 90% 19% 3 3.0 1.5 6.0
    3.48 19% 70% 4 1.0 0.4 2.8
    4.15 14% 80%
    5.55 10% 90%
    48 hours 1.39 70% 30% 1
    1.03 80% 23% 2 na na na
    0.703 90% 16% 3 na na na
    3.48  0% 70% 4 na na na
    4.15  0% 80%
    5.55  0% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 0.852 71% 20% 1
    0.413 82%  9% 2 0.8 0.4 1.4
    0.227 91%  9% 3 0.6 0.3 1.2
    3.24 29% 70% 4 1.5 0.9 2.3
    3.95 15% 80%
    5.33  3% 90%
    24 hours 0.945 71% 22% 1
    0.662 80% 15% 2 1.3 0.8 2.0
    0.213 91%  8% 3 0.9 0.5 1.4
    3.24 31% 70% 4 1.5 1.0 2.3
    3.95 18% 80%
    5.33  9% 90%
    48 hours 1.43 71% 35% 1
    1.27 81% 31% 2 1.3 0.5 3.4
    0.662 90% 15% 3 1.9 0.8 4.4
    3.24 29% 70% 4 1.3 0.5 3.4
    3.95 24% 80%
    5.33 10% 90%
    • Alpha-1-Antitrypsin:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 2.13 71% 18% 1
    1.86 83% 11% 2 3.2 0.8 12.6
    1.61 91%  4% 3 7.9 2.4 26.3
    4.38  6% 70% 4 8.7 2.6 28.6
    4.88  3% 81%
    5.68  0% 90%
    24 hours 1.89 71% 11% 1
    1.75 80%  9% 2 1.7 0.6 5.2
    1.48 90%  3% 3 6.7 2.9 15.5
    4.38  8% 70% 4 14.3 6.4 31.9
    4.88  6% 81%
    5.68  0% 90%
    48 hours 1.92 73% 11% 1
    1.75 82%  9% 2 3.1 0.2 45.3
    1.46 91%  2% 3 6.5 0.6 69.0
    4.38  5% 70% 4 15.0 1.7 134.9
    4.88  5% 81%
    5.68  0% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 1.85 75% 15% 1
    1.59 88%  6% 2 1.5 0.3 8.2
    1.52 94%  5% 3 2.6 0.6 10.6
    3.96 19% 70% 4 3.2 0.8 12.2
    4.6 13% 80%
    5.42  6% 90%
    24 hours 1.75 71% 12% 1
    1.32 81%  4% 2 2.6 0.6 10.6
    1.13 90%  2% 3 2.0 0.5 9.2
    3.96 14% 70% 4 5.5 1.6 18.6
    4.6 10% 80%
    5.42 10% 90%
    48 hours 1.67 70%  9% 1
    1.46 80%  4% 2 3.1 0.2 43.5
    1.42 90%  4% 3 2.0 0.1 39.8
    3.96 20% 70% 4 4.1 0.3 49.8
    4.6 10% 80%
    5.42  0% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 2.24 74% 21% 1
    2.12 82% 18% 2 1.3 0.5 3.4
    1.76 91% 10% 3 4.5 2.2 9.1
    4.25 15% 70% 4 3.3 1.5 6.9
    4.76 12% 80%
    5.53  3% 90%
    24 hours 1.93 71% 13% 1
    1.84 80% 11% 2 0.8 0.3 2.0
    1.67 91%  5% 3 3.4 1.8 6.3
    4.25 11% 70% 4 6.5 3.7 11.6
    4.76  7% 80%
    5.53  4% 90%
    48 hours 1.92 71% 13% 1
    1.84 81% 11% 2 2.0 0.1 41.8
    1.59 90%  4% 3 6.7 0.6 71.3
    4.25  5% 70% 4 15.4 1.7 140.6
    4.76  5% 80%
    5.53  0% 90%
    • Leukocyte Elastase:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 202.8023599 71% 44% 1
    161.5932642 81% 32% 2 1.2 0.5 2.9
    106.737013 90% 10% 3 1.2 0.5 2.9
    284.3698854 55% 70% 4 4.3 2.0 9.1
    314.3939394 48% 81%
    449.5901639 19% 90%
    24 hours 262.2749591 72% 63% 1
    198.9247312 80% 44% 2 0.8 0.4 1.7
    93.49593496 91%  7% 3 2.1 1.2 4.0
    284.3698854 67% 70% 4 6.3 3.4 11.6
    314.3939394 63% 81%
    449.5901639 24% 90%
    48 hours 263.9405204 73% 64% 1
    198.9247312 82% 44% 2 2.1 0.4 10.7
    161.5932642 91% 32% 3 1.6 0.3 9.5
    284.3698854 59% 70% 4 11.1 2.9 43.1
    314.3939394 59% 81%
    449.5901639 45% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 240.6088083 75% 45% 1
    220.1370757 83% 38% 2 1.0 0.1 7.7
    96.96969697 92%  9% 3 1.0 0.1 7.7
    356.3829787 58% 70% 4 3.3 0.8 13.0
    447.9508197 42% 80%
    524.1803279 25% 90%
    24 hours 237.4631268 72% 44% 1
    116.4772727 83% 12% 2 0.7 0.2 2.4
    8.408874046 94%  1% 3 1.3 0.5 3.3
    356.3829787 50% 70% 4 1.5 0.6 3.7
    447.9508197 17% 80%
    524.1803279 11% 90%
    48 hours 328.9962825 70% 65% 1
    151.9255875 80% 22% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    106.737013 90% 10% 3 1.0 0.2 4.0
    356.3829787 60% 70% 4 1.3 0.4 4.5
    447.9508197 40% 80%
    524.1803279 30% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 202.8023599 70% 42% 1
    161.5932642 81% 30% 2 1.9 0.7 5.1
    106.737013 93%  9% 3 2.3 0.9 6.0
    321.0227273 44% 71% 4 2.3 0.9 6.0
    436.1833953 19% 80%
    546.3114754 11% 91%
    24 hours 262.2749591 70% 57% 1
    199.1580311 81% 42% 2 2.4 1.0 6.0
    95.37337662 92%  8% 3 4.5 1.9 10.6
    321.0227273 65% 71% 4 4.9 2.1 11.3
    436.1833953 35% 80%
    546.3114754 14% 91%
    48 hours 262.2749591 70% 57% 1
    221.8264249 80% 46% 2 6.1 0.5 76.8
    176.4896373 90% 32% 3 7.7 0.6 91.6
    321.0227273 55% 71% 4 11.5 1.0 128.4
    436.1833953 40% 80%
    546.3114754 20% 91%
  • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 6:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 9249.617152 71% 55% 1
    7408.695652 82% 38% 2 1.5 0.3 8.9
    6660.869565 94% 25% 3 2.2 0.4 11.0
    11694.11765 65% 70% 4 5.0 1.2 20.0
    13937.00787 47% 80%
    17611.54856  6% 91%
    24 hours 8652.37366 74% 47% 1
    8295.302013 83% 46% 2 2.3 0.7 7.0
    6335.57047 91% 22% 3 1.8 0.5 6.0
    11694.11765 39% 70% 4 3.9 1.4 10.9
    13937.00787 26% 80%
    17611.54856  9% 91%
    48 hours 6660.869565 100%  25% 1
    6660.869565 100%  25% 2 na na na
    6660.869565 100%  25% 3 na na na
    11694.11765 50% 70% 4 na na na
    13937.00787  0% 80%
    17611.54856  0% 91%
    sCr only
     0 hours 12043.34365 83% 65% 1
    12043.34365 83% 65% 2 na na na
    8295.302013 100%  35% 3 na na na
    13171.64179 67% 70% 4 na na na
    16117.64706 50% 80%
    17795.27559 33% 90%
    24 hours 9019.908116 71% 43% 1
    8652.37366 86% 37% 2 6.8 0.6 74.5
    8295.302013 93% 35% 3 2.1 0.1 42.7
    13171.64179 43% 70% 4 5.4 0.5 62.6
    16117.64706  7% 80%
    17795.27559  7% 90%
    48 hours 11286.08924 100%  61% 1
    11286.08924 100%  61% 2 na na na
    11286.08924 100%  61% 3 na na na
    13171.64179 33% 70% 4 na na na
    16117.64706  0% 80%
    17795.27559  0% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 9249.617152 73% 56% 1
    7366.003063 80% 35% 2 1.0 0.1 8.6
    6660.869565 93% 23% 3 1.0 0.1 8.6
    10517.64706 67% 71% 4 6.3 1.5 26.1
    12211.76471 60% 81%
    16258.82353 20% 91%
    24 hours 8630.672926 75% 46% 1
    8145.539906 81% 40% 2 1.5 0.2 9.3
    6294.027565 94% 21% 3 2.9 0.6 14.1
    10517.64706 50% 71% 4 3.5 0.8 15.8
    12211.76471 38% 81%
    16258.82353 13% 91%
    48 hours 6660.869565 100%  23% 1
    6660.869565 100%  23% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    6660.869565 100%  23% 3 1.0 0.0 61.9
    10517.64706 33% 71% 4 1.0 0.0 58.5
    12211.76471 33% 81%
    16258.82353  0% 91%
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 6:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 26.44230769 70% 17% 1
    25.96153846 80% 17% 2 1.0 0.1 8.6
    20.39930556 90% 10% 3 1.0 0.1 8.6
    57.22128378 40% 70% 4 2.4 0.4 12.7
    69.12878788 20% 81%
    101.4808362 10% 91%
    24 hours 40.11524823 75% 44% 1
    28.3203125 83% 19% 2 0.3 0.0 5.0
    27.77777778 92% 19% 3 1.0 0.2 4.5
    57.22128378 50% 70% 4 1.8 0.5 6.2
    69.12878788 33% 81%
    101.4808362 25% 91%
    48 hours 45.45454545 100%  56% 1
    45.45454545 100%  56% 2 na na na
    45.45454545 100%  56% 3 na na na
    57.22128378  0% 70% 4 na na na
    69.12878788  0% 81%
    101.4808362  0% 91%
    sCr only
     0 hours 27.1577381 80% 21% 1
    27.1577381 80% 21% 2 na na na
    12.32638889 100%   2% 3 na na na
    60.06205674  0% 70% 4 na na na
    86.2369338  0% 80%
    105.8362369  0% 91%
    24 hours 40.11524823 71% 43% 1
    27.77777778 86% 24% 2 1.0 0.1 8.1
    17.78846154 100%   9% 3 0.5 0.0 10.4
    60.06205674 43% 70% 4 1.0 0.1 8.1
    86.2369338 29% 80%
    105.8362369 14% 91%
    48 hours 20.39930556 100%  12% 1
    20.39930556 100%  12% 2 na na na
    20.39930556 100%  12% 3 na na na
    60.06205674  0% 70% 4 na na na
    86.2369338  0% 80%
    105.8362369  0% 91%
    UO only
     0 hours 26.44230769 75% 21% 1
    25.96153846 88% 21% 2 0.3 0.0 4.9
    20.39930556 100%  14% 3 0.6 0.1 4.2
    57.84574468 50% 71% 4 0.6 0.1 3.9
    69.12878788 25% 81%
    102.7874564 13% 91%
    24 hours 40.11524823 70% 40% 1
    39.2287234 80% 38% 2 1.6 0.2 10.8
    25.96153846 90% 21% 3 1.0 0.1 9.2
    57.84574468 40% 71% 4 1.6 0.2 10.8
    69.12878788 20% 81%
    102.7874564 20% 91%
    48 hours 45.45454545 100%  53% 1
    45.45454545 100%  53% 2 na na na
    45.45454545 100%  53% 3 na na na
    57.84574468  0% 71% 4 na na na
    69.12878788  0% 81%
    102.7874564  0% 91%
  • Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 2:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 296.9458128 73% 30% 1
    239.6166134 82% 21% 2 0.9 0.2 4.8
    205.8785942 91% 19% 3 0.6 0.1 4.4
    547.3170732 36% 70% 4 0.9 0.2 4.8
    693.6585366 27% 81%
    783.804878 27% 91%
    24 hours 43.61702128 100%   6% 1
    43.61702128 100%   6% 2 na na na
    43.61702128 100%   6% 3 na na na
    547.3170732  0% 70% 4 na na na
    693.6585366  0% 81%
    783.804878  0% 91%
    48 hours 0 na na 1
    0 na na 2 na na na
    0 na na 3 na na na
    0 na na 4 na na na
    0 na na
    0 na na
    sCr only
     0 hours 239.6166134 80% 25% 1
    239.6166134 80% 25% 2 na na na
    191.5294118 100%  18% 3 na na na
    516.8780488  0% 71% 4 na na na
    693.6585366  0% 81%
    889.1707317  0% 90%
    24 hours 45.31914894 100%   6% 1
    45.31914894 100%   6% 2 na na na
    45.31914894 100%   6% 3 na na na
    516.8780488  0% 71% 4 na na na
    693.6585366  0% 81%
    889.1707317  0% 90%
    48 hours 307.9802956 100%  35% 1
    307.9802956 100%  35% 2 na na na
    307.9802956 100%  35% 3 na na na
    516.8780488 50% 71% 4 na na na
    693.6585366 50% 81%
    889.1707317  0% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 296.9458128 75% 24% 1
    221.5974441 83% 12% 2 1.7 0.3 8.8
    205.8785942 92% 12% 3 0.7 0.1 5.3
    690.1463415 25% 73% 4 1.1 0.2 6.6
    711.804878 25% 82%
    783.804878 25% 91%
    24 hours 205.8785942 100%  12% 1
    205.8785942 100%  12% 2 na na na
    205.8785942 100%  12% 3 na na na
    690.1463415  0% 73% 4 na na na
    711.804878  0% 82%
    783.804878  0% 91%
    48 hours 0 na na 1
    0 na na 2 na na na
    0 na na 3 na na na
    0 na na 4 na na na
    0 na na
    0 na na
    • Soluble Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 57.08191126 73% 23% 1
    43.72693727 82%  9% 2 0.2 0.0 3.4
    40.44368601 91%  2% 3 0.7 0.2 3.0
    84.31372549 36% 70% 4 0.8 0.2 3.4
    90.92178771 36% 81%
    123.7745098 18% 91%
    24 hours 46.58703072 100%  11% 1
    46.58703072 100%  11% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    46.58703072 100%  11% 3 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    84.31372549 33% 70% 4 2.4 0.1 65.0
    90.92178771 33% 81%
    123.7745098  0% 91%
    48 hours 0 na na 1
    0 na na 2 na na na
    0 na na 3 na na na
    0 na na 4 na na na
    0 na na
    0 na na
    sCr only
     0 hours 57.84132841 80% 22% 1
    57.84132841 80% 22% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    43.72693727 100%   8% 3 2.2 0.1 52.6
    90.92178771 20% 71% 4 2.2 0.1 52.6
    107.5980392 20% 81%
    130.726257  0% 90%
    24 hours 49.91467577 100%  18% 1
    49.91467577 100%  18% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    49.91467577 100%  18% 3 0.9 0.0 59.6
    90.92178771 67% 71% 4 0.9 0.0 59.6
    107.5980392  0% 81%
    130.726257  0% 90%
    48 hours 73.46416382 100%  47% 1
    73.46416382 100%  47% 2 na na na
    73.46416382 100%  47% 3 na na na
    90.92178771 50% 71% 4 na na na
    107.5980392 50% 81%
    130.726257  0% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 57.08191126 75% 27% 1
    43.72693727 83%  9% 2 1.0 0.2 6.0
    39.57564576 92%  0% 3 0.6 0.1 4.8
    85.04901961 33% 73% 4 1.3 0.3 6.8
    88.82681564 33% 82%
    106.0055866 25% 91%
    24 hours 43.72693727 100%   9% 1
    43.72693727 100%   9% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    43.72693727 100%   9% 3 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    85.04901961 33% 73% 4 2.3 0.1 73.1
    88.82681564  0% 82%
    106.0055866  0% 91%
    48 hours 0 na na 1
    0 na na 2 na na na
    0 na na 3 na na na
    0 na na 4 na na na
    0 na na
    0 na na
    • Heat Shock Protein Beta-1:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 21.90563725  71% 12% 1
    12.86204268  86%  5% 2 6.5 0.5 89.6
    8.860518293  93%  4% 3 2.1 0.1 51.0
    139.0050167  7% 70% 4 9.3 0.7 122.4
    189.9923313  7% 81%
    290.1168969  0% 91%
    24 hours 16.34933775 100%  9% 1
    16.34933775 100%  9% 2 na na na
    16.34933775 100%  9% 3 na na na
    139.0050167  0% 70% 4 na na na
    189.9923313  0% 81%
    290.1168969  0% 91%
    48 hours 14.76753049 100%  7% 1
    14.76753049 100%  7% 2 na na na
    14.76753049 100%  7% 3 na na na
    139.0050167  0% 70% 4 na na na
    189.9923313  0% 81%
    290.1168969  0% 91%
    sCr only
     0 hours 50.49668874  83% 35% 1
    50.49668874  83% 35% 2 1.0 0.0 59.8
    8.860518293 100%  3% 3 3.3 0.2 53.6
    135.1610429  17% 71% 4 1.0 0.0 57.1
    184.5735786  17% 80%
    273.1137088  17% 90%
    24 hours 57.1192053 100% 41% 1
    57.1192053 100% 41% 2 na na na
    57.1192053 100% 41% 3 na na na
    135.1610429  0% 71% 4 na na na
    184.5735786  0% 80%
    273.1137088  0% 90%
    48 hours 116.9425087 100% 68% 1
    116.9425087 100% 68% 2 na na na
    116.9425087 100% 68% 3 na na na
    135.1610429  50% 71% 4 na na na
    184.5735786  50% 80%
    273.1137088  50% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 15.33917683  73%  2% 1
    14.76753049  80%  2% 2 5.6 0.3 90.8
    8.40585443  93%  0% 3 2.3 0.1 59.8
    139.0050167  7% 71% 4 18.7  1.3 270.0
    184.5735786  7% 81%
    290.1168969  0% 90%
    24 hours 16.34933775 100%  5% 1
    16.34933775 100%  5% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    16.34933775 100%  5% 3 1.1 0.0 80.6
    139.0050167  33% 71% 4 1.1 0.0 80.6
    184.5735786  33% 81%
    290.1168969  33% 90%
    48 hours 14.76753049 100%  2% 1
    14.76753049 100%  2% 2 na na na
    14.76753049 100%  2% 3 na na na
    139.0050167  0% 71% 4 na na na
    184.5735786  0% 81%
    290.1168969  0% 90%
    • Example 10 Kidney Injury Markers for Evaluating Renal Status in Patients at RIFLE Stages 0 and R
  • Patients were classified and analyzed as described in Example 9. However, patients that reached stage R but did not progress to stage I or F were grouped with patients from non-injury stage 0 in Cohort 1. Cohort 2 in this example included only patients that progressed to stage I or F. Marker concentrations in the plasma component of blood samples were included for Cohort 1. Marker concentrations the plasma component of blood samples collected within 0, 24, and 48 hours of reaching stage I or F were included for Cohort 2.
  • The following descriptive statistics were obtained:
  • Soluble p-Selectin:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 70.461 na 70.461 66.772 70.461 26.445
    average 75.507 na 75.507 69.173 75.507 71.409
    stdev 38.443 na 38.443 29.437 38.443 na
    p (t-test) na 0.585 na
    min 26.445 na 26.445 24.586 26.445 71.409
    max 196.760 na 196.760 115.156 196.760 71.409
    n (Samp) 46 0 46 13 46 1
    n (Pat) 43 0 43 13 43 1
    sCr only
    median 69.882 na 69.882 69.660 69.882 na
    average 73.421 na 73.421 73.920 73.421 na
    stdev 36.672 na 36.672 30.436 36.672 na
    p (t-test) na 0.982 na
    min 22.994 na 22.994 45.839 22.994 na
    max 196.760 na 196.760 106.261 196.760 na
    n (Samp) 59 0 59 3 59 0
    n (Pat) 54 0 54 3 54 0
    UO only
    median 70.355 na 70.355 59.964 70.355 26.445
    average 75.995 na 75.995 65.611 75.995 71.409
    stdev 40.724 na 40.724 27.299 40.724 na
    p (t-test) na 0.396 na
    min 26.445 na 26.445 24.586 26.445 71.409
    max 196.760 na 196.760 115.156 196.760 71.409
    n (Samp) 40 0 40 13 40 1
    n (Pat) 37 0 37 13 37 1
    • Protein NOV Homolog:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 9608.193 10919.540 9608.193 10031.513 9608.193 13217.703
    average 25945.538 17907.223 25945.538 10960.289 25945.538 11866.502
    stdev 96388.752 20623.132 96388.752 8150.749 96388.752 2438.316
    p (t-test) 0.804 0.524 0.801
    min 14.544 1668.937 14.544 974.026 14.544 9051.724
    max 1005084.746 66983.373 1005084.746 28035.144 1005084.746 13330.078
    n (Samp) 126 9 126 17 126 3
    n (Pat) 73 9 73 17 73 3
    sCr only
    median 9500.000 42441.842 9500.000 22900.391 9500.000 32083.911
    average 23261.410 42441.842 23261.410 21955.843 23261.410 32083.911
    stdev 86639.057 17743.121 86639.057 11402.433 86639.057 26680.847
    p (t-test) 0.755 0.973 0.886
    min 14.544 29895.561 14.544 9401.261 14.544 13217.703
    max 1005084.746 54988.124 1005084.746 39449.541 1005084.746 50950.119
    n (Samp) 157 2 157 5 157 2
    n (Pat) 91 2 91 5 91 2
    UO only
    median 10345.733 10919.540 10345.733 8245.798 10345.733 11190.901
    average 29628.248 17907.223 29628.248 9443.692 29628.248 11190.901
    stdev 106698.517 20623.132 106698.517 8129.900 106698.517 3025.253
    p (t-test) 0.744 0.467 0.808
    min 14.544 1668.937 14.544 974.026 14.544 9051.724
    max 1005084.746 66983.373 1005084.746 28035.144 1005084.746 13330.078
    n (Samp) 102 9 102 15 102 2
    n (Pat) 57 9 57 15 57 2
    • Netrin 4:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 0.013 0.027 0.013 0.030 0.013 0.021
    average 0.238 0.043 0.238 0.057 0.238 0.021
    stdev 1.340 0.055 1.340 0.070 1.340 0.004
    p (t-test) 0.665 0.789 0.820
    min 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.008 0.005 0.018
    max 8.584 0.184 8.584 0.161 8.584 0.023
    n (Samp) 80 9 80 4 80 2
    n (Pat) 58 9 58 4 58 2
    sCr only
    median 0.014 0.037 0.014 0.100 0.014 0.020
    average 0.200 0.037 0.200 0.100 0.200 0.020
    stdev 1.212 0.022 1.212 0.086 1.212 0.004
    p (t-test) 0.850 0.908 0.835
    min 0.005 0.021 0.005 0.039 0.005 0.017
    max 8.584 0.053 8.584 0.161 8.584 0.023
    n (Samp) 98 2 98 2 98 2
    n (Pat) 70 2 70 2 70 2
    UO only
    median 0.012 0.027 0.012 0.014 0.012 0.005
    average 0.296 0.043 0.296 0.014 0.296 0.018
    stdev 1.520 0.055 1.520 0.009 1.520 na
    p (t-test) 0.622 0.796 na
    min 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.008 0.005 0.018
    max 8.584 0.184 8.584 0.020 8.584 0.018
    n (Samp) 62 9 62 2 62 1
    n (Pat) 45 9 45 2 45 1
    • Alpha-1-Antitrypsin:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 3.150 2.460 3.150 2.240 3.150 1.680
    average 3.383 2.733 3.383 2.341 3.383 2.216
    stdev 1.482 1.286 1.482 1.105 1.482 1.258
    p (t-test) 0.041 0.001 0.005
    min 0.854 1.270 0.854 0.737 0.854 1.080
    max 8.930 6.130 8.930 5.540 8.930 5.580
    n (Samp) 356 23 356 25 356 13
    n (Pat) 121 23 121 25 121 13
    sCr only
    median 3.030 2.280 3.030 2.340 3.030 2.440
    average 3.276 3.182 3.276 3.039 3.276 3.082
    stdev 1.454 2.030 1.454 1.774 1.454 1.513
    p (t-test) 0.876 0.670 0.767
    min 0.769 1.540 0.769 1.130 0.769 1.680
    max 8.930 6.700 8.930 5.540 8.930 5.580
    n (Samp) 441 6 441 7 441 5
    n (Pat) 146 6 146 7 146 5
    UO only
    median 3.040 2.460 3.040 2.155 3.040 1.550
    average 3.286 2.849 3.286 2.249 3.286 1.895
    stdev 1.385 1.459 1.385 0.934 1.385 0.761
    p (t-test) 0.155 0.000 0.000
    min 0.854 1.270 0.854 0.737 0.854 1.080
    max 8.230 6.250 8.230 5.470 8.230 3.110
    n (Samp) 293 22 293 24 293 13
    n (Pat) 97 22 97 24 97 13
    • Leukocyte Elastase:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 245.772 344.108 245.772 328.996 245.772 356.383
    average 292.672 430.527 292.672 349.494 292.672 343.889
    stdev 192.477 365.913 192.477 222.177 192.477 147.123
    p (t-test) 0.011 0.230 0.349
    min 1.849 117.281 1.849 32.619 1.849 112.301
    max 1032.377 1644.672 1032.377 861.088 1032.377 580.606
    n (Samp) 176 17 176 19 176 13
    n (Pat) 88 17 88 19 88 13
    sCr only
    median 269.909 754.508 269.909 390.753 269.909 426.508
    average 310.018 970.631 310.018 345.086 310.018 385.000
    stdev 192.041 596.125 192.041 107.963 192.041 97.033
    p (t-test) 0.000 0.685 0.386
    min 1.849 512.712 1.849 219.883 1.849 241.888
    max 1032.377 1644.672 1032.377 449.195 1032.377 480.738
    n (Samp) 230 3 230 5 230 5
    n (Pat) 106 3 106 5 106 5
    UO only
    median 254.910 293.033 254.910 328.996 254.910 331.015
    average 306.181 356.872 306.181 363.019 306.181 433.999
    stdev 197.948 224.078 197.948 243.399 197.948 407.742
    p (t-test) 0.324 0.252 0.053
    min 1.849 117.281 1.849 32.619 1.849 112.301
    max 1032.377 955.328 1032.377 861.088 1032.377 1644.672
    n (Samp) 154 17 154 19 154 12
    n (Pat) 75 17 75 19 75 12
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 6:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 9249.617 15198.188 9249.617 12198.142 9249.617 9831.547
    average 10423.034 15527.259 10423.034 11740.844 10423.034 10889.450
    stdev 4473.287 1478.048 4473.287 3647.663 4473.287 2958.338
    p (t-test) 0.012 0.244 0.818
    min 3586.165 14117.647 3586.165 6493.109 3586.165 8489.828
    max 21494.904 17244.582 21494.904 18618.347 21494.904 16036.240
    n (Samp) 143 5 143 17 143 5
    n (Pat) 55 5 55 17 55 5
    sCr only
    median 9667.323 17667.044 9667.323 14461.942 9667.323 10861.325
    average 10879.753 17667.044 10879.753 13982.601 10879.753 10861.325
    stdev 4460.887 1089.089 4460.887 3496.355 4460.887 1616.735
    p (t-test) 0.033 0.125 0.995
    min 3586.165 16896.942 3586.165 9280.245 3586.165 9718.121
    max 21494.904 18437.146 21494.904 18618.347 21494.904 12004.530
    n (Samp) 178 2 178 5 178 2
    n (Pat) 69 2 69 5 69 2
    UO only
    median 9494.640 14688.562 9494.640 9387.443 9494.640 10101.532
    average 10348.364 15184.838 10348.364 10774.711 10348.364 11182.283
    stdev 4266.467 1459.847 4266.467 3418.974 4266.467 3331.268
    p (t-test) 0.026 0.711 0.700
    min 3586.165 14117.647 3586.165 6493.109 3586.165 8489.828
    max 21494.904 17244.582 21494.904 17086.614 21494.904 16036.240
    n (Samp) 111 4 111 15 111 4
    n (Pat) 44 4 44 15 44 4
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 6:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 43.218 27.158 43.218 42.878 43.218 42.057
    average 52.799 29.007 52.799 53.586 52.799 61.206
    stdev 31.236 12.205 31.236 25.789 31.236 42.042
    p (t-test) 0.094 0.948 0.602
    min 9.201 14.357 9.201 29.390 9.201 36.579
    max 140.754 41.424 140.754 95.808 140.754 124.129
    n (Samp) 109 5 109 7 109 4
    n (Pat) 27 5 27 7 27 4
    sCr only
    median 43.218 34.414 43.218 37.796 43.218 30.953
    average 52.411 34.414 52.411 50.785 52.411 30.953
    stdev 31.016 9.914 31.016 40.138 31.016 13.858
    p (t-test) 0.415 0.929 0.332
    min 9.201 27.404 9.201 18.750 9.201 21.154
    max 140.754 41.424 140.754 95.808 140.754 40.752
    n (Samp) 132 2 132 3 132 2
    n (Pat) 32 2 32 3 32 2
    UO only
    median 52.010 23.915 52.010 42.878 52.010 43.362
    average 56.406 25.903 56.406 48.300 56.406 68.024
    stdev 32.233 11.592 32.233 21.322 32.233 48.707
    p (t-test) 0.064 0.582 0.548
    min 12.326 14.357 12.326 29.390 12.326 36.579
    max 140.754 41.424 140.754 84.930 140.754 124.129
    n (Samp) 81 4 81 5 81 3
    n (Pat) 20 4 20 5 20 3
    • Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 2:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 368.071 389.854 368.071 261.327 368.071 319.807
    average 441.140 503.002 441.140 372.348 441.140 319.807
    stdev 292.394 244.962 292.394 379.558 292.394 159.493
    p (t-test) 0.549 0.656 0.564
    min 1.944 307.980 1.944 45.957 1.944 207.029
    max 1343.415 933.659 1343.415 920.780 1343.415 432.585
    n (Samp) 60 9 60 4 60 2
    n (Pat) 37 9 37 4 37 2
    sCr only
    median 358.818 319.564 358.818 148.247 358.818 520.295
    average 440.246 319.564 440.246 148.247 440.246 520.295
    stdev 289.787 178.125 289.787 144.659 289.787 443.025
    p (t-test) 0.561 0.161 0.703
    min 1.944 193.610 1.944 45.957 1.944 207.029
    max 1343.415 445.517 1343.415 250.537 1343.415 833.561
    n (Samp) 79 2 79 2 79 2
    n (Pat) 49 2 49 2 49 2
    UO only
    median 354.483 389.854 354.483 596.449 354.483 34.681
    average 468.680 503.002 468.680 596.449 468.680 432.585
    stdev 301.539 244.962 301.539 458.673 301.539 na
    p (t-test) 0.750 0.566 na
    min 34.681 307.980 34.681 272.118 34.681 432.585
    max 1343.415 933.659 1343.415 920.780 1343.415 432.585
    n (Samp) 45 9 45 2 45 1
    n (Pat) 26 9 26 2 26 1
    • Heat Shock Protein Beta-1:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 77.927 25.248 77.927 78.317 77.927 41.287
    average 120.234 81.591 120.234 66.833 120.234 41.287
    stdev 122.931 146.704 122.931 32.285 122.931 22.975
    p (t-test) 0.382 0.391 0.369
    min 3.449 9.813 3.449 19.454 3.449 25.041
    max 683.847 469.182 683.847 91.246 683.847 57.533
    n (Samp) 82 9 82 4 82 2
    n (Pat) 59 9 59 4 59 2
    sCr only
    median 77.308 271.435 77.308 83.108 77.308 435.515
    average 118.486 271.435 118.486 83.108 118.486 435.515
    stdev 123.934 370.581 123.934 11.509 123.934 534.547
    p (t-test) 0.099 0.689 0.001
    min 3.449 9.395 3.449 74.970 3.449 57.533
    max 683.847 533.475 683.847 91.246 683.847 813.496
    n (Samp) 101 2 101 2 101 2
    n (Pat) 71 2 71 2 71 2
    UO only
    median 78.528 25.248 78.528 50.559 78.528 8.406
    average 124.114 81.591 124.114 50.559 124.114 25.041
    stdev 126.609 146.704 126.609 43.989 126.609 na
    p (t-test) 0.358 0.418 na
    min 8.406 9.813 8.406 19.454 8.406 25.041
    max 683.847 469.182 683.847 81.664 683.847 25.041
    n (Samp) 64 9 64 2 64 1
    n (Pat) 46 9 46 2 46 1
    • Soluble Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor:
  • 0 hr prior 24 hr prior 48 hr prior
    to AKI stage to AKI stage to AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort
    1 2 1 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 10786.081 12379.349 10786.081 12714.333 10786.081 na
    average 11450.960 12172.479 11450.960 12334.421 11450.960 na
    stdev 3589.071 2833.018 3589.071 4187.377 3589.071 na
    p (t-test) 0.607 0.464 na
    min 6765.100 8232.414 6765.100 5676.691 6765.100 na
    max 21698.024 16778.200 21698.024 21272.844 21698.024 na
    n (Samp) 26 8 26 17 26 0
    n (Pat) 25 8 25 17 25 0
    sCr only
    median 11118.118 9665.092 11118.118 10305.909 11118.118 6765.100
    average 11998.860 9665.092 11998.860 12086.926 11998.860 6339.341
    stdev 3653.295 2026.112 3653.295 5299.697 3653.295 na
    p (t-test) 0.377 0.951 na
    min 6765.100 8232.414 6765.100 5676.691 6765.100 6339.341
    max 21698.024 11097.769 21698.024 22866.557 21698.024 6339.341
    n (Samp) 47 2 47 9 47 1
    n (Pat) 44 2 44 9 44 1
    UO only
    median 10541.051 13660.928 10541.051 13735.459 10541.051 6765.100
    average 11680.245 12735.345 11680.245 14394.423 11680.245 11884.006
    stdev 4430.173 2531.142 4430.173 4142.066 4430.173 na
    p (t-test) 0.552 0.090 na
    min 6765.100 9355.404 6765.100 7026.751 6765.100 11884.006
    max 24717.033 16778.200 24717.033 21272.844 24717.033 11884.006
    n (Samp) 27 7 27 11 27 1
    n (Pat) 25 7 25 11 25 1
  • In the following tables, the ability to distinguish cohort 1 (subjects remaining in RIFLE 0 or R) from Cohort 2 (subjects progressing to RIFLE I or F) was determined using ROC analysis.
  • Soluble p-Selectin:
  • Time prior
    max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements
    or urine output
     0 hours nd nd 46 0 0.211
    24 hours 0.47 0.090 46 13 1.233
    48 hours 0.54 0.301 46 1 0.885
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours nd nd 59 0 0.211
    24 hours 0.53 0.175 59 3 0.859
    48 hours nd nd 59 0 0.211
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours nd nd 40 0 0.211
    24 hours 0.44 0.090 40 13 1.491
    48 hours 0.55 0.303 40 1 0.869
    • Protein NOV Homolog:
  • Time prior
    max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements
    or urine output
     0 hours 0.55 0.102 126 9 0.602
    24 hours 0.49 0.075 126 17  1.062
    48 hours 0.62 0.175 126 3 0.483
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.93 0.128 157 2 0.001
    24 hours 0.77 0.125 157 5 0.028
    48 hours 0.82 0.185 157 2 0.088
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.53 0.102 102 9 0.786
    24 hours 0.41 0.075 102 15  1.792
    48 hours 0.55 0.212 102 2 0.809
    • Netrin 4:
  • Time prior
    max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements
    or urine output
     0 hours 0.67 0.103 80 9 0.099
    24 hours 0.67 0.152 80 4 0.258
    48 hours 0.72 0.208 80 2 0.285
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.80 0.190 98 2 0.113
    24 hours 0.89 0.154 98 2 0.012
    48 hours 0.69 0.211 98 2 0.372
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.71 0.102 62 9 0.041
    24 hours 0.51 0.210 62 2 0.969
    48 hours 0.73 0.291 62 1 0.421
    • Alpha-1-Antitrypsin:
  • Time prior
    max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements
    or urine output
     0 hours 0.36 0.054 356 23 1.991
    24 hours 0.28 0.045 356 25 2.000
    48 hours 0.24 0.054 356 13 2.000
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.43 0.111 441 6 1.494
    24 hours 0.43 0.104 441 7 1.480
    48 hours 0.46 0.126 441 5 1.265
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.39 0.058 293 22 1.954
    24 hours 0.27 0.045 293 24 2.000
    48 hours 0.17 0.042 293 13 2.000

    Leukocyte elastase:
  • Time prior
    max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements
    or urine output
     0 hours 0.63 0.075 176 17 0.081
    24 hours 0.57 0.072 176 19 0.296
    48 hours 0.62 0.086 176 13 0.152
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.94 0.094 230 3 0.000
    24 hours 0.61 0.136 230 5 0.417
    48 hours 0.69 0.133 230 5 0.155
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.57 0.076 154 17 0.333
    24 hours 0.56 0.072 154 19 0.410
    48 hours 0.60 0.089 154 12 0.269
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 6:
  • Time prior
    max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements
    or urine output
     0 hours 0.83 0.113 143 5 0.003
    24 hours 0.61 0.076 143 17  0.136
    48 hours 0.60 0.136 143 5 0.476
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.90 0.149 178 2 0.008
    24 hours 0.72 0.131 178 5 0.093
    48 hours 0.58 0.213 178 2 0.721
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.84 0.125 111 4 0.007
    24 hours 0.55 0.081 111 15  0.530
    48 hours 0.59 0.153 111 4 0.535
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 6:
  • Time prior
    max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements
    or urine output
     0 hours 0.26 0.094 109 5 1.990
    24 hours 0.53 0.115 109 7 0.763
    48 hours 0.56 0.152 109 4 0.672
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.35 0.174 132 2 1.623
    24 hours 0.46 0.164 132 3 1.213
    48 hours 0.29 0.154 132 2 1.831
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.19 0.084 81 4 2.000
    24 hours 0.45 0.129 81 5 1.320
    48 hours 0.56 0.175 81 3 0.734
    • Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 2:
  • Time prior
    max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements
    or urine output
     0 hours 0.60 0.106 60 9 0.365
    24 hours 0.38 0.134 60 4 1.632
    48 hours 0.41 0.193 60 2 1.365
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.40 0.189 79 2 1.407
    24 hours 0.14 0.091 79 2 2.000
    48 hours 0.53 0.212 79 2 0.881
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.59 0.108 45 9 0.419
    24 hours 0.59 0.218 45 2 0.683
    48 hours 0.62 0.306 45 1 0.689
    • Heat Shock Protein Beta-1:
  • Time prior
    max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements
    or urine output
     0 hours 0.30 0.080 82 9 1.989
    24 hours 0.42 0.140 82 4 1.415
    48 hours 0.26 0.147 82 2 1.895
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.51 0.208 101 2 0.962
    24 hours 0.53 0.211 101 2 0.870
    48 hours 0.70 0.210 101 2 0.333
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.28 0.079 64 9 1.995
    24 hours 0.32 0.168 64 2 1.714
    48 hours 0.14 0.129 64 1 1.995
    • Soluble Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor:
  • Time prior
    max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements
    or urine output
     0 hours 0.60 0.119 26 8 0.398
    24 hours 0.58 0.091 26 17  0.369
    48 hours nd nd 26 0 0.211
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.31 0.167 47 2 1.749
    24 hours 0.48 0.105 47 9 1.188
    48 hours 0.00 0.000 47 1 n/a
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.67 0.123 27 7 0.176
    24 hours 0.73 0.097 27 11  0.019
    48 hours 0.63 0.309 27 1 0.675
  • Various threshold (or “cutoff”) concentrations were selected, and the associated sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing cohort 1 from cohort 2, as shown in the following tables. OR is the odds ratio calculated for the particular cutoff concentration, and 95% CI is the confidence interval for the odds ratio.
  • Soluble p-Selectin:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 0 na na 1
    0 na na 2 na na na
    0 na na 3 na na na
    0 na na 4 na na na
    0 na na
    0 na na
    24 hours 41.57990997 77% 24% 1
    41.16807386 85% 24% 2 0.4 0.1 2.6
    36.15698737 92% 15% 3 1.0 0.3 3.8
    85.18918315 31% 72% 4 0.8 0.2 3.4
    98.6629192 23% 80%
    116.8580315  0% 91%
    48 hours 71.26241682 100%  54% 1
    71.26241682 100%  54% 2 na na na
    71.26241682 100%  54% 3 na na na
    85.18918315  0% 72% 4 na na na
    98.6629192  0% 80%
    116.8580315  0% 91%
    sCr only
     0 hours 0 na na 1
    0 na na 2 na na na
    0 na na 3 na na na
    0 na na 4 na na na
    0 na na
    0 na na
    24 hours 45.08916942 100%  27% 1
    45.08916942 100%  27% 2 na na na
    45.08916942 100%  27% 3 na na na
    84.57719926 33% 71% 4 na na na
    98.6629192 33% 81%
    115.1555728  0% 92%
    48 hours 0 na na 1
    0 na na 2 na na na
    0 na na 3 na na na
    0 na na 4 na na na
    0 na na
    0 na na
    UO only
     0 hours 0 na na 1
    0 na na 2 na na na
    0 na na 3 na na na
    0 na na 4 na na na
    0 na na
    0 na na
    24 hours 41.57990997 77% 25% 1
    39.57955124 85% 25% 2 0.7 0.1 4.9
    36.15698737 92% 18% 3 2.3 0.5 10.0 
    85.18918315 23% 70% 4 1.1 0.2 5.9
    100.9858993 15% 80%
    116.8580315  0% 90%
    48 hours 71.26241682 100%  55% 1
    71.26241682 100%  55% 2 na na na
    71.26241682 100%  55% 3 na na na
    85.18918315  0% 70% 4 na na na
    100.9858993  0% 80%
    116.8580315  0% 90%
    • Protein NOV Homolog:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 5128.205128 78% 25% 1
    2895.095368 89% 17% 2 0.5 0.0 10.0 
    1542.207792 100%   9% 3 1.5 0.3 8.7
    13232.42188 44% 71% 4 1.5 0.3 8.7
    16845.70313 22% 80%
    30886.85015 22% 90%
    24 hours 5128.205128 71% 25% 1
    2282.016349 82% 13% 2 1.3 0.5 3.5
    1542.207792 94%  9% 3 0.7 0.2 2.6
    13232.42188 35% 71% 4 1.3 0.5 3.7
    16845.70313 18% 80%
    30886.85015  0% 90%
    48 hours 8560.92437 100%  47% 1
    8560.92437 100%  47% 2 na na na
    8560.92437 100%  47% 3 na na na
    13232.42188 33% 71% 4 na na na
    16845.70313  0% 80%
    30886.85015  0% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 29816.51376 100%  90% 1
    29816.51376 100%  90% 2 na na na
    29816.51376 100%  90% 3 na na na
    13330.07813 100%  70% 4 na na na
    16845.70313 100%  80%
    29816.51376 100%  90%
    24 hours 14404.29688 80% 73% 1
    14404.29688 80% 73% 2 na na na
    9339.08046 100%  50% 3 na na na
    13330.07813 80% 70% 4 na na na
    16845.70313 60% 80%
    29816.51376 20% 90%
    48 hours 12978.4689 100%  68% 1
    12978.4689 100%  68% 2 na na na
    12978.4689 100%  68% 3 na na na
    13330.07813 50% 70% 4 na na na
    16845.70313 50% 80%
    29816.51376 50% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 5128.205128 78% 20% 1
    2895.095368 89% 14% 2 0.3 0.0 4.7
    1542.207792 100%   6% 3 1.0 0.2 4.2
    13916.01563 44% 71% 4 0.6 0.1 3.7
    17165.07177 22% 80%
    30886.85015 22% 90%
    24 hours 2588.555858 73% 11% 1
    2158.938172 80% 10% 2 1.0 0.2 4.4
    1542.207792 93%  6% 3 0.7 0.1 3.9
    13916.01563 20% 71% 4 2.9 1.0 8.6
    17165.07177 13% 80%
    30886.85015  0% 90%
    48 hours 8560.92437 100%  41% 1
    8560.92437 100%  41% 2 na na na
    8560.92437 100%  41% 3 na na na
    13916.01563  0% 71% 4 na na na
    17165.07177  0% 80%
    30886.85015  0% 90%
    • Netrin 4:
  • Time prior Cutoff Quar-
    AKI stage value sens spec tile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 0.013020833  78% 51% 1
    0.01171875  89% 46% 2 2.1 0.1 48.1
    0.006669207 100%  9% 3 2.1 0.1 48.1
    0.018843157  67% 70% 4 4.4 0.3 62.4
    0.03671875  22% 80%
    0.06171875  11% 90%
    24 hours 0.019901762  75% 74% 1
    0.007727812 100% 19% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.007727812 100% 19% 3 1.0 0.0 61.3
    0.018843157  75% 70% 4 2.1 0.1 48.7
    0.03671875  50% 80%
    0.06171875  25% 90%
    48 hours 0.01640625 100% 68% 1
    0.01640625 100% 68% 2 na na na
    0.01640625 100% 68% 3 na na na
    0.018843157  50% 70% 4 na na na
    0.03671875  0% 80%
    0.06171875  0% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 0.020431064 100% 72% 1
    0.020431064 100% 72% 2 na na na
    0.020431064 100% 72% 3 na na na
    0.019901762 100% 70% 4 na na na
    0.031546409  50% 81%
    0.06171875  0% 91%
    24 hours 0.0375 100% 83% 1
    0.0375 100% 83% 2 na na na
    0.0375 100% 83% 3 na na na
    0.019901762 100% 70% 4 na na na
    0.031546409 100% 81%
    0.06171875  50% 91%
    48 hours 0.01640625 100% 63% 1
    0.01640625 100% 63% 2 na na na
    0.01640625 100% 63% 3 na na na
    0.019901762  50% 70% 4 na na na
    0.031546409  0% 81%
    0.06171875  0% 91%
    UO only
     0 hours 0.0125  78% 56% 1
    0.01171875  89% 52% 2 0.9 0.0 60.2
    0.006669207 100% 10% 3 0.9 0.0 60.2
    0.015625  67% 71% 4 8.0 0.6 104.8
    0.019901762  67% 81%
    0.06171875  11% 90%
    24 hours 0.007727812 100% 21% 1
    0.007727812 100% 21% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.007727812 100% 21% 3 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    0.015625  50% 71% 4 1.0 0.0 65.5
    0.019901762  50% 81%
    0.06171875  0% 90%
    48 hours 0.01640625 100% 73% 1
    0.01640625 100% 73% 2 na na na
    0.01640625 100% 73% 3 na na na
    0.015625 100% 71% 4 na na na
    0.019901762  0% 81%
    0.06171875  0% 90%
    • Alpha-1-Antitrypsin:
  • Time prior
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 1.93 74% 17% 1
    1.77 83% 12% 2 0.5 0.1 2.2
    1.46 91% 4% 3 2.4 1.1 5.1
    4.02 17% 70% 4 2.1 1.0 4.6
    4.67 13% 80%
    5.53 4% 90%
    24 hours 1.76 72% 12% 1
    1.54 80% 5% 2 1.0 0.1 7.5
    1.19 92% 1% 3 4.9 1.4 17.0
    4.02 8% 70% 4 6.8 2.1 22.3
    4.67 8% 80%
    5.53 4% 90%
    48 hours 1.22 77% 1% 1
    1.2 85% 1% 2 1.0 0.0 53.2
    1.19 92% 1% 3 3.1 0.2 44.2
    4.02 8% 70% 4 8.8 0.9 83.1
    4.67 8% 80%
    0.06171875 0% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 1.77 83% 14% 1
    1.77 83% 14% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    1.53 100% 7% 3 0.5 0.0 9.7
    3.84 33% 70% 4 1.5 0.3 8.1
    4.47 33% 80%
    5.36 17% 90%
    24 hours 1.81 71% 15% 1
    1.54 86% 7% 2 0.5 0.0 9.7
    1.08 100% 2% 3 0.5 0.0 9.7
    3.84 29% 70% 4 1.5 0.3 8.0
    4.47 29% 80%
    5.36 14% 90%
    48 hours 2.34 80% 32% 1
    2.34 80% 32% 2 1.0 0.0 52.7
    1.67 100% 10% 3 2.0 0.1 39.6
    3.84 20% 70% 4 1.0 0.0 52.7
    4.47 20% 80%
    5.36 20% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 1.99 73% 19% 1
    1.71 82% 9% 2 0.5 0.1 2.2
    1.46 91% 3% 3 2.4 1.1 5.2
    3.84 18% 71% 4 1.8 0.8 4.2
    4.4 18% 80%
    5.3 9% 90%
    24 hours 1.77 71% 12% 1
    1.49 83% 4% 2 2.1 0.1 40.8
    1.2 92% 1% 3 10.2 1.1 94.5
    3.84 4% 71% 4 14.1 1.6 124.8
    4.4 4% 80%
    5.3 4% 90%
    48 hours 1.22 77% 1% 1
    1.2 85% 1% 2 na na na
    1.08 92% 1% 3 na na na
    3.84 0% 71% 4 na na na
    4.4 0% 80%
    5.3 0% 90%
    • Leukocyte Elastase:
  • Time prior
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 256.5466448 71% 52% 1
    198.9247312 82% 38% 2 0.7 0.1 3.6
    117.2808765 94% 16% 3 2.1 0.7 6.2
    335.1920694 53% 70% 4 2.1 0.7 6.1
    449.1945477 29% 80%
    561.0655738 18% 90%
    24 hours 206.9935691 74% 38% 1
    116.4772727 84% 16% 2 0.7 0.2 2.5
    93.49593496 95% 10% 3 1.0 0.3 2.8
    335.1920694 47% 70% 4 2.1 0.9 4.9
    449.1945477 21% 80%
    561.0655738 16% 90%
    48 hours 222.421671 77% 43% 1
    215.5913978 85% 40% 2 4.3 0.3 54.2
    161.5932642 92% 27% 3 3.1 0.2 46.7
    335.1920694 54% 70% 4 5.3 0.5 61.4
    449.1945477 23% 80%
    561.0655738 8% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 512.704918 100% 87% 1
    512.704918 100% 87% 2 na na na
    512.704918 100% 87% 3 na na na
    373.605948 100% 70% 4 na na na
    450.4337051 100% 80%
    561.0655738 67% 90%
    24 hours 237.4631268 80% 43% 1
    237.4631268 80% 43% 2 na na na
    218.1788512 100% 37% 3 na na na
    373.605948 60% 70% 4 na na na
    450.4337051 0% 80%
    561.0655738 0% 90%
    48 hours 328.9962825 80% 63% 1
    328.9962825 80% 63% 2 na na na
    240.6088083 100% 44% 3 na na na
    373.605948 60% 70% 4 na na na
    450.4337051 20% 80%
    561.0655738 0% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 234.5132743 71% 46% 1
    189.7845953 82% 36% 2 1.3 0.4 4.6
    117.2808765 94% 15% 3 2.1 0.7 6.2
    376.8939394 35% 70% 4 1.3 0.4 4.6
    463.747646 24% 81%
    563.8166047 12% 90%
    24 hours 198.9247312 74% 37% 1
    116.4772727 84% 15% 2 0.6 0.2 1.8
    93.49593496 95% 10% 3 1.0 0.4 2.4
    376.8939394 42% 70% 4 1.2 0.5 2.7
    463.747646 26% 81%
    563.8166047 21% 90%
    48 hours 221.8264249 75% 42% 1
    215.5913978 83% 40% 2 4.2 0.3 54.0
    161.5932642 92% 26% 3 3.2 0.2 47.6
    376.8939394 42% 70% 4 4.2 0.3 54.0
    463.747646 25% 81%
    563.8166047 17% 90%
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 6:
  • Time prior
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 14117.64706 80% 80% 1
    14117.64706 80% 80% 2 na na na
    14086.68731 100% 80% 3 na na na
    12329.41176 100% 71% 4 na na na
    14241.48607 60% 80%
    17689.69422 0% 90%
    24 hours 8865.41471 71% 46% 1
    8145.539906 82% 38% 2 6.9 0.6 75.5
    7165.217391 94% 27% 3 4.3 0.3 55.8
    12329.41176 47% 71% 4 6.9 0.6 75.5
    14241.48607 29% 80%
    17689.69422 6% 90%
    48 hours 9710.485133 80% 56% 1
    9710.485133 80% 56% 2 na na na
    8367.071525 100% 42% 3 na na na
    12329.41176 20% 71% 4 na na na
    14241.48607 20% 80%
    17689.69422 0% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 16824.14698 100% 87% 1
    16824.14698 100% 87% 2 na na na
    16824.14698 100% 87% 3 na na na
    12894.11765 100% 70% 4 na na na
    15572.75542 100% 80%
    17689.69422 50% 90%
    24 hours 12043.34365 80% 65% 1
    12043.34365 80% 65% 2 na na na
    9257.759784 100% 46% 3 na na na
    12894.11765 60% 70% 4 na na na
    15572.75542 20% 80%
    17689.69422 20% 90%
    48 hours 9710.485133 100% 51% 1
    9710.485133 100% 51% 2 na na na
    9710.485133 100% 51% 3 na na na
    12894.11765 0% 70% 4 na na na
    15572.75542 0% 80%
    17689.69422 0% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 14117.64706 75% 81% 1
    14047.05882 100% 81% 2 na na na
    14047.05882 100% 81% 3 na na na
    12043.34365 100% 70% 4 na na na
    13937.00787 100% 80%
    16611.76471 25% 90%
    24 hours 8145.539906 73% 35% 1
    7366.003063 80% 32% 2 8.4 0.8 91.1
    7136.294028 93% 27% 3 2.1 0.1 44.7
    12043.34365 40% 70% 4 5.6 0.5 67.0
    13937.00787 20% 80%
    16611.76471 7% 90%
    48 hours 9710.485133 75% 54% 1
    8361.408882 100% 39% 2 na na na
    8361.408882 100% 39% 3 na na na
    12043.34365 25% 70% 4 na na na
    13937.00787 25% 80%
    1611.76471 0% 90%
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 6:
  • Time prior
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 20.39930556 80% 13% 1
    20.39930556 80% 13% 2 na na na
    13.36805556 100% 4% 3 na na na
    60.06205674 0% 71% 4 na na na
    81.75505051 0% 81%
    105.8362369 0% 91%
    24 hours 39.2287234 71% 43% 1
    37.54844961 86% 38% 2 3.2 0.2 51.0
    28.64583333 100% 25% 3 1.0 0.0 58.0
    60.06205674 29% 71% 4 2.1 0.1 45.2
    81.75505051 29% 81%
    105.8362369 0% 91%
    48 hours 40.11524823 75% 44% 1
    36.09496124 100% 33% 2 na na na
    36.09496124 100% 33% 3 na na na
    60.06205674 25% 71% 4 na na na
    81.75505051 25% 81%
    105.8362369 25% 91%
    sCr only
     0 hours 27.34375 100% 22% 1
    27.34375 100% 22% 2 na na na
    27.34375 100% 22% 3 na na na
    60.06205674 0% 70% 4 na na na
    81.75505051 0% 80%
    103.8510101 0% 90%
    24 hours 17.78846154 100% 11% 1
    17.78846154 100% 11% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    17.78846154 100% 11% 3 1.0 0.0 56.8
    60.06205674 33% 70% 4 1.0 0.0 58.6
    81.75505051 33% 80%
    103.8510101 0% 90%
    48 hours 20.39930556 100% 13% 1
    20.39930556 100% 13% 2 na na na
    20.39930556 100% 13% 3 na na na
    60.06205674 0% 70% 4 na na na
    81.75505051 0% 80%
    103.8510101 0% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 20.39930556 75% 14% 1
    12.32638889 100% 1% 2 na na na
    12.32638889 100% 1% 3 na na na
    61.18881119 0% 70% 4 na na na
    90.59233449 0% 80%
    112.804878 0% 90%
    24 hours 39.2287234 80% 35% 1
    39.2287234 80% 35% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    27.40384615 100% 22% 3 3.3 0.2 55.1
    61.18881119 20% 70% 4 1.1 0.0 64.1
    90.59233449 0% 80%
    112.804878 0% 90%
    48 hours 36.09496124 100% 26% 1
    36.09496124 100% 26% 2 na na na
    36.09496124 100% 26% 3 na na na
    61.18881119 33% 70% 4 na na na
    90.59233449 33% 80%
    112.804878 33% 90%
    • Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 2:
  • Time prior
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 354.4827586 78% 50% 1
    316.6502463 89% 35% 2 na na na
    296.9458128 100% 32% 3 na na na
    516.8780488 33% 70% 4 na na na
    690.1463415 22% 80%
    750.4390244 22% 90%
    24 hours 239.6166134 75% 23% 1
    43.61702128 100% 5% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    43.61702128 100% 5% 3 1.0 0.0 65.5
    516.8780488 25% 70% 4 2.1 0.1 53.1
    690.1463415 25% 80%
    750.4390244 25% 90%
    48 hours 205.8785942 100% 18% 1
    205.8785942 100% 18% 2 na na na
    205.8785942 100% 18% 3 na na na
    516.8780488 0% 70% 4 na na na
    690.1463415 0% 80%
    750.4390244 0% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 191.5294118 100% 16% 1
    191.5294118 100% 16% 2 na na na
    191.5294118 100% 16% 3 na na na
    525.91133 0% 71% 4 na na na
    693.6585366 0% 81%
    889.1707317 0% 91%
    24 hours 45.31914894 100% 5% 1
    45.31914894 100% 5% 2 na na na
    45.31914894 100% 5% 3 na na na
    525.91133 0% 71% 4 na na na
    693.6585366 0% 81%
    889.1707317 0% 91%
    48 hours 205.8785942 100% 18% 1
    205.8785942 100% 18% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    205.8785942 100% 18% 3 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    525.91133 50% 71% 4 1.0 0.0 58.5
    693.6585366 50% 81%
    889.1707317 0% 91%
    UO only
     0 hours 354.4827586 78% 51% 1
    316.6502463 89% 33% 2 na na na
    296.9458128 100% 29% 3 na na na
    557.8536585 22% 71% 4 na na na
    703.6097561 22% 80%
    783.804878 22% 91%
    24 hours 271.3300493 100% 24% 1
    271.3300493 100% 24% 2 na na na
    271.3300493 100% 24% 3 na na na
    557.8536585 50% 71% 4 na na na
    703.6097561 50% 80%
    783.804878 50% 91%
    48 hours 422.6600985 100% 62% 1
    422.6600985 100% 62% 2 na na na
    422.6600985 100% 62% 3 na na na
    557.8536585 0% 71% 4 na na na
    703.6097561 0% 80%
    783.804878 0% 91%
    • Heat Shock Protein Beta-1:
  • Time prior
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 16.34933775 78% 12% 1
    14.76753049 89% 9% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    8.860518293 100% 4% 3 3.3 0.2 54.3
    135.1610429 11% 72% 4 6.5 0.5 83.4
    184.5735786 11% 80%
    273.1137088 11% 90%
    24 hours 74.06850962 75% 46% 1
    16.34933775 100% 12% 2 na na na
    16.34933775 100% 12% 3 na na na
    135.1610429 0% 72% 4 na na na
    184.5735786 0% 80%
    273.1137088 0% 90%
    48 hours 24.96936275 100% 16% 1
    24.96936275 100% 16% 2 na na na
    24.96936275 100% 16% 3 na na na
    135.1610429 0% 72% 4 na na na
    184.5735786 0% 80%
    273.1137088 0% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 8.860518293 100% 3% 1
    8.860518293 100% 3% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    8.860518293 100% 3% 3 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    126.3420245 50% 70% 4 1.0 0.0 56.8
    184.5735786 50% 80%
    273.1137088 50% 90%
    24 hours 74.06850962 100% 49% 1
    74.06850962 100% 49% 2 na na na
    74.06850962 100% 49% 3 na na na
    126.3420245 0% 70% 4 na na na
    184.5735786 0% 80%
    273.1137088 0% 90%
    48 hours 57.1192053 100% 41% 1
    57.1192053 100% 41% 2 na na na
    57.1192053 100% 41% 3 na na na
    126.3420245 50% 70% 4 na na na
    184.5735786 50% 80%
    273.1137088 50% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 16.34933775 78% 11% 1
    14.76753049 89% 6% 2 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    8.40585443 100% 2% 3 3.6 0.2 62.4
    135.1610429 11% 72% 4 6.9 0.5 94.3
    184.5735786 11% 81%
    290.1168969 11% 91%
    24 hours 16.34933775 100% 11% 1
    16.34933775 100% 11% 2 na na na
    16.34933775 100% 11% 3 na na na
    135.1610429 0% 72% 4 na na na
    184.5735786 0% 81%
    290.1168969 0% 91%
    48 hours 24.96936275 100% 14% 1
    24.96936275 100% 14% 2 na na na
    24.96936275 100% 14% 3 na na na
    135.1610429 0% 72% 4 na na na
    184.5735786 0% 81%
    290.1168969 0% 91%
    • Soluble Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor:
  • Time prior
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 10541.05124 75% 46% 1
    8828.351099 88% 23% 2 0.4 0.0 12.6
    8202.74857 100% 15% 3 0.4 0.0 14.9
    11934.01788 50% 73% 4 2.4 0.3 21.4
    12761.28396 50% 81%
    15460.1643 13% 92%
    24 hours 10001.60234 71% 42% 1
    8358.83336 82% 19% 2 0.6 0.1 3.1
    6977.052258 94% 8% 3 0.9 0.2 4.2
    11934.01788 53% 73% 4 1.8 0.4 8.4
    12761.28396 47% 81%
    15460.1643 18% 92%
    48 hours 0 na na 1
    0 na na 2 na na na
    0 na na 3 na na na
    0 na na 4 na na na
    0 na na
    0 na na
    sCr only
     0 hours 8202.74857 100% 13% 1
    8202.74857 100% 13% 2 na na na
    8202.74857 100% 13% 3 na na na
    13660.92774 0% 70% 4 na na na
    14168.09234 0% 81%
    16778.19999 0% 91%
    24 hours 8358.83336 78% 15% 1
    7655.774622 89% 11% 2 0.3 0.0 5.3
    0 100% 0% 3 0.6 0.1 4.4
    13660.92774 33% 70% 4 1.0 0.2 5.3
    14168.09234 33% 81%
    16778.19999 11% 91%
    48 hours 0 100% 0% 1
    0 100% 0% 2 na na na
    0 100% 0% 3 na na na
    13660.92774 0% 70% 4 na na na
    14168.09234 0% 81%
    16778.19999 0% 91%
    UO only
     0 hours 10870.7146 71% 63% 1
    10541.05124 86% 52% 2 0.9 0.0 74.5
    8377.470829 100% 26% 3 2.3 0.1 81.0
    11909.00287 57% 70% 4 3.5 0.1 87.6
    13862.95214 29% 81%
    20361.99567 0% 93%
    24 hours 12714.33315 73% 78% 1
    12624.87324 82% 78% 2 0.9 0.0 71.2
    10001.60234 91% 48% 3 6.4 0.3 140.2
    11909.00287 82% 70% 4 8.0 0.4 158.9
    13862.95214 45% 81%
    20361.99567 9% 93%
    48 hours 10870.7146 100% 63% 1
    10870.7146 100% 63% 2 na na na
    10870.7146 100% 63% 3 na na na
    11909.00287 0% 70% 4 na na na
    13862.95214 0% 81%
    20361.99567 0% 93%
    • Example 11 Kidney Injury Markers for Evaluating Renal Status in Patients Progressing from Stage R to Stages I and F
  • Patients were classified and analyzed as described in Example 9, but only those patients that reached Stage R were included in this example. Cohort 1 contained patients that reached stage R but did not progress to stage I or F within 10 days, and Cohort 2 included only patients that progressed to stage I or F. Marker concentrations in the plasma component from blood samples collected within 12 hours of reaching stage R were included in the analysis for both Cohort 1 and 2.
  • The following descriptive statistics were obtained
    • Alpha-1-Antitrypsin:
  • 0 hr prior to 48 hr prior to
    AKI stage 24 hr AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort prior to AKI stage Cohort Cohort
    1 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 2.250 1.770 2.250 1.770 2.250 1.770
    average 2.493 2.201 2.493 2.201 2.493 2.201
    stdev 0.954 1.240 0.954 1.240 0.954 1.240
    p (t-test) 0.395 0.395 0.395
    min 1.310 0.748 1.310 0.748 1.310 0.748
    max 4.900 5.090 4.900 5.090 4.900 5.090
    n (Samp) 28 15 28 15 28 15
    n (Pat) 28 15 28 15 28 15
    sCr only
    median 2.295 2.340 2.295 2.340 2.295 2.340
    average 2.456 2.518 2.456 2.518 2.456 2.518
    stdev 0.950 1.524 0.950 1.524 0.950 1.524
    p (t-test) 0.919 0.919 0.919
    min 1.280 1.220 1.280 1.220 1.280 1.220
    max 4.020 5.090 4.020 5.090 4.020 5.090
    n (Samp) 12 5 12 5 12 5
    n (Pat) 12 5 12 5 12 5
    UO only
    median 2.250 2.070 2.250 2.070 2.250 2.070
    average 2.526 2.342 2.526 2.342 2.526 2.342
    stdev 0.977 1.282 0.977 1.282 0.977 1.282
    p (t-test) 0.635 0.635 0.635
    min 1.310 0.748 1.310 0.748 1.310 0.748
    max 4.900 5.090 4.900 5.090 4.900 5.090
    n (Samp) 22 13 22 13 22 13
    n (Pat) 22 13 22 13 22 13
    • Leukocyte Elastase:
  • 0 hr prior to 48 hr prior to
    AKI stage 24 hr AKI stage
    Cohort Cohort prior to AKI stage Cohort Cohort
    1 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 1 2
    sCr or UO
    median 262.275 351.301 262.275 351.301 262.275 351.301
    average 306.017 407.321 306.017 407.321 306.017 407.321
    stdev 196.187 223.977 196.187 223.977 196.187 223.977
    p (t-test) 0.159 0.159 0.159
    min 48.240 125.972 48.240 125.972 48.240 125.972
    max 874.180 861.088 874.180 861.088 874.180 861.088
    n (Samp) 25 13 25 13 25 13
    n (Pat) 25 13 25 13 25 13
    sCr only
    median 313.934 316.320 313.934 316.320 313.934 316.320
    average 383.175 289.483 383.175 289.483 383.175 289.483
    stdev 233.049 150.491 233.049 150.491 233.049 150.491
    p (t-test) 0.476 0.476 0.476
    min 79.573 98.357 79.573 98.357 79.573 98.357
    max 874.180 426.933 874.180 426.933 874.180 426.933
    n (Samp) 10 4 10 4 10 4
    n (Pat) 10 4 10 4 10 4
    UO only
    median 230.894 436.205 230.894 436.205 230.894 436.205
    average 249.531 466.498 249.531 466.498 249.531 466.498
    stdev 141.086 236.312 141.086 236.312 141.086 236.312
    p (t-test) 0.004 0.004 0.004
    min 48.240 125.972 48.240 125.972 48.240 125.972
    max 524.180 861.088 524.180 861.088 524.180 861.088
    n (Samp) 18 12 18 12 18 12
    n (Pat) 18 12 18 12 18 12
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 6:
  • 0 hr prior to 24 hr prior to 48 hr prior to
    AKI stage AKI stage AKI stage
    Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 1 Cohort 2
    sCr or UO
    median 13485.572 9900.459 13485.572 9900.459 13485.572 9900.459
    average 12626.602 11194.423 12626.602 11194.423 12626.602 11194.423
    stdev 4299.336 3620.104 4299.336 3620.104 4299.336 3620.104
    p (t-test) 0.406 0.406 0.406
    min 6747.826 6493.109 6747.826 6493.109 6747.826 6493.109
    max 18935.447 17259.343 18935.447 17259.343 18935.447 17259.343
    n (Samp) 10 12 10 12 10 12
    n (Pat) 10 12 10 12 10 12
    sCr only
    median 9099.309 15136.444 9099.309 15136.444 9099.309 15136.444
    average 10218.561 15136.444 10218.561 15136.444 10218.561 15136.444
    stdev 2958.891 4155.386 2958.891 4155.386 2958.891 4155.386
    p (t-test) 0.160 0.160 0.160
    min 8161.189 12198.142 8161.189 12198.142 8161.189 12198.142
    max 14514.436 18074.745 14514.436 18074.745 14514.436 18074.745
    n (Samp) 4 2 4 2 4 2
    n (Pat) 4 2 4 2 4 2
    UO only
    median 14241.486 11083.757 14241.486 11083.757 14241.486 11083.757
    average 13099.883 11634.034 13099.883 11634.034 13099.883 11634.034
    stdev 4274.913 3817.593 4274.913 3817.593 4274.913 3817.593
    p (t-test) 0.441 0.441 0.441
    min 6747.826 6493.109 6747.826 6493.109 6747.826 6493.109
    max 18935.447 17259.343 18935.447 17259.343 18935.447 17259.343
    n (Samp) 9 10 9 10 9 10
    n (Pat) 9 10 9 10 9 10
  • In the following tables, the ability to distinguish cohort 1 (subjects remaining in RIFLE R) from Cohort 2 (subjects progressing to RIFLE I or F) was determined using ROC analysis.
    • Alpha-1-Antitrypsin:
  • Time prior
    max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements
    or urine output
     0 hours 0.38 0.088 28 15 1.842
    24 hours 0.38 0.088 28 15 1.842
    48 hours 0.38 0.088 28 15 1.842
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.43 0.154 12 5 1.336
    24 hours 0.43 0.154 12 5 1.336
    48 hours 0.43 0.154 12 5 1.336
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.43 0.100 22 13 1.538
    24 hours 0.43 0.100 22 13 1.538
    48 hours 0.43 0.100 22 13 1.538
    • Leukocyte Elastase:
  • Time prior
    max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements
    or urine output
     0 hours 0.64 0.098 25 13 0.163
    24 hours 0.64 0.098 25 13 0.163
    48 hours 0.64 0.098 25 13 0.163
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.43 0.171 10 4 1.339
    24 hours 0.43 0.171 10 4 1.339
    48 hours 0.43 0.171 10 4 1.339
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.79 0.090 18 12 0.001
    24 hours 0.79 0.090 18 12 0.001
    48 hours 0.79 0.090 18 12 0.001
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 6:
  • Time prior
    max stage AUC SE nCohort 1 nCohort 2 p
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine measurements
    or urine output
     0 hours 0.39 0.124 10 12 1.619
    24 hours 0.39 0.124 10 12 1.619
    48 hours 0.39 0.124 10 12 1.619
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on serum creatinine
     0 hours 0.88 0.185 4 2 0.043
    24 hours 0.88 0.185 4 2 0.043
    48 hours 0.88 0.185 4 2 0.043
    Cohort 1 v Cohort 2, adjudicated on urine output
     0 hours 0.38 0.132 9 10 1.646
    24 hours 0.38 0.132 9 10 1.646
    48 hours 0.38 0.132 9 10 1.646
  • Various threshold (or “cutoff”) concentrations were selected, and the associated sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing cohort 1 from cohort 2, as shown in the following tables. OR is the odds ratio calculated for the particular cutoff concentration, and 95% CI is the confidence interval for the odds ratio:
    • Alpha-1-Antitrypsin:
  • Time prior
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 1.48 73% 11% 1
    1.2 80% 0% 2 1.0 0.2 6.0
    0.748 93% 0% 3 1.0 0.2 6.0
    2.89 20% 71% 4 4.0 0.7 22.2
    3.03 20% 82%
    4.02 13% 93%
    24 hours 1.48 73% 11% 1
    1.2 80% 0% 2 1.0 0.2 6.0
    0.748 93% 0% 3 1.0 0.2 6.0
    2.89 20% 71% 4 4.0 0.7 22.2
    3.03 20% 82%
    4.02 13% 93%
    48 hours 1.48 73% 11% 1
    1.2 80% 0% 2 1.0 0.2 6.0
    0.748 93% 0% 3 1.0 0.2 6.0
    2.89 20% 71% 4 4.0 0.7 22.2
    3.03 20% 82%
    4.02 13% 93%
    sCr only
     0 hours 1.53 80% 17% 1
    1.53 80% 17% 2 4.0 0.0 329.1
    0 100% 0% 3 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    2.96 20% 75% 4 4.0 0.0 329.1
    3.28 20% 83%
    3.84 20% 92%
    24 hours 1.53 80% 17% 1
    1.53 80% 17% 2 4.0 0.0 329.1
    0 100% 0% 3 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    2.96 20% 75% 4 4.0 0.0 329.1
    3.28 20% 83%
    3.84 20% 92%
    48 hours 1.53 80% 17% 1
    1.53 80% 17% 2 4.0 0.0 329.1
    0 100% 0% 3 0.0 0.0 65535.0
    2.96 20% 75% 4 4.0 0.0 329.1
    3.28 20% 83%
    3.84 20% 92%
    UO only
     0 hours 1.65 77% 23% 1
    0.818 85% 0% 2 1.0 0.1 7.1
    0.748 92% 0% 3 1.6 0.2 10.3
    2.89 23% 73% 4 1.2 0.2 9.1
    3.03 23% 82%
    3.49 15% 91%
    24 hours 1.65 77% 23% 1
    0.818 85% 0% 2 1.0 0.1 7.1
    0.748 92% 0% 3 1.6 0.2 10.3
    2.89 23% 73% 4 1.2 0.2 9.1
    3.03 23% 82%
    3.49 15% 91%
    48 hours 1.65 77% 23% 1
    0.818 85% 0% 2 1.0 0.1 7.1
    0.748 92% 0% 3 1.6 0.2 10.3
    2.89 23% 73% 4 1.2 0.2 9.1
    3.03 23% 82%
    3.49 15% 91%
    • Leukocyte Elastase:
  • Time prior 95%
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 221.1787565 77% 40% 1
    188.805483 85% 32% 2 1.5 0.2 13.4
    170.0160772 92% 28% 3 2.8 0.3 23.8
    422.6677578 46% 72% 4 2.3 0.3 18.6
    449.1945477 31% 80%
    563.8166047 23% 92%
    24 hours 221.1787565 77% 40% 1
    188.805483 85% 32% 2 1.5 0.2 13.4
    170.0160772 92% 28% 3 2.8 0.3 23.8
    422.6677578 46% 72% 4 2.3 0.3 18.6
    449.1945477 31% 80%
    563.8166047 23% 92%
    48 hours 221.1787565 77% 40% 1
    188.805483 85% 32% 2 1.5 0.2 13.4
    170.0160772 92% 28% 3 2.8 0.3 23.8
    422.6677578 46% 72% 4 2.3 0.3 18.6
    449.1945477 31% 80%
    563.8166047 23% 92%
    sCr only
     0 hours 239.3134715 75% 40% 1
    79.57317073 100% 10% 2 na na na
    79.57317073 100% 10% 3 na na na
    449.1945477 0% 70% 4 na na na
    563.8166047 0% 80%
    564.2389525 0% 90%
    24 hours 239.3134715 75% 40% 1
    79.57317073 100% 10% 2 na na na
    79.57317073 100% 10% 3 na na na
    449.1945477 0% 70% 4 na na na
    563.8166047 0% 80%
    564.2389525 0% 90%
    48 hours 239.3134715 75% 40% 1
    79.57317073 100% 10% 2 na na na
    79.57317073 100% 10% 3 na na na
    449.1945477 0% 70% 4 na na na
    563.8166047 0% 80%
    564.2389525 0% 90%
    UO only
     0 hours 326.1047463 75% 78% 1
    251.6366612 83% 61% 2 2.0 0.1 72.7
    170.0160772 92% 33% 3 4.5 0.1 138.9
    297.3977695 75% 72% 4 18.0 0.5 654.4
    422.6677578 58% 83%
    478.2786885 42% 94%
    24 hours 326.1047463 75% 78% 1
    251.6366612 83% 61% 2 2.0 0.1 72.7
    170.0160772 92% 33% 3 4.5 0.1 138.9
    297.3977695 75% 72% 4 18.0 0.5 654.4
    422.6677578 58% 83%
    478.2786885 42% 94%
    48 hours 326.1047463 75% 78% 1
    251.6366612 83% 61% 2 2.0 0.1 72.7
    170.0160772 92% 33% 3 4.5 0.1 138.9
    297.3977695 75% 72% 4 18.0 0.5 654.4
    422.6677578 58% 83%
    478.2786885 42% 94%
    • Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 6:
  • Time prior
    AKI stage Cutoff value sens spec Quartile OR 95% CI of OR
    sCr or UO
     0 hours 8367.071525 75% 30% 1
    7442.572741 83% 20% 2 0.7 0.0 12.6
    7366.003063 92% 20% 3 2.0 0.1 32.1
    14514.4357 25% 70% 4 1.5 0.1 28.4
    15433.07087 17% 80%
    17742.78215 0% 90%
    24 hours 8367.071525 75% 30% 1
    7442.572741 83% 20% 2 0.7 0.0 12.6
    7366.003063 92% 20% 3 2.0 0.1 32.1
    14514.4357 25% 70% 4 1.5 0.1 28.4
    15433.07087 17% 80%
    17742.78215 0% 90%
    48 hours 8367.071525 75% 30% 1
    7442.572741 83% 20% 2 0.7 0.0 12.6
    7366.003063 92% 20% 3 2.0 0.1 32.1
    14514.4357 25% 70% 4 1.5 0.1 28.4
    15433.07087 17% 80%
    17742.78215 0% 90%
    sCr only
     0 hours 9831.546708 100% 75% 1
    9831.546708 100% 75% 2 na na na
    9831.546708 100% 75% 3 na na na
    9831.546708 100% 75% 4 na na na
    14514.4357 50% 100%
    14514.4357 50% 100%
    24 hours 9831.546708 100% 75% 1
    9831.546708 100% 75% 2 na na na
    9831.546708 100% 75% 3 na na na
    9831.546708 100% 75% 4 na na na
    14514.4357 50% 100%
    14514.4357 50% 100%
    48 hours 9831.546708 100% 75% 1
    9831.546708 100% 75% 2 na na na
    9831.546708 100% 75% 3 na na na
    9831.546708 100% 75% 4 na na na
    14514.4357 50% 100%
    14514.4357 50% 100%
    UO only
     0 hours 8897.396631 70% 22% 1
    7442.572741 80% 22% 2 1.0 0.0 26.2
    7366.003063 90% 22% 3 6.0 0.1 356.1
    15433.07087 20% 78% 4 1.5 0.0 54.5
    17742.78215 0% 89%
    18935.44734 0% 100%
    24 hours 8897.396631 70% 22% 1
    7442.572741 80% 22% 2 1.0 0.0 26.2
    7366.003063 90% 22% 3 6.0 0.1 356.1
    15433.07087 20% 78% 4 1.5 0.0 54.5
    17742.78215 0% 89%
    18935.44734 0% 100%
    48 hours 8897.396631 70% 22% 1
    7442.572741 80% 22% 2 1.0 0.0 26.2
    7366.003063 90% 22% 3 6.0 0.1 356.1
    15433.07087 20% 78% 4 1.5 0.0 54.5
    17742.78215 0% 89%
    18935.44734 0% 100%
  • While the invention has been described and exemplified in sufficient detail for those skilled in this art to make and use it, various alternatives, modifications, and improvements should be apparent without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The examples provided herein are representative of preferred embodiments, are exemplary, and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Modifications therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art. These modifications are encompassed within the spirit of the invention and are defined by the scope of the claims.
  • It will be readily apparent to a person skilled in the art that varying substitutions and modifications may be made to the invention disclosed herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
  • All patents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of those of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. All patents and publications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
  • The invention illustratively described herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations which is not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, for example, in each instance herein any of the terms “comprising”, “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” may be replaced with either of the other two terms. The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention that in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention as defined by the appended claims.
  • Other embodiments are set forth within the following claims.

Claims (35)

1. A method for evaluating renal status in a subject, comprising:
performing one or more assays configured to detect a kidney injury marker selected from the group consisting of soluble p-selectin, protein NOV homolog, soluble epidermal growth factor receptor, netrin-4, haptoglobin, heat shock protein beta-1, alpha-1-antitrypsin, leukocyte elastase, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2, active caspase-3, and soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule on a body fluid sample obtained from the subject to provide one or more assay results; and
correlating the assay result(s) to the renal status of the subject.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said correlation step comprises correlating the assay result(s) to one or more of risk stratification, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, classifying and monitoring of the renal status of the subject.
3. A method according to claim 1, wherein said correlating step comprises assigning a likelihood of one or more future changes in renal status to the subject based on the assay result(s).
4. A method according to claim 3, wherein said one or more future changes in renal status comprise one or more of a future injury to renal function, future reduced renal function, future improvement in renal function, and future acute renal failure (ARF).
5. A method according to claim 4, wherein said assay result(s) comprise one or more of:
(i) a measured concentration of soluble p-selectin,
(ii) a measured concentration of protein NOV homolog,
(iii) a measured concentration of soluble epidermal growth factor receptor,
(iv) a measured concentration of netrin-4,
(v) a measured concentration of haptoglobin,
(vi) a measured concentration of alpha-1-antitrypsin,
(vii) a measured concentration of leukocyte elastase,
(viii) a measured concentration of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6,
(ix) a measured concentration of soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6,
(x) a measured concentration of heat shock protein beta-1,
(xi) a measured concentration of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2,
(xii) a measured concentration of active caspase-3, and
(xiii) a measured concentration of soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule,
and said correlation step comprises, for each assay result, comparing said measure concentration to a threshold concentration, and
for a positive going marker, assigning an increased likelihood of suffering a future injury to renal function, future reduced renal function, future ARF, or a future improvement in renal function to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold or assigning a decreased likelihood of suffering a future injury to renal function, future reduced renal function, future ARF, or a future improvement in renal function to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold, or
for a negative going marker, assigning an increased likelihood of suffering a future injury to renal function, future reduced renal function, future ARF, or a future improvement in renal function to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold or assigning a decreased likelihood of suffering a future injury to renal function, future reduced renal function, future ARF, or a future improvement in renal function to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold.
6. A method according to claim 3, wherein said one or more future changes in renal status comprise a clinical outcome related to a renal injury suffered by the subject.
7. A method according to claim 1, wherein said assay result(s) comprise one or more of:
(i) a measured concentration of soluble p-selectin,
(ii) a measured concentration of protein NOV homolog,
(iii) a measured concentration of soluble epidermal growth factor receptor,
(iv) a measured concentration of netrin-4,
(v) a measured concentration of haptoglobin,
(vi) a measured concentration of alpha-1-antitrypsin,
(vii) a measured concentration of leukocyte elastase,
(viii) a measured concentration of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6,
(ix) a measured concentration of soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6,
(x) a measured concentration of heat shock protein beta-1,
(xi) a measured concentration of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2,
(xii) a measured concentration of active caspase-3, and
(xiii) a measured concentration of soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule,
and said correlation step comprises, for each assay result, comparing said measure concentration to a threshold concentration, and
for a positive going marker, assigning an increased likelihood of subsequent acute kidney injury, worsening stage of AKI, mortality, need for renal replacement therapy, need for withdrawal of renal toxins, end stage renal disease, heart failure, stroke, myocardial infarction, or chronic kidney disease to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold, or assigning a decreased likelihood of subsequent acute kidney injury, worsening stage of AKI, mortality, need for renal replacement therapy, need for withdrawal of renal toxins, end stage renal disease, heart failure, stroke, myocardial infarction, or chronic kidney disease to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold, or
for a negative going marker, assigning an increased likelihood of subsequent acute kidney injury, worsening stage of AKI, mortality, need for renal replacement therapy, need for withdrawal of renal toxins, end stage renal disease, heart failure, stroke, myocardial infarction, or chronic kidney disease to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is above the threshold, or assigning a decreased likelihood of subsequent acute kidney injury, worsening stage of AKI, mortality, need for renal replacement therapy, need for withdrawal of renal toxins, end stage renal disease, heart failure, stroke, myocardial infarction, or chronic kidney disease to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold, relative to a likelihood assigned when the measured concentration is below the threshold.
8. A method according to claim 3, wherein the likelihood of one or more future changes in renal status is that an event of interest is more or less likely to occur within 30 days of the time at which the body fluid sample is obtained from the subject.
9. A method according to claim 8, wherein the likelihood of one or more future changes in renal status is that an event of interest is more or less likely to occur within a period selected from the group consisting of 21 days, 14 days, 7 days, 5 days, 96 hours, 72 hours, 48 hours, 36 hours, 24 hours, and 12 hours.
10. A method according to claim 1, wherein the subject is selected for evaluation of renal status based on the pre-existence in the subject of one or more known risk factors for prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal ARF.
11. A method according to claim 1, wherein the subject is selected for evaluation of renal status based on an existing diagnosis of one or more of congestive heart failure, preeclampsia, eclampsia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, proteinuria, renal insufficiency, glomerular filtration below the normal range, cirrhosis, serum creatinine above the normal range, sepsis, injury to renal function, reduced renal function, or ARF, or based on undergoing or having undergone major vascular surgery, coronary artery bypass, or other cardiac surgery, or based on exposure to NSAIDs, cyclosporines, tacrolimus, aminoglycosides, foscarnet, ethylene glycol, hemoglobin, myoglobin, ifosfamide, heavy metals, methotrexate, radiopaque contrast agents, or streptozotocin.
12. A method according to claim 1, wherein said correlating step comprises assigning a diagnosis of the occurrence or nonoccurrence of one or more of an injury to renal function, reduced renal function, or ARF to the subject based on the assay result(s).
13. A method according to claim 12, wherein said assay result(s) comprise one or more of:
(i) a measured concentration of soluble p-selectin,
(ii) a measured concentration of protein NOV homolog,
(iii) a measured concentration of soluble epidermal growth factor receptor,
(iv) a measured concentration of netrin-4,
(v) a measured concentration of haptoglobin,
(vi) a measured concentration of alpha-1-antitrypsin,
(vii) a measured concentration of leukocyte elastase,
(viii) a measured concentration of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6,
(ix) a measured concentration of soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6,
(x) a measured concentration of heat shock protein beta-1,
(xi) a measured concentration of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2,
(xii) a measured concentration of active caspase-3, and
(xiii) a measured concentration of soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule,
and said correlation step comprises, for each assay result, comparing said measure concentration to a threshold concentration, and
for a positive going marker, assigning the occurrence of an injury to renal function, reduced renal function, or ARF to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold, or assigning the nonoccurrence of an injury to renal function, reduced renal function, or ARF to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold, or
for a negative going marker, assigning the occurrence of an injury to renal function, reduced renal function, or ARF to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold, or assigning the nonoccurrence of an injury to renal function, reduced renal function, or ARF to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold.
14. A method according to claim 1, wherein said correlating step comprises assessing whether or not renal function is improving or worsening in a subject who has suffered from an injury to renal function, reduced renal function, or ARF based on the assay result(s).
15. A method according to claim 14, wherein said assay result(s) comprise one or more of:
(i) a measured concentration of soluble p-selectin,
(ii) a measured concentration of protein NOV homolog,
(iii) a measured concentration of soluble epidermal growth factor receptor,
(iv) a measured concentration of netrin-4,
(v) a measured concentration of haptoglobin,
(vi) a measured concentration of alpha-1-antitrypsin,
(vii) a measured concentration of leukocyte elastase,
(viii) a measured concentration of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6,
(ix) a measured concentration of soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6,
(x) a measured concentration of heat shock protein beta-1,
(xi) a measured concentration of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2,
(xii) a measured concentration of active caspase-3, and
(xiii) a measured concentration of soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule,
and said correlation step comprises, for each assay result, comparing said measure concentration to a threshold concentration, and
for a positive going marker, assigning a worsening of renal function to the subject when the measured concentration is above the threshold, or assigning an improvement of renal function when the measured concentration is below the threshold, or
for a negative going marker, assigning a worsening of renal function to the subject when the measured concentration is below the threshold, or assigning an improvement of renal function when the measured concentration is above the threshold.
16. A method according to claim 1, wherein said method is a method of diagnosing the occurrence or nonoccurrence of an injury to renal function in said subject.
17. A method according to claim 1, wherein said method is a method of diagnosing the occurrence or nonoccurrence of reduced renal function in said subject.
18. A method according to claim 1, wherein said method is a method of diagnosing the occurrence or nonoccurrence of acute renal failure in said subject.
19. A method according to claim 1, wherein said method is a method of diagnosing the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a need for renal replacement therapy in said subject.
20. A method according to claim 1, wherein said method is a method of diagnosing the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a need for renal transplantation in said subject.
21. A method according to claim 1, wherein said method is a method of assigning a risk of the future occurrence or nonoccurrence of an injury to renal function in said subject.
22. A method according to claim 1, wherein said method is a method of assigning a risk of the future occurrence or nonoccurrence of reduced renal function in said subject.
23. A method according to claim 1, wherein said method is a method of assigning a risk of the future occurrence or nonoccurrence of acute renal failure in said subject.
24. A method according to claim 1, wherein said method is a method of assigning a risk of the future occurrence or nonoccurrence of a need for renal replacement therapy in said subject.
25. A method according to claim 1, wherein said method is a method of assigning a risk of the future occurrence or nonoccurrence of a need for renal transplantation in said subject.
26. A method according to claim 5, wherein said one or more future changes in renal status comprise one or more of a future injury to renal function, future reduced renal function, future improvement in renal function, and future acute renal failure (ARF) within 72 hours of the time at which the body fluid sample is obtained.
27. A method according to claim 5, wherein said one or more future changes in renal status comprise one or more of a future injury to renal function, future reduced renal function, future improvement in renal function, and future acute renal failure (ARF) within 48 hours of the time at which the body fluid sample is obtained.
28. A method according to claim 5, wherein said one or more future changes in renal status comprise one or more of a future injury to renal function, future reduced renal function, future improvement in renal function, and future acute renal failure (ARF) within 72 hours of the time at which the body fluid sample is obtained.
29. A method according to claim 5, wherein said one or more future changes in renal status comprise one or more of a future injury to renal function, future reduced renal function, future improvement in renal function, and future acute renal failure (ARF) within 48 hours of the time at which the body fluid sample is obtained.
30. A method according to claim 5, wherein said one or more future changes in renal status comprise one or more of a future injury to renal function, future reduced renal function, future improvement in renal function, and future acute renal failure (ARF) within 24 hours of the time at which the body fluid sample is obtained.
31. Use of one or more kidney injury markers selected from the group consisting of soluble p-selectin, protein NOV homolog, soluble epidermal growth factor receptor, netrin-4, haptoglobin, heat shock protein beta-1, alpha-1-antitrypsin, leukocyte elastase, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2, active caspase-3, and soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule for the evaluation of renal injury.
32. Use of one or more kidney injury markers selected from the group consisting of soluble p-selectin, protein NOV homolog, soluble epidermal growth factor receptor, netrin-4, haptoglobin, heat shock protein beta-1, alpha-1-antitrypsin, leukocyte elastase, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 2, active caspase-3, and soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule for the evaluation of acute renal injury.
33. A method according to claim 7, wherein the increased or decreased likelihood of subsequent acute kidney injury, worsening stage of AKI, mortality, need for renal replacement therapy, need for withdrawal of renal toxins, end stage renal disease, heart failure, stroke, myocardial infarction, or chronic kidney disease assigned to the subject is a likelihood that an event of interest is more or less likely to occur within 30 days of the time at which the body fluid sample is obtained from the subject.
34. A method according to claim 7, wherein the increased or decreased likelihood of subsequent acute kidney injury, worsening stage of AKI, mortality, need for renal replacement therapy, need for withdrawal of renal toxins, end stage renal disease, heart failure, stroke, myocardial infarction, or chronic kidney disease assigned to the subject is a likelihood that an event of interest is more or less likely to occur within 72 hours of the time at which the body fluid sample is obtained from the subject.
35. A method according to claim 7, wherein the increased or decreased likelihood of subsequent acute kidney injury, worsening stage of AKI, mortality, need for renal replacement therapy, need for withdrawal of renal toxins, end stage renal disease, heart failure, stroke, myocardial infarction, or chronic kidney disease assigned to the subject is a likelihood that an event of interest is more or less likely to occur within 24 hours of the time at which the body fluid sample is obtained from the subject.
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