US20100254941A1

US20100254941A1 - Interleukin-18 binding proteins, their preparation and use for the treatment of sepsis

Info

Publication number: US20100254941A1
Application number: US12/715,089
Authority: US
Inventors: Daniela Novick; Charles Dinarello; Menachem Rubinstein; Soo Hyun Kim; Giamila Fantuzzi; Leonid L. Reznikov; Boris Schwartsburd
Original assignee: Yeda Research and Development Co Ltd
Current assignee: Yeda Research and Development Co Ltd
Priority date: 1997-08-14
Filing date: 2010-03-01
Publication date: 2010-10-07
Also published as: US7704944B2; US20070081975A1

Abstract

The present invention provides a method of treatment or prevention of sepsis and other diseases characteristic to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), including severe sepsis, septic shock, and sepsis related to cardiac dysfunction.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 11/505,554, filed Aug. 16, 2006; which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/790,338, filed Feb. 21, 2001 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,220,217); which is a continuation-part application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/485,632, filed Oct. 12, 2000 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,605,280); and claims the benefit of EP application 00103590.6, filed Feb. 21, 2000; EP application 00103597.1, filed Feb. 21, 2000; EP application 00125633.8, filed Nov. 23, 2000; PCT Application IL98/00379, filed Aug. 13, 1998; Israel application 125463, filed Jul. 22, 1998, Israel application 122134, filed Nov. 6, 1997; Israel application 121860, filed Sep. 29, 1997; Israel application 121639, filed Aug. 27, 1997; and Israel application 121554, filed Aug. 14, 1997. Each of these applications is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to interleukin-18 (IL-18) binding proteins, hereinafter IL-18BP, capable of blocking the activity of IL-18. This invention relates to soluble IL-18BPs obtainable from body fluids, to soluble IL-18BPs obtainable by expression of suitable DNA vectors in host cells, to virus-encoded homologues of IL-18BP obtainable by expression of suitable DNA vectors in host cells, to vectors expressing the various IL-18BPs, to vectors useful for expression of IL-18BPs in humans and other mammals, to antibodies against IL-18BPs, to therapeutic use of said IL-18BPs in blocking IL-18 activity, to therapeutic use of said expression vectors in blocking IL-18 activity and to use of the antibodies.
More specifically, the present invention provides a method of treatment and prevention of sepsis and other diseases characteristic to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), including severe sepsis, septic shock, and sepsis related to cardiac dysfunction.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In 1989, an endotoxin-induced serum activity that induced interferon-γ (IFN-γ) obtained from mouse spleen cells was described (Micallef et al., 1996). This serum activity functioned not as a direct inducer of IFN-γ but rather as a co-stimulant together with IL-2 or mitogens. An attempt to purify the activity from post-endotoxin mouse serum revealed an apparently homogeneous 50-55 kDa protein. Since other cytokines can act as co-stimulants for IFN-γ production, the failure of neutralizing antibodies to IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, or TNF to neutralize the serum activity suggested it was a distinct factor. In 1995, the same scientists demonstrated that the endotoxin-induced co-stimulant for IFN-γ production was present in extracts of livers from mice preconditioned with P. acnes (Novick et al., 1992). In this model, the hepatic macrophage population (Kupffer cells) expand and in these mice, a low dose of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which in non-preconditioned mice is not lethal, becomes lethal. The factor, named IFN-γ-inducing factor (IGIF) and later designated interleukin-18 (IL-18), was purified to homogeneity from 1,200 grams of P. acnes-treated mouse livers. Degenerate oligonucleotides derived from amino acid sequences of purified IL-18 were used to clone a murine IL-18 cDNA (Novick et al., 1992). IL-18 is an 18-19 kDa protein of 157 amino acids, which has no obvious similarities to any peptide in the databases. Messenger RNAs for IL-18 and interleukin-12 (IL-12) are readily detected in Kupffer cells and activated macrophages. Recombinant IL-18 induces IFN-gamma more potently than does IL-12, apparently through a separate pathway (Novick et al., 1992). Similar to the endotoxin-induced serum activity, IL-18 does not induce IFN-γ by itself, but functions primarily as a co-stimulant with mitogens or IL-2. IL-18 enhances T cell proliferation, apparently through an IL-2-dependent pathway, and enhances Th1 cytokine production in vitro and exhibits synergism when combined with IL-12 in terms of enhanced IFN-γ production (Maliszewski et al., 1990).
Neutralizing antibodies to mouse IL-18 were shown to prevent the lethality of low-dose LPS in P. acnes pre-conditioned mice. Others had reported the importance of IFN-γ as a mediator of LPS lethality in pre-conditioned mice. For example, neutralizing anti-IFN-γ antibodies protected mice against Shwartzman-like shock (Fantuzzi et al., 1998), and galactosamine-treated mice deficient in the IFN-γ receptor were resistant to LPS-induced death (Byrn, 1990). Hence, it was not unexpected that neutralizing antibodies to murine IL-18 protected P. acnes-preconditioned mice against lethal LPS (Novick et al., 1992). Anti-murine IL-18 treatment also protected surviving mice against severe hepatic cytotoxicity.
After the murine form was cloned, the human cDNA sequence for IL-18 was reported in 1996 (Okamura et al., 1995). Recombinant human IL-18 exhibits natural IL-18 activity (Okamura et al., 1995). Human recombinant IL-18 is without direct IFN-γ-inducing activity on human T-cells, but acts as a co-stimulant for production of IFN-γ and other T-helper cell-1 (Th1) cytokines (Okamura et al., 1995). To date, IL-18 is thought of primarily as a co-stimulant for Th1 cytokine production (IFN-γ, IL-2 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor) (Izaki, 1978) and also as a co-stimulant for FAS ligand-mediated cytotoxicity of murine natural killer cell clones (Novick et al., 1989).
By cloning IL-18 from affected tissues and studying IL-18 gene expression, a close association of this cytokine with an autoimmune disease was found. The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops autoimmune insulitis and diabetes, which can be accelerated and synchronized by a single injection of cyclophosphamide. IL-18 mRNA was demonstrated by reverse transcriptase PCR in NOD mouse pancreas during early stages of insulitis. Levels of IL-18 mRNA increased rapidly after cyclophosphamide treatment and preceded a rise in IFN-γ mRNA, and subsequently diabetes. Interestingly, these kinetics mimic that of IL-12-p40 mRNA, resulting in a close correlation of individual mRNA levels. Cloning of the IL-18 cDNA from pancreas RNA followed by sequencing revealed identity with the IL-18 sequence cloned from Kupffer cells and in vivo pre-activated macrophages. Also NOD mouse macrophages responded to cyclophosphamide with IL-18 gene expression while macrophages from Balb/c mice treated in parallel did not. Therefore, IL-18 expression is abnormally regulated in autoimmune NOD mice and closely associated with diabetes development (Novick et al., 1992).
IL-18 plays a potential role in immunoregulation or in inflammation by augmenting the functional activity of Fas ligand on Th1 cells (Conti et al., 1997). IL-18 is also expressed in the adrenal cortex and therefore might be a secreted neuro-immunomodulator, playing an important role in orchestrating the immune system following a stressful experience (Chater, 1986).
In vivo, IL-18 is formed by cleavage of pro-IL-18, and its endogenous activity appears to account for IFN-γ production in P. acnes and LPS-mediated lethality. Because of its activity, blocking the biological activity of IL-18 in human disease is a therapeutic strategy in many diseases. This can be accomplished using soluble receptors or blocking antibodies to the cell-bound IL-18 receptor.
Cytokine binding proteins (soluble cytokine receptors) correspond to the extracellular ligand binding domains of their respective cell surface cytokine receptors. They are derived either by alternative splicing of a pre-mRNA, common to the cell surface receptor, or by proteolytic cleavage of the cell surface receptor. Such soluble receptors have been described in the past, including among others, the soluble receptors of IL-6 and IFN-γ (Nakamura et al., 1989), TNF (Dao et al., 1996; Engelmann et al., 1989), IL-1 and IL-4 (John, 1986), IFN-α/β (Mizushima and Nagata, 1990) and others. One cytokine-binding protein, named osteoprotegerin (OPG, also known as osteoclast inhibitory factor—OCIF), a member of the TNFR/Fas family, appears to be the first example of a soluble receptor that exists only as a secreted protein (Anderson, 1997; Bolton, 1980). The present invention deals with soluble IL-18 binding proteins.
Recently, it has been suggested that the interleukin IL-18 is involved in the progression of pathogenicity in chronic inflammatory diseases, including endotoxin shock, hepatitis, and autoimmune-diabetes (Kahiwamura and Okamura, 1998). A further indication of a possible role of IL-18 in the development of liver injury resulted from experiments published by Tsuij et al. (Tsuij et al., 1999), showing an elevated level of IL-18 in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury in a mouse model. However, the mechanism of the multi-functional factor IL-18 in the development of liver injury has not been elucidated so far.
Liver damage or injury may have diverse causes. It may be due to viral or bacterial infections, alcohol abuse, immunological disorders, or cancer, for example.
Viral hepatitis, due to Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus, for example, are poorly managed diseases that afflict large number of people worldwide. The number of known hepatitis viruses known is constantly increasing. Apart from Hepatitis B and C virus, at least four other viruses causing virus-associated hepatitis have been discovered so far, called Hepatitis A, D, E and G-Virus.
Alcoholic liver disease is another widespread disease associated with chronic consumption of alcohol. Immune hepatitis is a rare autoimmune disease that is poorly managed. Liver injury also includes damages of the bile ducts. Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by destruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts.
Several studies have demonstrated that damage to the liver in diseases such as alcoholic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, viral hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis is associated with T-helper cell-1 (Th1) responses. In one study, a novel liver injury model was established in mice by targeting of ovalbumin-containing liposomes into the liver, followed by adoptive transfer of ovalbumin-specific Th1 cells. Combined treatment of mice with ovalbumin-containing liposomes and Th1 cell transfer caused an increase in serum transaminase activity that was paralleled with an elevation of serum IFN-γ levels. In sharp contrast, ovalbumin-specific Th2 cell transfer resulted in an increase of serum IL-4 levels but did not induce liver injury. The liver injury was blocked by anti-IFN-γ antibodies and anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α antibodies. These findings indicate that Th1 cells are the major effector cells in acute liver injury (Nishimura and Ohta, 1999) In another set of studies it was shown that mice over-expressing IFN-γ exhibit spontaneous hepatitis without any pathogen or any other stimulant (Okamoto et al., 1998).
Another study implicated Th1 responses in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). PBC is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by destruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts. It is generally believed that cellular immune mechanisms, particularly involving T cells, result in this bile duct damage. The relative strength of Th1 and Th2 responses has recently been proposed to be an important factor in the pathophysiology of various autoimmune diseases. In this study, the The subset balance in PBC was evaluated by detection of cytokines specific to the two T-cell subsets, i.e., IFN-γ for Th1 cells and IL-4 for Th2 cells. IFN-γ and IL-4 messenger RNA (mRNA) positive cells were counted in liver sections from 18 patients with PBC and 35 disease controls including chronic active hepatitis C, extrahepatic biliary obstruction, and normal liver, using nonisotopic in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Mononuclear cells expressing IFN-γ and IL-4 mRNA were aggregated in inflamed portal tracts in PBC livers, but were rarely present in extrahepatic biliary obstruction, alcoholic fibrosis, or normal liver sections. The IFN-γ and IL-4 mRNA positive cells in PBC livers were detected in significantly higher numbers than in control livers (P<0.01). Moreover, IFN-γ mRNA expression was more commonly detected than IL-4 expression in PBC livers, and the levels of IFN-γ mRNA expression were highly correlated with the degree of portal inflammatory activity. IFN-γ mRNA-positive cells were detected primarily around damaged bile ducts that were surrounded by lymphoid aggregates. The data indicate that Th1 cells are the more prominent T-cell subset in the lymphoid infiltrates in PBC (Harada et al., 1997).
The cytokine pattern on viral antigen recognition is also believed to exert a profound influence on the resolution of viral infections and viral clearance. One study investigated whether a cytokine imbalance oriented toward Th2 type response plays a role in chronic hepatitis B. Cytokine profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells associated with chronic hepatitis B were analyzed by RT-PCR. Upon hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) stimulation, expression of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 was detected in 41%, 8%, 41%, and 50% of the patients, respectively. Among these cytokines, the expression of the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ was associated with high levels of serum AST/ALT (Aspartate aminotransferase/Alanine aminotransferase), representing typical markers of liver damage. Th2 type cytokines were not shown to exert a protective effect on hepatocytes. In conclusion, production of a Th1 cytokine, IFN-γ, by HBsAg-reactive cells was associated with hepatocyte damage in chronic hepatitis B (Lee et al., 1999). High levels of the FAS ligand and its receptor (CD95) were reported in liver of hepatitis B patients (Luo et al., 1997). FAS ligand is considered to be one of the major cytotoxic agents leading to hepatocyte apoptosis.
Another study identified factors associated with the progression of liver injury in 30 hepatitis C virus/RNA (HCV/RNA)-positive untreated patients with chronic hepatitis. Necroinflammatory and architectural damage were evaluated using Ishak's score. Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) were visualized by immunohistochemistry for α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and quantitated by morphometry. Plasma HCV/RNA was evaluated using a competitive RT-PCR method. To study the type of immune response involved in the progression of liver injury, IFN-γ-positive cells (as expression of a Th1-like response) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and quantitated by morphometry. It was found that HSC were mostly detected close to areas of lobular necroinflammation or lining fibrotic septa. The αSMA- and Sirius Red-positive parenchyma correlated significantly with necroinflammatory and architectural scores. IFNγ-positive cells were detected in periportal areas associated with the inflammatory infiltrates and significantly correlated with architectural damage. It was therefore concluded that HSC activation and progression of liver injury are associated with a Th1-like response (Baroni et al, 1999). Similarly to the case of Hepatitis B, FAS ligand and its receptor were found in liver and sera of hepatitis C patients (Hiramatsu et al, 1994; Okazaki et al, 1996; Lio et al., 1998)
Th1 cytokines and other Th1 markers were found to be associated with alcoholic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Inflammatory stimuli and lipid peroxidation activate nuclear factor κ B (NF-κB) and upregulate proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In one study, the relationship between pathological liver injury, endotoxemia, lipid peroxidation, and NF-κB activation and imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines was evaluated. Rats (5 per group) were fed ethanol and a diet containing saturated fat, palm oil, corn oil, or fish oil by intragastric infusion. Dextrose isocalorically replaced ethanol in control rats. Pathological analysis was performed and measurements of endotoxin were taken, lipid peroxidation, NF-κB, and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1 beta, IFN-γ, and IL-12), C—C chemokines (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted [RANTES], monocyte chemotactic protein [MCP]-1, macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]-1-α), C—X—C chemokines (cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant [CINC], MIP-2, IP-10, and epithelial neutrophil activating protein [ENA]-78), and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-4, and IL-13). Activation of NF-κB and increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines C—C and C—X—C chemokines was seen in the rats exhibiting necroinflammatory injury (fish oil-ethanol and corn oil-ethanol). These groups also had the highest levels of endotoxin and lipid peroxidation. Levels of IL-10 and IL-4 mRNA were lower in the group exhibiting inflammatory liver injury. Thus, activation of NF-κB occurs in the presence of proinflammatory stimuli and results in increased expression of Th1 proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (Naji et al., 1999). FAS ligand and its receptor are also elevated in alcoholic liver diseases, suggesting once again that Th1 cytokines are involved in the autoimmune processes induced in alcoholic hepatitis (Galle et al., 1995; Taieb et al, 1998; Fiore et al., 1999).
TNF-α has also emerged as a common pathway in the pathogenesis of alcohol-related hepatic necro-inflammation. Increased levels of hepatic and serum TNF have been documented in animal models of alcoholic liver disease and in human alcoholic liver disease. This dysregulated TNF metabolism has been postulated to play a role in many of the metabolic complications and the liver injury of alcoholic liver disease (Grove et al., 1997; McClain and Cohen, 1989). For instance it was found in one study that patients with alcoholic hepatitis had higher TNF-α levels (mean, 26.3 ng/L; 95% Cl, 21.7 to 30.9) than normal subjects (6.4 ng/L; Cl, 5.4 to 7.4). Patients who subsequently died had a higher TNF-α level (34.7 ng/L; Cl, 27.8 to 41.6) than survivors (16.6 ng/L; Cl, 14.0 to 19.2). In patients with alcoholic hepatitis, TNF-α levels correlated positively with serum bilirubin (r=0.74; P=0.0009) and serum creatinine (r=0.81; P=0.0003). Patients with alcoholic hepatitis had higher TNF-α levels than patients with inactive alcoholic cirrhosis (11.1 ng/L; Cl, 8.9 to 13.3) and severely alcoholic persons without liver disease (6.4 ng/L; Cl, 5.0 to 7.8). Patients with abnormal renal function had lower TNF-α levels (14.1 ng/L; Cl, 5.4 to 22.8) than patients with alcoholic hepatitis. It was therefore concluded that elevations in TNF-α in alcoholic hepatitis are most marked in severe cases, suggesting that TNF-α plays a role in the pathogenesis (Bird et al., 1990)
TNF mediates many of the biologic actions of endotoxin. Recent studies have shown that TNF administration may cause liver injury and that TNF may mediate the lethality of the hepatotoxin galactosamine. One of the most potent TNF inducers is endotoxin. Because patients with alcoholic liver disease frequently have endotoxemia and because many of the clinical manifestations of alcoholic hepatitis are known biologic actions of TNF, its activity was evaluated in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Basal and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated TNF release from peripheral blood monocytes, a major source of TNF production, was determined in 16 patients with alcoholic hepatitis and 16 healthy volunteers. Eight of 16 alcoholic hepatitis patients and only two of 16 healthy volunteers had detectable spontaneous TNF activity (p less than 0.05). After lipopolysaccharide stimulation, mean monocyte TNF release from alcoholic hepatitis patients was significantly increased to over twice that of healthy controls (25.3+/−3.7 vs. 10.9+/−2.4 units per ml, p less than 0.005). It was therefore concluded that monocytes from alcoholic hepatitis patients have significantly increased spontaneous and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated TNF release compared to monocytes from healthy volunteers (McClain and Cohen, 1989.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP) and CD14 play key intermediary roles in the activation of cells by endotoxin. Gut-derived LPS has been postulated to participate in promoting pathological liver injury in alcoholic liver disease. It was demonstrated that rats fed intragastrically with ethanol in oil for 4 weeks had elevated levels of CD14 and LBP in their Kupffer cells and hepatocytes, respectively. Expression of CD14 mRNA was also elevated in nonmyeloid cells. Enhanced LBP and CD14 expression rapidly increases the LPS-induced expression of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and correlates with the presence of pathological liver injury in alcoholic liver injury (Su et al., 1998; Lukkari et al., 1999).
IL-6 is a 26 kd cytokine that plays a major role in the acute phase response, especially the hepatic aspects of the acute phase response. Patients with alcoholic hepatitis manifest many aspects of the acute phase response. Serial plasma IL-6 levels in 30 consecutive patients with moderate to severe alcoholic hepatitis was measured during 6 month. Mean admission plasma IL-6 activity was markedly increased (49.8+/−8.5 U/ml, normal less than 5 U/ml) in patients with alcoholic hepatitis, and levels decreased with clinical improvement to 15.6+/−6.1 U/ml at 6 months. Admission IL-6 activity correlated significantly (r=0.82) with the severity of liver disease as assessed by the discriminant function of Maddrey. IL-6 activity fell over time in a pattern similar to that of bilirubin and C-reactive protein. This and additional studies suggest that plasma IL-6 is probably a marker of inflammation and severity of disease in alcoholic hepatitis (Sheron et al., 1991; Hill et al., 1992).
IL-8, a cytokine produced by a number of cells, including monocytes, macrophages, Kupffer cells and hepatocytes, can activate neutrophils. Peripheral neutrophilia and liver neutrophil infiltration are frequently noted in patients with alcoholic liver disease. It was found that serum IL-8 levels were markedly elevated in patients with alcoholic hepatitis (437+/−51 pg/ml) when compared to all other groups (p<0.05). Levels of IL-8 in patients with alcoholic fatty liver, alcoholic cirrhosis and viral hepatitis were higher than those in controls and in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver. In addition, IL-8 levels were higher in patients who died (p=0.007), and correlated with biochemical and histological parameters, and severity of liver injury: serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, prothrombin time, indocyanine green retention ratio, TNF-α and peripheral neutrophil count in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. After a 2-year follow up, patients with IL-8 above 479 pg/ml had a higher mortality rate in the alcoholic hepatitis group (p=0.033). These findings suggest that IL-8 as well as some other chemokines are activated in alcoholic liver disease, especially in alcoholic hepatitis, and is closely correlated with liver injury (Martinez et al., 1992; Hill et al., 1992).
Induction of adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1 is associated with the activation and attraction of a special population of inflammatory cells characteristic for alcoholic hepatitis. Frozen liver samples from patients who died with signs of acute alcoholic hepatitis show elevated ICAM-1 expression in the membranes of hepatocytes, as well as the occurrence of CD11b positive polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) suggesting a possible major role of the beta 2-integrin Mac-1 as a ligand for ICAM-1. It was concluded that in alcoholic hepatitis cytokines may be responsible for the induction of the adhesion molecule ICAM-1 on hepatocytic membranes and activate a defined population of inflammatory cells, thus contributing to the characteristic histological picture of acute alcoholic hepatitis with its concentration of neutrophils especially in areas with ballooned Mallory body-containing hepatocytes (Afford et al., 1998).
A significant increase in both NK cells (CD3−/CD56+) and the cytotoxic T cells coexpressing the CD3 and the CD56 molecules together with an increased NK cytotoxic activity were observed in patients having alcoholic hepatitis. Interestingly these abnormalities persisted during the withdrawal period (Ohlinger et al., 1993).
Arthritis is a disease involving joint inflammation. The joints show swelling, stiffness, tenderness, redness or warmth. The symptoms may be accompanied by weight loss, fever or weakness. When these symptoms last for more than two weeks, inflammatory arthritis e.g. rheumatoid arthritis may be the cause. Joint inflammation may also be caused by infection, which can lead to septic arthritis. A very common type of arthritis is degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis). Joint inflammation is not a prominent feature of osteoarthritis.
The medicaments commonly prescribed for arthritis and related conditions are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs include aspirin and aspirin-like drugs. They reduce inflammation, which is the cause for joint pain, stiffness and swelling of the joints. However, NSAIDs are unspecific drugs having a number of side effects, involving bleeding of the stomach (Homepage of the Department of Orthopaedics of the University of Washington on Arthritis, Frederick Matsen (Chairman)). In addition to NSAIDs, Celebrex™, a cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitor, is used to relieve the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in adults. It is also indicated for the treatment of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis.
Further, TNF antagonists are used for the treatment of arthritis. TNF antagonists are described, for example, in WO 9103553.
Recent studies indicate that the interleukin IL-18 plays a proinflammatory role in joint metabolism. Olee et al. (1999) showed that IL-18 is produced by articular chondrocytes and induces proinflammatory and catabolic responses. The IL-18 mRNA was induced by IL-18 in chondrocytes. Chondrocytes produced the IL-18 precursor and in response to IL-1 stimulation secreted the mature form of IL-18. Studies on IL-18 effects on chondrocytes further showed that it inhibits TGF-β-induced proliferation and enhances nitric oxide production. IL-18 stimulated the expression of several genes in normal human articular chondrocytes including inducible nitric oxide synthase, inducible cyclooxygenase, IL-6, and stromelysin. Gene expression was associated with the synthesis of the corresponding proteins. Treatment of normal human articular cartilage with IL-18 increased the release of glycosaminoglycans. These finding identified IL-18 as a cytokine that regulates chondrocyte responses and contributes to cartilage degradation.
The localisation of Interleukin-1β-converting enzyme (ICE)/caspase-1 in human osteoarthritic tissues and its role in the maturation of interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-18 have been shown by Saha et al. (1999). Saha et al. studied the expression and production of caspase-1 in human normal and osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage and synovium, quantitated the level of ICE in OA chondrocytes, and examined the relationship between the topographic distribution of ICE, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-18, as well as apoptosis of chondrocytes. The experiments performed in this study indicated that ICE was expressed and synthesised in both human synovial membrane and cartilage, with a significantly greater number of cells staining positive in OA tissue than in normal tissue. ICE production was preferentially located in the superficial and upper intermediate layers of articular cartilage. The production of mature IL-1beta in OA cartilage explants and chondrocytes was completely blocked by treatment with a specific ICE inhibitor, which also markedly diminished the number of IL-18-positive cells. The relationship between active IL-1beta and ICE suggests that ICE may promote OA progression by activating this proinflammatory cytokine, and that IL-18 may play a role in cartilage pathology.
Gracie et al. (1999) suggested a proinflammatory role for IL-18 in rheumatoid arthritis. Gracie et al. detected the IL-18 mRNA and protein within rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissues in significantly higher levels than in osteoarthritis controls. It was also shown that a combination of IL-12 or IL-15 with IL-18 induced the IFN-γ production by synovial tissues in vitro. Furthermore, IL-18 administration of collagen/inclomplete Freund's adjuvant-immunized mice facilitated the development of an erosive, inflammatory arthritis, suggesting that IL-18 may be proinflammatory in vivo.
However, so far, apart from chemical compounds, only the blockade of TNFα and IL-18 by using soluble receptors or monoclonal antibodies have been shown to decrease murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA, which is a mouse model for rheumatoid arthritis) (Williams et al., 1994), and were therefore suggested as a therapeutic for rheumatoid arthritis.
The term “systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)” describes the familiar clinical syndrome of sepsis, independent of its cause. SIRS can result from trauma, pancreatitis, drug reactions, autoimmune disease, and other disorders; when it arises in response to infection, sepsis is said to be present (Nathens and Marshall 1996).
Septic shock is the most common cause of death in medical and surgical intensive-care units (Aestiz and Rackow 1998). The terms sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock are used to identify the continuum of the clinical response to infection. Patients with sepsis present evidences of infection and clinical manifestations of inflammation. Patients with severe sepsis develop hypoperfusion with organ dysfunction. Septic shock is manifested by hypoperfusion and persistent hypotension. Mortality ranges from 16% in patients with sepsis to 40-60% in patients with septic shock. Bacterial infection is the most common cause of septic shock. The most frequent sites of infection are the lungs, abdomen, and urinary tract. General anti-inflammatory therapies such as the use of corticosteroids, failed to show improvement in survival from sepsis and septic shock. Three monoclonal antibodies specific to endotoxin have been tested in clinical trials and have failed to improve survival rates. Therapy with antagonists to tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1, bradykinin, ibuprofen, and platelet activating-factor, did not show improvement on survival from septic shock (Aestiz and Rackow 1998).
Sepsis is caused inter alia by Gram-positive bacteria e.g., Staphylococcus epidermidis. Lipoteichoic acids and peptidoglycans, which are the main cell wall components of the Staphylococcus species, are thought to be the inducers of cytokine release in this condition (Grupta et al. 1996 and Cleveland et al. 1996). However, other Gram-positive components are considered as stimulators of cytokine synthesis as well (Henderson et al. 1996). Production of IL-1, TNF-α and IFN-γ are thought to be the major contributors in the pathogenesis of septic shock (Dinarello 1996 and Okusawa et al. 1988). In addition, the chemokine IL-8 was shown to be induced by neutrophils in response to S. epidermidis (Hachicha et al. 1998). Important factors in the regulation of IL-1, TNF-α and IFN-γ induction by S epidermidis are IL-18, IL-12, IL-1 β and TNF-α. IL-1β and TNF-α can be considered as a co-stimuli for IFN-γ production by T lymphocytes in a manner similar to IL-18. These two cytokines have a co-stimulatory activity on IFN-γ production in the context of IL-12 or bacterial stimulation (Skeen et al. 1995 and Tripp at al. 1993).
Recently it was reported by Nakamura et al. (2000) that concomitant administration of IL-18 and IL-12 to mice results in high toxicity similar to that found in endotoxin-induced septic shock.
The levels of IL-18 have been shown to be elevated in sera from patients with sepsis (Endo et al. 2000) but this increase correlated with creatinine levels suggesting that the elevated levels of IL-18 may result from renal failure. In another study (Grobmyer et al. 2000), the levels of IL-18 in 9 subjects with sepsis during the first 96 hours following hospital admission were high and did not correlate with creatinine levels.
Dayer (1999) summarized the different and partially contradicting functions of IL-18. IL-18 is a pleiotropic interleukin having both inflammatory enhancing and attenuating functions. On the one hand, it enhances production of the proinflammatory cytokines like TNFα, therefore promoting inflammation. On the other hand, it induces the production of NO, an inhibitor of caspase-1, thus blocking the maturation of IL-1β and IL-18, and possibly attenuating inflammation. This ambiguous role of IL-18 seriously questioned the efficacy of IL-18 inhibitors in inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, because of the interaction of a huge variety of different cytokines and chemokines in the regulation of inflammation, it could not have been expected to obtain a beneficial effect by blocking only one of the players in such a complicated scenario.
Netea et al. (2000) reported that administration of anti-IL-18 polyclonal antibody protected mice against the deleterious effects of both LPS derived from E. coli or S. typhimurium species tested, supporting the concept that IL-18 has an important pathogenic role in lethal endotoxemia. However, the uncertainty regarding the efficiency of a potential treatment formulation based on administration of IL-18 inhibitors, is manifested in that IL-18 knock out mice are not less susceptible to sepsis as compared to wild type animals (Sakao et al. 1999) and in that recent reports suggest that the proinflammatory activity of IL-18 is essential to host defences against severe infections (Nakanishi et al. 2001 and Foss et al. 2001).
Thus, there exists a need to provide means to treat and/or prevent sepsis despite the above-mentioned considerations regarding the use of IL-18 inhibitors.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides IL-18 binding proteins (IL-18BPs) and virally encoded IL-18BP homologues (hereinafter, viral IL-18BPs), and fused proteins, muteins, functional derivatives and active fragments thereof, capable of binding to IL-18. The invention also provides a process for obtaining IL-18BPs by isolating them from human fluids to obtain IL-18BP, or by recombinant means, which also allows for attainment of the various IL-18BPs. The invention also provides expression vectors of IL-18BPs, suitable for expression of IL-18BP in humans and other mammals. The IL-18BPs and the expression vectors of the present invention are useful for blocking the biological activities of IL-18.
Replicable expression vehicles containing DNAs suitable for expression of the various IL-18BPs in host cells, host cells transformed herewith and proteins and polypeptides produced by expression of such hosts are also provided.
The invention further provides antibodies to the IL-18BPs and the viral IL-18BPs, suitable for affinity purification and immunoassays of same.
The invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions consisting of suitable vehicles and IL-18BPs, or viral IL-18BPs, or vectors for expressing same in humans and other mammals, for the treatment of diseases or conditions which require modulation of IL-18 activity.
These diseases or conditions include autoimmune diseases, type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, graft rejections, inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis, multiple sclerosis, ischemic heart diseases (including heart attacks), ischemic brain injury, chronic hepatitis, psoriasis, chronic pancreatitis, acute pancreatitis and the like.
It is a specific object of the present invention to provide for a novel means for treating and/or preventing liver injury. It has been found that an IL-18 inhibitor is effective in the prevention and treatment of liver damages. The invention therefore also relates to the use of an IL-18 inhibitor for the manufacture of a medicament for treatment and/or prevention of liver injury. More specifically, the invention relates to the treatment and/or prevention of liver injuries caused by alcoholic hepatitis, viral hepatitis, immune hepatitis, fulminant hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and primary biliary cirrhosis.
It has also been found in accordance with the present invention that an inhibitor of IL-18 is effective in the therapy of arthritis. The therapeutic effect includes decreasing the severity of the disease, as well as preventing the spreading of the disease. The invention therefore relates to the use of an inhibitor of IL-18 for treatment and/or prevention of arthritis. This finding is unexpected, since from the state of the art outlined above, it could not have been concluded that a blockade of one specific factor involved in arthritis, namely interleukin IL-18, would lead to the alleviation of arthritis or even the curing of a diseased arthritic joint.
It has also been found that the administration of an IL-18 inhibitor significantly diminishes cartilage erosion in a murine model of arthritis. The present invention thus also relates to the use of an inhibitor of IL-18 in the manufacture of a medicament for treatment and/or prevention of cartilage destruction.
In order to apply a gene therapeutic approach to deliver the IL-18 inhibitor to the diseased tissue or cell, it is a further object of the invention to use an expression vector comprising the coding sequence of an IL-18 inhibitor for the treatment and/or prevention of arthritis.
The invention relates to the use of an inhibitor of IL-18 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of sepsis and other diseases characteristic to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) selected from severe sepsis and septic shock, and also for sepsis related cardiac dysfunction.
More specifically the invention relates to the use of an inhibitor of IL-18, selected from caspase-1 (ICE) inhibitors, antibodies against IL-18, antibodies against any of the IL-18 receptor subunits, inhibitors of the IL-18 signaling pathway, antagonists of IL-18 which compete with IL-18 and block the IL-18 receptor, inhibitors of IL-18 production and IL-18 binding proteins, isoforms, muteins, fused proteins, functional derivatives, active fractions or circularly permutated derivatives thereof having at least essentially the same activity as an IL-18 binding protein.
The IL-18 binding protein used according to the invention is an isoform, a mutein, fused protein (e.g., Ig fused), functional derivative (e.g., PEG-conjugated), active fraction or circularly permutated derivative thereof.
The antibodies used according to the invention may be anti IL-18 specific antibodies selected from chimeric, humanized and human antibodies.
In addition, the invention relates to the use of an inhibitor in the manufacture of a medicament further comprising an IL-12 inhibitor, preferably an IL-12 neutralizing antibody, an interferon, preferably interferon .alpha. or .beta., a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor, preferably soluble TNFRI or TNFRII, and/or an IL-1 inhibitor, preferably IL-1 receptor antagonist for simultaneous, sequential or separate administration.
In one aspect, the invention provides the use of an expression vector comprising the coding sequence of an inhibitor of IL-18 selected from caspase-1 (ICE) inhibitors, antibodies against IL-18, antibodies against any of the IL-18 receptor subunits, inhibitors of the IL-18 signaling pathway, antagonists of IL-18 which compete with IL-18 and block the IL-18 receptor, inhibitors of IL-18 production and IL-18 binding proteins, isoforms, muteins, fused proteins, or circularly permutated derivatives thereof having at least essentially the same activity as an IL-18 binding protein, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of sepsis, for example by gene therapy.
In another aspect, the invention provides the use of a vector for inducing and/or enhancing the endogenous production of an inhibitor of IL-18 in a cell, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of sepsis.
In addition, the invention provides the use of a cell that has been genetically modified to produce an inhibitor of IL-18 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of sepsis.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for the treatment and/or prevention of sepsis and other diseases characteristic to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), including sepsis related cardiac dysfunction, comprising administrating to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of inhibitor of IL-18 selected from caspase-1 (ICE) inhibitors, antibodies against IL-18, antibodies against any of the IL-18 receptor subunits, inhibitors of the IL-18 signaling pathway, antagonists of IL-18 which compete with IL-18 and block the IL-18 receptor, inhibitors of IL-18 production, and IL-18 binding proteins, isoforms, muteins, fused proteins, functional derivatives, active fractions or circularly permutated derivatives thereof having essentially the same activity as an IL-18 binding protein. The method may comprise co-administration of a therapeutically effective amount an inhibitor of cytokines selected from IL-12 inhibitor, preferably neutralizing antibodies, Tumor Necrosis Factor inhibitors, preferably soluble portion of TNFRI or TNFRII), IL-1 inhibitors. preferably the IL-1 receptor antagonists and IL-8 inhibitors, and/or an interferon, preferably interferon-.alpha. or -.beta.
In addition, the invention provides a method for the treatment and/or prevention of sepsis and other diseases characteristic to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) comprising administrating to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of vector coding the sequence of an inhibitor of IL-18 selected from caspase-1 (ICE) inhibitors, antibodies against IL-18, antibodies against any of the IL-18 receptor subunits, inhibitors of the IL-18 signaling pathway, antagonists of IL-18 which compete with IL-18 and block the IL-18 receptor, inhibitors of IL-18 production, and IL-18 binding proteins, isoforms, muteins, fused proteins or circularly permutated derivatives thereof.
In a further embodiment, the invention relates to a method for the treatment and/or prevention of sepsis and other diseases characteristic to the SIRS comprising administrating to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of a vector for inducing and/or enhancing the endogenous production of an inhibitor of IL-18 in a cell.
In addition, the invention provides a method for the treatment and/or prevention of sepsis and other diseases characteristic to the SIRS comprising administration to a subject in need thereof a cell that has been genetically modified to produce an inhibitor of IL-18.
The invention also relates to the use of an inhibitor of IL-18 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of sepsis and other diseases characteristic to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) selected from severe sepsis, septic shock, and also for sepsis related to cardiac dysfuntion.
The invention includes a method of treating or preventing sepsis associated with an excess of IL-18, where the method comprises administering to a subject in which such treatment or prevention is desired, a composition comprising (a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of AA1-AA192 of SEQ ID NO:2, or AA29-AA192 of SEQ ID NO:2, (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of AA1-AA192 of SEQ ID NO:2, or AA29-AA192 of SEQ ID NO:2, or (c) a mutein of any one of the sequences in (a) or (b), characterized in that the mutein i) has at least 90% identity to at least one of the sequences in (a); ii) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10; and iii) binds IL-18 in an amount sufficient to treat or prevent the disease in the subject.
In one embodiment, the method of treating or preventing sepsis includes administration to a human subject. In another embodiment, the polypeptide is glycosylated at one or more sites. Alternatively, the polypeptide is not glycosylated. In another embodiment, the polypeptide further comprises at least one moiety attached to one or more functional groups which occur as one or more side chains on the amino acid residues or the N- or C-terminal groups.
In another aspect of the method of treating sepsis, the polypeptide is circularly permutated. In another aspect, the polypeptide is a non-viral protein. In another the polypeptide is a human protein. In another aspect, the polypeptide is a fused protein. In the polypeptide comprises an Ig fusion. In another aspect, the polypeptide is soluble. In another aspect, the polypeptide is pegylated. In another aspect, at least one moiety is a polyethylene glycol moiety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) of ligand affinity purified IL-18 binding protein. Crude urinary proteins (concentrated by ultrafiltration of 500 L normal human urine) were loaded on an IL-18-agarose column. The column was washed and bound proteins eluted at pH 2.2. Eluted fractions were neutralized and aliquots were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (10% acrylamide) under non-reducing conditions and silver staining. The lanes are: 1: crude urinary proteins (1.5 μg, loaded on the gel); 2-9: elutions 1-8, respectively, from the IL-18-agarose column; 10: molecular weight markers, in kD, as indicated on the right side. An arrow indicates the band corresponding to IL-18BP.

FIG. 2 shows an autoradiogram of SDS-PAGE (7.5% acrylamide) of complexes consisting of ¹²⁵I-IL-18 (apparent molecular weight 19 kD), cross-linked to the following preparations of soluble IL-18 binding protein: Lane 1: Wash of the IL-18 affinity column. Lane 2: Elution 2 of the IL-18 affinity column. Lane 3: Elution 3 of the IL-18 affinity column. Molecular weight markers are indicated on the right side (in kD). An arrow indicates the cross-linked product (58 kD).

FIG. 3 shows inhibition of IL-18-induced production of IFN-γ by IL-18BP

- (A) Mouse splenocytes were stimulated (24 hr, 37° C.) with the indicated combinations of LPS (1 μg/ml) and human IL-18 (5 ng/ml), added either directly, or after pre-mixing (1 h, 37° C.) with urinary IL-18BP. The level of mulFN-γ in the culture was determined after 24 hr.
- (B) Mouse splenocytes were incubated (24 h) with LPS (1 μg/ml) together with murine IL-18 (10 ng/ml) pre-mixed (1 h, 37° C.) with increasing concentrations of human IL-18BP.
- (C) Mouse splenocytes were incubated (24 h) with LPS (10 μg/ml) together with increasing concentrations of human IL-18BP.
- (D) Mouse splenocytes were incubated (24 h) with Con A (1 μg/ml), together with increasing concentrations of human IL-18BP.
- (E) Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of three donors were stimulated with IL-12 (10 ng/ml) and huIL-18 (25 ng/ml), added either alone, or after pre-mixing (1 h, 37° C.) with urinary IL-18BP. Human KG-1 cells were stimulated with TNF-α (20 ng/ml) and huIL-18 (25 ng/ml), added either alone, or after pre-mixing (1 h, 37° C.) with urinary IL-18BP.

FIG. 4 shows the effect of recombinant IL-18BP on human and mouse IL-18 activity. His₆-tagged IL-18BPa was transiently expressed in COS7 cells and purified.

- (A) Human IL-18 (5 ng/ml) was pre-mixed with either His₆-tagged-IL-18BPa or RPMI and added to mouse spleen cells together with LPS (1 μg/ml). IFN-γ production was measured after 24 h.
- (B) Mouse IL-18 (10 ng/ml) was pre-mixed with either His₆-tagged-IL-18BPa or RPMI and added to mouse spleen cells together with LPS (1 μg/ml). IFN-γ production was measured after 24 h.
- (C) Human IL-18 (25 ng/ml) was pre-mixed with either COS7-IL-18BPa or RPMI and added to Human PBMC in the presence of IL-12 (10 ng/ml).
- (D) Human IL-18 (25 ng/ml) was pre-mixed with either COS7-IL-18BPa or RPMI and added to Human KG-1 cells in the presence of TNF-α (20 ng/ml).

FIG. 5 shows a histogram depicting the serum levels of IFN-γ (pg/ml) after injection of various amounts of recombinant IL18BP (0; 0.04; 0.4; 4 mg/kg) into mice 1 h before the injection of LPS. Blood samples were taken 5 h after LPS injection and analyzed by ELISA for circulating IFN-γ.

FIG. 6 shows a histogram depicting the serum levels of Alanine aminotransferase. Mice were injected with increasing doses of recombinant human IL18BP (0; 0.04; 0.4; 4 mg/kg) before injection of LPS into P. acnes sensitized mice. Blood samples were taken 5 h after LPS injection and serum levels of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured. SF=Sigma-Frankel: 1 SF Unit of AST/ALT will form 4.82×10⁻⁴μmol glutamate/minute at pH 7.5 at 25° C.

FIG. 7 shows the survival time of the mice after LPS injection. Mice were injected with different doses of recombinant human IL18BP (0; 0.04; 0.004; 4 mg/kg) 20 min before injection of LPS into P. acnes sensitized mice. Triangles: 4 mg/kg; small diamond: 0.4; big diamond: 0.04; circles: no IL18BP (only LPS).

FIG. 8 shows a histogram depicting serum levels of IFN-γ, measured 5 h after injection of different amounts of IL18BP (0; 0.4; 4 mg/kg), which was administered 20 min before LPS injection into P. acnes sensitized mice.

FIG. 9 shows the survival of mice injected either with polyclonal IL-18 antiserum or normal rabbit serum (NDS=control) 30 min before injection with 40 mg/ml (lethal dosis) of LPS derived from E. coli (FIG. 9 A) or S. thyphimurium (FIG. 9 B). Triangles: mice were injected with IL-18 antiserum; circles: mice were injected with NDS. On the x-axis, the days after LPS challenge are depicted. * p<0.05.

FIG. 10 shows a histogram, in which the mean±SEM of five mice per group treated in the following way are depicted. Mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) either anti-IL-18 antiserum, soluble TNF-α receptors (TNFsRp55) or vehicle (saline), immediately followed by the intravenous (i.v.) administration of Concanavalin A (Con A; FIG. 10 A) or PEA (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, FIG. 10 B). **p<0.01; ***p<0.001 vs. ConA or PEA alone; # p<0.01 vs. either TNFsRp55 or anti-IL-18 factorial ANOVA.

FIG. 11 shows the effect of IL-18BP on clinical scores in a murine model of arthritis

- (A) shows a diagram depicting the clinical scores measured after daily administration of different amounts of IL-18BP or IFN-β or vehicle (NaCl) i.p. (intraperitoneally) to mice. Symbols: Filled triangles: 10 000 IU IFN-β; open triangles: 10 mg/kg IL-18BP, reversed triangles: 3 mg/kg IL-18BP, diamonds: 1 mg/kg IL-18BP; circles: 0.5 mg/kg IL-18BP; open squares: 0.25 mg/kg IL-18BP, and filled squares: NaCl. The days of treatment are depicted on the x-axis, the clinical scores (mean values) are depicted on the y-axis. Statistics were calculated by the Mann Whitney test.
- (B) shows a histogram depicting the AUC (area under the curve) derived from the graph of FIG. 11A. n=number of animals.

FIG. 12 shows the effect of IL-18BP on paw swelling

- (A) shows a diagram depicting the results obtained by measuring the paw thickness (swelling) of diseased hind paws of individual animals treated with different amounts of IL-18BP. The y-axis shows the change of paw thickness in millimeters from the beginning of treatment. The symbols are as in FIG. 11.
- (B) shows a histogram depicting the AUC derived from FIG. 11A. n=number of animals.

FIG. 13 shows the analysis of the number of diseased hind paws at the time of acute arthritis, i.e. spreading of the disease to additional joints. Symbols: Filled squares: NaCl (control), triangles: 10 mg/kg IL-18BP, reversed triangles: 3 mg/kg IL-18BP, diamonds: 1 mg/kg IL-18BP, circles: 0.5 mg/kg IL-18BP and open squares: 0.25 mg/kg IL-18BP.

FIG. 14 shows a histogram depicting the erosion scores of the cartilage of diseased joints.

FIG. 15 shows the histopathology of mouse joints. At the end of the experiment, the paw that first developed arthritis was dissected away, fixed and processed as described in Example 2 below. A) normal mouse joint; B) joint from an arthritic mouse; C) joint from a mouse treated with rhIL-18BP.

FIG. 16 shows a histogram depicting the levels of anti-collagen type II antibodies of the isotype IgG1 (open columns) or IgG2a (hatched columns) of mice treated with 3 mg/kg of IL-18BP or saline (vehicle), respectively. Measurements were taken on day 4 (D4) or day 8 (D8) of the disease.

FIG. 17 shows a histogram depicting IL-6 levels in pg/ml of animals treated with 1, 3 or 10 mg/kg of IL-18BP, 10 000 IU of Interferon β (IFN-b), normal mouse serum (NMS) or saline (NaCl), respectively.

FIG. 18 shows the distribution of serum IL-18BPa in healthy individuals. Sera of male and female healthy individuals ages 20-60, as assayed for the presence of IL-18BPa by a specific ELISA test (n=107).

FIG. 19A shows the average levels of IL-18 and IL-18BPa in sepsis patients and healthy subjects. Serum IL-18 and IL-18BPa were determined in the healthy individuals (see FIG. 18) and in 198 samples from 42 sepsis patients immediately upon hospital admission and during hospitalisation.

FIG. 19 B shows the distribution of the individual levels of IL-18 and IL-18BPa of the healthy subjects and patients described in FIG. 19A. The mean serum levels of IL-18 and IL-18BPa in healthy subjects are indicated by a dashed vertical and horizontal line, respectively.

FIG. 20 shows a comparison between the total and free IL-18 in individual sepsis patients upon hospital admission. The level of free IL-18 (closed circles) in sera was calculated based on the concentration of total IL-18 (open circles) and IL-18BPa, taking into account a stoichiometry of 1:1 of IL-18 to IL-18BPa in a complex and a calculated Kd of 400 μM. Each vertical line links total and free IL-18 in an individual serum sample.

FIG. 21 shows the effect of IL-18BP on S. epidermidis-induced IFN-γ production in whole blood. Whole blood was stimulated with S. epidermidis alone or S. epidermidis and recombinant IL-18BP at indicated concentrations. After 48 hours of incubation, the blood culture was lysed and IFN-γ was measured. The results are expressed as percentage of S. epidermidis IFN-γ induction. P<0.01 vs. S. epidermidis alone. The data represents the means±standard error of the mean (SEM) of six experiments. SEM represents the spread of the mean of a sample. SEM gives an idea of the accuracy of the mean. SEM=SD/(square root of sample size). The data was analysed with paired Student's test.

FIG. 22 shows the inhibitory effect exerted by the double activity of IL-18BPa and anti IL-12 monoclonal antibodies on the production of IFN-γ by whole blood treated with S. epidermidis. Whole blood was stimulated with S. epidermidis in the presence or in the absence or of IL-18BPa (125 ng/ml), IL-12 Mab (2.5 μg/ml) and both. After 48 hours of incubation, the blood culture was lysed and IFN-γ was measured. The data is expressed as percent of IFN-γ induction. P<0.01 vs. S. epidermidis alone. The data represents the mean±standard error of the mean (SEM) of six experiments. SEM represents the spread of the mean of a sample. SEM gives an idea of the accuracy of the mean. SEM=SD/(square root of sample size). The data was analysed with paired Student's test.

FIG. 23 shows the quantitation of IL-18BPa as reflected in an ELISA standard curve. Recombinant human IL-18BPa was serially diluted and subjected to ELISA as described in Example 30. The data shows the mean absorbance±SE (standard error) of 10 experiments.

FIG. 24 shows the inhibitory effect of IL-18 on the quantitation of IL-18BPa by ELISA assay. The percent of inhibition of the signal is shown.

FIG. 25 shows the immunological cross reactivity of human IL-18BP isoforms. The IL-18P ELISA was performed with all isoforms (a-d) of IL-18BP. Stocks (3.2 μg/ml) of the IL-18BP isoforms were serially diluted and tested in IL-18BPa ELISA.

FIG. 26 shows myocardial tissue content of IL-18 following LPS administration. Mice were injected with E. coli LPS (0.5 mg/Kg, intraperitonially). Hearts were homogenized at the indicated times at the x axis. ELISA was carried out to determine myocardial IL-18 content. (n=4-5 per group).

FIG. 27 shows the effect of anti IL-18 antibody on LPS-induced myocardial dysfunction. Mice were injected with either vehicle (intraperitoneally injected saline n=8) or E. coli LPS (0.5 mg/Kg injected intraperitoneally, n=8) and the left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) was determined at 6 hours by isolated heart perfusion. In separate experiments, mice were pretreated with either normal rabbit serum (NRS, n=5) or anti-IL-18 antibody (Anti IL-18, n=8) 30 minutes prior to LPS.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to various IL-18BPs and viral IL-18BPs which bind to IL-18 and thus, are capable of blocking the biological activities of IL-18. The term, “IL-18BPs and viral IL-18BPs,” includes muteins of IL-18BPs and viral IL-18BPs, derivatives of IL-18BPs and viral IL-18BPs and truncated forms of IL-18BPs and viral IL-18BPs and salts thereof. The invention further relates to replicable expression vehicles, suitable for expression of various IL-18BPs or viral IL-18BPs in host cells and host bacteria. The invention further relates to expression vectors, suitable for expression of various IL-18BPs or viral IL-18BPs in humans and in other mammals.
The replicable expression vehicles containing DNAs suitable for expression of various IL-18BPs and viral IL-18BPs in host cells, according to the invention, may be PCR products, cDNA, synthetic DNA and combinations thereof. DNA molecules hybridizing to the above DNAs under stringent conditions and encoding proteins or polypeptides having the same activity as IL-18BP are also included in the present invention.
The expression vectors, suitable for expression of various IL-18BPs or viral IL-18BPs in humans and in other mammals, according to the present invention, may be viral vectors or other types of vectors to which an IL-18BP gene or an IL-18BP cDNA or a DNA encoding a viral IL-18BP was inserted in a way that enables efficient expression of an IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP in humans and other mammals. DNA molecules hybridizing to the above DNAs under stringent conditions and encoding proteins or polypeptides having the same activity as IL-18BP, are also included in the present invention.
Isolation of IL-18BP may be accomplished in accordance with the invention, e.g. by passing a human fluid, such as urine or serum, through a chromatographic column to which IL-18 is coupled, and thereafter, eluting the bound IL-18BP.
The various IL-18BPs and viral IL-18BPs can also be prepared by recombinant means, i.e. by expressing IL-18BP in a suitable host, after adding promoters, expression enhancers, etc., suitable for the particular host employed.
The various IL-18BPs and viral IL-18BPs and vectors for expressing IL-18 Bp in humans and other mammals may be employed in the treatment and alleviation of conditions in which IL-18 is involved or caused by an excess of exogenously administered or endogenously produced IL-18. Such conditions are, e.g., autoimmune diseases, type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, graft rejections, inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis, multiple sclerosis, ischemic heart diseases (including heart attacks), ischemic brain injury, chronic hepatitis, psoriasis, chronic pancreatitis, acute pancreatitis and the like.
According to the present invention, IL-18BP was isolated from normal human urine by one chromatographic step. A preparation of crude human urinary proteins was loaded on a column consisting of human IL-18 bound to agarose. The column was washed and bound proteins were eluted at low pH. Eluted fractions were neutralized and aliquots were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (10% acrylamide) under non-reducing conditions and silver staining. A protein band of ˜40 kD was specifically obtained in the eluted fractions (FIG. 1).
The ˜40 kD protein obtained in the first step was identified as an IL-18 binding protein by its ability to specifically cross-link with ¹²⁵I-IL-18 (FIG. 2). The ˜40 kD protein was further characterized by N-terminal protein sequence analysis. Aliquots from the eluted protein were subjected to SDS-PAGE, electroblotted to a PVDF membrane and subjected to protein microsequence analysis. Similarly, aliquots from the eluted protein were subjected to direct protein microsequence analysis. In both cases, two polypeptide sequences were obtained. A major sequence and a minor sequence, the latter corresponding to a fragment of human defensin (accession number p11398), starting at amino acid 65. Subtraction of the known defensin sequence provided the following new sequence:

	T-P-V-S-Q-Q-x-x-x-A-A-A-	(SEQ ID NO: 11)

	1 . . . 5 . . . . 10. .

wherein x represents a yet undetermined amino acid.
In order to obtain a longer and more accurate sequence and in order to identify potential cysteine residues, an aliquot of the eluted fraction was reduced with DTT under denaturing conditions, reacted with 4-vinyl pyridine, desalted by a micro-ultrafiltration device (Ultrafree, cutoff 10,000 Da, Millipore) and subjected to protein microsequence analysis. After sequencing cycle No. 1 the residual protein was reacted with o-phtalaldehyde to block all N-terminal polypeptides other than Pro and sequencing was then resumed. In this way the following single protein sequence was obtained:

(SEQ ID NO: 10)

TPVSQXXXAA XASVRSTKDP CPSQPPVFPA AKQCPALEVT

1 10 20 30 40

(T = Thr; P = Pro; V = Val; S = Ser; Q = Gln; X =

Unknown; A = Ala; R = Arg; K = Lys; D = Asp; C =

Cys; F = Phe; L = Leu; E = Glu)

The resulting sequence is significantly different from that of any other known protein, as determined by searching protein databases. However, searching the database of The Institute of Genomic Research (TIGR) by the tblastn search program provided a cDNA file, denoted THC123801, whose open reading frame (218 codons) contains a sequence highly homologous to that of the N-terminal sequence of IL-18BP. The homology is hereby shown:
(The upper sequence (1-40) (SEQ ID NO: 12) is that of the isolated IL-18BP; the lower sequence (51-100) (SEQ ID NO: 13) is derived by translation of TIGR file THC123801).
The affinity-purified urinary IL-18BP retained the ability to bind its labeled ligand (¹²⁵I-IL-18), and following covalent cross-linking, a complex of molecular weight 58 kD was formed. The molecular weight of this complex corresponded to a 1:1 ratio of the ˜40 kD IL-18BP and the 19 kD IL-18 (FIG. 2).
The affinity-purified urinary IL-18BP blocked the biological activity of human as well as mouse IL-18. Thus when IL-18BP was added to either human or mouse IL-18 it blocked the ability of IL-18 to induce the production of interferon-γ when added together with lipopolysaccharide to cultures of mouse spleen cells (FIG. 3).
Using the partial sequence of the IL-18BP cDNA as provided by the TIGR database, a DNA probe was prepared by reverse-transcription PCR with specific sense and antisense primers and RNA from the human Jurkat T cells. The resulting PCR product was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis. This PCR product was labeled with ³²[P] and used as a probe for screening of four human cDNA libraries, derived from peripheral blood monocytes, from the Jurkat T-cell line, from PBMC and from human spleen. The various independent cDNA clones corresponded to four IL-18BP splice variants. All splice variants coded for putative soluble secreted proteins. The most abundant one (IL-18BPa) had an open reading frame of 192 codons, coding for a signal peptide of 28 amino acid residues followed by a mature putative IL-18BPa, whose first 40 residues matched perfectly with the N-terminal protein sequence of the urinary IL-18BP (SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2). The position of the cysteine residues suggested that this polypeptide belongs to the immunoglobulin (Ig) super-family. Interestingly, each of the four Gln residues within mature IL-18BPa was a potential N-glycosylation site. The three other variants of IL-18BP were less abundant than IL-18BPa. They included a shorter 1 kb IL-18BPb cDNA, coding for a signal peptide of 28 amino acid residues followed by a mature protein of 85 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:4). A third variant, IL-18BPc was represented by a 2.3 kb cDNA, coding for a signal peptide of 28 amino acid residues followed by a mature IL-18BP of 169 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:5 and SEQ ID NO:6). The fourth variant, IL-18BPd, coded for a signal peptide of 28 amino acid residues followed by a mature IL-18BP of 133 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:7 and SEQ ID NO:8).
To further study the possible existence of additional IL-18BP splice variants, a human genomic library was screened with a probe corresponding to full length IL-18BP cDNA. Five genomic clones, differing in length, were identified in this library. These clones were subjected to DNA sequence analysis with external and internal primers. Altogether, a 7.1 kb contig was assembled from these clones (SEQ ID NO:9). No exon coding for a trans-membrane (TM) receptor was identified within the 7.1 kb contig. All variants shared a common translation start site, coded for the same signal peptide of 28 amino acid residues and soluble mature proteins of varying sizes and C-terminal sequences. The IL-18BP locus contains an additional gene, coding for the nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1 (NUMA1), positioned at the minus strand. This finding localizes the IL-18BP gene to human chromosome 11q13 (Broach et al., 1981).
An homology search was done with the complete protein sequence of IL-18BPa and the GenPept database, using the Smith Watermann algorithm. It was found that homologues of IL-18BP are expressed in several Poxviruses as secreted proteins of a previously unknown function. It was previously reported that viruses code for various cytokine receptors and that such virally encoded molecules serve as decoy receptors that inhibit immune responses by neutralizing their corresponding cytokine (reviewed by Spriggs, M K, 1994, Curr. Opin. Immunol., 6, 526-529). Therefore the invention further relates to virally encoded homologues of IL-18BP that may also serve as blockers of the biological activity of IL-18. Examples of virus-encoded homologues of IL-18BP are provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1

Virus-encoded proteins, showing
high homology to human IL-18BP

GenPept sequence	Virus type

MCU60315_54	U60315 Molluscum contagiosum virus subtype 1
MCU60315_53	U60315 Molluscum contagiosum virus subtype 1
SWPHLSB_12	L22013 Swinepox virus
CV41KBPL_14	Cowpox virus
VVCGAA_5	Variola virus
U01161_3 174	Ectromelia virus (mouse Poxvirus)
VVU18340_6	Variola virus
VVU18338_7	Variola virus
VVU18337_7	Variola virus
VARCG_7 173	Variola major virus
MCU60315_51	Molluscum contagiosum virus
HNABV_1	New Hepatitis non-A, non-B associated virus

IL-18BPa was expressed in monkey COS7 cells. For this purpose, the cDNA of IL-18BPa was inserted into the mammalian expression vector pEF-BOS. A cassette coding for an (His)₆sequence was added to the 3′-end of the IL-18BP ORFs in frame, in order to facilitate purification of the recombinant protein. COS7 cells were transiently transfected with the expression vector and serum-free medium of these cells (150 ml) was concentrated and purified by metal chelate chromatography. IL-18BPa ran as a single band upon SDS-PAGE with silver staining under reducing and non-reducing conditions and had the same apparent molecular mass as that of the urinary IL-18BP. Protein sequence analysis of this preparation revealed the same N-terminal sequence as that of the urinary IL-18BP. Immunoblot analysis of IL-18BPa with antibodies raised against the urinary IL-18BP revealed the same molecular mass band as that of the urinary protein. Furthermore, using immunoprecipitation followed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography, IL-18BPa was able to displace urinary ¹²⁵I-IL-18BP from binding to the antibody. Therefore, IL-18BPa corresponds structurally to the IL-18BP isolated from urine.
Crude and purified IL-18BPa were tested for their ability to inhibit the biological activity of IL-18. IL-18BPa inhibited the activity of human and mouse IL-18 in murine splenocytes, PBMC and the human KG-1 cell line (FIG. 4). In contrast, IL-18BPb did not significantly inhibit the activity of IL-18. These results confirm the identity of IL-18BPa cDNA as the one coding for a biologically active IL-18BP.
The invention further relates to active muteins and fragments of IL-18BPs and viral IL-18BPs and to fused proteins consisting of wild type IL-18BPs and viral IL-18BPs or their active muteins or their active fragments, fused to another polypeptide or protein and exhibiting a similar ability to block the biological activities of IL-18 or its homologues.
As used herein the term “muteins” refers to analogs of an IL-18BP, or analogs of a viral IL-18BP, in which one or more of the amino acid residues of a natural IL-18BP or viral IL-18BP are replaced by different amino acid residues, or are deleted, or one or more amino acid residues are added to the natural sequence of an IL-18BP, or a viral IL-18BP, without changing considerably the activity of the resulting products as compared with the wild type IL-18BP or viral IL-18BP. These muteins are prepared by known synthesis and/or by site-directed mutagenesis techniques, or any other known technique suitable therefor.
Any such mutein preferably has a sequence of amino acids sufficiently duplicative of that of an IL-18BP, or sufficiently duplicative of a viral IL-18BP, such as to have substantially similar activity to IL-18BP. One activity of IL-18BP is its capability of binding IL-18. As long as the mutein has substantial binding activity to IL-18, it can be used in the purification of IL-18, such as by means of affinity chromatography, and thus can be considered to have substantially similar activity to IL-18BP. Thus, it can be determined whether any given mutein has substantially the same activity as IL-18BP by means of routine experimentation comprising subjecting such a mutein, e.g., to a simple sandwich competition assay to determine whether or not it binds to an appropriately labeled IL-18, such as radioimmunoassay or ELISA assay.
In a preferred embodiment, any such mutein has at least 40% identity or homology with the sequence of either an IL-18BP or a virally-encoded IL-18BP homologue. More preferably, it has at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80% or, most preferably, at least 90% identity or homology thereto.
Muteins of IL-18BP polypeptides or muteins of viral IL-18BPs, which can be used in accordance with the present invention, or nucleic acid coding therefor, include a finite set of substantially corresponding sequences as substitution peptides or polynucleotides which can be routinely obtained by one of ordinary skill in the art, without undue experimentation, based on the teachings and guidance presented herein. For a detailed description of protein chemistry and structure, see Schulz, G. E. et al., Principles of Protein Structure, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1978; and Creighton, T. E., Proteins: Structure and Molecular Properties, W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, 1983, which are hereby incorporated by reference. For a presentation of nucleotide sequence substitutions, such as codon preferences, see Ausubel et al, supra, at §§ A.1.1-A.1.24, and Sambrook et al, supra, at Appendices C and D.
Preferred changes for muteins in accordance with the present invention are what are known as “conservative” substitutions. Conservative amino acid substitutions of IL-18BP polypeptides or proteins or viral IL-18BPs, may include synonymous amino acids within a group which have sufficiently similar physicochemical properties that substitution between members of the group will preserve the biological function of the molecule, Grantham, Science, Vol. 185, pp. 862-864 (1974). It is clear that insertions and deletions of amino acids may also be made in the above-defined sequences without altering their function, particularly if the insertions or deletions only involve a few amino acids, e.g., under thirty, and preferably under ten, and do not remove or displace amino acids which are critical to a functional conformation, e.g., cysteine residues, Anfinsen, “Principles That Govern The Folding of Protein Chains”, Science, Vol. 181, pp. 223-230 (1973). Proteins and muteins produced by such deletions and/or insertions come within the purview of the present invention.
Preferably, the synonymous amino acid groups are those defined in Table I. More preferably, the synonymous amino acid groups are those defined in Table 2; and most preferably the synonymous amino acid groups are those defined in Table 31.

TABLE 1

Preferred Groups of Synonymous Amino Acids

	Amino Acid	Synonymous Group

	Ser	Ser, Thr, Gly, Asn
	Arg	Arg, Gln, Lys, Glu, His
	Leu	Ile, Phe, Tyr, Met, Val, Leu
	Pro	Gly, Ala, Thr, Pro
	Thr	Pro, Ser, Ala, Gly, His, Gln, Thr
	Ala	Gly, Thr, Pro, Ala
	Val	Met, Tyr, Phe, Ile, Leu, Val
	Gly	Ala, Thr, Pro, Ser, Gly
	Ile	Met, Tyr, Phe, Val, Leu, Ile
	Phe	Trp, Met, Tyr, Ile, Val, Leu, Phe
	Tyr	Trp, Met, Phe, Ile, Val, Leu, Tyr
	Cys	Ser, Thr, Cys
	His	Glu, Lys, Gln, Thr, Arg, His
	Gln	Glu, Lys, Asn, His, Thr, Arg, Gln
	Asn	Gln, Asp, Ser, Asn
	Lys	Glu, Gln, His, Arg, Lys
	Asp	Glu, Asn, Asp
	Glu	Asp, Lys, Asn, Gln, His, Arg, Glu
	Met	Phe, Ile, Val, Leu, Met
	Trp	Trp

TABLE 2

More Preferred Groups of Synonymous Amino Acids

	Amino Acid	Synonymous Group

	Ser	Ser
	Arg	His, Lys, Arg
	Leu	Leu, Ile, Phe, Met
	Pro	Ala, Pro
	Thr	Thr
	Ala	Pro, Ala
	Val	Val, Met, Ile
	Gly	Gly
	Ile	Ile, Met, Phe, Val, Leu
	Phe	Met, Tyr, Ile, Leu, Phe
	Tyr	Phe, Tyr
	Cys	Cys, Ser
	His	His, Gln, Arg
	Gln	Glu, Gln, His
	Asn	Asp, Asn
	Lys	Lys, Arg
	Asp	Asp, Asn
	Glu	Glu, Gln
	Met	Met, Phe, Ile, Val, Leu
	Trp	Trp

TABLE 3

Most Preferred Groups of Synonymous Amino Acids

	Amino Acid	Synonymous Group

	Ser	Ser
	Arg	Arg
	Leu	Leu, Ile, Met
	Pro	Pro
	Thr	Thr
	Ala	Ala
	Val	Val
	Gly	Gly
	Ile	Ile, Met, Leu
	Phe	Phe
	Tyr	Tyr
	Cys	Cys, Ser
	His	His
	Gln	Gln
	Asn	Asn
	Lys	Lys
	Asp	Asp
	Glu	Glu
	Met	Met, Ile, Leu
	Trp	Met

Examples of production of amino acid substitutions in proteins which can be used for obtaining muteins of IL-18BP polypeptides or proteins, or muteins of viral IL-18BPs, for use in the present invention include any known method steps, such as presented in U.S. Pat. Nos. RE 33,653, 4,959,314, 4,588,585 and 4,737,462, to Mark et al; 5,116,943 to Koths et al., 4,965,195 to Namen et al; 4,879,111 to Chong et al; and 5,017,691 to Lee et al; and lysine substituted proteins presented in U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,584 (Shaw et al).
In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, any mutein of an IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP, has an amino acid sequence essentially corresponding to that of an IL-18BP, or to a viral IL-18BP. The term “essentially corresponding to” is intended to comprehend proteins with minor changes to the sequence of the natural protein which do not affect the basic characteristics of the natural proteins, particularly insofar as their ability to bind IL-18 and to thereby inhibit its biological activity. The type of changes which are generally considered to fall within the “essentially corresponding to” language are those which would result from conventional mutagenesis techniques of the DNA encoding these proteins, resulting in a few minor modifications, and screening for the desired activity in the manner discussed above. Muteins in accordance with the present invention include proteins encoded by a nucleic acid, such as DNA or RNA, which hybridizes to DNA or RNA, which encodes an IL-18BP or encodes a viral IL-18BP, in accordance with the present invention, under stringent conditions. The invention also includes such nucleic acid, which is also useful as a probe in identification and purification of the desired nucleic acid. Furthermore, such nucleic acid would be a prime candidate to determine whether it encodes a polypeptide, which retains the functional activity of an IL-18BP of the present invention. The term “stringent conditions” refers to hybridization and subsequent washing conditions, which those of ordinary skill in the art conventionally refer to as “stringent”. See Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, supra, Interscience, N.Y., §§6.3 and 6.4 (1987, 1992), and Sambrook et al., supra. For example high stringent conditions include washing conditions 12-20° C. below the calculated Tm of the hybrid under study in, e.g., 2×SSC and 0.5% SDS for 5 minutes, 2×SSC and 0.1% SDS for 15 minutes; 0.1×SSC and 0.5% SDS at 37° C. for 30-60 minutes and then, a 0.1×SSC and 0.5% SDS at 68° C. for 30-60 minutes. Those of ordinary skill in this art understand that stringency conditions also depend on the length of the DNA sequences, oligonucleotide probes (such as 10-40 bases) or mixed oligonucleotide probes. If mixed probes are used, it is preferable to use tetramethyl ammonium chloride (TMAC) instead of SSC. See Ausubel, supra.
The term “fused protein” refers to a polypeptide comprising an IL-18BP, or a viral IL-18BP, or a mutein thereof, fused with another protein, which, e.g., has an extended residence time in body fluids. An IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP, may thus be fused to another protein, polypeptide or the like, e.g., an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof.
The term “salts” herein refers to both salts of carboxyl groups and to acid addition salts of amino groups of an IL-18BP, a viral IL-18BP, muteins, or fused proteins thereof. Salts of a carboxyl group may be formed by means known in the art and include inorganic salts, for example, sodium, calcium, ammonium, ferric or zinc salts, and the like, and salts with organic bases as those formed, for example, with amines, such as triethanolamine, arginine or lysine, piperidine, procaine and the like. Acid addition salts include, for example, salts with mineral acids such as, for example, hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, and salts with organic acids such as, for example, acetic acid or oxalic acid. Of course, any such salts must have substantially similar activity to IL-18BP.
“Functional derivatives” as used herein cover derivatives of IL-18BPs or a viral IL-18BP, and their muteins and fused proteins, which may be prepared from the functional groups which occur as side chains on the residues or the N- or C-terminal groups, by means known in the art, and are included in the invention as long as they remain pharmaceutically acceptable, i.e. they do not destroy the activity of the protein which is substantially similar to the activity of IL-18BP, or viral IL-18BPs, and do not confer toxic properties on compositions containing it. These derivatives may, for example, include polyethylene glycol side-chains, which may mask antigenic sites and extend the residence of an IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP in body fluids. Other derivatives include aliphatic esters of the carboxyl groups, amides of the carboxyl groups by reaction with ammonia or with primary or secondary amines, N-acyl derivatives of free amino groups of the amino acid residues formed with acyl moieties (e.g. alkanoyl or carbocyclic aroyl groups) or O-acyl derivatives of free hydroxyl groups (for example that of seryl or threonyl residues) formed with acyl moieties.
As “active fractions” of an IL-18BP, or a viral IL-18BP, muteins and fused proteins, the present invention covers any fragment or precursors of the polypeptide chain of the protein molecule alone or together with associated molecules or residues linked thereto, e.g., sugar or phosphate residues, or aggregates of the protein molecule or the sugar residues by themselves, provided said fraction has substantially similar activity to IL-18BP.
Various recombinant cells such as prokaryotic cells, e.g., E. coli, or other eukaryotic cells, such as yeast or insect cells can produce IL-18BPs or viral IL-18BPs. Methods for constructing appropriate vectors, carrying DNA that codes for an IL-18BP and suitable for transforming (e.g., E. coli, mammalian cells and yeast cells), or infecting insect cells in order to produce a recombinant IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP are well known in the art. See, for example, Ausubel et al., eds. “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” Current Protocols, 1993; and Sambrook et al., eds. “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual”, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1989.
Cells that produce IL-18 BPs or viral IL-18BPs are made according to known procedures in the art, including for example, by gene activation (See, PCT publication WO90/11354, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,272,071, and 5,641,670, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety), and transduction.
For the purposes of expression of IL-18BP proteins, or viral IL-18BPs, DNA encoding an IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP, their fragments, muteins or fused proteins, and the operably linked transcriptional and translational regulatory signals, are inserted into eukaryotic vectors which are capable of integrating the desired gene sequences into the host cell chromosome. In order to be able to select the cells which have stably integrated the introduced DNA into their chromosomes, one or more markers which allow for selection of host cells which contain the expression vector is used. The marker may provide for prototrophy to an auxotropic host, biocide resistance, e.g., antibiotics, or resistance to heavy metals, such as copper, or the like. The selectable marker gene can either be directly linked to the DNA gene sequences to be expressed, or introduced into the same cell by cotransfection. Additional elements may also be needed for optimal synthesis of single chain binding protein mRNA. These elements may include splice signals, as well as transcription promoters, enhancers, and termination signals.
Said DNA molecule to be introduced into the cells of choice will preferably be incorporated into a plasmid or viral vector capable of autonomous replication in the recipient host. Preferred prokaryotic plasmids are derivatives of pBr322. Preferred eukaryotic vectors include BPV, vaccinia, SV40, 2-micron circle, etc., or their derivatives. Such plasmids and vectors are well known in the art (Anderson, 1997; Bolton, 1980; Botstein, 1982 Broach, 1981; Kendall et al., 1987). Once the vector or DNA sequence containing the construct(s) has been prepared for expression, the expression vector may be introduced into an appropriate host cell by any of a variety of suitable means, such as transformation, transfection, lipofection, conjugation, protoplast fusion, electroporation, calcium phosphate precipitation, direct microinjection, etc.
Host cells to be used in this invention may be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Preferred prokaryotic hosts include bacteria such as E. coli, Bacillus, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia, etc. The most preferred prokaryotic host is E. coli. Bacterial hosts of particular interest include E. coli K12 strain 294 (ATCC 31446), E. coli X1776 (ATCC 31537), E. coli W3110 (F⁻, lambda⁻, phototropic (ATCC 27325). Under such conditions, the protein will not be glycosylated. The prokaryotic host must be compatible with the replicon and control sequences in the expression plasmid.
However, since IL-18BPs are glycosylated proteins, eukaryotic hosts are preferred over prokaryotic hosts. Preferred eukaryotic hosts are mammalian cells, e.g., human, monkey, mouse and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, because they provide post-translational modifications to protein molecules including correct folding, correct disulfide bond formation, as well as glycosylation at correct sites. Also yeast cells and insect cells can carry out post-translational peptide modifications including high mannose glycosylation.
A number of recombinant DNA strategies exist which utilize strong promoter sequences and high copy number of plasmids, which can be utilized for production of the desired proteins in yeast and in insect cells. Yeast and insect cells recognize leader sequences on cloned mammalian gene products and secrete mature IL-18BP. After the introduction of the vector, the host cells are grown in a selective medium, which selects for the growth of vector-containing cells. Expression of the cloned gene sequence(s) results in the production of an IL-18BP, a viral IL-18BP, fusion proteins, or muteins or fragments thereof. The above-mentioned cloning, clone isolation, identification, characterization and sequencing procedures are described in more detail hereinafter in the Examples.
The expressed proteins are then isolated and purified by any conventional procedure involving extraction, precipitation, chromatography, electrophoresis, or the like, or by affinity chromatography, using, e.g., an anti-IL-18BP monoclonal antibodies immobilized on a gel matrix contained within a column. Crude preparations containing said recombinant IL-18BP are passed through the column whereby IL-18BP will be bound to the column by the specific antibody, while the impurities will pass through. After washing, the protein is eluted from the gel under conditions usually employed for this purpose, i.e. at a high or a low pH, e.g. pH 11 or pH 2.
The invention further relates to vectors useful for expression of an IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP or their derivatives in mammals and more specifically in humans. Vectors for short and long-term expression of genes in mammals are well known in the literature. Studies have shown that gene delivery to e.g., skeletal muscle, vascular smooth muscle and liver result in systemic levels of therapeutic proteins. Skeletal muscle is a useful target because of its large mass, vascularity and accessibility. However, other targets and particularly bone marrow precursors of immune cells have been used successfully. Currently available vectors for expression of proteins in e.g., muscle include plasmid DNA, liposomes, protein-DNA conjugates and vectors based on adenovirus, adeno-associated virus and herpes virus. Of these, vectors based on adeno-associated virus (AAV) have been most successful with respect to duration and levels of gene expression and with respect to safety considerations (Kessler, P. D. 1996, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14082-14087).
Procedures for construction of an AAV-based vector have been described in detail (Snyder et al, 1996, Current Protocols in Human Genetics, Chapters 12.1.1-12.1.17, John Wiley & Sons) and are incorporated into this patent. Briefly plasmid psub201, containing the wild-type AAV genome is cut with the restriction enzyme Xba I and ligated with a construct consisting of an efficient eukaryotic promoter, e.g., the cytomegalovirus promoter, a Kozak consensus sequence, a DNA sequence coding for an IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP, or their muteins or fusion proteins or fragments thereof, a suitable 3′ untranslated region and a polyadenylation signal, e.g., the polyadenylation signal of simian virus 40. The resulting recombinant plasmid is cotransfected with an helper AAV plasmid e.g., pAAV/Ad into mammalian cells e.g., human T293 cells. The cultures are then infected with adenovirus as a helper virus and culture supernatants are collected after 48-60 hours. The supernatants are fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, purified on a CsCl density gradient, dialyzed and then heated at 56° C. to destroy any adenovirus, whereas the resulting recombinant AAV, capable of expressing IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP, or their muteins or fusion proteins remains stable at this step.
So far, the physiological role of the soluble cytokine receptors has not been established. The soluble receptors bind their specific ligands and in most cases inhibit their biological activity, as was shown, e.g., in the TNF system (Dao et al., 1996; Engelmann et al., 1989). In very few cases, e.g., IL-6, the soluble receptor enhances the biological activity. The recombinant soluble TNF receptor, also known as TBP (TNF binding protein) was found to prevent septic shock in animal models, while soluble forms of IL-1 receptor were found to have profound inhibitory effects on the development of in vivo alloreactivity in mouse allograft recipients.
Similarly, the IL-18BPs and viral IL-18BPs of the present invention may find use as modulators of IL-18 activity, e.g. in type I diabetes, in sepsis, in autoimmune diseases, in graft rejections, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis, multiple sclerosis, ischemic heart disease including acute heart attacks, ischemic brain injury, chronic hepatitis, psoriasis, chronic hepatitis and acute hepatitis. It may thus be used, e.g. in any disease in which endogenous production or exogenous administration of IL-18 induces the disease or aggravates the situation of the patient.
The present invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP of the invention or their active muteins, fused proteins and their salts, functional derivatives or active fractions thereof.
The present invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and e.g., a viral vector such as any one of said AAV-based viral vectors or another vector expressing an IL-18BP or viral IL-18BP or their muteins, fragments or fusion proteins thereof and suitable for administration to humans and other mammals for the purpose of attaining expression in vivo of IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP or their muteins or fragments or fusion protein of the invention.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are prepared for administration by mixing an IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP, or their derivatives, or vectors for expressing same with physiologically acceptable carriers, and/or stabilizers and/or excipients, and prepared in dosage form, e.g., by lyophilization in dosage vials. The method of administration can be via any of the accepted modes of administration for similar agents and will depend on the condition to be treated, e.g., intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, by local injection or topical application, or continuously by infusion, etc. The amount of active compound to be administered will depend on the route of administration, the disease to be treated and the condition of the patient. Local injection, for instance, will require a lower amount of the protein on a body weight basis than will intravenous infusion.
Accordingly, IL-18BPs, or viral IL-18BPs, or vectors expressing same in vivo are indicated for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, Type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, graft rejections, inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis, multiple sclerosis, ischemic heart disease including acute heart attacks, ischemic brain injury, chronic hepatitis, psoriasis, chronic pancreatitis and acute pancreatitis and similar diseases, in which there is an aberrant expression of IL-18, leading to an excess of IL-18 or in cases of complications due to exogenously administered IL-18.
The invention also includes antibodies against an IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP, as well as against their muteins, fused proteins, salts, functional derivatives and active fractions. The term “antibody” is meant to include polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), chimeric antibodies, anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies to antibodies that can be labeled in soluble or bound form, as well as fragments thereof provided by any known technique, such as, but not limited to enzymatic cleavage, peptide synthesis or recombinant techniques.
Polyclonal antibodies are heterogeneous populations of antibody molecules derived from the sera of animals immunized with an antigen. A monoclonal antibody contains a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies specific to antigens, which population contains substantially similar epitope binding sites. MAbs may be obtained by methods known to those skilled in the art. See, for example Kohler and Milstein, Nature 256:495-497 (1975); U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110; Ausubel et al, eds., supra, Harlow and Lane, ANTIBODIES: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1988); and Colligan et al., eds., Current Protocols in Immunology, Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley Interscience, N.Y., (1992, 1993), the contents of which references are incorporated entirely herein by reference. Such antibodies may be of any immunoglobulin class including IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, GILD and any subclass thereof. A hybridoma producing a MAb of the present invention may be cultivated in vitro, in situ or in vivo. Production of high titers of MAbs in vivo or in situ makes this the presently preferred method of production.
Chimeric antibodies are molecules, different portions of which are derived from different animal species, such as those having the variable region derived from a murine MAb and a human immunoglobulin constant region. Chimeric antibodies are primarily used to reduce immunogenicity in application and to increase yields in production, for example, where murine MAbs have higher yields from hybridomas but higher immunogenicity in humans, such that human/murine chimeric MAbs are used. Chimeric antibodies and methods for their production are known in the art (Cabilly et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:3273-3277 (1984); Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6851-6855 (1984); Boulianne et al., Nature 312:643-646 (1984); Cabilly et al., European Patent Application 125023 (published Nov. 14, 1984); Neuberger et al., Nature 314:268-270 (1985); Taniguchi et al., European Patent Application 171496 (published Feb. 19, 1985); Morrison et al., European Patent Application 173494 (published Mar. 5, 1986); Neuberger et al., PCT Application WO 8601533, (published Mar. 13, 1986); Kudo et al., European Patent Application 184187 (published Jun. 11, 1986); Morrison et al., European Patent Application 173494 (published Mar. 5, 1986); Sahagan et al., J. Immunol. 137:1066-1074 (1986); Robinson et al., International Patent Publication, WO 9702671 (published 7 May 1987); Liu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:3439-3443 (1987); Sun et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:214-218 (1987); Better et al., Science 240:1041-1043 (1988); and Harlow and Lane, ANTIBODIES: A LABORATORY MANUAL, supra. These references are entirely incorporated herein by reference.
An anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibody is an antibody, which recognizes unique determinants generally, associated with the antigen-binding site of an antibody. An Id antibody can be prepared by immunizing an animal of the same species and genetic type (e.g., mouse strain) as the source of the MAb with the MAb to which an anti-Id is being prepared. The immunized animal will recognize and respond to the idiotypic determinants of the immunizing antibody by producing an antibody to these idiotypic determinants (the anti-Id antibody). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,880, which is herein entirely incorporated by reference.
The anti-Id antibody may also be used as an “immunogen” to induce an immune response in yet another animal, producing a so-called anti-anti-Id antibody. The anti-anti-Id may be epitopically identical to the original MAb, which induced the anti-Id. Thus, by using antibodies to the idiotypic determinants of a MAb, it is possible to identify other clones expressing antibodies of identical specificity.
Accordingly, MAbs generated against IL-18BP and related proteins of the present invention may be used to induce anti-Id antibodies in suitable animals, such as BALB/c mice. Spleen cells from such immunized mice are used to produce anti-Id hybridomas secreting anti-Id Mabs. Further, the anti-Id Mabs can be coupled to a carrier such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and used to immunize additional BALB/c mice. Sera from these mice will contain anti-anti-Id antibodies that have the binding properties of the original MAb specific for an IL-18BP epitope or epitopes of a viral IL-18BP.
The anti-Id MAbs thus have their own idiotypic epitopes, or “idiotopes” structurally similar to the epitope being evaluated, such as an IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP.
The term “antibody” is also meant to include both intact molecules as well as fragments thereof, such as, for example, Fab and F(ab′)₂, which are capable of binding antigen. Fab and F(ab′)₂fragments lack the Fc fragment of intact antibody, clear more rapidly from the circulation, and may have less non-specific tissue binding than an intact antibody (Wahl et al., J. Nucl. Med. 24:316-325 (1983)). It will be appreciated that Fab and F(ab′)₂and other fragments of the antibodies useful in the present invention may be used for the detection and quantitation of an IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP, according to the methods disclosed herein for intact antibody molecules. Such fragments are typically produced by proteolytic cleavage, using enzymes such as papain (to produce Fab fragments) or pepsin (to produce F(ab′)₂fragments).
An antibody is said to be “capable of binding” a molecule if it is capable of specifically reacting with the molecule to thereby bind the molecule to the antibody. The term “epitope” is meant to refer to that portion of any molecule capable of being bound by an antibody which can also be recognized by that antibody. Epitopes or “antigenic determinants” usually consist of chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or sugar side chains and have specific three dimensional structural characteristics as well as specific charge characteristics.
An “antigen” is a molecule or a portion of a molecule capable of being bound by an antibody which is additionally capable of inducing an animal to produce antibody capable of binding to an epitope of that antigen. An antigen may have one or more than one epitope. The specific reaction referred to above is meant to indicate that the antigen will react, in a highly selective manner, with its corresponding antibody and not with the multitude of other antibodies which may be evoked by other antigens.
The antibodies, including fragments of antibodies, useful in the present invention may be used to detect quantitatively or qualitatively an IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP, or related proteins in a sample or to detect presence of cells, which express such proteins of the present invention. This can be accomplished by immunofluorescence techniques employing a fluorescently labeled antibody (see below) coupled with light microscopic, flow cytometric, or fluorometric detection.
The antibodies (or fragments thereof) useful in the present invention may be employed histologically, as in immunofluorescence or immunoelectron microscopy, for in situ detection of an IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP, and related proteins of the present invention. In situ detection may be accomplished by removing a histological specimen from a patient, and providing the a labeled antibody of the present invention to such a specimen. The antibody (or fragment) is preferably provided by applying or by overlaying the labeled antibody (or fragment) to a biological sample. Through the use of such a procedure, it is possible to determine not only the presence of an IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP, or related proteins but also its distribution on the examined tissue. Using the present invention, those of ordinary skill will readily perceive that any of wide variety of histological methods (such as staining procedures) can be modified in order to achieve such in situ detection.
Such assays for an IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP, or related proteins of the present invention typically comprises incubating a biological sample, such as a biological fluid, a tissue extract, freshly harvested cells such as lymphocytes or leukocytes, or cells which have been incubated in tissue culture, in the presence of a detectably labeled antibody capable of identifying IL-18BP or related proteins, and detecting the antibody by any of a number of techniques well-known in the art.
The biological sample may be treated with a solid phase support or carrier such as nitrocellulose, or other solid support or carrier which is capable of immobilizing cells, cell particles or soluble proteins. The support or carrier may then be washed with suitable buffers followed by treatment with a detectably labeled antibody in accordance with the present invention. The solid phase support or carrier may then be washed with the buffer a second time to remove unbound antibody. The amount of bound label on said solid support or carrier may then be detected by conventional means.
By “solid phase support”, “solid phase carrier”, “solid support”, “solid carrier”, “support” or “carrier” is intended any support or carrier capable of binding antigen or antibodies. Well-known supports or carriers, include glass, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, dextran, nylon amylases, natural and modified celluloses, polyacrylamides, gabbros, and magnetite. The nature of the carrier can be either soluble to some extent or insoluble for the purposes of the present invention. The support material may have virtually any possible structural configuration so long as the coupled molecule is capable of binding to an antigen or antibody. Thus, the support or carrier configuration may be spherical, as in a bead, or cylindrical, as in the inside surface of a test tube, or the external surface of a rod. Alternatively, the surface may be flat such as a sheet, test strip, etc. Preferred supports or carriers include polystyrene beads. Those skilled in the art will know many other suitable carriers for binding antibody or antigen, or will be able to ascertain the same by use of routine experimentation.
The binding activity of a given lot of antibody in accordance with the present invention may be determined according to well known methods. Those skilled in the art will be able to determine operative and optimal assay conditions for each determination by employing routine experimentation.
Other such steps as washing, stirring, shaking, filtering and the like may be added to the assays as is customary or necessary for the particular situation.
One of the ways in which an antibody in accordance with the present invention can be detectably labeled is by linking the same to an enzyme and use in an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). This enzyme, in turn, when later exposed to an appropriate substrate, will react with the substrate in such a manner as to produce a chemical moiety which can be detected, for example, by spectrophotometric, fluorometric or by visual means. Enzymes which can be used detectably label the antibody include, but are not limited to, malate dehydrogenase, staphylococcal nuclease, delta-5-steroid isomerase, yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, asparaginase, glucose oxidase, beta-galactosidase, ribonuclease, urease, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucoamylase and acetylcholinesterase. The detection can be accomplished by colorimetric methods, which employ a chromogenic substrate for the enzyme. Detection may also be accomplished by visual comparison of the extent of enzymatic reaction of a substrate in comparison with similarly prepared standards.
Detection may be accomplished using any of a variety of other immunoassays. For example, by radioactivity labeling the antibodies or antibody fragments, it is possible to detect an IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP, through the use of a radioimmunoassay (RIA). A good description of RIA maybe found in Laboratory Techniques and Biochemistry in Molecular Biology, by Work, T. S. et al., North Holland Publishing Company, NY (1978) with particular reference to the chapter entitled “An Introduction to Radioimmuno Assay and Related Techniques” by Chard, T., incorporated by reference herein. The radioactive isotope can be detected by such means as the use of a gamma counter or a scintillation counter or by autoradiography.
It is also possible to label an antibody in accordance with the present invention with a fluorescent compound. When the fluorescently labeled antibody is exposed to light of the proper wavelength, its presence can be then be detected due to fluorescence. Among the most commonly used fluorescent labeling compounds are fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, o-phthaldehyde and fluorescamine.
The antibody can also be detectably labeled using fluorescence emitting metals such as ¹⁵²Eu, or others of the lanthanide series. These metals can be attached to the antibody using such metal chelating groups as diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (ETPA). The antibody can also be detectably labeled by coupling it to biotin. Biotinylated antibody can then be detected by avidin or streptavidin coupled to a fluorescent compound or to an enzyme such as peroxidase or to a radioactive isotope and the like.
The antibody also can be detectably labeled by coupling it to a chemiluminescent compound. The presence of the chemiluminescent-tagged antibody is then determined by detecting the presence of luminescence that arises during the course of a chemical reaction. Examples of particularly useful chemiluminescent labeling compounds are luminol, isoluminol, theromatic acridinium ester, imidazole, acridinium salt and oxalate ester.
Likewise, a bioluminescent compound may be used to label the antibody of the present invention. Bioluminescence is a type of chemiluminescence found in biological systems in which a catalytic protein increases the efficiency of the chemiluminescent reaction. The presence of a bioluminescent protein is determined by detecting the presence of luminescence. Important bioluminescent compounds for purposes of labeling are luciferin, luciferase and aequorin.
An antibody molecule of the present invention may be adapted for utilization in a immunometric assay, also known as a “two-site” or “sandwich” assay. In a typical immunometric assay, a quantity of unlabeled antibody (or fragment of antibody) is bound to a solid support or carrier and a quantity of detectably labeled soluble antibody is added to permit detection and/or quantitation of the ternary complex formed between solid-phase antibody, antigen, and labeled antibody.
Typical, and preferred, immunometric assays include “forward” assays in which the antibody bound to the solid phase is first contacted with the sample being tested to extract the antigen form the sample by formation of a binary solid phase antibody-antigen complex. After a suitable incubation period, the solid support or carrier is washed to remove the residue of the fluid sample, including unreacted antigen, if any, and then contacted with the solution containing an unknown quantity of labeled antibody (which functions as a “reporter molecule”). After a second incubation period to permit the labeled antibody to complex with the antigen bound to the solid support or carrier through the unlabeled antibody, the solid support or carrier is washed a second time to remove the unreacted labeled antibody.
In another type of “sandwich” assay, which may also be useful with the antigens of the present invention, the so-called “simultaneous” and “reverse” assays are used. A “simultaneous” assay involves a single incubation step as the antibody bound to the solid support or carrier and labeled antibody are both added to the sample being tested at the same time. After the incubation is completed, the solid support or carrier is washed to remove the residue of fluid sample and uncomplexed labeled antibody. The presence of labeled antibody associated with the solid support or carrier is then determined as it would be in a conventional “forward” sandwich assay.
In the “reverse” assay, stepwise addition first of a solution of labeled antibody to the fluid sample followed by the addition of unlabeled antibody bound to a solid support or carrier after a suitable incubation period is utilized. After a second incubation, the solid phase is washed in conventional fashion to free it of the residue of the sample being tested and the solution of unreacted labeled antibody. The determination of labeled antibody associated with a solid support or carrier is then determined as in the “simultaneous” and “forward” assays.
The present invention also provides DNA molecules encoding any of the proteins of the present invention as defined above, replicable expression vehicles comprising any such DNA molecules, host cells transformed with any such expression vehicles including prokaryotic and eukaryotic and host cells, preferably CHO cells. The invention also includes a process for the production of expression vectors coding for any of the proteins of the present invention for the purpose of their expression in humans and other mammals.
The invention also includes a process for the production of any of the proteins of the present invention by culturing a transformed cell in accordance with the present invention and recovering the protein encoded by the DNA molecule and the expression vehicle within such transformed host cell.
In addition to the use of an IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP, in modulating the activity of IL-18, they can, of course, also be employed for the purification of IL-18 itself. For this purpose, IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP is coupled to an affinity column and crude IL-18 is passed through. The IL-18 can then be recovered from the column by, e.g., elution at low pH.
The present invention further relates to the treatment and/or prevention of liver injury using inhibitors of IL-18. An inhibitor according to the invention can be an inhibitor of IL-18 production and/or action.
The term “inhibitor of IL-18” within the context of this invention refers to any molecule modulating IL-18 production and/or action in such a way that IL-18 production and/or action is attenuated, reduced, or partially, substantially or completely prevented or blocked.
An inhibitor of production can be any molecule negatively affecting the synthesis, processing or maturation of IL-18 on the level of the gene, the mRNA or the protein. The inhibitors considered according to the invention can be, for example, suppressors of gene expression of the interleukin IL-18, antisense mRNAs reducing or preventing the transcription of the IL-18 mRNA or leading to degradation of the mRNA, proteins impairing correct folding, or partially or substantively preventing secretion of IL-18, proteases degrading the IL-18, once it has been synthesized, and the like.
An inhibitor of IL-18 action can be an IL-18 antagonist, for example. Antagonists can either bind to or sequester the IL-18 molecule itself with sufficient affinity and specificity to partially or substantially neutralize the IL-18 or IL-18 binding site(s) responsible for IL-18 binding to its ligands (like, e.g. to its receptors). An antagonist may also inhibit the IL-18 signaling pathway, activated within the cells upon IL-18/receptor binding.
Inhibitors of IL-18 action may be also soluble IL-18 receptors or molecules mimicking the receptors, or agents blocking the IL-18 receptors, IL-18 antibodies, like monoclonal antibodies, for example, or any other agent or molecule preventing the binding of IL-18 to its targets, thus diminishing or preventing triggering of the intra- or extracellular reactions mediated by IL-18.
The invention particularly relates to for the treatment or prevention of both acute and chronic liver diseases, such as alcoholic hepatitis, viral hepatitis, immune hepatitis, fulminant hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and primary biliary cirrhosis, for example.
The IL-18 inhibitors contemplated herein can further be used for the treatment of acute hepatic poisoning caused by an high amount of paracetamol. Such an acute hepatic poisoning may be due to an overdose, be it accidental or on purpose.
As shown in the examples below, it has been surprisingly found that IL-18 inhibitors are particularly effective in the prevention and treatment of fulminant hepatitis (acute hepatitis). Therefore, the invention preferably relates to the prevention and/or or treatment of fulminant hepatitis.
It has been surprisingly found that a combination of an inhibitor of IL-18 with an inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) leads to a complete blockade of liver injury in a murine model of disease. The invention therefore further relates to the use of an IL-18 inhibitor in combination with a TNF-inhibitor for the treatment and/or prevention of liver injury.
An inhibitor of TNF can be a TNF antagonist, for example. TNF antagonists exert their activity in several ways. First, antagonists can bind to or sequester the TNF molecule itself with sufficient affinity and specificity to partially or substantially neutralize the TNF epitope or epitopes responsible for TNF receptor binding (hereinafter termed “sequestering antagonists”). A sequestering antagonist may be, for example, an antibody directed against TNF.
Alternatively, TNF antagonists can inhibit the TNF signaling pathway activated by the cell surface receptor after TNF binding (hereinafter termed “signaling antagonists”). Both groups of antagonists are useful, either alone or together, in combination with an IL-18 inhibitor, in the prevention of therapy of liver injury.
TNF antagonists are easily identified and rated by routine screening of candidates for their effect on the activity of native TNF on susceptible cell lines in vitro, for example human B cells, in which TNF causes proliferation and immunoglobulin secretion. The assay contains TNF formulation at varying dilutions of candidate antagonist, e.g. from 0.1 to 100 times the molar amount of TNF used in the assay, and controls with no TNF or only antagonist (Tucci et al., 1992).
Sequestering antagonists are the preferred TNF antagonists to be used according to the present invention. Amongst sequestering antagonists, those polypeptides that bind TNF with high affinity and possess low immunogenicity are preferred. Soluble TNF receptor molecules and neutralizing antibodies to TNF are particularly preferred. For example, soluble TNF receptors TNF-RI and TNF-RII are useful in the present invention.
Truncated forms of these receptors, comprising the extracellular domains of the receptors or functional portions thereof, are highly preferred TNF inhibitors, according to the present invention. Truncated soluble TNF type-I and type-II receptors are described in EP914431, for example.
The IL-18 inhibitor can be used simultaneously, sequentially or separately with the TNF inhibitor.
Preferably, a combination of an IL-18 antibody or antiserum and a soluble receptor of TNF, having TNF inhibiting activity, is used.
The present invention is further based on the finding of a beneficial effect of an IL-18 inhibitor in arthritis. The invention therefore further relates to the use of an IL-18 inhibitor for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of arthritis.
According to the present invention, the term “arthritis” includes all different types of arthritis and arthritic conditions, both acute and chronic arthritis, as defined for example in the Homepage of the Department of Orthopaedics of the University of Washington on Arthritis. Examples for arthritic conditions are ankylosing spondylitis, back pain, carpal deposition syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos-Syndrome, gout, juvenile arthritis, lupus erythematosus, myositis, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteoporosis, polyartheritis, polymyositis, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, scleroderma, arthritis with bowel disease, Behcets's disease, children's arthritis, degenerative joint disease, fibromyalgia, infectious arthritis, Lyme disease, Marfan syndrome, osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis, Pagets Disease, Polymyalgia rheumatica, pseudogout, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatism, Sjogren's syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis and the like.
Preferably, according to the invention, inhibitors of IL-18 are provided for treatment and/or prevention of inflammatory arthritis. Inflammatory arthritis is classified as a chronic arthritis, according to the persistent, continuous or recurring course of the disease.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the inflammatory arthritis is rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA causes inflammation in the lining of the joints (the synovial membrane, a one cell layer epithelium) and/or internal organs. The disease tends to persist for many years, typically affects many different joints throughout the body and ultimately can cause damage to cartilage, bone, tendons, and ligaments. The joints that may be affected by RA are the joints located in the neck, shoulders, elbows, hips, wrists, hands, knees, ankles and feet, for example. In many cases, the joints are inflamed in a symmetrical pattern in RA.
RA is prevalent in about 1% of the population in the United States, being distributed within all ethnic groups and ages. It occurs all over the world, and women outnumber men by 3 to 1 among those having RA.
As shown in the examples below, an inhibitor of IL-18 has been proven to exhibit a highly efficacious beneficial effect on cartilage erosion. The invention therefore further relates to the use of an inhibitor of IL-18 in the manufacture of a medicament for treatment and/or prevention of cartilage destruction, i.e. to the use of an IL-18 inhibitor as a chondroprotective agent. The IL-18 inhibitor may be used in any condition in which cartilage destruction or erosion occurs. Cartilage destruction is the progressive decline in the structural integrity of joint articular cartilage. It occurs for example in conditions affecting articular cartilage such as rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, or osteoarthritis, but also in infectious synovitis, for instance.
In a preferred embodiment, the inhibitor of IL-18 is selected from inhibitors of caspase-1 (ICE), antibodies directed against IL-18, antibodies directed against any of the IL-18 receptor subunits, inhibitors of the IL-18 signalling pathway, antagonists of IL-18 which compete with IL-18 and block the IL-18 receptor, and IL-18 binding proteins, isoforms, muteins, fused proteins, functional derivatives, active fractions or circularly permutated derivatives thereof having the same activity.
The term “IL-18 binding proteins” is used herein synonymously with “IL18BP”. It comprises IL-18 binding proteins as defined in detail above, including splice variants and/or isoforms of IL-18 binding proteins. In particular, human isoforms a and c of IL-18BP are useful in accordance with the presence invention. The proteins useful according to the present invention may be glycosylated or non-glycosylated, they may be derived from natural sources, like urine, or produced recombinantly. Recombinant expression may be carried out in prokaryotic expression systems like E. coli, or in eukaryotic, preferably in mammalian, expression systems.
The terms “muteins”, “functional derivatives”, “active fractions” and “circularly permutated derivatives” have been defined above.
Functional derivatives of IL-18BP may be conjugated to polymers in order to improve the properties of the protein, such as the stability, half-life, bioavailability, tolerance by the human body, or immunogenicity. To achieve this goal, IL18-BP may be linked e.g. to Polyethlyenglycol (PEG). PEGylation may be carried out by known methods, described in WO 92/13095, for example.
The term “fused protein” refers to a polypeptide comprising an IL-18BP, or a viral IL-18BP, or a mutein thereof, fused with another protein, which, e.g., has an extended residence time in body fluids. An IL-18BP or a viral IL-18BP, may thus be fused to another protein, polypeptide or the like, e.g., an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof. The fusion may be direct, or via a short linker peptide which can be as short as 1 to 3 amino acid residues in length or longer, for example, 13 amino acid residues in length. Said linker may be a tripeptide of the sequence E-F-M (Glu-Phe-Met), for example, or a 13-amino acid linker sequence comprising Glu-Phe-Gly-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val-Leu-Gly-Gly-Gln-Phe-Met (SEQ ID NO: 14) introduced between the IL-18BP sequence and the immunoglobulin sequence. Fusion proteins comprising IL-18BP fused to all or part of an immunoglobulin are highly preferred. For example, IL-18BP may be fused to the constant regions of Ig molecules, preferably to heavy chain regions, like the CH2 and CH3 domains of human IgG1, for example. The generation of specific fusion proteins comprising IL-18BP and a portion of an immunoglobulin are described in example 11 of WP99/09063. Other isoforms of Ig molecules are also suitable for the generation of fusion proteins according to the present invention, such as isoforms IgG₂or IgG₄or other Ig classes, like IgM or IgA, for example. Fusion proteins may be monomeric or multimeric, hetero- or homomultimeric.
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the inhibitor of IL-18 is an IL-18 antibody. Anti-IL-18 antibodies may be polyclonal or monoclonal, chimeric, fully humanised, or even fully human. Recombinant antibodies and fragments thereof are characterised by high affinity binding to IL-18 in vivo and low toxicity. The antibodies which can be used in the invention are characterised by their ability to treat patients for a period sufficient to have good to excellent regression or alleviation of the pathogenic condition or any symptom or group of symptoms related to a pathogenic condition, and a low toxicity.
Neutralising antibodies are readily raised in animals such as rabbits, goat or mice by immunisation with IL-18. Immunised mice are particularly useful for providing sources of B cells for the manufacture of hybridomas, which in turn are cultured to produce large quantities of anti-IL-18 monoclonal antibodies.
Chimeric antibodies are immunoglobulin molecules characterised by two or more segments or portions derived from different animal species. Generally, the variable region of the chimeric antibody is derived from a non-human mammalian antibody, such as murine monoclonal antibody, and the immunoglobulin constant region is derived from a human immunoglobulin molecule. Preferably, both regions and the combination have low immunogenicity as routinely determined (Elliott, M. J., Maini, R. N., Feldmann, M., Long-Fox, A., Charles, P., Bijl, H., and Woody, J. N., 1994). Humanised antibodies are immunoglobulin molecules created by genetic engineering techniques in which the murine constant regions are replaced with human counterparts while retaining the murine antigen binding regions. The resulting mouse-human chimeric antibody preferably have reduced immunogenicity and improved pharmacokinetics in humans (Knight, D. M., Trinh, H., Le, J., Siegel, S., Shealy, D., McDonough, M., Scallon, B., Moore, M. A., Vilcek, J., and Daddona, P., 1993).
Thus, in a further preferred embodiment, IL-18 antibody is a humanised IL-18 antibody. Preferred examples of humanized anti-IL-18 antibodies are described in the European Patent Application EP 0 974 600, for example.
In yet a further preferred embodiment, the IL-18 antibody is fully human. The technology for producing human antibodies is described in detail e.g. in WO00/76310, WO99/53049, U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,963 or AU5336100. Fully human antibodies are preferably recombinant antibodies, produced in transgenic animals, e.g. xenomice, comprising all or parts of functional human Ig loci.
In a highly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the inhibitor of IL-18 is a IL-18BP, or an isoform, a mutein, fused protein, functional derivative, active fraction or circularly permutated derivative thereof essentially having at least an activity similar to IL-18BP. Preferred active fractions have an activity which is better than the activity of IL-18BP or have further advantages, like a better stability or a lower toxicity or immunogenicity, or they are easier to produce in large quantities.
Interferons are predominantly known for inhibitory effects on viral replication and cellular proliferation. Interferon γ, for example, plays an important role in promoting immune and inflammatory responses. Interferon β (IFN-β, an interferon type I), is said to play an anti-inflammatory role. Studies published by Triantaphyllopoulos et al. (1999) indicated that IFN-β has a beneficial effect in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis, as shown in a mouse model of the disease, the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. This beneficial effect of IFN-β was confirmed in the examples below.
The invention also relates to the use of a combination of an inhibitor of IL-18 production and/or action and an interferon in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of arthritis, in particular rheumatoid arthritis.
Interferons may be conjugated to polymers in order to improve the stability of the proteins. A conjugate between Interferon β and the polyol Polyethlyenglycol (PEG) has been described in WO99/55377, for instance.
The inhibitor of IL-18 production and/or action is preferably used simultaneously, sequentially, or separately with the interferon.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the interferon is Interferon-β (IFN-β), more preferable IFN-β1a.
The invention further relates to the use of a combination of IL-18 inhibitors, interferons and TNF antagonists. The combination is suitable for the for the treatment and/or prevention of arthritis, in particular rheumatoid arthritis, and for the treatment and/or prevention of liver injury. The active components may be used simultaneously, sequentially, or separately.
The invention further relates to the use of an expression vector comprising a coding sequence of an inhibitor of IL-18 in the preparation of a medicament for the prevention and/or treatment of arthritic conditions or arthritis, in particular rheumatoid arthritis, or for the treatment of liver injury. A gene therapeutical approach is thus used for treating and/or preventing the disease. Advantageously, the expression of the IL-18 inhibitor will then be in situ, thus efficiently blocking IL-18 directly in the tissue(s) or cells affected by the disease.
In order to treat and/or prevent arthritis, the gene therapy vector comprising the sequence of an inhibitor of IL-18 production and/or action may be injected directly into the diseased joint, for example, thus avoiding problems usually involved in systemic administration of gene therapy vectors, like dilution of the vectors, reaching of the target cells and side effects.
The use of a vector for inducing and/or enhancing the endogenous production of an inhibitor of IL-18 in a cell normally silent for expression of an IL-18 inhibitor, or which expresses amounts of the inhibitor which are not sufficient are also contemplated according to the invention. The vector may comprise regulatory sequences functional in the cells desired to express the inhibitor or IL-18. Such regulatory sequences may be promoters or enhancers, for example. The regulatory sequence may then be introduced into the right locus of the genome by homologous recombination, thus operably linking the regulatory sequence with the gene, the expression of which is required to be induced or enhanced. The technology is usually referred to as endogenous gene activation (EGA), and it is described e.g. in WO 91/09955. It will be understood by the person skilled in the art that it is also possible to shut down IL-18 expression using this technique, by introducing a negative regulation element, like e.g. a silencing element, into the gene locus of IL-18, thus leading to down-regulation or prevention of IL-18 expression. The person skilled in the art will understand that such down-regulation or silencing of IL-18 expression has the same effect as using an IL-18 inhibitor in order to prevent and/or treat disease.
The invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions for prevention and/or treatment of inflammatory arthritis or liver injury, comprising an inhibitor of IL-18. The composition may comprise antibodies against IL-18, antibodies against any of the IL-18 receptor subunits, inhibitors of the IL-18 signalling pathway, antagonists of IL-18 which compete with IL-18 and block the IL-18 receptor, and IL-18 binding proteins, isoforms, muteins, fused proteins, functional derivatives, active fractions or circularly permutated derivatives thereof having the same activity.
IL-18BP and its isoforms, muteins, fused proteins, functional derivatives, active fractions or circularly permutated derivatives as described above are the preferred active ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions.
In a further preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises an interferon, preferably IFN-β.
In yet another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a TNF antagonist. Advantageously, anti-TNF antibodies neutralising TNF action are used. Highly preferred are TBPI and TPBII as TNF antagonists.
The active ingredients of the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention, i.e. the IL-18 inhibitor and/or interferon and/or TNF antagonist can be administered to an individual in a variety of ways. The routes of administration include intradermal, transdermal (e.g. in slow release formulations), intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, oral, epidural, topical, and intranasal routes. Any other therapeutically efficacious route of administration can be used, for example absorption through epithelial or endothelial tissues or by gene therapy wherein a DNA molecule encoding the active agent is administered to the patient (e.g. via a vector) which causes the active agent to be expressed and secreted in vivo. In addition, the protein(s) according to the invention can be administered together with other components of biologically active agents such as pharmaceutically acceptable surfactants, excipients, carriers, diluents and vehicles.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to the administration of IL-18 inhibitors to prevent or treat sepsis and is based on the findings described in the examples. It was found in according with the present invention that the levels of effective (free) circulating IL-18 are significantly elevated in serum of sepsis patients in comparison to healthy individuals, and that the inhibition of IL-18 causes a decrease in IFN-γ induction by the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Sepsis according to the present invention, comprises SIRS, severe sepsis, septic shock, endotoxic shock etc., and may be caused by Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria.
In addition the prevention/treatment of sepsis can be approached by administration of an IL-18 inhibitor in combination of other cytokine inhibitors potentially able to increase its effect.
Other cytokine inhibitors can be used together with inhibitors of IL-18 in the treatment of sepsis. An inhibitor of IL-18 may be used in combination with an IL-12 Inhibitor.
The term “inhibition of IL-12” within the context of this invention refers to any molecule modulating IL-12 production and/or action in such a way that IL-12 production and/or action is attenuated, reduced, or partially, substantially or completely prevented or blocked.
An inhibitor of IL-12 production can be any molecule negatively affecting its synthesis e.g interferon α/β (Karp et al. 2000), or molecules negatively affecting processing or maturation of IL-12. The inhibitors, considered according to the invention can be, for example, suppressors of gene expression of the interleukin IL-12, antisense mRNAs reducing or preventing the transcription of the IL-12 mRNA or ribozymes leading to degradation of the IL-12 mRNA, proteins impairing correct folding, or partially or substantially preventing secretion of IL-12, proteases degrading IL-12 and the like.
IL-12 antagonists exert their activity in several ways. Antagonists can bind to or sequester the IL-12 molecule itself with sufficient affinity and specificity to partially or substantially neutralize the IL-12 epitope or epitopes responsible for IL-12 receptor binding (hereinafter termed “sequestering antagonists”). A sequestering antagonist may be, for example, an antibody directed against IL-12, a truncated form of IL-12 receptor, comprising the extracellular domains of the receptor or functional portions thereof etc. An antagonist may also inhibit the IL-12 signaling pathway, which is activated within the cells upon IL-12/receptor binding (hereinafter termed “signalling antagonists”). All groups of antagonists are useful, either alone or together, in combination with an IL-18 inhibitor, in the therapy of sepsis. IL-12 antagonists are easily identified and evaluated by routine screening of candidates for their effect on the activity of native IL-12 on susceptible cell lines in vitro. For example mouse splenocytes in which phorbol ester and IL-12 causes proliferation. The assay contains IL-12 formulation at varying dilutions of candidate antagonist, e.g., from 0.1 to 100 times the molar amount of IL-12 used in the assay, and controls with no IL-12, antagonist only or phorbol ester and IL-2 (Tucci et al., 1992).
Sequestering antagonists are the preferred IL-12 antagonists to be used according to the present invention. Amongst sequestering antagonists, antibodies that neutralize 11-12 activity are preferred. The simultaneous, sequential, or separate use of the IL-18 inhibitor with the IL-12 antagonist is preferred, according to the invention. Anti IL-12 is the preferred IL-12 antagonist to be used in combination with an IL-18 inhibitor as well as antibody derivatives, fragments, regions and biologically active portions of the antibody. The IL-18 inhibitor can be used simultaneously, sequentially or separately with the IL-12 inhibitor.
In addition, an inhibitor of IL-18 may be used in combination with inhibitors of other cytokines, known to play an important role in septic shock e.g. IL-1. TNF, IL-8 etc Dinarello 1996 and Okusawa et al. 1988. An example for an inhibitor of IL-1 is IL1-receptor antagonist, and for TNF the soluble portion of receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2.
The invention further relates to the use of an expression vector comprising the coding sequence of an inhibitor of IL-18 in the preparation of a medicament for the prevention and/or treatment of sepsis. A gene therapeutical approach is thus used for treating and/or preventing the disease. Advantageously, the expression of the IL-18 inhibitor will then be in situ, thus efficiently blocking IL-18 directly in the tissue(s) or cells affected by the disease.
The use of a vector for inducing and/or enhancing the endogenous production of an inhibitor of IL-18 in a cell normally silent for expression of an IL-18 inhibitor, or which expresses amounts of the inhibitor which are not sufficient, are also contemplated according to the invention. The vector may comprise regulatory sequences functional in the cells desired to express the inhibitor or IL-18. Such regulatory sequences may be promoters or enhancers, for example. The regulatory sequence may then be introduced into the right locus of the genome by homologous recombination, thus operably linking the regulatory sequence with the gene, the expression of which is required to be induced or enhanced. The technology is usually referred to as “endogenous gene activation” (EGA), and it is described, e.g., in WO 91/09955.
The invention comprise also the administration of genetically modifid cells, able to produce an inhibitor of IL-18 for the treatment or prevention of sepsis.
It will be understood by the person skilled in the art that it is also possible to shut down IL-18 expression using the same technique, i.e., by introducing a negative regulation element, e.g., a silencing element, into the gene locus of IL-18, thus leading to down-regulation or prevention of IL-18 expression. The person skilled in the art will understand that such down-regulation or silencing of IL-18 expression has the same effect as the use of an IL-18 inhibitor in order to prevent and/or treat disease.
The definition of “pharmaceutically acceptable” is meant to encompass any carrier, which does not interfere with effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredient and that is not toxic to the host to which it is administered. For example, for parenteral administration, the active protein(s) may be formulated in a unit dosage form for injection in vehicles such as saline, dextrose solution, serum albumin and Ringer's solution.
For parenteral (e.g. intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular) administration, the active protein(s) can be formulated as a solution, suspension, emulsion or lyophilised powder in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable parenteral vehicle (e.g. water, saline, dextrose solution) and additives that maintain isotonicity (e.g. mannitol) or chemical stability (e.g. preservatives and buffers). The formulation is sterilized by commonly used techniques.
The bioavailability of the active protein(s) according to the invention can also be ameliorated by using conjugation procedures which increase the half-life of the molecule in the human body, for example linking the molecule to polyethylenglycol, as described in the PCT Patent Application WO 92/13095.
The therapeutically effective amounts of the active protein(s) will be a function of many variables, including the type of antagonist, the affinity of the antagonist for IL-18, any residual cytotoxic activity exhibited by the antagonists, the route of administration, the clinical condition of the patient (including the desirability of maintaining a non-toxic level of endogenous IL-18 activity
A “therapeutically effective amount” is such that when administered, the IL-18 inhibitor results in inhibition of the biological activity of IL-18. The dosage administered, as single or multiple doses, to an individual will vary depending upon a variety of factors, including IL-18 inhibitor pharmacokinetic properties, the route of administration, patient conditions and characteristics (sex, age, body weight, health, size), extent of symptoms, concurrent treatments, frequency of treatment and the effect desired. Adjustment and manipulation of established dosage ranges are well within the ability of those skilled in the art, as well as in vitro and in vivo methods of determining the inhibition of IL-18 in an individual.
According to the invention, the inhibitor of IL-18 is used in an amount ranging between about 0.1 to 5000 μg/kg of body weight or about 1 to 1000 μg/kg of body weight. Amounts of about 10 to 500 μg/kg of body weight are preferred, and amounts of about 50 to 250 μg/kg of body weight are further preferred.
Inhibitors of IL-18 may also be used in an amount of about 1 to 50 μg/kg of body weight.
The route of administration which is preferred according to the invention is administration by subcutaneous route. Intramuscular administration is further preferred according to the invention.
In further preferred embodiments, the inhibitor of IL-18 is administered daily or every other day.
The daily doses are usually given in divided doses or in sustained release form effective to obtain the desired results. Second or subsequent administrations can be performed at a dosage which is the same, less than or greater than the initial or previous dose administered to the individual. A second or subsequent administration can be administered during or prior to onset of the disease.
According to the invention, the IL-18 inhibitor can be administered prophylactically or therapeutically to an individual prior to, simultaneously or sequentially with other therapeutic regimens or agents (e.g. multiple drug regimens), in a therapeutically effective amount, in particular with an interferon and/or a TNF antagonist. Active agents that are administered simultaneously with other therapeutic agents can be administered in the same or different compositions. Other agents which may be used in combination with IL-18 inhibitors, in particular with IL-18BP, are COX-2 inhibitors. COX-2 inhibitors are know in the art. Specific COX-2 inhibitors are disclosed in WO 01/00229, for example.
The invention further relates to a method for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising admixing an effective amount of an IL-18 inhibitor with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Having now described the invention, it will be more readily understood by reference to the following examples that are provided by way of illustration and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

EXAMPLES

PART I: Examples 1 to 17

Isolation, Production and Biological Activities of IL-18BP

Example 1: Isolation of an IL-18 Binding Protein

E. coli IL-18 (2.5 mg, Peprotech, N.J.) was coupled to Affigel-10 (0.5 ml, BioRad), according to the manufacturer's instructions and packed into a column. Crude urinary proteins (1000-fold concentrated, 500 ml) were loaded onto the column at a flow rate of 0.25 ml/min. The column was washed with 250 ml 0.5M NaCl in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Bound proteins were then eluted with 25 mM citric acid, pH 2.2 and benzamidine (1 mM), immediately neutralized by 1M Na₂CO₃. Fractions of 1 ml were collected. The fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and silver staining. The IL-18 binding protein eluted in fractions 2-8 as a ˜40,000 Dalton protein (FIG. 1). The ˜40 kD band, corresponding to the IL-18BP exhibited a distinct yellow color upon silver staining. The various fractions were analyzed by cross-linking with ¹²⁵I-IL-18, SDS-PAGE and autoradiography as described in Example 2. An IL-18 binding protein was found in fractions 2-8, eluted from the IL-18-agarose column (FIG. 2).

Example 2: Cross-Linking of Affinity-Purified IL-18Bp to Labeled IL-18

Samples (40 μl) of IL-18BP from the affinity purification step were incubated (70 min. at 4° C.) with ¹²⁵I-IL-18 (5,000,000 cpm). Disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS), dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (Me₂SO, 20 mM), was then added to a final concentration of 2 mM and the mixture was left for 20 min. at 4° C. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 1M Tris-HCl pH 7.5, and 1M NaCl to a final concentration of 100 mM. A sample buffer containing Dithiothreitol (DTT, 25 mM final) was added and the mixtures were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (7.5% acrylamide) followed by autoradiography (FIG. 2).
A specific band of molecular weight 58 kD, probably consisting of a ˜40 kD protein cross-linked to the ˜20 kD ¹²⁵I-IL-18, was observed in fractions eluted from the IL-18 affinity column (lanes 2 and 3) but not in the column wash (lane 1), containing all other crude urinary proteins.

Example 3: Protein Sequence Analysis

Eluted fractions from the affinity column of Example 1 were resolved by SDS-PAGE (10% acrylamide) under non-reducing conditions, electroblotted on a PVDF membrane (Pro-Blot, Applied Biosystems, USA). The membrane was stained with coomassie blue, the ˜40 kD band was excised and subjected to protein sequence analysis by a Procise microsequencer (Applied Biosystems, USA). The following major sequence was obtained:

	T-P-V-S-Q-Q-x-x-x-A-A-A	(SEQ ID NO: 11)

	1 . . . 5 . . . .10 . .

wherein x represents a yet undetermined amino acid.

- In addition, a minor sequence was obtained:

	A-x-Y-x-R-I-P-A-x-A-I-A	(SEQ ID NO: 15)

	1 . . . 5 . . . .10 . .

Because of this double sequence it was not possible to obtain a longer sequence data. The minor sequence was identified as a fragment of human defensin, (accession No. p11398) starting at amino acid 65 of defensin. The major sequence could not be associated with any other known protein, as determined by searching all available databases in NCBI and TIGR by the blastp and tblastn search programs.
In order to obtain a longer and more accurate sequence and in order to identify potential cysteine residues, another aliquot of the fraction eluted from the IL-18-agarose column was reduced with DTT in 6 M guanidine HCl, reacted with 4-vinyl pyridine, desalted by a micro-ultrafiltration device (Ultrafree, cutoff 10,000 Daltons, Millipore) and subjected to protein microsequence analysis. After cycle No. 1 of sequencing, the filter was reacted with o-phtalaldehyde to block all N-terminal polypeptides other than Pro. In this way only the major sequence was obtained as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 10)

TPVSQXXXAA XASVRSTKDP CPSQPPVFPA AKQCPALEVT

1 10 20 30 40

(T = Thr; P = Pro; V = Val; S = Ser; Q = Gln; X =

Unknown; A = Ala; R = Arg; K = Lys; D = Asp; C =

Cys; F = Phe; L = Leu; E = Glu)

In cycles 6,7,8 and 11 a low level of a Thr signal was obtained. Because of this low level we considered it more prudent not to assign a specific amino acid residue at said cycles.
The resulting sequence is significantly different from that of any other known protein, as determined by searching protein databases. However, searching the TIGR database by the tblastn search program provided a cDNA file, denoted THC123801, whose open reading frame (218 codons), when translated contains a sequence highly homologous to that of the N-terminal sequence of IL-18BP. The homology is hereby shown:
(The upper sequence (1-40) (SEQ ID NO: 12) is that of the IL-18BP isolated according to the invention; the lower sequence (51-100) (SEQ ID NO: 13) is deduced by translation of the cDNA of TIGR file THC123801).
The putative protein sequence, obtained by translating file THC123801, was ambiguous at residues 2 and 4 of the IL-18BP. It confirms the identity of amino acid residues 6, 7 and 8 of IL-18BP as Thr and seems to do so also for residue 11.

Example 4: The IL-18BP is a Glycoprotein

Aliquot (0.3 ml) of eluted fractions of Example 1 were further purified by size exclusion chromatography on a Superose 12 column (1×30 cm, Pharmacia, Sweden). The column was pre-equilibrated and eluted with phosphate buffered saline and sodium azide (0.02%) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. and fractions of 1 min. were collected. The IL-18 binding protein eluted in fractions 20-25 as a ˜40,000 Dalton protein, as determined by SDS-PAGE and silver staining. A sample containing the ˜40,000 Dalton protein (fraction 23, 50 μl, ˜50 ng protein) was reacted with N-glycosidase F (PNGase F, Biolab) according to the manufacturers instructions. Briefly, the aliquot was denatured by boiling in the presence of 5% SDS for 10 min., 10×G7 buffer (2.5 ?l), 10% NP-40 (2.5 μl) and PNGase F (1 μl), 1 h at 37° C. The sample was analyzed by SDS-PAGE (10% acrylamide) under non-reducing conditions and compared with undigested IL-18BP from the same Superose 12 fraction. It was found that the ˜40 kD band of IL-18BP disappeared in the PNGase-treated fraction. New bands, corresponding to 30 kD (just above the PNGase band) and 20 kD were obtained. The elimination of the ˜40 kD band indicates that this band is an N-glycosylated protein.

Example 5: Blocking of the Biological Activity of IL-18 by IL-18BP

The ability of the IL-18BP isolated from urine to block IL-18 activity was determined by measuring the IL-18-induced production of IFN-γ in mononuclear cells. IL-18 induces IFN-γ when added together with either low concentration of LPS, IL-12, IL-2, or other stimulants. The activity of IL-18 was tested in murine splenocytes, in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and in the human KG-1 cell line. Spleen cells were prepared from a healthy mouse, washed and suspended in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 5×10⁶cells/ml. 1.0 ml cultures were stimulated with LPS (either 0.5 or 1 μg/ml) together with recombinant human or murine IL-18 (either 0.5 or 5 ng/ml). Human IL-18 binding protein (0.5 or 50 ng/ml) was added to the recombinant IL-18 before adding to spleen cells. After culturing for 24 h, the spleen cells were subjected to three freeze (−70° C.) and thaw (room temperature) cycles, the cellular debris was removed by centrifugation and the supernatants were assayed for IFN-γ using the ELISA kits for mouse IFN-γ (Endogen). As shown in FIG. 3A, IL-18BP blocked the activity of huIL-18 in murine splenocytes in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, as a control, soluble interferon-α/6 receptor had no effect. The activity of recombinant murine IL-18 was similarly inhibited by the human IL-18BP, suggesting that human IL-18BP recognizes murine IL-18 (FIG. 3B). Endogenous IL-18 is induced in murine splenocytes by high concentrations of LPS, leading to production of IFN-γ. Indeed, IFN-γ induction by LPS (10 μg/ml) was also inhibited by the urinary IL-18BP (FIG. 3C). Concanavalin A (con A) activates T-cells to produce IFN-γ in the absence of IL-18 (Fantuzzi et al., 1998). Indeed, induction of IFN-γ by Con A was not inhibited by IL-18BP even at high concentrations (FIG. 3D). This observation demonstrated that IL-18BP was a specific inhibitor of IL-18 bioactivity rather than a non-specific inhibitor of IFN-γ production. IL-18BP also inhibited the activity of human IL-18 in human KG-1 cells induced by a combination of IL-18 and TNF-α (FIG. 3E).
The above data demonstrate that urinary IL-18BP inhibits human as well as murine IL-18 activity as measured by co-induction of IFN-γ in human and murine mononuclear cells. The concentration of IL-18BP which reduced IL-18 activity by >90% was comparable to that of IL-18 itself, suggesting a high affinity interaction between these two proteins.

Example 6: Isolation of cDNA Clones Coding for IL-18BP

Total RNA from Jurkat T-cells (CRL 8163, American Type Culture Collection) was reverse-transcribed with SuperScript RNase H⁻reverse transcriptase (Gibco-BRL) and random primers (Promega, Madison Wis.). The resulting cDNA fragments were then amplified by PCR, using Taq DNA polymerase (Sigma) and primers corresponding to TIGR clone THC123801 nucleotides 24-44 (sense) and 500-481 (reverse). The amplification was done in 30 cycles of annealing (55° C., 2 min) and extension (70° C., 1 min). The resulting PCR products were resolved by agarose (1%) gel electrophoresis, eluted and cloned into pGEM-Teasy TA cloning vector (Promega). DNA from individual clones was sequenced with T7 and SP6 primers.
The resulting 477 by fragment was ³²P-labeled by random priming. This probe was used for screening various human cDNA and genomic libraries. Duplicate nitrocellulose filters were lifted and hybridized with the probe at 60° C. in a buffer consisting of 6×SSC, 10×Denhardt's solution, 0.1% SDS and 100 μg/ml Salmon sperm DNA. The filters were washed and exposed overnight at −80° C. to Kodak XAR film. Double positive clones were plaque-purified. Plasmids were excised from the XpCEV9 clones and self-ligated. cDNA clones from other libraries were isolated according to the manufacturer's instructions. Automated DNA sequence analysis of the isolated clones was performed with Models 373A and 377 sequencers (Applied Biosystems) using sense and antisense primers. Standard protocols were used for these cloning procedures (Sambrook et al., 1989).
The following libraries were screened: a human monocyte cDNA library, constructed in λpCEV9 cloning vector (Gutkind, 1991), kindly provided by T. Miki; a human Jurkat leukemic T-cell cDNA library, a human peripheral blood leukocyte cDNA library and a human spleen cDNA library, all from Clontech (Palo Alto, Calif.). A human placenta genomic library in lambda FIX II vector was from Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif.).
All cDNA clones corresponded to four different IL-18BP splice variants were obtained and characterized. All splice variants coded for putative soluble secreted proteins. The most abundant one (IL-18BPa) had an open reading frame of 192 codons, coding for a signal peptide of 28 amino acid residues followed by a mature putative IL-18BPa, whose first 40 residues (SEQ ID NO:10) matched perfectly with the N-terminal protein sequence of the urinary IL-18BP (SEQ ID NO:2). The position of the cysteine residues suggested that this polypeptide belongs to the immunoglobulin (Ig) super-family. Each of the four Gln residues within mature IL-18BPa was a potential N-glycosylation site. The other three splice variants of IL-18BP were significantly less abundant.
Another 1 kb IL-18BPb cDNA coded for a mature protein of 85 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:4). A third variant, IL-18BPc, was represented by a 2.3 kb cDNA, coding for a mature IL-18BP of 169 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:6). The fourth variant, IL-18BPd coded for a mature IL-18BP of 133 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:8). In-exon splicing occurred at two sites along the pro-mRNA. These events and an additional 5′ exon in IL-18BPd gave rise to 3 different 5′ UTRs in the various cDNA clones. It is therefore quite possible that different IL-18BP variants may be generated in response to distinct transcription regulation signals.
No cDNA coding for a receptor with a transmembrane domain was found so far.

Example 7: Construction of a Mammalian Expression Vector, Production of Recombinant IL-18Bp, and Evaluation of the Biological Activities of Recombinant IL-18BP

The coding region of the IL-18BPa cDNA was amplified by PCR with the sense primer
(SEQ ID NO: 16)

5′ TATATCTAGAGCCACCATGAGACACAACTGGACACCA
and the reverse primer:

(SEQ ID NO: 17)

5′ ATATCTAGATTAATGATGATGATGATGATGACCCTGCTGCTGTGGAC

TGC

The PCR products were cut with Xba I and cloned into the Xba I site of the pEF-BOS expression vector (25), to yield pEF-BOS-IL-18BPa. The constructs were confirmed by DNA sequencing.
Batches of 6×10⁷COS7 cells in 1.4 ml TD buffer, containing pEF-BOS-IL-18BPa plasmid DNA (10 μg) and DEAE-dextran (120 μg) were incubated for 30 min at room temperature, as described (Sampayrat and Dana, 1981). The cells were then washed with DMEM-10% FBS, plated for 4 hr in DMEM-10, washed and incubated for 3-5 days in serum-free DMEM. Culture medium was collected, concentrated 6-fold by ultrafiltration (10 kD cutoff) and the IL-18BP-His₆was isolated on a Talon column (Clontech) with imidazole as eluant according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Immunological cross-reactivity of the urinary and the COS7-expressed IL-18BP was assessed as follows: Urinary IL-18BP (5 μg) was labeled with ¹²⁵I by the chloramine T procedure. Supernatants of COS7 cells (250 μl) were mixed (1 h, room temperature final volume 500 μl) with the antibody to urinary IL-18BP, diluted 1:1000 in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.5% bovine serum albumin (Wash Buffer). ¹²⁵I-labeled urinary IL-18BP (10⁶cpm) was then added and after 1 h protein G-sepharose (20 μl) was added. The mixture was suspended (1.5 h, 4° C.), the beads were then isolated and washed wash 3× Wash Buffer and once in PBS. The beads were then eluted with a Sample buffer, resolved by SDS-PAGE (10% acrylamide under reducing conditions followed by Autoradiography.
IL-18BPa ran as a single band upon SDS-PAGE with silver staining under reducing and non-reducing conditions and had the same apparent molecular mass as that of the urinary IL-18BP (data not shown). Protein sequence analysis of this preparation revealed the same N-terminal sequence as that of the urinary IL-18BP, indicating that the latter was not degraded at its N-terminus.
Immunoblot analysis of IL-18BPa with antibodies raised against the urinary IL-18BP revealed the same molecular mass band as that of the urinary protein. Furthermore, using immunoprecipitation followed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography, IL-18BPa was able to displace urinary ¹²⁵I-IL-18BP from binding to the antibody. Therefore, IL-18BPa corresponds structurally to the urinary IL-18BP.
Crude and purified IL-18BPa was tested for its ability to inhibit the biological activity of IL-18. IL-18BPa inhibited in a dose dependent manner the IFN-γ inducing activity of human and mouse IL-18 in murine splenocytes, PBMC and the human KG-1 cell line (FIG. 4).
The results of the various bioassays as well as the mobility shift assay (Example 8) demonstrated that inhibition of IL-18 activity is an intrinsic property of the cloned IL-18BP and not that of any accompanying impurities in urinary IL-18BP, such as the co-eluting fragment of defensin.

Example 8: Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays

The effect of the urinary and the recombinant IL-18BP on IL-18-induced activation of NF-κB in human KG-1 cells was also studied. Human KG-1 cells (4×10⁶in 1 ml RMPI) were stimulated with either huIL-18 (10 ng/ml) or huIL-18 pre-mixed with an IL-18BP (20 min, room temperature). After 20 min at 37° C., cells were washed three times with ice-cold PBS and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Cell pellets were resuspended in three times the packed cell volume in buffer A (20 mM Tris pH 7.6, 0.4M NaCl, 0.2 mM EDTA, glycerol (20% by volume), 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 2 mM dithiothreitol (DDT), 0.4 mM PMSF, 1 mM Na₃VO₄, 2 μg/ml each of leupeptin, pepstatin and aprotinin). Cell debris was removed by centrifugation (15,000×g, 15 min.), aliquots of the supernatant were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80° C. Protein concentration was determined by a Bradford assay (Bio-Rad) using bovine serum albumin as standard. A double-stranded oligonucleotide corresponding to NF-κB binding element (10 pmol, Promega) was labeled with [³²P]dCTP (300 Ci/mmol) and T4 polynucleotide kinase (New England Biolabs). Free nucleotides were removed by a spin column. Extracts (10 μg protein) of cells treated with IL-18 or IL-18 plus IL-18BP were incubated (15 min., room temperature) with the labeled probe (3×10⁴cpm) together with poly dl.dC (500 ng, Pharmacia) and denatured salmon sperm DNA (100 ng, Sigma) in 20 μl buffer consisting of HEPES (pH 7.5, 10 mM), 60 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl₂, 2 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT and glycerol (5% by volume). The mixtures were then loaded onto 5% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels. Electrophoresis was performed at 185 V in 0.5×TBE (40 mM Tris HCl, 45 mM boric acid and 2.5 mM EDTA). Gels were vacuum dried and autoradiographed overnight at −80° C. IL-18 was found to induce the formation of the p50 NF-?B homodimer and the p65/p50 NF-κB heterodimer. Urinary as well as recombinant IL-18BP inhibited the activation of NF-κB by IL-18, as determined by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay with KG-1 cell extracts binding a radiolabeled oligonucleotide corresponding to the NF-κB consensus sequence.

Example 9: Expression of IL-18BP in E. coli, Yeast and Insect Cells

IL-18BP may also be produced by other recombinant cells such as prokaryotic cells, e.g., E. coli, or other eukaryotic cells, such as yeast and insect cells. Well known methods are available for constructing appropriate vectors, carrying DNA that codes for either IL-18BP and suitable for transforming E. coli and yeast cells, or infecting insect cells in order to produce recombinant IL-18BP. For expression in yeast cells, the DNA coding for IL-18BP (Example 6) is cut out and inserted into expression vectors suitable for transfection of yeast cells. For expression in insect cells, a DNA coding for IL-18BP is inserted into baculovirus and the insect cells are infected with said recombinant baculovirus. For expression in E. coli, the DNA coding for IL-18BP is subjected to site directed mutagenesis with appropriate oligonucleotides, so that an initiation ATG codon is inserted just prior to the first codon of mature IL-18BP. Alternatively, such DNA can be prepared by PCR with suitable sense and antisense primers. The resulting cDNA constructs are then inserted into appropriately constructed prokaryotic expression vectors by techniques well known in the art (Manatis, 1982).

Example 10: Construction of Adeno-Associated Expression Vector for In Vivo Expression of IL-18BPa

A functional gene coding for IL-18BPa is constructed based on plasmid pcDNA3 (Invitrogen, San Diego Calif.). The IL-18BP cDNA with a Kozak consensus sequence at the 5′ end is ligated into the Xba I site of pcDNA3 in a way that destroys the restriction site. New Xba I sites are inserted by site-directed mutagenesis before the neomycin cassette (base 2151 of the original pcDNA3 sequence) and after the SV40 polyadenylation signal (base 3372 of the original pcDNA3 sequence). This construct is then cut with Xba I and the resulting 4.7 kb minigen is inserted at the Xba I site of plasmid psub201 as described (Snyder et al, 1996, Current Protocols in Human Genetics, Chapters 12.1.1-12.1.17, John Wiley & Sons). The resulting recombinant plasmid is cotransfected with the helper AAV plasmid pAAV/Ad into human T293 cells. The cultures are then infected with adenovirus as a helper virus and the cells are collected after 48-60 hours of incubation. The cells are subjected to 3 freeze-thaw cycles, cell debris is removed by centrifugation, and the supernatant is brought to 33% saturation with ammonium sulfate. The mixture is then centrifuged and rAAV is precipitated from the supernatant by bringing the ammonium sulfate to 50% saturation. The virus is further purified by CsCl, dialyzed and finally heated for 15 min at 56° C. to destroy any adenovirus.

Example 11: Construction of Recombinant Fusion Proteins of IL-18BP

The production of proteins comprising IL-18BP fused to the constant region of IgG2 heavy chain may be carried out as follows: the DNA of IL-18BP is subjected to site-directed mutagenesis with appropriate oligonucleotides so that a unique restriction site is introduced immediately before and after the coding sequences. A plasmid bearing the constant region of IgG2 heavy chain, e.g. pRKCO42Fc1 (Byrn, 1990) is subjected to similar site-directed mutagenesis to introduce the same unique restriction site as close as possible to Asp 216 of IgG1 heavy chain in a way that allows translation in phase of the fused protein. A dsDNA fragment, consisting of 5′ non-translated sequences and encoding for IL-18BP is prepared by digestion at the unique restriction sites or alternatively by PCR with appropriately designed primers. The mutated pRKCD42Fc1 is similarly digested to generate a large fragment containing the plasmid and the IgG1 sequences. The two fragments are then ligated to generate a new plasmid, encoding a polypeptide precursor consisting of IL-18BP and about 227 C-terminal amino acids of IgG1 heavy chain (hinge region and CH2 and CH3 domains). The DNA encoding the fused proteins may be isolated from the plasmid by digestion with appropriate restriction enzymes and then inserted into efficient prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression vectors.

Example 12: Production of Chemically Modified IL-18BPs

In order to increase the half-life of the IL-18BPs in plasma, IL-18BPs which are chemically modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) may be made. The modification may be done by cross linking PEG to a cysteine residue of the IL-18BP molecules. Mutant IL-18BPs may be constructed which contain an extra cysteine residue at the amino terminus, glycosylation sites, and the carboxyl terminus of each IL-18BP. The mutagenesis may be carried out by PCR using oligonucleotides containing the desired mutation. These mutant proteins are expressed in the usual manner as well known in the art. Pegylation of these proteins will be carried out and the activity will be assessed.

Example 13: Preparation of Polyclonal Antibodies to IL-18BP

Rabbits were initially injected subcutaneously with 5 μg of a pure preparation of the urinary IL-18BP, emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Three weeks later, they were injected again subcutaneously with 5 μg of the IL-18BP preparation in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Two additional injections of IL-18BP as solution in PBS were given at 10 day intervals. The rabbits were bled 10 days after the last immunization. The development of antibody level was followed by a radioimmunoassay. ¹²⁵I-labeled IL-18BP (166,000 cpm) was mixed with various dilutions (1:50, 1:500, 1:5,000 and 1:50,000) of the rabbit serum. A suspension of protein-G agarose beads (20 μl, Pharmacia) was added in a total volume of 200 μl. The mixture was left for 1 hour at room temperature, the beads were then washed 3 times and bound radioactivity was counted. Rabbit antiserum to human leptin was used as a negative control. The titer of the IL-18R antiserum was between 1:500 and 1:5000, while that of the negative control was less than 1:50.

Example 14: Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies to IL-18BP

Female Balb/C mice (3 months old) are first injected with 2 μg purified IL-18BP in an emulsion of complete Freund's adjuvant, and three weeks later, subcutaneously in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Three additional injections are given at 10 day intervals, subcutaneously in PBS. Final boosts are given intraperitoneally 4 and 3 days before the fusion to the mouse showing the highest binding titer as determined by IRIA (see below). Fusion is performed using NSO/1 myeloma cell line and lymphocytes prepared from both the spleen and lymph nodes of the animal as fusion partners. The fused cells are distributed into microculture plates and the hybridomas are selected in DMEM supplemented with HAT and 15% horse serum. Hybridomas that are found to produce antibodies to IL-18BP are subcloned by the limiting dilution method and injected into Balb/C mice that had been primed with pristane for the production of ascites. The isotypes of the antibodies are defined with the use of a commercially available ELISA kit (Amersham, UK).
The screening of hybridomas producing anti-IL-18BP monoclonal antibodies is performed as follows: Hybridoma supernatants are tested for the presence of anti-IL-18BP antibodies by an inverted solid phase radioimmunoassay (IRIA). ELISA plates (Dynatech Laboratories, Alexandria, Va.) are coated with Talon-purified IL-18BPa-His₆(10 μg/ml, 100 μl/well). Following overnight incubation at 4° C., the plates are washed twice with PBS containing BSA (0.5%) and Tween 20 (0.05%) and blocked in washing solution for at least 2 hrs at 37° C. Hybridoma culture supernatants (100 Owen) are added and the plates are incubated for 4 hrs at 37° C. The plates are washed 3 times and a conjugate of goat-anti-mouse horseradish peroxidase (HRP, Jackson Labs, 1:10,000, 100 Owen) is added for 2 hrs at room temperature. The plates are washed 4 times and the color is developed by ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, Sigma) with H₂O₂as a substrate. The plates are read by an automatic ELISA reader. Samples giving OD that are at least 5 times higher than the negative control value are considered positive.

Example 15: Affinity Chromatography of IL-18BP with Monoclonal Antibodies

Antibodies against IL-18BP are utilized for the purification of IL-18BP by affinity chromatography. Ascitic fluid containing the monoclonal antibody secreted by the hybridoma is purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation at 50% saturation followed by extensive dialysis against PBS. About 10 mg of immunoglobulins are bound to 1 ml Affigel 10 (BioRad USA), as specified by the manufacturer.
250 ml of human urinary proteins (equivalent to 250 l of crude urine) are loaded on 0.5 ml of the anti IL-18BP antibody column at 4° C. at a flow rate of 0.25 ml/min. The column is washed with PBS until no protein is detected in the washings. IL-18BP is eluted by 25 mM citric acid buffer, pH 2.2 (8×1 column volume fractions) and immediately neutralized by 1 M Na₂CO₃. Further purification of this preparation is obtained by size exclusion chromatography.

Example 16: ELISA Test

Microtiter plates (Dynatech or Maxisorb, by Nunc) are coated with anti-IL-18BP monoclonal antibody (serum free hybridoma supernatant or ascitic fluid immunoglobulins) overnight at 4° C. The plates are washed with PBS containing BSA (0.5%) and Tween 20 (0.05%) and blocked in the same solution for at least 2 hrs at 37° C. The tested samples are diluted in the blocking solution and added to the wells (100 μl/well) for 4 hrs at 37° C. The plates are then washed 3 times with PBS containing Tween 20 (0.05%) followed by the addition of rabbit anti-IL-18BP serum (1:1000, 100 μl/well) for further incubation overnight at 4° C. The plates are washed 3 times and a conjugate of goat-anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase (HRP, Jackson Labs, 1:10,000, 100 Owen) was added for 2 hrs at room temperature. The plates were washed 4 times and the color is developed by ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, Sigma) with H₂O₂as a substrate. The plates are read by an automatic ELISA reader.

Example 17: Non-Glycosylated Human IL-18BP is Biologically Active

Purified recombinant IL-18BPa was tested for its ability to inhibit the biological activity of IL-18. IL-18BPa inhibited in a dose dependent manner the IFN-γ inducing activity of human and mouse IL-18 in murine splenocytes, PBMC and the human KG-1 cell line (FIG. 4).
Purified IL-18BPa having an His₆tag at the C-terminus (1.5 μg, 50 μl) was adjusted to pH 7.5 and mixed with N-glycosidase F (3 μl, 500,000 U/ml, PNGase F, New England Biolabs). The mixture was incubated for 24 h at 37° C. under non-denaturing conditions. Aliquots from the sample and from undigested IL-18BP-His₆were analyzed by SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions followed by immunoblotting with antibodies to IL-18PB. It was found that the ˜40 kD band of IL-18BP-His₆disappeared in the PNGase-treated fraction and a new ˜20 kD band was obtained. The molecular mass of the product and the specificity of PNGase F indicated that IL-18BP-His₆was fully deglycosylated.
The PNGase-treated fraction, undigested IL-18BP-His₆and control sample containing PNGase in buffer were absorbed separately on Talon beads, washed with phosphate buffer and eluted with imidazole (100 mM). The eluted fractions were subjected to bioassay using human IL-18 (20 ng/ml), LPS (2 μg/ml) and murine splenocytes. The results are shown in the following Table 4:

	TABLE 4

	Sample	IFN-? (ng/ml)

	Control	7.5
	Non-digested IL-18BP-His₆	0
	PNGase-treated IL-18BP-His₆	0

Therefore, it is concluded that deglycosylated IL-18BP is biologically active as a modulator of IL-18 activity.

PART II: Examples 18 to 25

Relating to the Use of IL-18 Inhibitors in Liver Injury

Example 18: Production of IL-18BP-His Tag

Purified recombinant human IL18BP containing a his-tag (r-hIL-18BP-His tag) was produced in CHO cells. The production of recombinant proteins in eukaryotic cells is known by the person skilled in the art. Well known methods are available for constructing appropriate vectors, carrying DNA that codes for IL-18BP and suitable for transfection of eukaryotic cells in order to produce recombinant IL-18BP. For expression in cells, the DNA coding for IL-18BP (see, e.g. (Novick et al., 1999) is cut out and inserted into expression vectors suitable for transfection of cells. Alternatively, such DNA can be prepared by PCR with suitable sense and antisense primers. The resulting cDNA constructs are then inserted into appropriately constructed eukaryotic expression vectors by techniques well known in the art (Manaitis, 1982). The recombinant protein was purified to over 95% purity and found to be biologically active in-vitro and in-vivo with a high affinity to its ligand.

Example 19: Protective Effect of IL18BP Against Endotoxin-Induced Death in the Murine Model

A murine model was used to test whether IL18BP, an inhibitor of IL-18, would protect mice against a high dose of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). LPS elicits acute liver injury, followed by rapid death of the mice.
4 mg/kg of recombinant, human IL-18BP (rhIL18BPhis) containing a his-tag (resulting from recombinant production of the protein) was injected intraperitoneally (i.p). into C57BL/6 mice. 1 h later, 60 mg/kg LPS were injected (lethal doses). The survival of mice was compared to a group of animals who received LPS alone (no IL18BP).
Five out of 7 mice injected with rhIL-18BP-his survived the LPS injection in contrast to the control mice, in which all animals died within 3 days.
Blood samples were taken 5 h after the LPS injection in the absence or presence of increasing doses of rhIL-18BP-his and analyzed by ELISA for circulating IFN-γ (FIG. 5). 0.4 and 4 mg/kg rhIL-18BP induced a 2 fold reduction in serum IFN-γ. This inhibition was lost at lower doses of rhIL-18BP (0.004 and 0.4 mg/kg).

Example 20: IL18BP has a Protective Effect Against Liver Injury in a Murine Model

A mouse model of fulminant hepatitis was used to test the effect of IL18BP. Mice develop acute liver injury when subjected to a sequential administration of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Mice were injected with increasing doses of rhIL-18BP-his (4; 0.4; 0.04; 0 mg/kg) at various times (1 h, 20 min, simultaneously) before the injection of LPS in C57BL/6 P. acnes sensitized mice. When rhIL-18BP-his was given i.p. at the same time as LPS, none of the mice survived and levels of circulating IFN-γ and TNF-α were unaffected. Surprisingly, rhIL-18BP (4 and 0.4 mg/kg) induced a 70% reduction of circulating Alanine aminotransferase (a marker of liver injury), as shown in FIG. 6.
In addition to this, the survival of mice was monitored (FIG. 7): When rhIL-18BP was given i.p. 20 minutes before LPS, the two highest doses of II-18BP (4 and 0.4 mg/kg) delayed the death of the mice by 10 h as compared to the control mice who received NaCl instead of IL-18BP
The results of the measurement of serum IFN-γ levels are shown in FIG. 8. rhIL-18BP (4 mg/kg) inhibited 90% of circulating IFN-γ levels and 80% of circulating Alanine aminotransferase (not shown).
When rhIL-18BP-his was given 1 h before LPS, survival curves and levels of circulating IFN-γ were similar to what was observed when rhIL-18BP-his was given 20 min before LPS, but levels of circulating alanine aminotransferase were unaffected (not shown).
In addition to this, murine liver tissue was analyzed by hematoxilin-eosine staining, as well as by tunnel microscopy. The livers of mice, in which severe hepatitis had been induced before, showed severe necrosis as compared to normal liver tissue. In contrast to this, liver tissue of mice treated with IL-18BP showed significantly less necrotic foci than untreated mice.

Example 21: Anti-IL-18 Antibodies Protect Against Lethal Endotoxemia

In order to evaluate, whether blockade of IL-18 with IL-18 antibodies would protect mice against lethal doses of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, C57BL/6J mice were first injected with a neutralizing rabbit anti-mouse IL-18 antibody (polyclonal) or normal rabbit serum (NDS) as a control. 30 min after antibody treatment, a lethal dosis of LPS derived either from E. coli (FIG. 9 A) or S. thyphimurium (FIG. 9 B) was injected. Experiments involved 10-12 mice/group, and were performed twice on two different occasions.
As shown in FIG. 9A, treatment of the mice with the anti-IL-18 antiserum prevented the mortality induced by 40 mg/kg E. coli LPS. 100% of the mice survived after anti-IL-18 treatment vs. 10% survival in mice treated with normal rabbit serum (p<0.005).
FIG. 9B shows that the antibody treated mice were also protected against S. typhimurium lethal effects (50% vs. 0% survival; p<0.05).

Example 22: Blockade of IL-18 and TNF-α Protects Mice from ConA- and PEA-Induced Hepatotoxicity

Two experimental models of hepatotoxicity were used to evaluate the role of IL-18 and TNF-α in liver injury. Injection of Concanavalin A (Con A) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PEA) into mice both induce liver injury, and are models of T cell mediated hepatitis.
C57BL/6J mice were pretreated with an anti-IL-18 antiserum or a soluble TNF-α receptor, TNFsRp55. Serum Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were measured as indicators of hepatic injury (FIG. 10).
As shown in FIG. 10 A, both IL-18 antiserum and soluble TNF-receptors significantly reduced ConA-induced serum ALT levels, as compared to a control injection of the vehicle alone (pyrogen free saline). A co-administration of soluble TNF receptor and IL-18 antiserum led to a complete inhibition of Con-A induced liver injury.
As shown in FIG. 10 B, in PEA-injected mice, neutralization of either TNF-α inhibitors or anti-IL-18 antibodies resulted in 93% and 83% inhibition of serum ALT levels, respectively. A combined blockade of both resulted in 99% protection.

Example 23: Plasma Levels of IL-18-Binding Protein are Elevated in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease

IL-18 BP plasma levels were measured in 133 patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) of varying etiologies and 31 healthy controls by a specific ELISA, using an IL-18BP monoclonal antibody.
Plasma levels of IL-18 BP were significantly higher in CLD patients (12.91±0.89 ng/ml; average±SEM) than in healthy subjects (4.96±0.43 ng/ml, p<0.001). Cirrhotic patients had significantly higher levels than patients with non-cirrhotic CLD (19.23±1.28 ng/ml, n=67, vs. 6.49±0.51 ng/ml, n=66, p<0.001). Patients with stage B of the Child-Pugh classification had higher levels of IL-18 BP than those with stage A (22.48±2.44 ng/ml vs. 9.57±1.25 ng/ml, p<0.001). However, there was no significant difference between Child B and C (22.48±2.44 ng/ml vs. 20.62±4.75 ng/ml, p=0.7). Plasma levels of IL-18 BP correlated positively with GOT, bilirubin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Negative correlation was found with prothrombin time.
In conclusion, the results show that IL-18 BP plasma levels are elevated in CLD and correlate with the severity of disease independent of the etiology of disease. Although an endogenous antagonist of the proinflammatory IL-18, increased levels of IL-18 BP seem not to be sufficient to counteract the overwhelming proinflammatory mediators in CLD.

Example 24: Inhibition of Alcoholic Hepatitis by IL-18BP

Four groups of rats (5 per group) are fed ethanol and a diet containing corn oil by intragastric infusion for 4 weeks. Dextrose isocalorically replaces ethanol in control rats. The rats are injected daily with mouse IL-18BP (1 mg/kg), or saline. Pathological analysis is performed on liver sections and measurements of liver enzymes in serum, TNF-α, Fas ligand and IFN-γ are taken. Necroinflammatory injury and expression of liver enzymes, TNF-α, Fas ligand, and IFN-γ are seen in the ethanol-fed rats that were injected with saline.
Rats injected with mouse IL-18BP are protected from necroinflammatory injury and the levels of liver enzymes, TNF-α, Fas ligand and IFN-γ are significantly reduced (>90%).

Example 25: Inhibition of Concanavalin A-induced Hepatitis by IL-18BP

Balb/c mice are injected with 12 mg/kg Concanavalin A (Con A) with or without injection of murine IL-18BP (1 mg/kg), 2 h prior to Con A administration and then daily. Liver damage is evaluated by determining serum levels of liver enzymes, TNF-α, Fas ligand and IFN-γ. Hepatic histopathology is compared to mice treated with Concanavalin A only.
Pretreatment with IL-18BP significantly reduces serum levels of liver enzymes and TNF-α with no evidence of inflammation in histopathologic examination compared to control mice treated with Con A.

PART III: Examples 26 and 27

Relating to the Use of IL-18 Inhibitors in Arthritis

Example 26: Production of IL-18BP-His Tag

For the experiment described in detail in Example 27 below, recombinant human IL-18BP containing a his-tag of 6 residues (r-hIL-18BP-His tag) was produced in CHO cells and purified as described by Kim et al., 2000. The recombinant protein was purified to over 95% purity and found to be biologically active in-vitro and in-vivo with a high affinity to its ligand.
The production of recombinant proteins in other eukaryotic systems, with or without tags facilitating purification of the recombinant proteins, is known by the person skilled in the art. Well known methods are available for constructing appropriate vectors, carrying DNA that codes for IL-18BP and suitable for transfection of eukaryotic cells in order to produce recombinant IL-18BP. For expression in cells, the DNA coding for IL-18BP (see, e.g. Novick et al., 1999) is cut out from the cloning vector and inserted into expression vectors suitable for transfection of cells. Alternatively, such DNA can be prepared by PCR with suitable sense and antisense primers. The resulting cDNA constructs are then inserted into appropriately constructed eukaryotic expression vectors by techniques known in the art (Maniatis et al., 1982).

Example 27: Blockade of Endogenous IL-18 in a Murine Model of Arthritis

Methods
Induction of Collagen-Induced Arthritis (CIA)
CIA was induced in male DBA/1 mice (8-12 weeks old) by immunisation with native type II bovine collagen (CII) as previously described (Plater-Zyberk et al., 1995). From day 25 post-CII immunisation, mice were examined daily for onset of disease.
Treatment with rhIL-18BP-6his
Treatment of CII-immunised DBA/1 mice was started on the first appearance of clinical sign of disease. Recombinant, human IL-18BP containing a tag of 6 histidines (rh-IL-18BPa 6his) was used to neutralise endogenous IL18 in the collagen treated mice. rh-IL-18BP-6his was injected daily for 7 seven days at 5 different concentrations 10, 3, 1, 0, 5, 0, 25 mg/kg/injection intraperitoneally (i.p.). The placebo control mice received the vehicle only (0.9% NaCl).
Assessment of Disease Development
Clinical Evaluation (Clinical Scores)
From first appearance of clinical symptoms, mice were examined every day by an investigator blinded to the treatment. Each limb was graded for disease severity (scores 0-3.5, max score=14/mouse). The progression of edema (inflammation) was measured on the first paws that showed signs of disease using precision calipers (Proctest 2T, Kroeplin Langenmesstechnik)
Disease progression was assessed daily for 8 days post-onset at which time all mice were sacrificed and paws collected for histopathological examination.
Histological Assessment of Cartilage Erosions and Microscopical Inflammation
At termination of the experiments, i.e. at day 8 post-onset, mice were killed and the paw that first developed sign of disease was dissected away. Joints were fixed, decalcified and embedded in paraffin. Standard sections (5 to 7 μm) of the joints were made and stained with hematoxylin/eosin/Safranin O. Each joint was scored by 2 investigators unaware of the treatment protocol (no destruction of cartilage or bone=0; localised cartilage erosions=1-2; more extended erosions=3; general cartilage destruction and presence of bone erosions=4). The final scores of each mouse was the mean of the result on all the scored joints. Microsopical inflammation or synovitis was scored from 0 to 4, as follows: no inflammation=0; slight thickening of lining layer and/or some infiltrating cells in sublining layer=1-2; thickening of lining layer and/more pronounced influx of cells of sublining layer=3; presence cells in the synovial space and synovium highly infiltrated with many inflammatory cells=4.
Determination of Anti-Collagen Antibodies.
Antibodies against bovine type II collagen were examined by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Titers of IgG1 and IgG2a were measured. Briefly, plates were coated with 10 μg of bovine collagen and thereafter-nonspecific binding sites were blocked with 0.1 M ethanolamin (Sigma). Serial 1:2 dilutions of the sera were added followed by incubation with isotype specific goat anti-mouse peroxidase (Southern Biotechnology Associates, Birmingham, Ala., USA) and substrate (5-aminosalicyclic acid, Sigma). Plates were read at 492 nm. Titers were expressed as mean±SD dilution, which gives the half-maximal value.
IL-6 Assays
Levels of IL-6 were determined by commercial ELISA (R&D systems, Minneapolis, Minn., USA). IL-6 bioactivity was determined by a proliferative assay using B9 cells. Briefly, 5×10³B9-cells in 200 μl 5% FCS-RPMI 1640 medium per well were plated in a round-bottom microtitre plate and incubated for 3 days using human recombinant IL-6 (R&D systems, Minneapolis, Minn., USA) as standards. At the end of the incubation, 0.5 μCi of ³[H]thymidine (NEN-Dupont, Boston, Mass., USA) was added per well. Three hours later, cells were harvested and thymidine incorporation was determined. Detection limit for the IL-6 bioassay was 1 pg/ml.
Statistical Analysis
Significance of differences was assessed by the Mann Whitney test using SigmaStat statistical analysis program and the GraphPad Prism program.
Results
A mouse experimental model, CIA (collagen induced arthritis), was used for assessing the effectiveness of IL-18BP as an agent for the treatment of arthritis. Administration of collagen and incomplete Freund's adjuvant in DBA/1 mice induces the development of an erosive, inflammatory arthritis and represents an ideal opportunity to explore the therapeutic potential of IL-18BP. To this end, endogenous IL-18 was neutralised using IL-18BP and the effect on various pathogenic parameters was evaluated.
A dose-related study was performed. Three groups of collagen-induced arthritic DBA/1 mice were treated therapeutically (i.e. after onset of disease) with 5 doses of IL-18BP i.p. (intraperitoneal). IL-18BP at concentrations of 10, 3, 1, 0.5 or 0.25 mg/kg was administered at the first clinical sign of disease. Injection of physiological saline (sodium chloride, NaCl) was used as a control. In addition to this, 10 000 IU of interferon β (IFN-β) were administered i.p. to assess the effect of IFN in this experimental model of arthritis. The effect on disease severity was monitored by daily visual scoring of each individual paw as described above. The mice were sacrificed at day 8 post-onset.
The following values were measured:

- visual clinical scores (0-3.5 per paw) (FIGS. 11A and B)
- joint swelling/edema (in mm, measured with calipers) of first diseased paw, provided it was a hind paw (FIG. 12)
- number of paws recruited into the disease (FIG. 13)
- erosion scores of first diseased paw (0-4 cartilage destruction, FIG. 14).
- Histopathological analysis of the paw that first developed arthritis (FIG. 15)
- Levels of anti-collagen type II antibodies (FIG. 16)
- Levels of IL-6 (FIG. 17).

Clinical Severity of Disease
As shown in FIGS. 11A and B, the clinical severity of disease was significantly diminished in the groups treated with 1 mg/ml (P<0.01) and 0.5 mg/ml (0.01<P<0.05) of rhIL-18BP. Mice receiving the low dose of rhIL-18BP (0.25 mg/kg) or the high dose of 10 mg/kg had a clinical score similar to the placebo group. The dose of 1 mg/kg of IL-18BP was approximately as effective as Interferon β (designated IFNb in FIG. 11A).
Joint Inflammation and Paw Swelling (Edema)
Macroscopical inflammation (swelling) was studied by measuring paw edema from day 1 after onset of disease until day 8, the end of the experiment. The results are shown in FIGS. 12 A and B. The effective doses of IL-18BP were 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg. Administration of lower doses did not result in a beneficial effect on the swelling of paws. As shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B, Interferon-β (IFNb) at a concentration of 10 000 IU showed a beneficial effect on paw swelling.
Microscopioc synovitis was examined at the end of the experiment on histopathological sections and was expressed as scores (“synovitis score”). The results of inflammation (swelling) and synovitis score are summarized in Table 1. Whilst treatment with rhIL-18BP at dosages 1 and 3 mg/kg resulted in a trend towards reduction of swelling, treatment with any dosage of IL-18BP had only a limited effect on the inflammatory synovitis (Table 5).

TABLE 5

EFFECT OF IL-18BP TREATMENT
ON JOINT INFLAMMATION

	Swelling (AUC,	Synovitis score
Treatment	mean ± sem)	(mean ± sem)

RhIL-18BP-6his	3	mg/kg	1.55 ± 0.64	2.17 ± 0.5
	1	mg/kg	1.53 ± 0.60	1.98 ± 0.4
	0.5	mg/kg	3.38 ± 0.70	1.92 ± 0.5
	0.25	mg/kg	3.06 ± 0.90	2.08 ± 0.5
Placebo			3.11 ± 0.77	2.23 ± 0.3

FIG. 13 shows that the number of paws affected by the disease was diminished after administration of IL-18BP. In particular, therapeutic injections of IL-18BP at doses of 1 and 0.5 mg/kg reduced the number of paws recruited into the disease, demonstrating that blockade of IL-18 in vivo halts the spreading of arthritis to additional joints. Treatment with 1 and 0.5 mg/kg of IL-18BP even appears capable to reverting some of the arthritic joints to normality.
Protection from Joint Destruction
Treatment of mice with rhIL-18BP resulted in protection of joints from destruction (FIG. 14). A semi-quantitative scoring system demonstrated that bone erosion showed a dose-related protective effect that was significant at 10 and 3 mg/kg (P<0.05, FIG. 14). Mice receiving 1 mg/kg of rhIL-18BP presented less erosion than mice receiving vehicle only. No protection was observed at doses of 0.5 mg/kg and 0.25 mg/kg. Interestingly, the effect on joint protection at doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg IL-18BP were comparable to or even more pronounced than the beneficial effect of 10 000 IU of Interferon β (IFN-β).
FIG. 15 shows the histology of a healthy (A) and a diseased (B) joint in comparison to a joint derived from an animal treated with IL-18BP (C). Sections were taken at the end of the experiment from those paws which first developed arthritis
The joint from an arthritic mouse showed severe destructive arthritis with cartilage depletion and erosions and numerous infiltrating cells in the inflamed synovium. In the joint from a mouse treated with rhIL-18BP, the cartilage appeared almost normal despite the presence of inflammatory cells in the synovial space. There was not only a higher amount of cartilage, but the cartilage has also a smoother appearance.
Anti-IL-18 Treatment Modulates Levels of Anti-Type II Collagen Antibodies
CIA mice have elevated levels of IgG1 and IgG2a anti-type II collagen antibodies in the circulation. Antibodies of the isotype IgG1 are associated to TH2 mediated diseases, whereas antibodies of the isotype IgG2a and IgG2b are associated to TH1 mediated diseases. Arthritis is usually classified as a TH1 mediated disease.
Anti-type II collagen (CII) IgG1 and IgG2a antibody isotypes were determined in the sera of animals that were treated with IL-18BP (FIG. 16). Levels of anti-CII of the IgG isotypes IgG1 and IgG2a were not significantly modified by IL-18BP treatment at day 4 or 8 (D4, D8) of clinical disease. However, a 2.6 and 3.4 fold decrease in collagen-specific IgG1/IgG2a ratios was observed after 8 days of rhIL-18BP-treatment, at 1 and 3 mg/kg respectively. FIG. 11 shows the experiment in which 3 mg/kg were used. Essentially the same results were obtained using an amount of 1 mg/kg of IL-18BP. The reduced IgG1/IgG2a ratio of anti-CII antibodies indicate a diminished concentration of anti-type II collagen antibodies of the isotype IgG2a and an elevated concentration of anti-type II collagen antibodies of the isotype IgG1, suggesting that there is an shift towards TH2-mediated disease in this model of arthritis.
Reduction of IL-6 Levels after IL-18 Neutralisation
To gain some insight into the effects of IL-18 blockade, IL-6 was measured in the sera of IL-18BP treated animals. FIG. 17 shows that the levels of bioactive IL-6 was significantly reduced in the animals having received IL-18BP treatment at all doses measured, i.e. at 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg as well as with Interferon-β (IFNb). Immunoactive levels of IL-6 measured in the sera of the animals treated with 3 mg/kg rhIL-18BP were significantly reduced (P<0.0023) as compared with saline-treated animals. IL-6 serum levels of diseased animals treated with 1, 3 or 10 mg of IL-18BP or 10 000 IU of IFN-β were similar to normal mouse serum (NMS) derived from healthy animals, i.e. from those animals not having an inflammatory disease.
These findings demonstrate that IL-18 controls IL-6 levels during the onset of the disease. Since IL-6 is a marker of inflammation, these findings show that treatment of diseased mice with IL-18BP reduces inflammation in the animal.
From the experiments outlined above, the following conclusions can be drawn:
Administration of IL-18BP decreases the clinical severity of arthritis
IL-18BP inhibits further progression or spreading of the disease
Administration of IL-18BP decreases oedema
Administration of IL-18BP decreases cartilage destruction
Serum IL-6 levels are diminished and IgG1/IgG2a anti-CII ratios decreased after IL-18BP therapy.
The data presented above indicate that neutralisation of IL-18 bioactivity after disease onset represents a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic therapy. The results clearly demonstrate that IL18 blockade reduces the clinical progression of arthritis and more importantly stops progression of cartilage and bone destruction. IL18 blockade by IL-18BP, anti-IL-18 antibodies or by any other IL-18 blocking agent therefore represents a new disease-modifying anti-rheumatic therapy.

PART IV: Examples 28-34

Relating to the Use of IL-18 Inhibitors in Sepsis

Example 28: Levels of Serum IL-18BPa and IL-18 in Healthy Individuals and Sepsis Patients

Measurement of specific circulating cytokines, and their natural inhibitors in health and disease provides information about their involvement in progression and severity of a disease. As mentioned in the background section, one of the key mediators of sepsis is IFN-γ. Since IL-18 is a coinducer of IFN-γ, the level of IL-18 and its natural inhibitor, IL-18BP splice variant a, were monitored in sepsis patients and compared to the levels found in healthy subjects by using specific ELISAs (Example 30).
Levels of IL-18 and IL-18BPa in healthy subjects.
The mean level of IL-18 in 107 healthy donors was 64±17 pg/ml as measured by the ECL assay (Pomerantz et al. 2001). The ECL assay was tested for interference by related proteins. It was found that it was no affected by the presence of mature IL-1β or proIL1β, whereas pro-IL-18 was cross-reactive. Therefore, as much as 20% of the detected mature IL-18 in human serum samples in the present study may be pro-IL-18. The ECL assay of IL-18 was not affected by IL18BPa at a concentration ≦160 ng/ml.
The levels of IL-18BPa were tested in the serum from the 107 healthy individuals by ELISA (Example 30). The levels of IL-18BPa ranged from 0.5 ng/ml to as high as 7 ng/ml, with an average of 2.15±0.15 ng/ml (FIG. 18).
Because both IL-18 and IL-18BPa are concomitantly present in the serum, some of the IL-18 may be present in a complex with IL-18BPa. The level of free IL-18 was calculated based on the average level of total IL-18 (2.15 ng/ml). Free IL-18 was determined according to the law of mass action. The calculation was based on the following parameters: the concentrations of total IL-18 as determined by the ECL assay; the concentration of total IL-18BPa as determined by the ELISA; a 1:1 stoichiometry in the complex of IL-18BPa and IL-18 and a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.4 nM (Novick et al. 1999 and Kim et al. 2000). In an equilibrium system L+R
LR where L represents IL-18 and R represents IL-18BP the following equations are applicable:
Kd=[LR]/[L _free ][R _free]
L _free =L _total −LR
R _free =R _total −LR
By substituting: L_total=64±17 pg/ml (mean level). R_total=2.15±0.15 ng/ml (average) and Kd=0.4 nM, it was found that in healthy subjects about 51.2 pg/ml IL-18 (about 80% from total) is in its free form.
Levels of IL-18 and IL-18BPa in Sepsis Patients.
The levels of IL-18 and of IL-18BPa were tested in 192 sera samples from 42 septic patients immediately upon admission and during hospitalisation. The levels of both IL-18 and IL-18BPa were significantly more elevated in sepsis patients in comparison with the healthy subjects (FIG. 19A), and a broad distribution of the values was observed (FIG. 19 B). Moreover, these levels were even higher in these patients at the day of admission, showing a 22 fold increase in the level of IL-18 compared with healthy individuals (1.5±0.4 ng/ml versus 0.064±0.17 ng/ml) and a 13 fold increase in the level of IL-18BPa (28.6±4.5 versus 2.15±0.15 ng/ml, FIG. 19A). No statistically significant correlation between creatinine levels and either IL-18 or IL-18BPa concentrations in these sera could be observed (assessed by APACHE II score Knaus et al. 1993), suggesting that elevated IL-18 and IL-18BPa levels in these patients were not due to renal failure.
Because serum IL-18 and IL-18BPa levels in sepsis patients varied considerably (FIG. 19B) the levels of free serum IL-18 in individual samples were calculated. The calculations were done as previously described, using the same three equations and substitution of the Kd, L_total, Rtotal values found experimentally. The calculations show that IL-18BPa reduced the level of free IL-18 in most patients (FIG. 20). Notably, this effect was particularly strong when total IL-18 was very high. For example, in two patients, serum IL-18 reached 0.5 nM (10 ng/ml), a 150-fold increase over healthy individuals. However, considering binding to the circulating IL-18BPa (27 ng/ml and 41.2 ng/ml), the level of free IL-18 in these two patients dropped by 78% and 84%, respectively (FIG. 20). Therefore, most of the serum IL-18 is blocked by the circulating IL-18BPa. Yet, according to these calculations, the remaining free IL-18 is still higher than that found in healthy individuals. Therefore, administration of exogenous IL-18BPa to septic patients is expected to further lower the free circulating IL-18 level, causing alleviation of the disease outcome.

Example 29: Effect of IL-18BPa on S. epidermidis-induced IFN-γ Production in Cells Present in Whole Blood Samples from Healthy Subjects

The Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis is known to cause sepsis. Induction of cytokines, e.g., IL-1, IFN-γ and TNF-α are key mediators for this pathology. Since IL-18 is a co-inducer of IFN-γ, the effect of its inhibition on Staphylococcus epidermidis IFN-γ induction, was tested. The IL-18BPa, used as the IL-18 inhibitor, was a recombinant histidine tagged version produced in CHO cells.
0.5 ml of blood was mixed in 5 ml 12×75 mm round-bottom polypropylene tubes (Falcon, Becton Dickinson Labware, Franklin Lakes, NL) with 0.5 ml of RPMI growth medium (Cellgro Mediatech, Hendon, Va. supplemented with 10 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin 100 μg/ml streptomycin and 10% FBS [Gibco BRL, Grand Island, N.Y.]) containing S. epidermidis (from ATCC) with or without IL-18BP. The samples were incubated at 37° C. (5% CO₂) for 48 hours followed by treatment with triton X-100 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Richmond, Calif.) at 0.5% final concentration to lyse the cells present in the whole blood sample. The tubes containing the samples were inverted several times until the blood sample showed a clear appearance. IFN-γ concentration in the lysed samples of blood, which represents both intracellular and secreted cytokine, was measured by electrochemiluminescence (ECL) as described by Pomerantz et al. (2001).
For this study whole blood from healthy, non-smoking volunteers was used. The blood was taken by venipuncture and kept in heparinized tubes. S. epidermidis was propagated in brain-heart infusion broth for 24 hours, washed in pyrogen free saline and boiled as described by Aiura et al. (1993). The concentration of heat-killed bacteria was adjusted to 10 bacterial cells per white blood cell (WBC).
The results in FIG. 21 show that IL-18BPa is able to inhibit the S. epidermidis induction of IFN-γ.
Since IFN-γ is known to be co-stimulated by IL-18 and IL-12, the effect of the combination of IL-18BPa and anti IL-12 specific antibodies (anti human IL-12 Mab 11.5.14, Preprotech, Rocky Hill, N.J.) on IFN-γ induction directed by S. epidermidis, was tested. This induction was tested in the presence of 125 ng/ml IL-18BPa (histidine tagged IL-18BPa produced in COS cells and purified over a talon column as described by Novick et al. 1999) and 2.5 μg/ml anti human IL-12 specific antibody. The results shown in FIG. 22 suggest that anti IL-12 specific antibodies potentiate the inhibitory effect of IL-18BPa on the IFN-γ induction by S. epidermidis.

Example 30: Development of an IL-18BP Specific ELISA Test

ELISA comprised two anti IL-18BPa antibodies: murine Mab 582.10, a subclone of Mab 582 described in Example 4, as the capture antibody and rabbit polyclonal antibody for detection (Example 4). Microtiter 96-well ELISA plates (Maxisorb; Nunc A/S, Roskilde, Denmark) were coated with anti IL-18BPa MAb No. 582.10 (a subclone of MAb 582, 4 μg/ml in PBS) overnight at 4° C. The plates were washed with PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20 (washing solution) and blocked (2 h, 37° C.) with BSA stock solution (KPL, Geithersburg, Md.) diluted 1:10 in water. BSA stock solution was diluted 1:15 in water (diluent) for the dilution of all tested samples and the detecting antibody. Sera samples were diluted at least 1:5 in the diluent and 100 μl aliquots were added to the wells. Highly pure rIL-18BPa (prepared in CHO and purified by immunoaffinity using protein G-purified Mab N 430 specific for IL-18BP shown in Table 6, example 31) was diluted by 7 serial two-fold dilutions (4 to 0.062 ng/ml) and added to each ELISA plate for the generation of a standard curve. The plates were incubated for 2 hrs at 37° C. and washed 3 times with the washing solution. Rabbit anti IL-18BPa serum (1:5000 in diluent, 100 μl/well) was added and the plates were further incubated for 2 hrs at 37° C. The plates were washed 3 times, a conjugate of goat-anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase (HRP, Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs, 1:10,000 in PBS, 100 μl/well) was added and the plates were incubated for 1 h at 37° C. The plates were washed 3 times and developed by the addition of OPD Peroxidase substrate (o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride tablets, Sigma) for 30 min at room temperature. The reaction was stopped by 3N HCl (100 μl) and the absorbance at 492 nm was determined by an ELISA reader. The OD was plotted as a function of IL-18BPa concentration and linearity was observed in a range of 0.12-2.00 ng/ml IL-18BPa (FIG. 11).
The IL-18BPa standard curve in the absence of serum or in the presence of up to 20% human serum remained the same. Since IL-18BPa binds IL-18 with a very high affinity, it was necessary to determine whether ELISA distinguishes between free and bound IL-18BPa. It was found that IL-18 interferes with the IL-18 ELISA however, the interference is insignificant in serum samples. In 90% of sepsis patients, serum IL-18 levels were under 4 ng/ml (see below). Such sera samples have elevated IL-18BPa, requiring a 5 to 20-fold dilution prior to measuring IL-18BPa. At such dilutions, IL-18 interference with the IL-18BPa ELISA is less than 10% (FIG. 24). Other related cytokines, including proIL-18, used at a 10-fold molar excess over IL-18BPa, as well as a 200-fold excess of mature IL-1β do not interfere with the assay.
The most abundant isoform of human IL-18BP is IL-18BPa, whereas isoforms b, c and d are minor splice variants (Novick et al. 1999 and Kim et al. 2000). IL-18BPa exhibits the highest affinity for IL-18 (Kim et al 2000). The affinity of IL-18BPc for IL-18 is 10 fold lower, whereas isoforms b and d do not bind or neutralize IL-18. It was therefore important to determine the cross-reactivity of IL-18BPa in ELISA with the other isoforms of IL-18BP. As shown in FIG. 25, human IL-18BPc generated a 10-fold lower signal on a weight basis compared with huIL-18BPa, whereas human isoforms b and d generated an insignificant signal in the ELISA.

Example 31: Generation of Anti IL-18BP Specific Antibodies

A rabbit was injected with rIL-18BPa-His6 for the generation of polyclonal antibodies.
For the production of monoclonal antibodies, female Balb/C mice were injected 5 times with 10 μg of recombinant histidine tagged IL-18BPa (rIL-18BPa-His6). The mouse exhibiting the highest titer as determined by an inverted radioimmunoassay (IRIA example 32) or solid phase RIA (sRIA, example 32) was given a final boost intraperitoneally 4 and 3 days before fusion. Lymphocytes were prepared from spleen and fusion to NSW myeloma cells was performed. Hybridomas that were found to produce antibodies to IL-18BPa were subcloned by limiting dilution. The clones generated were assayed by IRIA (Example 32). Representative hybridomas are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6

Representative hybridomas producing anti IL-18BPa

MAb No.	IRIA₁(cpm)	sRIA₂(cpm)

148	23912	7941
297	1652	6483
369	316	12762
430	6887	3254
433	1009	15300
460	3199	4326
485	400	13010
582	15000	17897
601	1046	1928

₁Plates coated with goat anti mouse antibodies and hybridomas detected with 1251 IL 18BPa.
₂Plates coated with urinary IL 18BP and hybridomas detected with 125I goat anti mouse antibodies.

Hybridomas secreting antibodies directed against the histidine tag were discarded. Antibodies were further characterized by sRIA for their ability to recognize the naturally occurring IL-18BP (purified from urine). Binding characteristics of several positive hybridomas are shown in Table 3. Hybridomas No. 148, 430, 460 and 582 were positive with both, recombinant and urinary IL-18BP. Antibodies suitable for Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, immunoaffinity purification and for development of a specific ELISA were obtained. Positive clones producing anti IL-18BP specific antibodies were injected into Balb/C mice pre-primed with pristane for the production of ascites. The isotypes of the antibodies were defined with the use of an anti mouse IgG ELISA (Amersham-Pharmacia Biotech). Mab 582, which was highly reactive with the recombinant and the native IL-18BP (Table 6) was used for the assembly of the IL-18BP specific ELISA (Example 30).
Antibodies were tested by sRIA in the presence of IL-18 (Example 32) for their ability to recognize a complex of IL-18BPa with IL-18. Most antibodies were unable to recognize IL-18BP when it was complexed to IL-18. Therefore, these antibodies appear to be directed against the ligand-binding domain of IL-18BPa.

Example 32: Radioimmunoassays for the Detection of Anti IL-18BP Antibody Producing Cell Clones

Inverted Radioimmunoassay (IRIA).
PVC microtiter plates (Dynatech Laboratories, Alexandria, Va.) were coated overnight at 4° C. with affinity-purified goat anti-mouse F (ab) 2 antibodies (10 μg/ml, 100 μl/well; Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs). The plates were then washed twice with PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20 (washing solution) and blocked with BSA (0.5% in washing solution) for 2 hrs at 37° C. Hybridoma culture supernatants (100 μl/well) were added and the plates were incubated for 2 hrs at room temperature. The plates were washed three times, ¹²⁵I-rIL-18BPa-His6 (105 cpm in 100 μl) was added to each well and the plates were incubated for 5 hrs at 22° C. The plates were then washed three times and individual wells were counted in a gamma counter. Hybridomas generating supernatants, which exhibited bound radioactivity at levels 5 folds higher than the negative control, were considered positive.
Solid Phase RIA (sRIA).
rIL-18BPa (5 μg/ml) was used as the capture antigen and ¹²⁵I-goat anti mouse antibodies (100 μl, 10⁵cpm) were used for detection. Blocking and washings were done as above. Positive clones were further screened by sRIA for their ability to recognize the IL-18BP isolated from concentrated human urine (Novick et al. 1999). Microtiter plates were coated with ligand-affinity purified urinary IL-18BP (1 μg/ml), blocked and washed as above. Hybridoma supernatants (100 μl) were added and detection was done with ¹²⁵I-goat anti mouse antibodies (10⁵cpm in 100 μl).
sRIA for Antibodies Specific for the Ligand-binding Site of IL-18BP.
Microtiter plates were coated with either urinary IL-18BP (0.5 μg/ml) or rIL-18BPa (5 μg/ml), blocked and washed as in sRIA. Recombinant human IL-18 (50 μl) was added to a final concentration of 1.5 μg/ml (15 min at room temperature), followed by the addition of hybridoma supernatants (50 μl). Detection was done with ¹²⁵I-goat anti mouse antibodies (10⁵cpm in 100 μl, 2 h at room temperature).

Example 33: Myocardial IL-18 Content Following LPS

TNFα and IL-1β have been implicated in cardiac dysfunction during sepsis, since IL-18 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine known to mediate the production of TNFα and IL-1β, the concentration of IL-18 on LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction was tested.
Mice were treated with either vehicle (saline) or LPS. Hearts were harvested at 2, 4 and 6 hours following LPS administration and homogenized to determine myocardial IL-18 content by ELISA (Kit purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis Minn.). The results in FIG. 26 show a two-fold increase in myocardial IL-18 content at 4 hours following LPS administration, which indicates that IL-18 is involved in cardiac dysfunction during sepsis.

Example 34: Effect of Neutralization of IL-18 on LPS-Induced Myocardial Dysfunction

In the previous example an increase in the IL-18 content has been found in cardiac dysfunction induced by LPS. Therefore, the effect of neutralization of IL-18 on LPS-induced myocardial dysfunction was evaluated.
Myocardial function was determined by an isovolumetric, nonrecirculating Langendorff technique as described previously (Meng et al. 1998). Isolated hearts were perfused with normothermic Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 11.0 mmol/l glucose, 1.2 mmol/l CaCl₂, 4.7 mmol/l KCL, 25 mmol/l NaHCO₃, 119 mmol/l NaCl, 1.17 mmol/l MgSO₄and 1.18 mmol/l KH₂PO₄. A latex balloon was inserted in the left ventricle via the left atrium and inflated with water to achieve a left ventricular and diastolic pressure (LVEDP) of 10 mmHg. Pacing wires were attached to the right atrium and hearts were paced at 300 beats per minute. Coronary flow was quantified by collecting the effluent from the pulmonary arteries. Myocardial temperature was maintained at 37° C. Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), its first derivatives (+dP/dt, −dP/dt) and LVEDP were continuously recorded by a computerized pressure amplifier-digitizer (Maclab 8, AD Instrument, Cupertino, Calif.). After a 20 minutes equilibration period LVDP and +/−dP/dt were determined at varied LVEDP levels (10, 15, and 20 mmHg).
Following LPS administration, the left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) was reduced by 38% compared to saline controls (36.3+/−1.9 mmHg vs. 59.1+/− mmHg, P<0.001, FIG. 27). Pre treatment of mice 30 minutes prior to LPS administration with normal rabbit serum (NRS) had minimal influence on LPS-induced myocardial dysfunction; however pretreatment with IL-18 neutralizing antibody abrogated dysfunction (FIG. 27). Coronary flow was not different between the groups (not shown).
The results indicate that neutralization of IL-18 protects against LPS-induced myocardial dysfunction.
The foregoing description of the specific embodiments reveal the general nature of the invention so that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments without departing from the generic concept, and, therefore, such adaptations and modifications should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation.

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Claims

1. A method for treatment and/or prevention of a sepsis and other diseases characteristic to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of an inhibitor of IL-18 selected from a group consisting of caspase-1 (ICE) inhibitors, antibodies against IL-18, antibodies against any of the IL-18 receptor subunits, inhibitors of the IL-18 signaling pathway, antagonists of IL-18 which compete with IL-18 and block the IL-18 receptor, and inhibitors of IL-18 production, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an IL-12 inhibitor.

3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising administering a cytokine inhibitor selected from a group consisting of a Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) inhibitor, an IL-1 inhibitor and an IL-8 inhibitor.

4. The method according to claim 2, further comprising administering a cytokine inhibitor selected from a group consisting of a Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) inhibitor, an IL-1 inhibitor and an IL-8 inhibitor.

5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the TNF inhibitor is a soluble portion of TNFRI or TNFRII.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises administering an interferon.

7. The method according to claim 2, wherein the method further comprises administering an interferon.

8. The method according to claim 3, wherein the method further comprises administering an interferon.

9. A method according to claim 6, wherein the interferon is interferon-α or interferon-β.

10. A method for the treatment and/or prevention of sepsis and other diseases characteristic to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of a vector coding the sequence of an inhibitor of IL-18 selected from a group consisting of caspase-1 (ICE) inhibitors, antibodies against IL-18, antibodies against any of the IL-18 receptor subunits, inhibitors of the IL-18 signaling pathway, antagonists of IL-18 which compete with IL-18 and block the IL-18 receptor, inhibitors of IL-18 production, and IL-18 binding proteins, isoforms, muteins, fused proteins or circularly permutated derivatives thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

11. A method for the treatment and/or prevention of sepsis and other diseases characteristic to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of

i) a vector for inducing and/or enhancing the endogenous production of an inhibitor of IL-18 in a cell or

ii) a cell that has been genetically modified to produce an inhibitor of IL-18.

12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sepsis is related to cardiac dysfunction.

13. The method according to claim 10, wherein the fused protein comprises an Ig fusion.

14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the inhibitor of IL-18 is an anti IL-18 specific antibody selected from chimeric, humanized and human antibodies.

15. The method according to claim 2, wherein the IL-12 inhibitor is a neutralizing antibody.