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US20030133880A1 - Powdery pharmaceutical compositions for inhalation - Google Patents

Powdery pharmaceutical compositions for inhalation Download PDF

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Publication number
US20030133880A1
US20030133880A1 US10/358,174 US35817403A US2003133880A1 US 20030133880 A1 US20030133880 A1 US 20030133880A1 US 35817403 A US35817403 A US 35817403A US 2003133880 A1 US2003133880 A1 US 2003133880A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
powder according
carrier
lubricant
particles
carrier particles
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Abandoned
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US10/358,174
Inventor
Rossella Musa
Paolo Ventura
Paolo Chiesi
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Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA
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Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA
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Application filed by Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA filed Critical Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA
Priority to US10/358,174 priority Critical patent/US20030133880A1/en
Publication of US20030133880A1 publication Critical patent/US20030133880A1/en
Priority to US11/492,105 priority patent/US20060257330A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/007—Pulmonary tract; Aromatherapy
    • A61K9/0073—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy
    • A61K9/0075—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy for inhalation via a dry powder inhaler [DPI], e.g. comprising micronized drug mixed with lactose carrier particles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/20—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids
    • A61K31/203—Retinoic acids ; Salts thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
    • A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
    • A61K31/23—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin of acids having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms
    • A61K31/231—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin of acids having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms having one or two double bonds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
    • A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
    • A61K31/23—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin of acids having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms
    • A61K31/232—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin of acids having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms having three or more double bonds, e.g. etretinate
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
    • A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/1629—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/1641—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyethylene glycol, poloxamers
    • A61K9/1647—Polyesters, e.g. poly(lactide-co-glycolide)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C07C45/27—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by oxidation
    • C07C45/29—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by oxidation of hydroxy groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C07C45/27—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by oxidation
    • C07C45/29—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by oxidation of hydroxy groups
    • C07C45/298—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by oxidation of hydroxy groups with manganese derivatives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C07C45/61—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups
    • C07C45/67—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C45/68—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms
    • C07C45/70—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms by reaction with functional groups containing oxygen only in singly bound form
    • C07C45/71—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms by reaction with functional groups containing oxygen only in singly bound form being hydroxy groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C47/00—Compounds having —CHO groups
    • C07C47/38—Unsaturated compounds having —CHO groups bound to carbon atoms of rings other than six—membered aromatic rings
    • C07C47/47—Unsaturated compounds having —CHO groups bound to carbon atoms of rings other than six—membered aromatic rings containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C59/00—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups
    • C07C59/40—Unsaturated compounds
    • C07C59/58—Unsaturated compounds containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups
    • C07C59/64—Unsaturated compounds containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups containing six-membered aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C59/00—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups
    • C07C59/40—Unsaturated compounds
    • C07C59/58—Unsaturated compounds containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups
    • C07C59/72—Unsaturated compounds containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups containing six-membered aromatic rings and other rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
    • C07C69/66—Esters of carboxylic acids having esterified carboxylic groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and having any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, acyloxy, groups, groups, or in the acid moiety
    • C07C69/73—Esters of carboxylic acids having esterified carboxylic groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and having any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, acyloxy, groups, groups, or in the acid moiety of unsaturated acids
    • C07C69/734—Ethers

Definitions

  • This invention relates to improved powdery pharmaceutical compositions for use in dry powder inhalers.
  • the improvement is concerned with mechanical stability, performances and safety.
  • Inhalation anti-asthmatics are widely used in the treatment of reversible airway obstruction, inflammation and hyperresponsiveness.
  • MDIs pressurised metered dose inhalers
  • CFCs chlorofluorocarbons
  • DPIs Dry powder inhalers
  • DPIs can be divided into two basic types:
  • MDPIs multidose dry powder inhalers
  • MDPIs are considered more convenient to the patient than single dose DPIs, not only because they provide a number of doses sufficient for longer treatment cycles but also because of their ease of use and unobtrusiveness.
  • Dry powder dosage forms are generally formulated by mixing the cohesive micronised drug with coarse carrier particles, giving rise to ordered mixture where the micronised active particles adhere to the surface of the carrier particles whilst in the inhaler device.
  • the carrier material most commonly lactose, makes the micronised powder less cohesive and improves its flowability, making easier handling the powder during the manufacturing process (pouring, filling etc.).
  • the small drug particles separate from the surface of carrier particles and penetrates into the lower lungs, while the larger carrier particles are mostly deposited in the oropharyngeal cavity.
  • the redispersion of drug particles from the carrier surface is regarded as the most critical factor which governs the availability of the medicament to the lungs. This will depend on the mechanical stability of the powder mix and the way this is influenced by the adhesion characteristics between the drug and the carrier and the external forces required to break up the non covalent bonds formed between adhering particles. Too strong bonds between adhering particles may prevent indeed the separation of the micronised drug particles from the surface of carrier particles. In particular, the efficiency of the redispersion process is strictly dependent on the carrier surface properties, the actual particle size of both the drug and the carrier and the drug to carrier ratio.
  • Fisons patents GB 1242211 and GB 1381872 described powders for inhalation obtained by simple mixing of a medicament with a particle size of less than 10 microns and a coarse carrier whose particle size falls in a well defined range. They also disclosed that it may be useful to coat the surfaces of the particles and/or carrier with pharmaceutically acceptable material, such as stearic acid or polymers for giving a sustained release action to the medicament.
  • Chiesi WO A 87 05213 described a carrier, comprising a conglomerate of a solid water-soluble carrier and a lubricant, preferably 1% magnesium stearate, for improving the technological properties of the powder in such a way as to remedy to the reproducibility problems encountered after the repeated use of the inhaler device.
  • the reported drawbacks can be solved by adding physiologically acceptable/water-soluble additives with anti-adherent properties which do not make segregation of the active particles from the surfaces of the carrier particles during manufacturing of the dry powder and in the delivery device before use.
  • the anti-adherent material preferably 1-2% leucine in particulate form, promote the release of the active particles by saturating the high energy sites of the carrier particles.
  • magnesium stearate being highly surface active, should be added in particularly small amounts', the use of such excipient is considered not advisable.
  • lubricants like magnesium stearate can be advantageously and safely used as excipient for powdery pharmaceutical composition in such amount by weight based on the total weight of the powder of less than 0.5%; for steroids, the optimum amount of additive turned out to be 0.25%, whereas, for salbutamol base, it turned out to be 0.10%. Contrary to the teaching of the prior art (Peart et al. Pharm. Res. 14, S 142, 1997), 0.1% of magnesium stearate is sufficient for increasing in a significant way the fine particle dose, when salbutamol base instead of sulphate is used.
  • the invention also provides a method for producing a homogeneous carrier for powders for inhalation independently on the scale of mixing, the method including a step for coating the most as possible surface of the carrier particles with a little amount of lubricant.
  • a step for coating the most as possible surface of the carrier particles with a little amount of lubricant we have indeed found that it is advantageous to attain the highest as possible degree of coating of the carrier particles surface with the lubricant to increase the release of the active particles and, hence, the ‘respirable’ fraction.
  • the film forming properties of lubricants depend on the mixing time and significantly affect the compressibility characteristics of powders for tablets, but an advantageous relationship between the degree of coating and the ‘respirable’ fraction has never been reported before.
  • this is another aspect of the invention that use of lubricants in such little amount for coating the carrier, is sufficient for improving the flowability of the powder without causing mechanical stability problems of the mixture before use.
  • the carrier of the invention is prepared by mixing the carrier particles and the lubricant particles for at least 2 min in a mixer in such a way as that no significant change in the particle size of the carrier particle occurs.
  • the carrier is mixed for at least 30 min using a rotating body mixer with a rotating speed between 5-100 r.p.m. or a stationary body mixer with a rotating mixing blade or a high-speed mixer. More preferably, the carrier is mixed for al least two hours in a Turbula mixer at 16 r.p.m.
  • the carrier particles and the lubricant particles are mixed until the degree of molecular surface coating is more than 10% as determined by water contact angle measurement.
  • carrier particles and lubricant particles made of magnesium stearate are mixed until the water contact angle of the ‘coated’ carrier particles is more than 36° corresponding to more than 10% degree of molecular surface coating; more preferably, the water contact angle should be more than 50° corresponding to more than 23% degree of molecular surface coating.
  • the carrier particles may be composed of any pharmacologically inert material or combinations of material acceptable for inhalation.
  • the carrier particles are composed on one or more crystalline sugars.
  • the carrier particles are particles of ⁇ -lactose monohydrate.
  • all the carrier particles have a particle size in the range 20-1000 ⁇ m, more preferably in the range 90-150 ⁇ m.
  • the preferred lubricant is any type of magnesium stearate which may be crystalline or amorphous; its use is described in the embodiments of the invention by way of examples which do not limit it in any way.
  • lubricants such as stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium stearyl fumarate, stearyl alcohol, sucrose monopalmitate and sodium benzoate, could turn out to be suitable depending on the type of carrier and drug used.
  • At least 50% by weight of the lubricant particles have a particle size more than 4 ⁇ m.
  • at least 60% of the lubricant particles made of magnesium stearate have a particle size more than 5 ⁇ m, with a specific surface area in the range 0.5-2.5 m 2 /g measured by Malvern.
  • the ratio between the carrier and the drug are mixed will depend on the type of inhaler device used and the required dose.
  • the at least 90% of the particles of the drug have a particle size less than 10 ⁇ m, preferably less than 6 ⁇ m.
  • Drugs include those products which are usually administered by inhalation for the treatment of respiratory diseases, i.e. ⁇ -agonists, like salbutamol, formoterol, salmeterol, terbutaline and their salts, steroids like beclometasone dipropionate, flunisolide, budesonide, others like ipratropium bromide.
  • ⁇ -agonists like salbutamol, formoterol, salmeterol, terbutaline and their salts
  • steroids like beclometasone dipropionate
  • flunisolide flunisolide
  • budesonide others like ipratropium bromide.
  • the invention also provides a powdery pharmaceutical composition for use in a dry powder inhaler, the powder including active particles and a carrier where the surface of the carrier particles carrying the active particles is partially coated with a film of lubricant.
  • Samples of the carrier were prepared by mixing of ⁇ -lactose monohydrate (Meggle D 30) fraction 90-150 ⁇ m with 0.1%, 0.25% or 0.5% magnesium stearate for several hours in a Turbula mixer. Powders mixtures with different BDP concentrations (100, 200 and 400 ⁇ g/dose) were prepared by mixing of the carrier and the active ingredient for 30 min in a Turbula mixer at 32 r.p.m.
  • Multidose devices (Pulvinal®) filled with the mixtures were then tested by using a twin-stage impinger (TSI), Apparatus A (BP 93, Appendix XVII C, A194).
  • the fine particle dose is calculated as a percentage of the total amount of drug delivered from the device (stage 1+stage 2), that reaches stage 2 of TSI.
  • the results are summarised in Tables 1, 2 and 3 (standard deviations, S.D., given in parentheses).
  • Powder mixtures containing 200 ⁇ g/dose of micronised salbutamol base were prepared by mixing of the carrier and the active ingredient for 30 min a Turbula mixer at 32 r.p.m.
  • a sample of the carrier was prepared by mixing of ⁇ -lactose monohydrate (Meggle D 30) fraction 90-150 ⁇ m with 0.25% magnesium stearate for two hours in Turbula-T100 mixer at 16 r.p.m.
  • Powder mixtures containing 100 ⁇ g/dose of micronised budesonide were prepared by mixing of the carrier and the active ingredient for 30 min in a Turbula mixer at 32 r.p.m.
  • Powder mixtures containing 200 ⁇ g/dose of micronised BDP were prepared by mixing of the carrier and the active ingredient for 30 min in a Turbula mixer at 32 r.p.m.
  • Composition of BDP Pulvinal® (100, 200 and 400 ⁇ g/dose): Strength ( ⁇ g/dose) Ingredient (mg) 100 200 400 BDP 0.100 0.200 0.400 ⁇ -Lactose monohydrate 25.832 25.735 25.536 Magnesium stearate 0.067 0.064 0.064
  • Typical values in coefficient of variation (CV) of BDP samples drawn from a mix judged to be satisfactory are ⁇ 5.0%. After the imposition of an enhanced gravitational stress, BDP samples show a CV which varies from 2.7% and 7.8%. Despite the intense vibration, these variations have not increased significantly and are consistent with good inhaler performance when judged in terms of dose uniformity. Samples taken from the top of the bed are very similar to the bottom samples.
  • a batch of BDP 400 ⁇ g/shot powder was prepared by mixing of the drug and the carrier (lactose/magnesium stearate 99.75/0.25% w/w) under the conditions reported in Example 1. Devices were filled with the mixture and the fine particle delivery of magnesium stearate was determined using a TSI apparatus. The results are reported in Table 12. TABLE 12 Shot weight Total Mg Total Mg Mg stearate (mg) stearate (%) stearate ( ⁇ g) stage 2 ( ⁇ g) Mean 26.4 0.259 68 19 S.D. 0.31 0.017 4.18 2.39 CV % 1.18 6.52 6.13 12.5

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Abstract

Powdery pharmaceutical compositions including an active ingredient and carrier particles containing only a small amount of lubricant, 0.05-0.5% by weight, are used to prepare dry powder inhalers in order to increase the fine particle dose. A process for coating the surface of the carrier particles with such little amount of lubricant is also provided. Use of limited amount of lubricant is safe and provides ordered stable mixtures without segregation of the active particles during handling and before use.

Description

  • This invention relates to improved powdery pharmaceutical compositions for use in dry powder inhalers. The improvement is concerned with mechanical stability, performances and safety. [0001]
  • Inhalation anti-asthmatics are widely used in the treatment of reversible airway obstruction, inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. [0002]
  • Presently, the most widely used systems for inhalation therapy are the pressurised metered dose inhalers (MDIs) which use a propellant to expel droplets containing the pharmaceutical product to the respiratory tract. [0003]
  • However, despite their practicality and popularity, MDIs have some disadvantages: [0004]
  • i) the majority of the dose released deposits in the oropharynx by impaction and only a small percentage penetrates directly into the lower lungs; [0005]
  • ii) the already small proportion of drug which penetrates the bronchial tree may be further reduced by poor inhalation technique; [0006]
  • iii) last but not least, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), such as freons contained as propellants in MDIs, are disadvantageous on environmental grounds as they have a proven damaging effect on the atmospheric ozone layer. [0007]
  • Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) constitute a valid alternative to MDIs for the administration of drugs to airways. The main advantages of DPIs are: [0008]
  • i) being breath-actuated delivery systems, they do not require coordination of actuation since release of the drug is dependent on the patient own inhalation; [0009]
  • ii) they do not contain propellants acting as environmental hazards; [0010]
  • iii) the quantity deposited by impaction in the oropharynx is lower. [0011]
  • DPIs can be divided into two basic types: [0012]
  • i) single dose inhalers, for the administration of single subdivided doses of the active compound; [0013]
  • ii) multidose dry powder inhalers (MDPIs), pre-loaded with quantities of active principles sufficient for longer treatment cycles. [0014]
  • MDPIs are considered more convenient to the patient than single dose DPIs, not only because they provide a number of doses sufficient for longer treatment cycles but also because of their ease of use and unobtrusiveness. [0015]
  • Dry powder dosage forms are generally formulated by mixing the cohesive micronised drug with coarse carrier particles, giving rise to ordered mixture where the micronised active particles adhere to the surface of the carrier particles whilst in the inhaler device. [0016]
  • The carrier material, most commonly lactose, makes the micronised powder less cohesive and improves its flowability, making easier handling the powder during the manufacturing process (pouring, filling etc.). During inhalation, the small drug particles separate from the surface of carrier particles and penetrates into the lower lungs, while the larger carrier particles are mostly deposited in the oropharyngeal cavity. [0017]
  • The redispersion of drug particles from the carrier surface is regarded as the most critical factor which governs the availability of the medicament to the lungs. This will depend on the mechanical stability of the powder mix and the way this is influenced by the adhesion characteristics between the drug and the carrier and the external forces required to break up the non covalent bonds formed between adhering particles. Too strong bonds between adhering particles may prevent indeed the separation of the micronised drug particles from the surface of carrier particles. In particular, the efficiency of the redispersion process is strictly dependent on the carrier surface properties, the actual particle size of both the drug and the carrier and the drug to carrier ratio. Consequently, different approaches aimed at modulating one or more of these parameters have been proposed to promote the release of the drug particles from the carrier particles and, hence, to increase the percentage of the respirable fraction. In the prior art, the use of a ternary component, with lubricant or anti-adherent properties, has been also suggested as a solution of the technical problem. [0018]
  • Fisons patents GB 1242211 and GB 1381872 described powders for inhalation obtained by simple mixing of a medicament with a particle size of less than 10 microns and a coarse carrier whose particle size falls in a well defined range. They also disclosed that it may be useful to coat the surfaces of the particles and/or carrier with pharmaceutically acceptable material, such as stearic acid or polymers for giving a sustained release action to the medicament. [0019]
  • Chiesi WO A 87 05213 described a carrier, comprising a conglomerate of a solid water-soluble carrier and a lubricant, preferably 1% magnesium stearate, for improving the technological properties of the powder in such a way as to remedy to the reproducibility problems encountered after the repeated use of the inhaler device. [0020]
  • Staniforth et al. (J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 34, 141-145, 1982) observed that magnesium stearate is able to modify the adhesion of salicylic acid to sucrose but, the amount used (0.5-4.0%) destabilises the mixture to the extent that significant segregation occurs. [0021]
  • Kassem (London University Thesis, 1990) studied the effect of 1.5% w/w magnesium stearate or Aerosil 200 (trade name for colloidal silicon dioxide) on the de-aggregation of powders made of salbutamol sulphate and lactose. Although the ‘respirable’ fraction increased when magnesium stearate was added, the reported amount is too great and reduces the mechanical stability of the mixture before use. Furthermore, being magnesium stearate poorly water-soluble, its presence in such amount may rise some concerns as to a potential irritation or toxicity of this excipient, part of which can be inhaled by the patient together with the active ingredient. According to Staniforth (WO 96/23485), the reported drawbacks can be solved by adding physiologically acceptable/water-soluble additives with anti-adherent properties which do not make segregation of the active particles from the surfaces of the carrier particles during manufacturing of the dry powder and in the delivery device before use. In the said document, the anti-adherent material, preferably 1-2% leucine in particulate form, promote the release of the active particles by saturating the high energy sites of the carrier particles. Although it is generically disclosed that magnesium stearate, being highly surface active, should be added in particularly small amounts', the use of such excipient is considered not advisable. [0022]
  • It has now been discovered, and this is an object of the present invention, that lubricants like magnesium stearate can be advantageously and safely used as excipient for powdery pharmaceutical composition in such amount by weight based on the total weight of the powder of less than 0.5%; for steroids, the optimum amount of additive turned out to be 0.25%, whereas, for salbutamol base, it turned out to be 0.10%. Contrary to the teaching of the prior art (Peart et al. Pharm. Res. 14, S 142, 1997), 0.1% of magnesium stearate is sufficient for increasing in a significant way the fine particle dose, when salbutamol base instead of sulphate is used. [0023]
  • The invention also provides a method for producing a homogeneous carrier for powders for inhalation independently on the scale of mixing, the method including a step for coating the most as possible surface of the carrier particles with a little amount of lubricant. We have indeed found that it is advantageous to attain the highest as possible degree of coating of the carrier particles surface with the lubricant to increase the release of the active particles and, hence, the ‘respirable’ fraction. In the prior art, it was already known that the film forming properties of lubricants depend on the mixing time and significantly affect the compressibility characteristics of powders for tablets, but an advantageous relationship between the degree of coating and the ‘respirable’ fraction has never been reported before. We have also found, and this is another aspect of the invention, that use of lubricants in such little amount for coating the carrier, is sufficient for improving the flowability of the powder without causing mechanical stability problems of the mixture before use. [0024]
  • Finally we have found that the introduction of magnesium stearate in such a small amount is safe and does not produce any toxicologically relevant effect after repeated administration. [0025]
  • Advantageously the carrier of the invention is prepared by mixing the carrier particles and the lubricant particles for at least 2 min in a mixer in such a way as that no significant change in the particle size of the carrier particle occurs. Preferably, the carrier is mixed for at least 30 min using a rotating body mixer with a rotating speed between 5-100 r.p.m. or a stationary body mixer with a rotating mixing blade or a high-speed mixer. More preferably, the carrier is mixed for al least two hours in a Turbula mixer at 16 r.p.m. [0026]
  • Advantageously, the carrier particles and the lubricant particles are mixed until the degree of molecular surface coating is more than 10% as determined by water contact angle measurement. Preferably, carrier particles and lubricant particles made of magnesium stearate are mixed until the water contact angle of the ‘coated’ carrier particles is more than 36° corresponding to more than 10% degree of molecular surface coating; more preferably, the water contact angle should be more than 50° corresponding to more than 23% degree of molecular surface coating. [0027]
  • The carrier particles may be composed of any pharmacologically inert material or combinations of material acceptable for inhalation. Advantageously, the carrier particles are composed on one or more crystalline sugars. Preferably, the carrier particles are particles of α-lactose monohydrate. [0028]
  • Advantageously, all the carrier particles have a particle size in the range 20-1000 μm, more preferably in the range 90-150 μm. [0029]
  • The preferred lubricant is any type of magnesium stearate which may be crystalline or amorphous; its use is described in the embodiments of the invention by way of examples which do not limit it in any way. [0030]
  • Other lubricants, such as stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium stearyl fumarate, stearyl alcohol, sucrose monopalmitate and sodium benzoate, could turn out to be suitable depending on the type of carrier and drug used. [0031]
  • Advantageously, at least 50% by weight of the lubricant particles have a particle size more than 4 μm. Preferably, at least 60% of the lubricant particles made of magnesium stearate have a particle size more than 5 μm, with a specific surface area in the range 0.5-2.5 m[0032] 2/g measured by Malvern.
  • The ratio between the carrier and the drug are mixed will depend on the type of inhaler device used and the required dose. [0033]
  • Advantageously, the at least 90% of the particles of the drug have a particle size less than 10 μm, preferably less than 6 μm. [0034]
  • Drugs include those products which are usually administered by inhalation for the treatment of respiratory diseases, i.e. β-agonists, like salbutamol, formoterol, salmeterol, terbutaline and their salts, steroids like beclometasone dipropionate, flunisolide, budesonide, others like ipratropium bromide. [0035]
  • In a general aspect, the invention also provides a powdery pharmaceutical composition for use in a dry powder inhaler, the powder including active particles and a carrier where the surface of the carrier particles carrying the active particles is partially coated with a film of lubricant.[0036]
    • EXAMPLE 1
  • Determination of the Suitable Amount of Magnesium Stearate to be Added in Beclomethasone-17,21-dipropionate (BDP) Powders for Inhalation [0037]
  • Samples of the carrier were prepared by mixing of α-lactose monohydrate (Meggle D 30) fraction 90-150 μm with 0.1%, 0.25% or 0.5% magnesium stearate for several hours in a Turbula mixer. Powders mixtures with different BDP concentrations (100, 200 and 400 μg/dose) were prepared by mixing of the carrier and the active ingredient for 30 min in a Turbula mixer at 32 r.p.m. [0038]
  • Multidose devices (Pulvinal®) filled with the mixtures were then tested by using a twin-stage impinger (TSI), Apparatus A (BP 93, Appendix XVII C, A194). The fine particle dose is calculated as a percentage of the total amount of drug delivered from the device (stage 1+stage 2), that reaches stage 2 of TSI. The results are summarised in Tables 1, 2 and 3 (standard deviations, S.D., given in parentheses). [0039]
  • No significant increase in fine particle dose is obtained from increasing the concentration of magnesium stearate above 0.25%. [0040]
    TABLE 1
    Fine
    Mg Shot Delivered particle
    Formulation stearate weight Stage 2 dose dose*
    (100 μg/dose) (%) (mg) (μg) (μg) (BDP %)
    BDP 1 0.10 26.7 (0.3) 22.5 (3.5) 99.7 (0.6) 21.9 (2.8)
    BDP 2 0.25 26.8 (0.1) 33.0 (5.6) 95.3 (0.6) 34.5 (6.2)
  • [0041]
    TABLE 2
    Delivered Fine
    Formulation Mg stearate Shot Stage 2 dose particle dose*
    (200 μg/dose) (%) weight (mg) (μg) (μg) (BDP %)
    BDP 1 0 24.8 (0.4) 14.2 (5.7)  192 (14.0) 7.3 (2.6)
    BDP 2 0.10 26.6 (0.4) 20.3 (4.6) 215 (2.3) 9.5 (2.2)
    BDP 3 0.25 26.8 (0.6) 48.0 (8.5) 192 (7.8) 25.0 (3.7) 
    BDP 4 0.50 26.7 (0.2) 32.3 (2.3) 193 (4.6) 16.7 (1.0) 
  • [0042]
    TABLE 3
    Delivered Fine
    Formulation Mg stearate Shot Stage 2 dose particle dose*
    (400 μg/dose) (%) weight (mg) (μg) (μg) (BDP %)
    BDP 1 0 — — 355 (22.8)  7.3 (0.4)
    BDP 2 0.10 25.4 (0.3) 100 (11.0)  351 (4.5)  28.7 (3.4)
    BDP 3 0.25 25.1 (0.4) 142 (22.1)  375 (9.3)  37.9 (5.7)
    BDP 4 0.50 25.5 (0.3) 98 (44.7) 421 (18.4)  23.2 (10.3)
    • EXAMPLE 2
  • Determination of the Suitable Amount of Magnesium Stearate to be Added in Salbutamol Base Powders for Inhalation [0043]
  • Samples of the carrier were prepared as reported in Example 1. [0044]
  • Powder mixtures containing 200 μg/dose of micronised salbutamol base were prepared by mixing of the carrier and the active ingredient for 30 min a Turbula mixer at 32 r.p.m. [0045]
  • The powder mixtures were filled into inhalers and tested as reported in Example 1. [0046]
  • The results are summarised in Table 4. [0047]
  • 0.1% Magnesium stearate is sufficient for increasing in a significant way (t=10.47, p<0.001) the fine particle dose, when salbutamol base instead of sulphate is used; no increase is obtained from increasing the concentration of magnesium stearate above this percentage. [0048]
    TABLE 4
    Delivered Fine
    Formulation Mg stearate Shot dose particle dose*
    (200 μg/dose) (%) weight (mg) Stage 2 (μg) (μg) (Salbutamol %)
    SALB 1 0 22.4 (0.4) 62.7 (5.3) 185 (5.1) 33.6 (2.9)
    SALB 2 0.1 26.8 (0.5) 71.3 (3.1) 171 (5.0) 41.8 (0.9)
    SALB 3 0.25 26.9 (0.2) 71.7 (6.1) 171 (1.7) 41.6 (3.2)
    SALB 4 0.5 26.5 (0.5) 68.7 (6.4) 172 (6.0) 39.9 (3.5)
    • EXAMPLE 3
  • Determination of the Suitable Amount of Magnesium Stearate to be Added in Budesonide Powders for Inhalation [0049]
  • A sample of the carrier was prepared by mixing of α-lactose monohydrate (Meggle D 30) fraction 90-150 μm with 0.25% magnesium stearate for two hours in Turbula-T100 mixer at 16 r.p.m. [0050]
  • Powder mixtures containing 100 μg/dose of micronised budesonide were prepared by mixing of the carrier and the active ingredient for 30 min in a Turbula mixer at 32 r.p.m. [0051]
  • The powder mixtures were filled into inhalers and tested as reported in Example 1. [0052]
  • The results are summarised in Table 5. [0053]
  • 0.25% Magnesium stearate significantly increases the fine particle dose of budesonide (t=8.8, p<0.001); [0054]
    TABLE 5
    Fine particle
    Formulation Mg stearate Shot Delivered dose* (μg)
    (100 μg/dose) (%) weight (mg) Stage 2 (μg) dose (Budesonide %)
    BUD 1 0 22.0 — 80.0 21.4 (4.7)
    BUD 2 0.25 21.5 — 79.3 33.6 (2.6)
    • EXAMPLE 4
  • Preparation of the Carrier—Study of the Mixing Conditions [0055]
  • 40.528 kg (99.75% w/w) of a-Lactose monohydrate fraction 90-150 μm and 0.102 kg (0.25% w/w) of magnesium stearate were mixed in a Turbula mixer T 100 at 16 r.p.m. for several hours. At different mixing times samples were withdrawn and tested for uniformity of distribution of magnesium stearate, particle size, water contact angle and degree of molecular surface coating calculated according to Cassie et al. (Transactions of the Faraday Society 40; 546, 1944). To validate the process, three batches (40 kg) of the carrier were prepared. [0056]
  • The results are reported in Tables 6 and 7, respectively. [0057]
  • A uniform distribution of magnesium stearate was already achieved at 60 minutes blending time (mean value, {overscore (x)}, and coefficient of variation, CV %, are given); no significant change in the particle size was observed after both Malvern light-scattering and Alpine sieving analyses. By increasing the mixing time, an increase of the degree of coating occurs. [0058]
  • The three different batches give comparable results. [0059]
    TABLE 6
    Particle size Particle size Mg stearate Water contact Degree of
    Time Alpine Malvern uniformity angle coating
    min % < 80μ % < 90μ % < 80μ % < 90μ {overscore (x)} % CV % degree %
     10′ — — — — — — 34 15
     20′ — — — — — — 36 17
     30′ 1.5 4.8 0.9 2.7 0.228 6.8 36 17
     60′ 0.3 2.8 0.9 2.6 0.235 6.1 36 17
     90′ 0.6 3.8 1.0 2.9 0.244 3.7 37 18
    120′ 0.7 3.4 0.9 2.7 0.239 7.2 39 20
    180′ 0.8 4.2 0.8 2.6 0.246 2.9 46 29
    240′ 1.4 6.3 0.8 2.6 — — 48 32
    300′ 0.7 6.6 0.9 2.6 — — 50 34
    360′ 0.7 7.0 1.0 2.8 — — 51 36
    420′ 0.9 7.0 0.9 2.8 — — 51 36
    480′ 0.8 7.5 0.8 2.6 — — 51 36
  • [0060]
    TABLE 7
    Magnesium
    Particle size Particle size stearate
    Distribution Distribution content Water contact
    (Alpine) (Malvern) uniformity angle
    Mixing Time % < 80μm % < 90μm % < 80μm % < 90μm x (%) CV (%) (degree)
    CARRIER 1
    10 min 34
    20 min 37
    30 min 1.5 4.8 0.9 2.7 0.228 6.8 36
    60 min 0.3 2.8 0.9 2.6 0.235 6.1 36
    90 min 0.6 3.8 1.0 2.9 0.244 3.7 37
    120 min  0.7 3.4 0.9 2.7 0.239 7.2 39
    CARRIER 2
    10 min 32
    20 min 36
    30 min 38
    60 min 0.9 7.2 1.0 3.1 0.196 9.6 38
    90 min 40
    120 min  1.5 8.1 1.1 3.3 0.231 10.4 42
    CARRIER 3
    10 min 32
    20 min 31
    30 min 33
    60 min 0.8 6.9 2.0 4.5 0.237 7.3 38
    90 min 42
    120 min  0.8 7.3 1.8 4.2 0.229 3.8 42
    • EXAMPLE 6
  • Relationship Between Different Mixing Time of the Carrier and Delivered Fine Particle Dose [0061]
  • 40.528 kg (99.75% w/w) of α-Lactose monohydrate fraction 90-150 μm and 0.102 kg (0.25% w/w) of magnesium stearate were mixed for several hours in Turbula T100 mixer at 16 r.p.m. At different mixing times, 2 kg samples were withdrawn and micronised BDP was added to each sample so that the nominal weight delivered by Pulvinal® inhaler contained 200 μg BDP. The powder mixtures were filled into inhalers and tested as reported in Example 1. [0062]
  • The results are reported in Table 8. [0063]
  • By increasing the mixing time, a significant increase at 420 min of the fine particle dose occurs (t=5.2, p<0.001). [0064]
    TABLE 8
    Formulation
    (BDP 200 μg/dose) BDP 1 BDP 2 BDP 3
    Mixing time (min) 60 120 420
    Shot weight (mg) 27.8 (0.6)  28.1 (0.7) 28.2 (0.5)
    Fine particle dose* (%) 34.1 (81)   37.4 (4.7) 49.5 (7.8)
    Stage 2 (μg) 63.1 (12.0) 63.5 (8.1) 102.6 (17.1)
    Delivered dose (μg) 188.4 (21.1)  169.7 (7.1)  207.2 (9.0) 
    • EXAMPLE 7
  • Preparation of the Carrier—Comparison Between Different Mixers [0065]
  • 40.528 kg (99.75% w/w) of a-Lactose monohydrate fraction 90-150 μm and 0.102 kg (0.25% w/w) of magnesium stearate were mixed in a sigma-blade mixer for 30 min (water contact angle of 53° corresponding to 26% of molecular coating) [0066]
  • Powder mixtures containing 200 μμg/dose of micronised BDP were prepared by mixing of the carrier and the active ingredient for 30 min in a Turbula mixer at 32 r.p.m. [0067]
  • The powder mixtures were filled into inhalers and tested as reported in Example 1. [0068]
  • The results are summarised in Table 9. [0069]
  • No significant difference was observed in the fine particle dose with respect to the powder obtained with the carrier prepared by using a Turbula mixer at 16 r.p.m. for 2 hours. [0070]
    TABLE 9
    Fine
    Shot Stage particle
    Formulation weight 2 Delivered dose
    (200 μg/dose) (mg) (μg) dose (μg) (BDP %)
    Turbula mixer 25.7 (2.8) 96.2 (7.6) 167.5 (5.7) 57.4 (4.3)
    Sigma-blade mixer 26.6 (2.3) 106.2 (11.2) 192.1 (7.0) 55.2 (6.0)
    • EXAMPLE 8
  • Segregation Tendency of BDP Bulk Powder Formulation Containing 0.25% Magnesium Stearate [0071]
  • Composition of BDP Pulvinal® (100, 200 and 400 μg/dose): [0072]
    Strength (μg/dose)
    Ingredient (mg) 100 200 400
    BDP 0.100 0.200 0.400
    α-Lactose monohydrate 25.832 25.735 25.536
    Magnesium stearate 0.067 0.064 0.064
  • The tendency of the powder to segregate was assessed according to Staniforth et al. J. (Pharm. Pharmacol. 34, 700-706, 1982). [0073]
  • Approximately 15 g of powder was filled into a small plastic cylinder, 80 mm long and 12 mm in diameter, closed at one end and which could be split along its axis. This allowed the characterisation of both BDP and magnesium stearate on the same level in the same bulk mixture. The tube was mounted in a vibrator (Derrinton VP4) and vibrated at 50 Hz at a force of 2 g for ten minutes. The tube was then placed in a horizontal position, divided and 15 samples, each of about 50 mg accurately weighed, taken from along its length. The samples were analysed for BDP by HPLC and for magnesium stearate by atomic absorption. The experiments were carried out in duplicate. The results are reported in Tables 10 and 11. [0074]
  • Typical values in coefficient of variation (CV) of BDP samples drawn from a mix judged to be satisfactory are ≦5.0%. After the imposition of an enhanced gravitational stress, BDP samples show a CV which varies from 2.7% and 7.8%. Despite the intense vibration, these variations have not increased significantly and are consistent with good inhaler performance when judged in terms of dose uniformity. Samples taken from the top of the bed are very similar to the bottom samples. [0075]
  • In the case of magnesium stearate, variability between samples was somewhat greater than for BDP due to its lower concentration. However, no consistent change in the uniformity of distribution occurred after vibration and, as with BDP, the content of samples drawn from the top of the bed were not different to those drawn from the bottom. It can be concluded that the ordered mix is very stable and no segregation of BDP and magnesium stearate occurs. [0076]
    TABLE 10
    DRUG ASSAY
    (μg/mg)
    BDP BDP BDP
    400 μg/dose 200 μg/dose 100 μg/dose
    SAMPLE 1 2 1 2 1 2
    Top of
    Cylinder
    1 17.9 17.3 8.6 8.5 4.4 4.4
    2 20.5 17.1 7.5 7.6 3.5 3.5
    3 16.9 17.6 7.7 7.7 3.7 3.9
    4 18.0 16.9 7.7 7.8 3.8 3.9
    5 17.0 17.0 7.5 9.0 4.1 4.2
    6 17.2 17.1 7.6 7.8 3.9 3.8
    7 17.4 17.6 7.4 8.1 3.7 3.8
    8 17.2 17.1 7.6 7.7 4.2 3.8
    9 16.8 17.3 7.7 7.6 4.5 3.9
    10 16.9 16.5 8.3 8.0 3.6 3.8
    11 16.9 18.9 7.8 8.0 4.4 4.0
    12 21.1 18.1 7.9 7.9 3.9 3.9
    13 17.3 17.5 7.8 7.3 3.9 4.2
    14 19.4 17.1 7.7 7.7 4.2 4.1
    15 18.0 19.1 7.8 8.0 4.4 3.9
    Bottom of
    Cylinder
    Mean 17.9 17.5 7.8 7.9 4.0 3.9
    SD 1.4 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2
    CV (%) 7.6 4.3 2.7 5.0 7.8 4.7
  • [0077]
    TABLE 11
    MAGNESIUM ASSAY (μg/mg)
    BDP 400 μg/dose BDP 200 μg/dose BDP 100 μg/dose
    SAMPLE 1 2 UN-VIBRATED 1 2 UN-VIBRATED 1 2 UN-VIBRATED
    Top of
    cylinder
    1 0.115 0.124 0.101 0.101 0.092 0.125 0.082 0.076 0.103
    2 0.116 0.122 0.103 0.105 0.091 0.121 0.105 0.073 0.150
    3 0.114 0.123 0.107 0.108 0.093 0.125 0.096 0.091 0.104
    4 0.113 0.119 0.109 0.100 0.093 0.118 0.107 0.085 0.101
    5 0.114 0.126 0.110 0.115 0.089 0.135 0.094 0.083 0.110
    6 0.108 0.108 0.107 0.103 0.100 0.208 0.098 0.080 0.109
    7 0.111 0.113 0.110 0.111 0.096 0.107 0.104 0.114 0.109
    8 0.118 0.108 0.108 0.107 0.096 0.101 0.102 0.076 0.102
    9 0.107 0.104 0.106 0.106 0.094 0.102 0.099 0.082 0.103
    10 0.113 0.119 0.107 0.094 0.097 0.101 0.104 0.081 0.109
    11 0.114 0.120 0.109 0.091 0.094 0.096 0.090 0.086 0.105
    12 0.116 0.117 0.105 0.083 0.093 0.098 0.100 0.084 0.107
    13 0.112 0.101 0.103 0.114 0.077 0.100 0.092 0.079 0.104
    14 0.115 0.104 0.107 0.081 0.095 0.097 0.091 0.072 0.107
    15 0.106 0.097 0.102 0.080 0.076 0.100 0.086 0.085 0.105
    Bottom of
    Cylinder
    Mean 0.113 0.114 0.106 0.100 0.092 0.116 0.097 0.083 0.109
    SD 0.003 0.009 0.003 0.012 0.007 0.028 0.007 0.010 0.012
    (CV %) 3.1 8.2 2.7 11.6 7.3 24.6 7.6 12.0 10.9
    • EXAMPLE 9
  • Fine Particle Delivery of Magnesium Stearate [0078]
  • A batch of BDP 400 μg/shot powder was prepared by mixing of the drug and the carrier (lactose/magnesium stearate 99.75/0.25% w/w) under the conditions reported in Example 1. Devices were filled with the mixture and the fine particle delivery of magnesium stearate was determined using a TSI apparatus. The results are reported in Table 12. [0079]
    TABLE 12
    Shot weight Total Mg Total Mg Mg stearate
    (mg) stearate (%) stearate (μg) stage 2 (μg)
    Mean 26.4 0.259 68 19
    S.D. 0.31 0.017 4.18 2.39
    CV % 1.18 6.52 6.13 12.5
  • Considering the low concentration of magnesium stearate in the formulation and the quantity found in stage 2 of TSI, the amount to be respirable will be very low. [0080]
  • This amount has been demonstrated to be safe after toxicity studies in dog. [0081]
  • Furthermore, acute and long term tolerance trials were carried out to evaluate toxicity of magnesium stearate in humans. [0082]
  • In the former, 18 healthy volunteers, included in a double blind randomised controlled cross-over design study, received a single dose containing 25.72 mg of lactose and 0.065 mg of magnesium stearate via Pulvinal® inhaler. The introduction of 0.25% magnesium stearate in powdery pharmaceutical formulation resulted to be safe. [0083]
  • In the long term randomised, controlled, parallel group study, the safety of magnesium stearate as a carrier was compared to that of lactose. 28 Mild asthmatic patients were treated for 3 months with 400 μg BDP b.i.d. delivered either with Pulvinal®, containing 0.065 mg of magnesium stearate per dose, or another commercially available DPI, containing 25.536 mg of lactose per dose. Bronchial biopsies and broncho-alveolar lavages performed at the beginning and at the end of trial did not evidence accumulation of magnesium in bronchi or in alveolar cells either in Pulvinal® or control group. [0084]

Claims (26)

What is claimed is:
1. A powder for use in a dry powder inhaler, the powder including an active ingredient and a carrier, wherein the carrier further includes a lubricant in an amount up to 0.5% by weight of the total weight composition.
2. A powder according to claim 1 wherein the lubricant is present in an amount between about 0.1 and 0.5% by weight of the total weight of the composition.
3. A powder according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the lubricant particles at least partially coat the carrier particles surface.
4. A powder according to claim 1 wherein the lubricant is selected from magnesium stearate, stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium stearyl fumarate, stearyl alcohol, sucrose monopalmitate and sodium benzoate.
5. A powder according to claim 3 wherein the carrier particles are coated with 0.10 to 0.25% by weight of magnesium stearate.
6. A powder according to claim 5 wherein the carrier particles are coated with 0.25% by weight of magnesium stearate.
7. A powder according to claim 4 wherein magnesium stearate is a crystalline or amorphous material.
8. A powder according to claim 4 wherein magnesium stearate is of animal or vegetal origin.
9. A powder according to claim 1 wherein the carrier particles comprise one or more crystalline sugars.
10. A powder according to claim 1 wherein the carrier particles are α-lactose monohydrate.
11. A powder according to claim 1 wherein the carrier particles have a particle size which lies between 20 and 1000 μm.
12. A powder according to claim 11 wherein the carrier particles have a particle size which lies between 90 and 150 μm.
13. A powder according to claim 1 wherein at least 50% of the lubricant has a particle size more than 4 μm.
14. A powder according to claim 1 wherein the lubricant is magnesium stearate and has a specific surface area which lies in the range 0.5-1.5 m2g measured by Malvern.
15. A powder according to claim 1 wherein the active ingredient has a particle size less than 10 μm, preferably less than 6 μm.
16. A powder according to claim 1 wherein the active ingredient includes a steroid.
17. A powder according to claim 14 wherein the active ingredient is beclomethasone dipropionate or budesonide and its epimers or flunisolide.
18. A powder according to claim 1 wherein the active ingredient includes a β2-agonist selected from salbutamol, formoterol, salmeterol, terbutaline and their salts.
19. A powder according to claim 18 wherein the active ingredient includes salbutamol base.
20. A carrier for use in a powder according to claim 1 made of carrier particles and up to 0.5% by weight of lubricant particles.
21. A carrier according to claim 20 wherein the lubricant particles at least partially coat the surface of the carrier particles.
22. A method for producing the carrier according to claim 21, the method including the step of mixing the carrier particles with up to 0.5% by weight of lubricant thereby coating the highest as possible percentage of carrier particles surface, thus achieving an increase of the fine particle dose.
23. A method according to claim 22 wherein the carrier particles and lubricant particles are mixed for between 2 min. and 480 min.
24. A method according to claim 22 wherein the carrier particles and lubricant particles are mixed using a rotating body mixer or a stationary body mixer with a rotating mixing blade or a high-speed mixer.
25. A method according to claim 22 wherein the mixer is a tumbling blender rotating at 5-100 r.p.m.
26. A method according to claim 22 wherein the coated carrier particles have a water contact angle of at least 30°.
US10/358,174 1999-03-05 2003-02-05 Powdery pharmaceutical compositions for inhalation Abandoned US20030133880A1 (en)

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US9889097B2 (en) 2007-06-26 2018-02-13 Nano4M Limited Powder and its method of manufacture
CN111214738A (en) * 2012-11-07 2020-06-02 奇斯药制品公司 Drug delivery device for the treatment of patients with respiratory diseases

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PL196951B1 (en) 2008-02-29
ES2286881T3 (en) 2007-12-01
DE69936268T2 (en) 2008-02-14
CY1106817T1 (en) 2012-05-23
DK1158958T3 (en) 2007-10-08
HUP0200185A3 (en) 2006-07-28
ATE363892T1 (en) 2007-06-15
SI1158958T1 (en) 2007-10-31
WO2000053157A1 (en) 2000-09-14
SK286981B6 (en) 2009-08-06
US6528096B1 (en) 2003-03-04
CZ298489B6 (en) 2007-10-17
HUP0200185A2 (en) 2002-06-29
BR9917246A (en) 2002-03-26
TR200102567T2 (en) 2002-01-21
EP1158958B1 (en) 2007-06-06
SK12482001A3 (en) 2002-01-07
EP1158958A1 (en) 2001-12-05
US20060257330A1 (en) 2006-11-16
PL354841A1 (en) 2004-02-23
PT1158958E (en) 2007-08-13
DE69936268D1 (en) 2007-07-19
AU3409399A (en) 2000-09-28
CZ20013185A3 (en) 2002-01-16

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