TWI530569B - 合金鑄材與合金物件的形成方法 - Google Patents
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Description
本發明係關於合金鑄材,更特別關於其組成與成形方式。
近年來石油價格飛漲,能源與環境的議題逐漸受重視的情況下,汽、機車等運輸工具之動力元件(如:渦輪增壓器、汽缸頭、排氣岐管等零組件)運用輕質的鋁合金材料成為目前主要趨勢。目前汽機車等運輸工具之動力元件大多以傳統鑄造方式所製成,此傳統製程對於產品外型與結構設計有所侷限,需要繁瑣的CNC後加工與熱處理製程,其過程費時、耗能、耗材,且對於形狀複雜之動力元件的加工難度則更高,加工程序複雜再加上加工時程長,導致加工成本相當高。綜上所述,傳統鑄造方式非常不適合用於複雜結構且需兼具多元需求的汽、機車零組件開發。
綜上所述,目前亟需新的鋁合金材料及其加工方式,以克服習知技術耗工耗時的問題。
本發明一實施例提供之合金鑄材,包括:97至99重量份之Al與Si;0.25至0.4重量份之Cu;以及0.15至1.35重量份之Mg、Ni、與Ti中至少兩者的組合。
本發明一實施例提供之合金物件的形成方法,包括:將上述之合金鑄材氣體噴製成粉末,再以雷射積層燒結粉末以成形燒結體;以及時效熱處理燒結體,以完成合金物件。
在下述內容中,將揭露以雷射積層燒結的方式製作運輸工具之動力元件。利用雷射積層燒結技術,可將傳統之三階段製程(成形+CNC後加工+熱處理)縮減成加法燒結的單一製程。燒結體可近似成型(near net-shape),降低材料使用量,同時可以解決難以加工成型結構件以及需要內部水路設計之動力元件的加工問題,同時降低材料用量。為了使鋁合金粉體具耐高溫性與機械強度以達到汽、機車等運輸工具之動力元件規格需求,同時能符合雷射積層燒結製程,需調整鋁合金粉體組成以提升鋁合金粉體高溫機械強度。另一方面,可採用氣體噴粉使鋁合金塊材形成高真圓度的鋁合金粉體。
在本發明一實施例中,合金鑄材粉體包括:97至99重量份之Al與Si;0.25至0.4重量份之Cu;以及0.15至1.35重量份之Mg、Ni、與Ti中至少兩者的組合。若Cu之比例過高,則會降低鑄造流動性與耐蝕性。若Cu之比例過低,則降低鋁合金機械強度與機械加工性。
在本發明一實施例中,合金鑄材中的Si占6至8重量份,而合金鑄材中的Al占89至93重量份。若Si之比例過高,則造
成合金之延展性變差。若Si之比例過低,則會降低鑄造流動性,鑄材硬度會降低。
在本發明一實施例中,合金鑄材中的Mg占0.7至0.9重量份。若Mg之比例過高,則造成合金之延展性變差。若Mg之比例過低,則降低鋁合金強度與耐磨性。在本發明一實施例中,合金鑄材中的Ni占0.1至0.25重量份。若Ni之比例過高,則會造成合金之延展性變差。若Ni之比例過低,則無法提升鋁合金材料之高溫機械性質。在本發明一實施例中,合金鑄材中的Ti占0.05至0.2重量份之間。若Ti之比例過高,則易與鋁合金材料中其他原素形成化合物,對合金材料之機械性質會造成負面影響。
在本發明一實施例中,上述合金鑄材可用於形成合金物件。舉例來說,可先依上述比例將Al、Si、Cu、Ni、Mg、與Ti熔融成合金塊材。接著將合金塊材氣體噴粉成粉末,再雷射積層燒結噴出之粉末,以形成燒結體。在本發明一實施例中,上述粉末之尺寸介於5μm至35μm之間。若粉末尺寸過大,則造成雷射積層燒結後之燒結體表面粗糙度過高,影響燒結體之精度。若粉末尺寸過小,則易造成粉體團聚,降低粉體之流動性,影響雷射積層製程中每一層粉體鋪粉後粉體厚度均勻性。在本發明一實施例中,雷射積層燒結之溫度介於660℃至2400℃之間。若雷射積層燒結之溫度過高,則會造成鋁合金材料汽化。若雷射積層燒結之溫度過低,則鋁合金材料會無法熔解。接著時效熱處理燒結體,以完成合金物件。在本發明一實施例中,時效熱處理之溫度介於150℃至180℃之間。若時效熱處理之溫度過高,則會過時效,析出相粒徑增大、顆粒數減少及析出相密度變低,降低合金之硬度。
若時效熱處理之溫度過低,則析出相析出不充分,硬度提升效果變差。上述氣體噴粉、雷射積層燒結、與時效熱處理的原理即所謂的3D列印,燒結的合金粉末堆疊成形,可省略傳統車床加工消耗的原料,或傳統模具成形的模具。
為了讓本發明之上述和其他目的、特徵、和優點能更明顯易懂,下文特舉數實施例配合所附圖示,作詳細說明如下:
依據第1表之Al、Si、Cu、Mg、Ni、與Ti的重量比例,先以高溫爐熔煉成鋁合金。接著依序經過氣體噴粉、雷射積層燒結、和時效熱處理(165℃,時間為6小時),且鋁合金燒結體在時效熱處理前和時效熱處理後的硬度分析結果(以洛氏硬度機進行HRB標準硬度測試,依據ASTM E18規範)如第1表所示。鋁合金燒結體具有時效析出硬化的特性,其中以銅含量為0.3重量份和0.4重量份之燒結體經時效熱處理後的硬度提升幅度最大。
上述試片A1-A9的常溫抗拉強度(以Gleeble3500進行材料常溫拉伸強度測試,依據ASTM E8規範)、常溫降伏強度(以
Gleeble3500進行材料常溫降伏強度測試,依據ASTM E8規範)、常溫伸長率(以Gleeble3500進行材料常溫伸長率測試,依據ASTM E8規範)、高溫抗拉強度(以Gleeble3500進行材料高溫拉伸強度測試,依據ASTM E8(E8M)& E21規範)、高溫降伏強度(以Gleeble3500進行材料高溫降伏強度測試,依據ASTM E8(E8M)& E21規範)、與高溫伸長率(以Gleeble3500進行材料高溫伸長率測試,依據ASTM E8(E8M)& E21規範)如第2表所示。在考量材料強度與延性須兼顧情況下,以Al91.65Si7Cu0.3Mg0.8Ni0.15Ti0.1(A2)和Al91.55Si7Cu0.3Mg0.7Ni0.25Ti0.2(A8)兩組鋁合金工件經過時效處理後,常溫與高溫(250℃)下之機械強度和伸長率最符合需求。
固定矽、鎂、鎳和鈦含量,並改變鋁合金粉體中銅含量進行合金熔煉,其成份重量百分比如第3表所示,再依序經過氣體噴粉、雷射積層燒結、和時效熱處理(165℃,時間為6小時)。第4表為改質後鋁合金燒結體時效處理前和時效處理後之硬度,第5表為試片B1-B4的常溫抗拉強度、常溫降伏強度、常溫伸長率、高溫
抗拉強度、高溫降伏強度、與高溫伸長率,其量測標準同前述。在考量材料強度與延性須兼顧情況下,以Al91.5Si7Cu0.3Mg0.8Ni0.2Ti0.2(B3)經過時效處理後,硬度可達HRB 74.5且常溫下和高溫(250℃)下之機械強度和伸長率也最符合需求。
取市售之鋁合金材料AlSi10Mg(A360;振寓有限公司和AC4B(AlSi9Fe1.2Cu4Mn0.5Mg1.0Ni0.5Zn1.0Ti0.25;振寓有限公司)同樣依序經過氣體噴粉、雷射積層燒結、和時效熱處理(165℃,時間為6小時),進行常溫下和高溫下之機械強度比較,結果如第5表所示。本發明開發之鋁合金粉體,在高溫環境(250℃)下之高溫機械強度如抗拉強度(UTS)與降伏強度(YS)均高於市售商品,因此更適於應用在汽機車動力元件相關產業。
選用與本發明之元素範圍以外的鋁合金材料,如表6所示,也同樣依序經過氣體噴粉、雷射積層燒結、和時效熱處理(165℃,時間為6小時),進行常溫下和高溫下之機械強度比較,結果如第7表所示。本發明開發之鋁合金粉體,在高溫環境(250℃)下之高溫機械強度如抗拉強度(UTS)與降伏強度(YS)均高於第6表中四組鋁合金材料,因此更適於應用在汽機車動力元件相關產業。
雖然本發明已以數個實施例揭露如上,然其並非用以限定本發明,任何本技術領域中具有通常知識者,在不脫離本發明之精神和範圍內,當可作任意之更動與潤飾,因此本發明之保護範圍當視後附之申請專利範圍所界定者為準。
Claims (8)
- 一種合金鑄材,包括:97至99重量份之Al與Si;0.25至0.4重量份之Cu;以及0.15至1.35重量份之Mg、Ni、與Ti中至少兩者的組合。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之合金鑄材,其中Si占6至8重量份。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之合金鑄材,其中Al占89至93重量份。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之合金鑄材,其中Mg占0.7至0.9重量份。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之合金鑄材,其中Ni占0.1至0.25重量份。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之合金鑄材,其中Ti占0.05至0.2重量份。
- 一種合金物件的形成方法,包括:將申請專利範圍第1項所述之合金鑄材氣體噴粉成粉末,再以雷射積層燒結粉末以成形一燒結體,其中雷射燒結溫度介於660℃至2400℃之間;以及時效熱處理該燒結體,以完成一合金物件,其中時效熱處理該物件之溫度介於150℃至180℃之間。
- 如申請專利範圍第7項所述之合金物件的形成方法, 其中該合金鑄材的粉末粒徑介於5μm至35μm之間。
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TW103140383A TWI530569B (zh) | 2014-11-21 | 2014-11-21 | 合金鑄材與合金物件的形成方法 |
CN201410723012.7A CN105714161B (zh) | 2014-11-21 | 2014-12-03 | 合金铸材与合金制品的形成方法 |
US14/869,198 US20160145722A1 (en) | 2014-11-21 | 2015-09-29 | Alloy casting material and method for manufacturing alloy object |
EP15188727.0A EP3026135B1 (en) | 2014-11-21 | 2015-10-07 | Alloy casting material and method for manufacturing alloy object |
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JP2018519412A (ja) * | 2015-06-15 | 2018-07-19 | ノースロップ グルマン システムズ コーポレーションNorthrop Grumman Systems Corporation | パウダーベッドレーザープロセスによって付加製造される高強度アルミニウム |
FR3065178B1 (fr) * | 2017-04-14 | 2022-04-29 | C Tec Constellium Tech Center | Procede de fabrication d'une piece en alliage d'aluminium |
FR3066129B1 (fr) | 2017-05-12 | 2019-06-28 | C-Tec Constellium Technology Center | Procede de fabrication d'une piece en alliage d'aluminium |
RU2688039C1 (ru) * | 2017-12-28 | 2019-05-17 | Акционерное общество "Объединенная компания РУСАЛ Уральский Алюминий" (АО "РУСАЛ Урал") | Алюминиевый материал для аддитивных технологий |
WO2020002813A1 (fr) | 2018-06-25 | 2020-01-02 | C-Tec Constellium Technology Center | Procede de fabrication d'une piece en alliage d'aluminium |
FR3082763A1 (fr) | 2018-06-25 | 2019-12-27 | C-Tec Constellium Technology Center | Procede de fabrication d une piece en alliage d aluminium |
FR3083478B1 (fr) | 2018-07-09 | 2021-08-13 | C Tec Constellium Tech Center | Procede de fabrication d'une piece en alliage d'aluminium |
FR3083479B1 (fr) | 2018-07-09 | 2021-08-13 | C Tec Constellium Tech Center | Procede de fabrication d'une piece en alliage d'aluminium |
US11426818B2 (en) | 2018-08-10 | 2022-08-30 | The Research Foundation for the State University | Additive manufacturing processes and additively manufactured products |
FR3086872B1 (fr) | 2018-10-05 | 2022-05-27 | C Tec Tech Center | Procede de fabrication d'une piece en alliage d'aluminium |
FR3086873B1 (fr) | 2018-10-05 | 2022-05-27 | C Tec Constellium Tech Center | Procede de fabrication d'une piece en alliage d'aluminium |
CN109280820B (zh) * | 2018-10-26 | 2021-03-26 | 中国航发北京航空材料研究院 | 一种用于增材制造的高强度铝合金及其粉末的制备方法 |
FR3092777A1 (fr) | 2019-02-15 | 2020-08-21 | C-Tec Constellium Technology Center | Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce en alliage d'aluminium |
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DE10026626C5 (de) * | 1999-06-04 | 2006-10-05 | Vaw Aluminium Ag | Zylinderkopf- und Motorblockgußteil |
US6823928B2 (en) * | 2002-09-27 | 2004-11-30 | University Of Queensland | Infiltrated aluminum preforms |
JP4093221B2 (ja) * | 2003-10-17 | 2008-06-04 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | 鋳物用アルミニウム合金、アルミニウム合金鋳物およびその製造方法 |
US7087125B2 (en) * | 2004-01-30 | 2006-08-08 | Alcoa Inc. | Aluminum alloy for producing high performance shaped castings |
CN102373349A (zh) * | 2010-08-13 | 2012-03-14 | 赵凯志 | 镁铝合金轮毂材质配方 |
GB201209415D0 (en) * | 2012-05-28 | 2012-07-11 | Renishaw Plc | Manufacture of metal articles |
CN102676887B (zh) * | 2012-06-11 | 2014-04-16 | 东莞市闻誉实业有限公司 | 加压铸造用铝合金及该铝合金的铸件 |
JP6001981B2 (ja) * | 2012-09-27 | 2016-10-05 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 自動二輪車の足回り部品、および、自動二輪車用ホイールの製造方法 |
CN103045914A (zh) * | 2012-12-06 | 2013-04-17 | 南京航空航天大学 | 一种纳米碳化硅增强铝基复合材料的制备方法 |
CN103471893B (zh) * | 2013-09-22 | 2015-07-01 | 东北轻合金有限责任公司 | 4032铝合金光谱与化学标准样品及其制备方法 |
CN103695733A (zh) * | 2013-12-30 | 2014-04-02 | 山东恒宇汽车配件有限公司 | 一种铝合金轮毂材质配方 |
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- 2014-12-03 CN CN201410723012.7A patent/CN105714161B/zh active Active
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CN105714161B (zh) | 2018-02-06 |
EP3026135B1 (en) | 2019-03-13 |
EP3026135A1 (en) | 2016-06-01 |
CN105714161A (zh) | 2016-06-29 |
US20160145722A1 (en) | 2016-05-26 |
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