TWI455088B - Three dimensional driving scheme for electrophoretic display devices - Google Patents

Description

Three-dimensional driving scheme for electrophoretic display device

The present invention relates to a driving method, and more particularly to a three-dimensional driving scheme for an electrophoretic display device.

Electrophoretic displays (EPDs) are non-emissive devices based on electrophoretic phenomena that affect charged pigment particles dispersed in a dielectric solvent. An EPD typically contains a pair of spaced apart plate electrodes. At least one of the electrode plates (usually on the viewing side) is transparent. An electrophoretic fluid composed of a dielectric solvent and charged pigment particles dispersed in a solvent is enclosed between the two electrode plates.

The electrophoretic fluid can have one type of charged pigment particles dispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture of contrast colors. In this case, when a voltage difference is imposed between the two electrode plates, the pigment particles migrate by attraction to a plate having a polarity opposite to that of the pigment particles. Therefore, the color displayed at the transparent plate can be the color of the solvent or the color of the pigment particles. The reversal of the plate polarity will cause the particles to migrate back to the opposite plate, thereby inverting the color.

Alternatively, the electrophoretic fluid may have two types of pigment particles of contrasting color and carrying opposite charges, and the two types of pigment particles are dispersed in a clear solvent or solvent mixture. In this case, when a voltage difference is imposed between the two electrode plates, the two types of pigment particles can be moved to the opposite ends (top or bottom) in the display unit. Therefore, one of the colors of the two types of pigment particles can be viewed on the inspection side of the display unit.

A conventional method for driving an electrophoretic display device involves changing the position of charged particles in a vertical (i.e., up/down) or horizontal (i.e., left/right) direction. As a result, the color intensity (i.e., saturation) and brightness (i.e., reflectance) of the displayed image cannot be individually tuned, so that the display engineer has a small degree of freedom in performing color mapping of the electrophoretic display.

A first aspect of the present invention is directed to a driving method for an electrophoretic display, the method comprising applying a driving step in each of at least two electric fields to drive two classes of different colors laterally and/or vertically Pigment particles of the type used to individually adjust the gray scale and/or color of the display.

In one embodiment, the two electric fields are in the X and Z directions, respectively. In a specific example, the driving steps are performed simultaneously or sequentially. In one embodiment, the method further includes applying one or more of the renewing, dithering, or pre-charging steps in any one or more of the electric fields.

In one embodiment, the method includes applying a driving step in each of the three electric fields. In one embodiment, the driving steps of the three electric fields are performed simultaneously or sequentially. In one embodiment, the method further includes applying one or more of the renewing, dithering, or pre-charging steps in any one or more of the electric fields.

In a specific example, the voltage potential difference applied in the X electric field is integrated over a period of time (Δtx) by a value ΔVx of less than 1 Vsec. In a specific example, the voltage potential difference applied in the Y electric field is integrated over a period (Δty) by a value ΔVy of less than 1 Vsec. In a specific example, the voltage potential difference applied in the Z electric field is integrated over a period of time (Δtz) by a value ΔVz of less than 1 Vsec.

A second aspect of the present invention relates to an electrophoretic display comprising

a) a first layer comprising a common electrode;

b) a second layer comprising at least two pixel electrodes;

c) a display unit layer comprising a display unit filled with an electrophoretic fluid comprising at least two types of pigment particles of different colors dispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture;

d) at least two electric fields between the common electrode and the pixel electrodes.

In one embodiment, the display includes three electric fields in the X direction, the Y direction, and the Z direction, respectively, wherein the X electric field and the Y electric field cause the pigment particles to move laterally and the Z electric field causes the pigment particles to move vertically .

In one embodiment, at least one electric field comprising the driving step is present in the three electric fields.

In one embodiment, each of the two electric fields of the three electric fields includes a driving step. In a specific example, the driving steps are performed simultaneously or sequentially. In one embodiment, each of the three electric fields includes one or more of a renew, dither, or precharge step.

In one embodiment, each of the three electric fields includes a driving step. In a specific example, the driving steps are performed simultaneously or sequentially. In one embodiment, each of the three electric fields includes one or more of a renew, dither, or precharge step.

In one embodiment, the two types of pigment particles dispersed in a clear solvent or solvent mixture are black and white. In one embodiment, the solvent or solvent mixture is colorless. In one embodiment, the solvent or solvent mixture is colored.

In one embodiment, one type of pigment particle is white and the other type of pigment particle is red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow, or a mixture thereof. In one embodiment, the two types of pigment particles are dispersed in a black solvent or solvent mixture.

In one embodiment, the solvent or solvent mixture and the particles have different colors.

In one embodiment, the two types of pigment particles have the same charge polarity or different charge polarities. In one embodiment, the two types of pigment particles have the same threshold or different threshold values. In one embodiment, the two types of pigment particles have the same degree of mobility or different degrees of mobility.

In one embodiment, the electrophoretic fluid further comprises a charge control agent, a polymerization additive, a liquid crystal additive, a nanoparticle, a nanowire, or a nanotube.

In one embodiment, the pixel electrodes are rectangular, zigzag, hexagonal, square, circular or triangular in shape.

In a specific example, the pixel electrodes have the same size or different sizes.

The driving method of the present invention has the advantage of separately tuning the brightness and color intensity of the image.

Figure 1a depicts a cross-sectional view of a display device. The display unit (100) is sandwiched between the first layer (101) and the second layer (102). The display unit (100) is surrounded by a partition wall (107). The first layer comprises a common electrode (103). The second layer includes at least two pixel electrodes (104a and 104b).

The display unit (100) is a micro-container filled with a display fluid (105). It should be understood that in the context of the present invention, the term "display unit" is intended to encompass any microcontainer (eg, a microcup, microcapsule, microchannel, or conventional isolated display unit) regardless of its shape or size, as long as the microcontainer performs The expected function is fine.

The display fluid (105) can be an electrophoretic fluid comprising at least two types of mobile materials. In one embodiment, the fluid comprises two types of pigment particles (106a and 106b) of contrasting colors. For example, the two types of charged pigment particles can be white and black. The pigment particles may also be red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow or a mixture thereof as long as the colors of the two types of particles are visually distinguishable. The particles may be transparent or opaque. The particles can also absorb, scatter or reflect light.

The particles may or may not have a critical potential. If the particles have a critical potential, the critical potentials of the different color particles may be the same or different. The thresholds may be frequency dependent or magnitude dependent.

The temperature-dependent mobility or temperature-dependent stability of different color particles may be the same or different.

The particle size can range from 10 nm to 100 μm, preferably from 100 nm to 10 μm and optimally from 0.5 μm to 3 μm.

The polarities of different color particles may be different or the same. If the polarities are the same, the two types of particles can move at different speeds based on their different dynamic properties or mobility.

In one embodiment, it is also possible to modify the zeta potential of some of the pigment particles. The charge levels of the particles can range from highly charged to uncharged. The use of a polymer coated surface to control the surface zeta potential of a particle is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,690,749, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

The material of the particles may be an inorganic pigment such as TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , ZnO, Al ₂ O ₃ , Cl pigment or the like (for example, manganese ferrite black spinel or copper chromite black spinel) stone). The materials may also be organic pigments such as phthalocyanine blue, phthalocyanine, diarylate yellow, diarylate AAOT yellow, and quinacridone, azo, rose from Sun Chemical. Red and enamel pigment series, Hansa Yellow G particles from Kanto Chemical and carbon black from Fisher.

The different color pigment particles are dispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture. In one embodiment, the pigment particles are preferably dispersed in a clear solvent or solvent mixture.

The solvent or solvent mixture can be colorless. When a colorant is added to the solvent, the solvent may also be colored. The solvent medium can also absorb, scatter or reflect light.

The solvent or solvent mixture in which the pigment particles are dispersed may be polar or non-polar. To achieve high particle mobility, the solvent or solvent mixture preferably has a low viscosity and a dielectric constant in the range of from about 2 to about 30, preferably from about 2 to about 15. Examples of suitable dielectric solvents include: hydrocarbons such as isoparaffin, decahydronaphthalene (DECALIN), 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, fatty oils, paraffinic oils; Aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, phenyldimethylphenylethane, dodecylbenzene and alkylnaphthalene; halogenated solvents such as perfluorodecalin, perfluorotoluene, perfluoroxylene, two Chlorobenzotrifluoride, 3,4,5-trichlorobenzotrifluoride, chloropentafluoro-benzene, dichlorodecane, pentachlorobenzene; and perfluorinated solvents such as FC from 3M Company, St. Paul MN 43, FC-70 and FC-5060, low molecular weight halogen-containing polymers such as poly(perfluoropropene oxide), poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) from TCI America, Portland, Oregon (eg from Halocarbon Product Corp) .River Edge, a halocarbon oil of NJ), a perfluoropolyalkyl ether (such as Galden from Ausimont or Krytox oil from Grecons and Duss from Germany, and Greases K-Fluid series, polydimethylene from Dow-corning) An anthraquinone oil (DC-200). The solvent or solvent mixture can be colored by a dye or pigment.

It should also be noted that the different color particles may be dispersed in a gaseous medium, such as dispersed in a dry powder electrophoretic display. In other words, the display fluid can also be in a gaseous state.

In addition to the pigment particles, the display fluid may also contain one or more additives such as charge control agents, polymeric additives, liquid crystal additives, nanoparticles, nanowires or nanotubes.

The common electrode (103) is typically a transparent electrode layer (e.g., ITO) that extends throughout the entire top of the display device. The first layer (101) may also contain more than one common electrode.

Figure 1b depicts a plan view from the side of the second layer (102). In the particular embodiment shown, the pair of pixel electrodes (104a and 104b) together substantially cover the entire display fluid region (105), but the pixel electrodes are preferably not Cover any partition wall area (107). The two pixel electrodes may have the same size or different sizes.

The gap between the two pixel electrodes is in the micrometer range. However, the two pixel electrodes cannot be too close to each other, which may cause a short circuit because they are too close. It should also be noted that in some figures, the gap between the pixel electrodes is exaggerated for clarity.

The pair of pixel electrodes in Figure 1b are shown to have a rectangular shape. However, the shape and size of the pixel electrodes may vary as long as the pixel electrodes provide the desired function. For example, the pixel electrodes can be rectangular, zigzag, hexagonal, square, circular, or triangular. Figures 1c through 1g provide some examples of pixel electrodes of other shapes and sizes.

The pixel electrodes on the second layer (102) may be active matrix or passive matrix drive electrodes or other types of electrodes as long as the electrodes provide the desired function.

this invention

One of the unique features of the driving method of the present invention is that the method has at least two independent electric fields to drive the pigment particles laterally or vertically. The independent electric fields can change the charge level of the particles, the relative positions between the particles, and the relative positions between the particles and the boundaries of the display unit simultaneously or sequentially.

In Figure 2a, there are two independent electric fields, one in the X direction and the other in the Z direction. The X-direction field (hereinafter "X-field") allows the particles to move from one pixel electrode (22a) to another pixel electrode (22b) or from one pixel electrode (22b) to one pixel electrode (22a) in a lateral direction. The Z-direction field (hereinafter "Z-field") allows particles to move between the common electrode (21) and the pixel electrode (22a or 22b) in a vertical manner. Therefore, the X field is generated by applying a voltage potential difference (ΔV _x ) between the pixel electrodes (22a and 22b), and the Z field is between the common electrode (21) and the pixel electrode (22a) and/or Or a voltage potential difference (ΔV _z ) is applied between the common electrode (21) and the pixel electrode (22b).

In the case of the present invention, when there is more than one voltage potential difference in the same direction, the plurality of voltage potential differences are collectively referred to as the electric field in the direction.

Therefore, in Fig. 2a, there are two possible ΔV _z (one between the common electrode 21 and the pixel electrode 22a and the other between the common electrode 21 and the pixel electrode 22b). The two voltage potential differences ΔV in the Z direction are collectively referred to as a Z electric field.

In Figure 2b, there are three independent electric fields, one in the X direction, one in the Y direction, and one in the Z direction. The X field allows particles to move between the pixel electrode (22a) and the pixel electrode (22b) or between the pixel electrode (22c) and the pixel electrode (22d). This electric field is generated by applying a voltage potential difference (ΔV _x ) between the two pixel electrodes (22a and 22b or 22c and 22d). The Y direction field (hereinafter "Y field") allows particles to move between the pixel electrode (22a) and the pixel electrode (22c) or between the pixel electrode (22b) and the pixel electrode (22d). The Y field is thus produced by applying a voltage potential difference (ΔV _y ) between the two electrodes in each set. The Z field allows the particles to move between the common electrode (21) and the pixel electrode (22a, 22b, 22c or 22d) in a vertical manner, so that the Z field is in the common electrode (21) and the pixel electrode (22a-22d) A voltage potential difference (ΔV _z ) is applied between any one or more of them.

In Fig. 2b, there are two voltage potential differences in the X direction (one between the pixel electrode 22a and the pixel electrode 22b and the other between the pixel electrode 22c and the pixel electrode 22d). The two voltage potential differences are collectively referred to as an X electric field.

Similarly, the two voltage potential differences ΔV _y (one between the pixel electrode 22a and the pixel electrode 22c and the other between the pixel electrode 22b and the pixel electrode 22d) are collectively referred to as a Y electric field. Further, the four voltage potential differences ΔV _{z are} collectively referred to as a Z electric field.

In Fig. 2c, in addition to the three fields illustrated in Fig. 2b, there is an additional electric field between the second common electrode (23) and the pixel electrodes (22a-22d), which can be expressed as combining two independent electric fields. Vector of (ΔV _x + ΔV _z ) (ΔV _xz ).

It should be noted that the direction of the electric field is based on the direction of the voltage potential difference, which is not necessarily the direction of movement of the particles. For example, in Figure 1e, +15 V is applied to one pixel electrode and -15 V is applied to the other pixel electrode, thus an electric field is generated in the X direction and another electric field is generated in the Y direction.

Therefore, as shown, the pixel electrodes in FIGS. 1d, 1e, 1f, and 1g can potentially generate three independent electric fields in the X direction, the Y direction, and the Z direction, and the operation of the electric fields can be similar to the figure. The operation presented in 2b based on the configuration of Figure 1c.

Using a display fluid comprising black and white particles dispersed in a colored medium (eg, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, or yellow) as an example, the steps of the driving method of the present invention are illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 in.

In one of the steps (see Figure 3), an X field and/or a Y field is generated to laterally move the two types of particles such that the particles can be stacked as shown. In Figure 3a, some of the white particles are above the black particles and in this case the brightness is enhanced. In Figure 3b, some of the black particles are above the white particles, which makes the colors look darker. The degree of tightness of the two types of particles and the manner in which the particles are stacked depends on the voltage potential difference (ΔV _x and / or ΔV _y ) applied in the two independent electric fields and also depends on the length of time over which the potential difference is applied. By applying different voltage potentials and different lengths of time, the degree of mixing can be varied to reveal different gray levels.

Figures 3c and 3d illustrate an alternative scenario in which one type of pigment particle is on top of another type of pigment particle. Desirably, the pigment particles are configured in the manner shown in Figures 3a and 3b. However, in practice, configurations as shown in Figures 3c and 3d are also possible.

Figure 4 illustrates the steps involved in the vertical drive of the current method. As shown, when a voltage potential difference (ΔV _z ) is applied, two types of particles can move between the common electrode and the pixel electrode. The end position of the particles may depend on the (equal) length of time of the applied voltage potential difference and the applied voltage potential difference. Vertical driving can primarily affect color saturation (i.e., color intensity) when the particles are dispersed in a colored solvent or solvent mixture. By varying the position of the particles vertically, the depth of external light that can pass through the colored medium can be varied. As a result, the displayed color saturation can be adjusted.

Figures 4a and 4b show the same stack of particles with more white particles above the black particles. However, because in Figure 4b any external light may have to travel deeper into the colored medium to reach the stack of particles, the color shown in Figure 4b may be more saturated than the color in Figure 4a.

In one embodiment of the method of the invention, the two types of particles of the contrasting color have the same polarity but different threshold values. In this case, lateral mixing of the different color particles can be achieved by applying a voltage that is higher than the critical value of one type of particle but lower than the critical value of the other type of particle. The applied voltage can cause particles with lower thresholds to move, resulting in a desired gray level.

The vertical movement of the different color particles can then be achieved by applying a voltage that is higher than the critical values of the two types of particles. The applied voltage can then move both types of particles in the same direction without changing the relative positions of the particles. In this case, the gray scale achieved from the lateral mixing step can be maintained. However, the vertical depth of the stack of particles can be varied as shown in Figures 4a and 4b, and as a result, varying degrees of color saturation can be observed.

In another embodiment, the two types of pigment particles can have different polarities and different degrees of mobility. In this case, a voltage can be applied to cause lateral mixing of the particles. For vertical movement of particles, the gray scale can be shifted when a voltage is applied because the particles have different degrees of mobility. However, the expected degree of shift can be compensated for before the vertical shift step. For example, in order to achieve a desired color state with a brightness of 30 L* after the vertical movement step, and if there is a loss of 5 L* in the brightness during the vertical movement, the target brightness after the lateral mixing should be 35 L*. In this case, the deviation of -5L* during the vertical movement has been previously added in the lateral mixing step. As a result, a desired brightness of 30 L* can be achieved at the end of the driving step. In addition, deviations from other optical properties, such as hue or saturation, can also be compensated for by the same concept.

In the context of the present invention, "driving step" is intended to refer to the step of applying a voltage potential difference (e.g., in the form of a waveform) to move the particles to their desired destination.

Before or after the driving step, in the driving step of the present invention, there are optional optional "renew", "jitter" or "precharge" steps. These steps are beneficial, but not always necessary. For example, the purpose of the new step is to facilitate erasing the previous image and also to randomly redistribute the particles. The purpose of the "jitter" step is to mix and/or package particles to modify the optical properties of the particle mixture. The effective charge or mobility of the particles can be increased by the "precharge" step.

Figures 5a through 5d show four sample waveforms, each of which can be used for any of the "renew", "jitter" or "precharge" steps. The sample waveforms can also be used in the driving step under either of the independent electric fields.

In practice, for a particular electric field (X, Y or Z), one or more of the following four steps may exist: renew, precharge, dither or actual drive. These steps can be performed in any order.

It should be noted that no steps may be taken at all in a particular field. However, there must be at least one driving step among the electric fields. For example, in Figures 6a, 6b and 6d, the driving step occurs only in the Z field, and in Figure 6c, the driving field appears in all three fields. Of course, the driving step may also occur only in the X or Y field or in either of the two fields.

Additionally, in a particular field, a particular step (i.e., jitter, regeneration, pre-charge, or drive) can be repeated using the same or different waveforms.

Although not explicitly shown, the time axes (t _x , t _{y ,} and t _z ) of the three fields in each of Figures 6a through 6d are virtually independent of each other. For example, in Figure 6a, the renewing step in the X field, the precharging step in the Y field, and the precharging step in the Z field need not occur at the same point in time or near the same point in time. These steps can occur simultaneously or sequentially. In fact, all the steps in one field may be completed before the first step in the other field begins.

In one embodiment, each of the independent electric fields is preferably charge neutralized. In other words, the value of the voltage potential difference applied in an independent electric field (ΔV) integrated over a period of time (Δt) is substantially 0 Vsec, preferably less than 1 Vsec. For example, in the X field, the applied voltage potential difference (for the driving step and other optional steps) is integrated over a period of time (Δt _x ) by a value ΔV _{x of} substantially 0 Vsec, preferably less than 1 Vsec. This can also be applied to the Y electric field and the Z electric field.

Therefore, the following applies:

(1) a voltage potential difference imposed by the previous period (Δt _x) the sum of the integral of the value ΔV _x and the integral of the previous period (Δt _y) voltage potential difference (2) imposed by ΔV _y of substantially 0 Vsec Preferably less than 2 Vsec.

The sum of the integral of the value of ΔV _z of the upper (1) voltage potential difference imposed by a period (Δt _y) integrating the value of ΔV _y and (2) the voltage potential difference imposed by a period (Δt _z) is substantially 0 Vsec Preferably less than 2 Vsec.

(1) a voltage potential difference imposed by the previous period (Δt _x) the sum of the integral of the value ΔV _x and integral sum over a period of time (Δt _z) the voltage potential difference (2) imposed by ΔV _z of substantially 0 Vsec Preferably less than 2 Vsec.

(1) The applied voltage potential difference is integrated over a period of time (Δt _x ) ΔV _x , (2) The applied voltage potential difference is integrated over a period of time (Δt _y ) ΔV _y and (3) The sum of the applied voltage potential differences over a period of time (Δt _z ) is ΔV _z which is substantially 0 Vsec, preferably less than 3 Vsec.

The driving method of the present invention can also be applied to a multi-color display device because the method can individually tune the brightness and saturation of the color displayed by the display device. If the display fluid contains two types of particles (white and red) dispersed in a black solvent, the driving step in the X field and the Y field can move one type of particle above or below the other type of particle, as shown in the figure. 3a to 3d are shown. When more red particles are above the white particles, they show a higher intensity of red, and when more white particles are above the red particles, they will appear a pale red. The color saturation can also be adjusted when combined with the Z field drive shown in Figures 4a and 4b. For example, if more red particles move up the stack of red and white particles above the white particles, the red color may not be as dark as if the red particles were moving downward in the same stack of particles.

As mentioned, the particles can have any color in the display device. However, one type of particle is preferred for white. The solvent can also have any color.

The magnitude of the electric field generated in accordance with the present invention can range from about 0.01 V/μm to about 100 V/μm. The individual electric fields can have the same or different magnitudes.

The driving method of the present invention can be carried out under various conditions (for example, 1% to 90% relative humidity and/or -50 ° C to 150 ° C).

The total drive time for the method can vary, but it is expected that the drive can be completed in about 1 millisecond to a few minutes. During driving, the relative vertical or lateral position of the particles can be changed, which means that individual particles can be in different directions and / Or move at different speeds. Individual particles may also move at the same speed and/or in the same direction.

While the invention has been described with respect to the specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation, material, composition, process, or process steps to the subject matter, spirit and scope of the invention. All such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the appended claims.

21‧‧‧Common electrode

22a‧‧‧pixel electrode

22b‧‧‧pixel electrode

22c‧‧‧pixel electrode

22d‧‧‧pixel electrode

23‧‧‧Second common electrode

100‧‧‧ display unit

101‧‧‧ first floor

102‧‧‧ second floor

103‧‧‧Common electrode

104a‧‧‧pixel electrode

104b‧‧‧pixel electrode

105‧‧‧Show fluid

106a‧‧‧Pigment particles

106b‧‧‧Pigment particles

107‧‧‧ partition wall

X‧‧‧ direction

Y‧‧‧ direction

Z‧‧‧ direction

△Vx‧‧‧voltage potential difference

△Vy‧‧‧voltage potential difference

△Vz‧‧‧Voltage potential difference

Figure 1a depicts a cross-sectional view of a display device.

Figures 1b to 1g illustrate different configurations of pixel electrodes.

Figures 2a through 2c show how the electric field can be operated by the driving method of the present invention.

Figures 3a through 3d illustrate how the color brightness of a display device can be adjusted by the driving method of the present invention.

Figures 4a and 4b illustrate how the color saturation of the display device can be adjusted by the driving method of the present invention.

Figures 5a through 5d show sample drive waveforms.

Figures 6a through 6d show examples of the driving method of the present invention.

twenty one. . . Common electrode

22a. . . Pixel electrode

22b. . . Pixel electrode

ΔVx. . . Voltage potential difference

ΔVz. . . Voltage potential difference

Claims (23)

A driving method for an electrophoretic display, wherein the display comprises a display unit layer including a display unit, and each display unit is filled with an electrophoretic fluid containing at least two types of different colors dispersed in a solvent or a solvent mixture Pigment particles, the method comprising simultaneously: i) applying a voltage potential difference (ΔV _x ) between the electric fields between the pixel electrodes in the X direction; ii) applying a voltage potential difference (ΔV _y ) between the electric fields between the pixel electrodes in the Y direction And iii) applying a voltage potential difference (ΔV _z ) to the electric field between the common electrode and the pixel electrode in the Z direction. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying one or more of a renewing, dithering or pre-charging step in any one or more of the electric fields. The method of claim 1, wherein the value of the integral ΔVx over a period of time (Δtx) is less than 1 Vsec. The method of claim 1, wherein the integral value ΔVy over a period of time (Δty) is less than 1 Vsec. The method of claim 1, wherein the integral value ΔVz over a period of time (Δtz) is less than 1 Vsec. The method according to Claim 1 patentable scope, wherein in a period (△ t _x) of the integral value of △ V _x and the value of the integral sum of △ V _y is less than 2Vsec over a period (△ t _y). The method according to Claim 1 patentable scope, the integration of which over a period of time (△ t _y) and the value of △ V _y (△ t _z) of the sum V _z of the integral value of △ in a period of less than 2Vsec. The method according to Claim 1 patentable scope, wherein in a period (△ t _x) of the integral value of △ V _x and the value of the integral sum of △ V _z is less than in a 2Vsec period (△ t _z). The application method of Paragraph 1 patentable scope of which over a period of time (△ t _x) the integral of the value of △ V _x, over a period of time (△ t _y) the integral of the value of △ V _y and a time period (△ t _z The sum of the upper integral values ΔV _z is less than 3Vsec. The method of claim 1, wherein the electric field in the X direction and the Y direction causes the pigment particles to move laterally and the electric field in the Z direction causes the pigment particles to move vertically. The method of claim 1, wherein there are two types of pigment particles, black and white, respectively, which are dispersed in a clear solvent or a solvent mixture. The method of claim 11, wherein the solvent or solvent mixture is colorless. The method of claim 11, wherein the solvent or solvent mixture is colored. The method of claim 11, wherein the solvent or solvent mixture is red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow or a mixture thereof. For example, in the method of claim 1, there are two types of pigment particles, one of which is white and the other type of pigment particles are red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow or Its mixed color. The method of claim 15, wherein the two types of pigment particles are dispersed in a black solvent or a solvent mixture. The method of claim 1, wherein the solvent or solvent mixture and the pigment particles have different colors. The method of claim 1, wherein the pigment particles have the same charge polarity or different charge polarities. The method of claim 1, wherein the pigment particles have the same critical value or different critical values. The method of claim 1, wherein the pigment particles have the same degree of mobility or different degrees of mobility. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrophoretic fluid further comprises a charge control agent, a polymerization additive, a liquid crystal additive, a nanoparticle, a nanowire or a nanotube. The method of claim 1, wherein the pixel electrodes are rectangular, zigzag, hexagonal, square, circular or triangular in shape. The method of claim 1, wherein the pixel electrodes have the same size or different sizes.