417114 Α7 ___ Β7 五、發明説明（） 本發明關於一種核子反應器用的控制元件’具有一個 吸收物及至少一個用於容納該吸收物的內及外吸收物包容 件。 「控制元件」一詞’此處很廣泛地指蒸發水（ Siedewasser)反應器與加壓水反應器用的控制元件及控制 棒，它們係調節反應功率所需者，且須能確實地把反應器 從任何操作狀態OFF掉。這些控制元件放入燃燒元件或核 子燃燒棒（燃料棒）之內或之間，以將中子吸收並藉此控 制連鎖反應。 在蒸發水反應器的場合，舉例而言，控制元件在很大 的功率範圍中下降到燃燒元件中，且下降距離長到使得在 一次核分裂時釋出的中子在介質中每一個中子準確地再誘 發另一次核分裂。 如果控制元件要對於約40年的反應器操作使用壽命做 應用，則它們須可受一定中子流的負荷，而不會使控制元 件的效率比起原先既有的效率減少到10%以上。 經濟部智慧財產局貝工消费合作社印製 . n 訂 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 此外，這些元件必須有助於實現超級的保護目的，得 到屏障（Bamer)完整性，以防止放射活性物從核子反應 器冷却系統釋出。 人們已發現，控制元件以及（特別是）吸收物包容件 (它們容納吸收物）係屬於消耗性材料，因爲吸收物材料 受到中子侵入而大大地膨脹，且會造成吸收物包容件的機 械性損壞，且隨後的吸收物材料會被洗出（Auswaschang) 。如果這種控制元件還在使用，則會造成核心中局部功率 本紙張尺度適用中國國家榇準（CNS ) A4規格（210X297公釐） u hi __B7_ 五、發明説明（） 密度分佈提高，且在一定前提之下，除了氤（Tritium)會 釋出到生物層（Biosphere)處，甚至還會造成燃料棒損壞 。然而利用預設的反應器幾何性質，特別是利用在蒸發水 反應器的場合燃燒元件箱之間的自由水縫隙的幾何性質、 以及利用在加壓水反應器的場合控制棒導引管的幾何性質 ，要對於控制元件使用壽命作適當配合及最佳化，所能做 到的很有限。已有人嘗試藉著選擇吸收物包容件材料以及 藉吸收物包容件的壁厚使吸收物包容件及控制元件使用壽 命儘量長。但這種嘗試的結果却是有限。 在德專利DE 30 03844發表了一種上述類的控制元件 。在此將內管插入一容納孔中，內管容納著該吸收物，依 德專利DE 41 38 030 A1，係提議在控制棒中設縱向延伸的 流道，脹大的材料可在該流道中擴張。 經濟部智慈財產局員工消費合作社印«. ^^1- m i —^ϋ I i I -- ^^^1 - i -- I t (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 其他控制元件的例子見於歐洲專利EP 0143,661，美專 利US 4,861，544及US 4,929,412。舉例而言，控制元件，特 別是加壓水反應器用的控制元件也在“Design of Siemens controll assemblies for pressurized water reactor and operational experience" L. Heins, W. Dambietz 與 Η. P. Fuchs 在「核子工程」57 ( 1992 ) No_ 2, 84 〜89 頁（Carl Hanser 出版，慕尼黑）中提到，這種控制元件的另一文獻見於“ ABB Control rods” G. Vesterlund 等人在「核子工程」57 ( 1992) No. 2, 105 〜106 頁（Carl Hanser 出版，慕尼黑）。 本發明的目的在於提供一種上述種類的控制元件，它 可承受特別高的局部相對燃燒。 ___4___ 本紙張尺度適用令國國家標準（CNS ) A4規格（210X297公釐） 1 417114 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 A7 ____B7_ 五、發明説明（） 本發明的目的係利用申請專利範圍第1項的特點達成 。本發明有利的進一步特色見於申請專利範圍副項。 依本發明一重要基本構想，該吸收物包容件有一限制 裝置，該限制裝置大致設在吸收物包容件的內部，該限制 裝置設在一個鄰界到吸收物的起始位置中，因此形成一種 機械式阻力以供吸收物用，且該限制裝置在吸收物膨脹時 可從該起始位置拿掉。如此總共造成一種吸收物包容件， 它利用一股反作用壓力防止吸收物失控地很快地膨脹的情 事，但該限制裝置在達一定膨脹時就不再將該膨脹的吸收 物保持定位且會降服。如此，該限制裝置可從起始位置脫 離，其脫離的方式使它斷裂或破壞，或在受控制之下向外 導進’並再構成一種機械式阻力以供該吸收物之用。因此 「可拿掉」一詞意義，係指該限制裝置係實際上在空間上 係從起始位置離開，並藉著斷裂或其他方式的部分破壞而 失去了其直接限制的功能以及將壓力向內施的功能，但其 餘部分之本體則留在起始位置。如此所造成的控制元件可 用一種近乎100%的局部相對燃燒作用施加其上，而不會 有燃燒之吸收物材料進入核子反應器冷却劑中的情事。 爲此，依本發明設有至少三個吸收物包容件，其中， 在互相套合的吸收物包容件之間設有預定的間隔，因此各 個吸收物包容件在該吸收物膨脹時，可從起始位置脫離， 並形成一股對於吸收物的機械阻力。 外吸收物包容件構成外側之剛性函殼，_.面..內吸收物包 容件先鄰界到該吸收物上，並對脹大的吸收物施一阻力。 0 ._5______ 本紙張尺度適用中國國家橾準（CNS ) Μ規格（IM0X297公釐） (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 裝. 訂 Τ 4 t 7 Π 4 A7 B7 經濟部智慧財產局員工消资合作社印製 五、發明説明（） 但在一定壓力時’此內側之吸收物包容破裂，因此該吸收 物可繼續沿著外側吸收物包容件的方向膨脹。內側之吸收 物包容件舉例而言，也可構成一個半圓，該半圓接到該外 側之吸收物包容件。 依本發明設有三個或更多之互相套合的吸收物包容件 ，因爲用這種方式可對於脹大的吸收物以分段式以及可預 設的方式將數個阻力物作用其上，這些阻力物先後降服破 壞，且依此方式，可使該控制元件有特別長的使用壽命， 其中該吸收物材料可完全燃燒掉。在這些互相套合的吸收 物之間設有一段預定間隔，因此在內側之吸收物包容件可 破裂，或依其他方式破壞，而其後的外側吸收物包容件暫 不受損。此預定間隔依一直到所用材料破壞爲止的有效潛 變（Kriech)變形e而定而求出，與此該吸收物包含物在破 裂之前，最先還在預定間隔內時可在吸收物材料的壓力下 膨脹。特佳的方式係將吸收物包容件設計成使外側之吸收 物包容件完全地圍住內側之吸收物包容件。因此這是數個 互相套合的吸收物包容件，它們先將從內向外膨脹的吸收 物施一股壓力，然後對此壓力降服並破裂，然後，隨後的 吸收物包容物對該繼續膨脹的吸收物施一股機械壓力，且 有效防止該吸收物失控地脹大。特別有利的方式，係將該 吸收物包容件設計成套管形式，因爲這種套管已可找到現 貨且可參考其技術經驗及類型。因此，依本發明可設有數 個互相套合的空心管，它們可以互相推入套合，且其直徑 大不相同，使得個別套管之間留有一段預定間隔，因此內 6 (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本瓦)417114 Α7 ___ B7 5. Description of the invention () The present invention relates to a control element for a nuclear reactor 'having an absorbent and at least one inner and outer absorbent containing member for containing the absorbent. The term "control element" here refers very broadly to the control elements and control rods used in Siedewasser reactors and pressurized water reactors. They are required to adjust the reaction power and must be able to reliably turn the reactor OFF from any operating state. These control elements are placed inside or between a combustion element or a nuclear combustion rod (fuel rod) to absorb neutrons and thereby control the chain reaction. In the case of an evaporative water reactor, for example, the control element descends into the combustion element over a large power range, and the fall distance is so long that the neutrons released during a nuclear split are accurate for each neutron in the medium Earth induces another mitosis. If the control elements are to be used for a reactor operating life of about 40 years, they must be able to withstand a certain neutron flow load without reducing the control element's efficiency to more than 10% compared to the existing efficiency. Printed by the Shelley Consumer Cooperative of the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs. Order (please read the notes on the back before filling this page) In addition, these components must help achieve super protection purposes, get the integrity of the barrier (Bamer), and Prevents release of radioactive species from the nuclear reactor cooling system. It has been found that control elements and (especially) absorbent containment members (they contain absorbents) are consumable materials because the absorbent material is greatly expanded by neutron invasion, and the mechanical properties of the absorbent containment member are caused. Damage and subsequent absorption of the absorbent material (Auswaschang). If this kind of control element is still in use, it will cause local power in the core. The paper size is applicable to the Chinese National Standard (CNS) A4 specification (210X297 mm) u hi __B7_ V. Description of the invention () The density distribution is increased, Under the premise, in addition to Tritium being released to the Biosphere, it may even cause damage to the fuel rod. However, the geometry of the preset reactor is used, especially the geometry of the free water gap between the combustion element boxes in the case of the evaporation water reactor, and the geometry of the control rod guide pipe in the case of the pressurized water reactor. The nature, to properly cooperate and optimize the service life of control components, can only be limited. Attempts have been made to make the absorbent container and the control element as long as possible by selecting the material of the absorbent container and the wall thickness of the absorbent container. But the results of this attempt have been limited. German patent DE 30 03844 discloses a control element of the aforementioned kind. Here, the inner tube is inserted into a receiving hole, and the inner tube contains the absorbent. According to DE 41 38 030 A1, it is proposed to provide a longitudinally extending flow channel in the control rod, and the expanded material can be in the flow channel. expansion. ^^ 1-mi — ^ ϋ I i I-^^^ 1-i-I t (Please read the notes on the back before filling this page) Other controls Examples of components are found in European patent EP 0143,661, US patents US 4,861,544 and US 4,929,412. For example, control elements, especially those for pressurized water reactors, are also in the "Design of Siemens controll assemblies for pressurized water reactor and operational experience" L. Heins, W. Dambietz and P. F. Fuchs in "Nuclear Engineering "57 (1992) No_ 2, pages 84 to 89 (Carl Hanser, Munich). Another reference for this type of control element is found in" ABB Control rods "G. Vesterlund et al. In" Nuclear Engineering "57 (1992 ) No. 2, 105 to 106 (published by Carl Hanser, Munich). It is an object of the present invention to provide a control element of the aforementioned kind which can withstand particularly high local relative combustion. ___4___ This paper size applies the national standard (CNS) A4 specification (210X297 mm) 1 417114 Printed by the Consumers ’Cooperative of the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs A7 ____B7_ 5. Description of the invention () The purpose of this invention is to use the first scope of the patent application The characteristics of the item were reached. Further advantageous features of the present invention are found in the sub-item of the scope of patent application. According to an important basic idea of the present invention, the absorbent containing member has a restricting device. The restricting device is disposed substantially inside the absorbent containing member. The restricting device is disposed in a neighborhood to the starting position of the absorbent, thus forming a kind of Mechanical resistance is provided for the absorbent, and the restriction device can be removed from the starting position when the absorbent expands. A total of an absorbent containing member is thus created, which uses a reaction pressure to prevent the absorbent from rapidly expanding uncontrollably, but the limiting device no longer keeps the expanded absorbent in place and will surrender when it reaches a certain expansion. . In this way, the restraining device can be disengaged from the starting position in such a way that it breaks or breaks, or is guided outwardly under control 'and constitutes a mechanical resistance for the absorbent. Therefore, the meaning of "can be removed" refers to the fact that the restriction device is physically separated from the starting position in space, and has lost its function of direct restriction by breaking or other means of partial destruction and redirecting pressure. Internal function, but the rest of the body remains in the starting position. The control element thus created can be applied to it with a local relative combustion effect of almost 100% without the burning absorbent material entering the nuclear reactor coolant. To this end, at least three absorbent containing members are provided according to the present invention, wherein a predetermined interval is provided between the mutually-absorbed absorbent containing members, so that each absorbent containing member can be removed from the absorbent member when the absorbent expands. The starting position disengages and forms a mechanical resistance to the absorbent. The outer absorbent containing member constitutes a rigid outer shell, and the _.surface .. inner absorbent containing member is first adjacent to the absorbent and exerts resistance on the swollen absorbent. 0 ._5 ______ This paper size is applicable to China National Standards (CNS) M specifications (IM0X297 mm) (Please read the notes on the back before filling this page) Binding. Order Τ 4 t 7 Π 4 A7 B7 Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs Printed by the employee's consumer cooperative. V. Description of the invention () But under certain pressure, 'the inside absorbent container ruptures, so the absorbent can continue to expand along the direction of the outer absorbent container. The inner absorbent container may, for example, form a semicircle which is connected to the outer absorbent container. According to the present invention, three or more absorbent container members are provided, because in this way, a plurality of resistances can be applied to the swollen absorbent in a segmented and preset manner, These resistance objects successively surrender and destroy, and in this way, the control element can have a particularly long service life, in which the absorbent material can be completely burned out. A predetermined interval is provided between these nested absorbents, so that the absorbent container on the inner side can be broken or otherwise broken, and the subsequent outer absorbent container is not damaged for the time being. This predetermined interval is determined based on the effective creep deformation e until the used material is destroyed. Before this absorbent inclusion breaks, the absorbent material can be Swell under pressure. A particularly preferred method is to design the absorbent container so that the outer absorbent container completely surrounds the inner absorbent container. So here are several absorbent containment elements that fit together. They first apply a pressure from the absorbent that expands from the inside to the outside, and then the pressure drops and ruptures. The absorbent exerts a mechanical pressure, and effectively prevents the absorbent from expanding uncontrollably. A particularly advantageous method is to design the absorbent containing member in the form of a sleeve, because such sleeves can already be found in stock and can refer to their technical experience and type. Therefore, according to the present invention, a plurality of hollow tubes can be provided, which can be pushed into each other, and their diameters are greatly different, so that a predetermined interval is left between individual sleeves, so the inner 6 (please read first (Notes on the back then fill out this tile)
本紙張尺度逋用中國國家橾隼（CNS )八4说格（2!〇X297公釐） A7 B7 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印¾ 五、發明説明（） 側之套管可在該膨脹的吸收物的壓力下一直膨脹到破裂爲 止，而不會因此使下一個套管受損壞。 如不採此方式，在理論上也可考慮，將該限制裝置由 一彈性耐熱的材料構成，此材料從內側設在外側的套管上 (該套管構成吸收物包容件）。這種材料最先也將一股壓 力施到該脹大的吸收物上，但隨後在該吸收物越來越大的 壓力下降服並向外壓。另一種可能方式，係將該限制裝置 設計成可用機械方式運動，因此，舉例而言，該限制裝置 由可移動之半殻構成，該半殼利用機械式元件（例如彈簧 或其他彈性的中間件）向吸收物頂壓，且在吸收物的壓力 下從起始位置離開且可向外頂壓。 在本發明一種較佳設計中，內側之吸收物包容件或限 制裝置的尺寸使內側吸收物包容件適合容納預設之燒結的 吸收物錠粒。如不採此方式，也可使用粉狀的吸收物。較 佳之吸收物爲B4C。B4C有良好之作用橫截面以供中子侵入 ，特別是供熱中子侵入，但一如所有習知的吸收物，會受 中子誘發而大大地脹大，這種脹大作用在長期會使吸收物 包容件破壞，另一種可使用的吸收物的例子爲AglnCd或一 種含硼的材料（它富含同位素圯，。 特別好的做法，是把B4C以少於70% (特別是少於60 %)的理論密度使用，因爲用此方式首先可避免吸收物脹 大，且該使用材料可達特高的燃燒率。總之，在將B4C起 始密度作最佳化時要注意，該吸收物一直達到目標之燃燒 率時，仍有足夠的Bu)原子，以能保持此效率的標準。 - —_____7_ 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS ) A4規格（210 X 297公釐） (請先閲讀背面之注-ΐ-$項再填寫本頁) 裝· 訂 •ψ-. ^ΠΗ4 A7 B7 五、發明説明（） 套管宜設計成使它們由數個部分件構成，其中該套管 的部分件的尺寸，使得相鄰套管的部分件（特別是它們的 碰觸面）互相偏離，而可較容易操作，且這些部分件（或 者至少其中最先使用的那個部分件）之不同尺寸，使得相 鄰套管之碰觸面不會直接相鄰，且依此方式可造成一個脆 弱位置^ 這種控制元件可用在蒸發水反應器及加壓水反應器中 。在蒸發水反應器中，該控制元件一般由四個排成十字形 的翼片構成，這些翼片有多達二十一個吸收物包容件，做 成套管形式。反之，對於加壓水反應器，一般使用號稱「 控制棒」的控制元件，它們從上移行到核心中。基本上， 本發明的控制元件可用於所有種類之使用這種吸收物的核 子反應器。 利用本發明的控制元件，可將吸收物的膨脹作用分段 逐步吸收，而不會使外側吸收物包容件同時失效，俾使整 個控制元件能用得更久，且在理想的情形中，在中子流最 大値的位置處，幾乎全部吸收材料都會利用。模型計算顯 示出，利用本發明的控制元件，可在使用B4C時達到90〜 100%間之吸收物燃燒率，且實際上以有利方式達到100% 〇 以下利用圖式中所示之實施例說明本發明。圖式中： 第一圖係在一蒸發水反應器中之核子室的示意圖， 第二圖係一控制元件的上視圖， 第三圖係經一本發明控制元件的一個吸收物包容彳牛的 __________5___—^ 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS ) Λ4規格（210X297公釐） (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 訂 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 i 17 B7 五、發明説明（） 橫截面圖， 第四圖係一坐標圖，用於表示在洗出作用開始時一種 標準控制元件的「臨界」局部燃燒率分佈。 第五圖係一坐標圖’用於示意表示—本發明控制元件 的燃燒率分佈。 第六圖係一坐標圖’用於說明所能達到的燃燒率。 〔圖號說明〕 ⑴ 控制元件 ⑵ 燃燒元件箱(2) (3) 燃燒元件 (4) 上核心柵 (5) 下核心柵 (6) 翼片 (7) 吸收物包容件 (8) 吸收物 (10)〜（13) 套管 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 hi· - rt _ _ _ _ I ____—丁 0¾. 、vs (請先閣讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁〕 在第一圖中用示意圖表示一蒸發水反應器的核子電池 〔它具有四個燃燒元件(3)，它們包含燃燒元件箱(2)〕及一 個控制元件(1)。燃燒元件箱(2)各圍住一燃燒元件(3)，該箱 排列成一方形，其中，在個別的燃燒元件件箱(2)之間留有 一縫隙，因此一個十字形控制元件（1)可在這些燃燒元件之 間移動。燃燒元件箱之間有~自由之水縫隙。燃燒元件箱 ⑵利用一上方之核心柵⑷及一下方核心柵(5)保持住。控制 元件(1)有多數吸收物包容件(7)，該包容件充以一種吸收物 ------2_ 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標孪（CMS ) A4規格（210x297公釐） ί 417114 Α7 Β7 五、發明説明（） (8)，且各依需要在燃燒元件箱(2)中下降或拉上，因此可維 持受控制的連鎖反應（1 )。此控制元件（1)設成使 它在需要的情形可完全下降，因此連鎖反應可從各種任何 情況立刻停止來。 第二圖中顯示一控制元件（1)的上視剖面圖〔例如在一 種蒸發水反應器中所用的控制元件〕。此控制元件（1)有四 個翼片(6)，排列成十字形，它們有多達21個之充以碳化 硼（B4C)粉的吸收物包容件(7)。B4C由於其有利之物理及 技術上的性質，故適宜用於做中子吸收物。吸收物包含件 (7)有一金屬片函殼，它可確保機械性的完整性。吸收物包 容件(7)爲控制元件（1)的一種基本構件，因爲它們不同於原 來的假設，可以不必用到反應器的整段使用壽命爲止，而 須視爲消耗性材料。在少許幾次操作週期循環後，這些包 容件已由於吸收物受中子誘發的脹大（多達15%)而在該 吸收物材料隨後脹大時受到機械式損壞了。 第三圖中係經一本發明之吸收物包容件(7)的橫截面， 利用此包含件，即使吸收物(8)脹大得很厲害，仍能安全地 保持住特別長久的時間，且所用的吸收物材料可做到近乎 100%之局部相對燃燒率，而不會有燒掉的B4C及氚跑入反 應器冷却媒中的情事。可呈粉末方式使用的吸收物(8)係呈 燒結之B4C錠粒形式設入，且被一第一之內套管（1〇)所容 納。由於燃燒之故，一方面該B4C吸收物之受中子作用的 有效橫截面減少，另方面吸收物(8)脹大，而直徑變大，因 此造成局部或平均之密度改變，且使得作用到套管（10)之 ____10_ 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS ) A4規格（210X 297公釐〉 (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 裝· 訂 經濟部智慧財產局員工涓费合作社印t T! ΐ!7”4 Α7 _Β7_____ 五、發明说明（） 經濟部智慧財產局員工消骨合作社印製 I. ^^1 1 1 - - 1 II—*&{ ^^1 --- - - -58 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 鋼套上的內部壓力隨著燃燒率而增加。但由於套管之潛變 (Kriech)變形速率比起吸收物長大速度來係很小（△£ ( 套管）/△【< <Z\r (吸收物半徑）/ At)，因此作用到 套管上的力量大致上可由吸收物的膨脹比例，亦即所施加 之中子流Φ=。丨也控制。在超過一臨界中子流後（亦即足 夠將吸收物張大一定量所需的中子重）以及超過套管之臨 界膨脹界限時，內套管（10)就失效且破裂。因此吸收物⑻ 的壓力先解除。當繼續曝照中子時，吸收物(8)再增大’特 別是在外區域形成之陶瓷區域對應於燃燒率增加而再脹大 ，直到達到另一個臨界中子流後，此吸收物又造成一種臨 界固體壓力，此壓力超出第二套管（11)的膨脹限度£破壞’ 因此可使第二套管（11)失效。在套管（10)與(11)之間有一最 小距離，此距離相當於內套管（11)的膨脹限度，因此最內 的套管(10)失效可使下一個套管（11)不受損。吸收物(8)的膨 脹也用類似的方式繼續進行作用到第三套管〔或第二最外 的管(12)〕，一直繼續到最外的套管(13)爲止〔它構成最外 的吸收物包容件(7)〕。因此這種數個先後連接的吸收物包 容件（特別是套管）的作用使得相對之吸收物橫截面平均 燃燒依套管常數及吸收物包含件數目而定而提高了一定量 ，俾能在最後達到100%的燃燒率極限。吸收物一般起始 密度比起理論上所能想到的最高密度來只有其70%，因此 可說有30%的自由體積。這些在吸收物膨脹時可用的自由 體積在上述程序中，一步步地依吸收物包容件(7)數目及其 套管材料常數而消耗掉。 本紙張尺度逋用中國國家榡準（CNS ) Α4規格（210Χ297公釐） Γ «171 1 4 A7 B7 五、發明説明（） 第四圖中的坐標圖顯示臨界局部燃燒率分佈a (r)及 平均之參考燃燒値a對半徑r在某一時刻的關係，在此時 刻時’所施的中子流很大，以致於達到臨界情形，故發生 套管失效的情形。用（14)標示的y軸係相對燃燒率，其單 位用％表示，X軸用（15)表示，X軸座標爲吸收物半徑（mm )’用（17)表示的線表示對於具單一吸收物包含件的一個 標準控制元件的臨界局部燃燒率分佈a (r)。吸收物包容 件⑺的半徑約L75mm。明顯地，只在外側邊緣區域造成 100%燃燒的區域’在此區域中，B4C吸收物烘烤成一種硬 的陶瓷構架’且在此區域中，最初可利用的30%自由體積 完全用掉。內部仍有充分的自由空間可空利用。因此該處 可利用之吸收物未有效利用。實線(6)顯示與吸收物橫截面 有關的平均燃燒率。對於這種吸收物包容件，燃燒率約50 %。 經濟部智慧財產局員工消骨合作社印製 —^^1 ^^^^1 ^^^^1 *^n— n^i 穿 、-p (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 第五圖中的坐標圖顯示對於一個本發明的吸收物包容 件的臨界局部燃燒率分佈及平均參考臨界燃燒率。在此坐 標圖中。y軸用（28)表示，係局部燃燒率（％)，X軸（18) 爲半徑。爲達到第一臨界流率，且使最內側的套管（10)破 裂時，就產生這種由外側線（19)所示之局部燃燒率的分佈 ，它大致和第四圖所示者相當。在此得到用連續線(20)表 示的平均參考臨界燃燒率amlk„t約50%。在〇〜rl的一外區 域中，有100%的完全燃燒率。當達到第二臨界流率’且 第二套管（11)跟著破裂時，則造成(21)表示的臨界局部燃燒 率a ( r 2)變臨界狀態’如此，該硬的陶瓷區域已一直膨脹 12_____— 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS ) A4規格（2!〇><297公瘦） 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 ί:; ^ ί 7 1 1 Α7 ____Β7 五、發明説明（） 到區域（r 2’）。又，在內部區域中，局部燃燒率比起第 一臨流率的時刻時大大提高了許多。平均參考臨界燃燒値 a™%,, 70%已很好，且用線(22)表示。在第三套管破裂時，造 成線(23)的局部燃燒率分佈及線(24)的內參考臨界燃燒率的 分佈約90%。當達到第四臨界流率時，只留有一小小吸收 物剩餘區域，保持對應於對稱軸(27)區域中的線(25)，該區 域尙未烘烤成硬陶瓷骨架。在此時刻，平均參考臨界燃燒 値依線(26)近乎100。此外，爲了作說明，圖式中更顯示套 管（10)〜（13)，其中最內的套管（10)與線（19)(20)相關。第二 套管（11)與線(21)(22)相關，第三套管（12)與(23)(24)相關， 第四套管(13)與線(25)(26)相關。在此圖中再次顯示套管(10) 〜（13)之間所需間隔£，此間隔依下一個內套管之膨脹限度 而定。 第六圖中，用（30)表示的y軸係爲吸收物橫截面的平 均燃燒率&(%)，而X-軸(29)爲所有套管的繫加之壁厚 度（mm)，其中的根據爲：個吸收物包容件之套管壁厚各 0.1mm。要補充一點，在第二X-軸上係套管的數目。在此 所造成之燃燒率的計算係依微視（mikroskopisch )理論， 其中在曲線(31)，吸收物材料（即B4C)的理論密度70%， 而在曲線(32)理論密度爲57%，而在曲線(33)理論密度爲 50%。B4C的內半徑在此處爲3mm 〇但有趣的是，計算結 果顯示所得之燃燒率am的値與B4C的內半徑無關，因此， 舉例而言，使用內半徑2.7mm的套管也能有相同結果。由 曲線(31)可看出，具有0.1mm壁厚的第一套管在位置(34)在 if. —In ^^^^1 >^1 an (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS ) A4規格（21〇χ 297公釐} » 417114 A7 _B7_____ 五、發明説明（） 理論密度70%時’在燃燒率約45%時已失效。第二套管（ 其壁厚同樣爲0.1mm可使燃燒率勉強到達60%，在用（3 5 )表示的位置可看出此點。用第三套管可達到約65%的 燃燒率，如位置(36)所示。對於第四套管，在位置(37)造成 約70%的燃燒率，相當於約5.95xl0、/cm2的中子流率 。藉著用其他的套管’可將燃燒率進一步提高，如線01) 所示。當使用較小之理論密度時，達到較高之相對燃燒率 。如曲線(32)(33)所示。因此在理論密度50%時〔曲線(33) 〕第三套管〔位置(36)〕已經達到超過80%的燃燒率了。 用第四套管已達到90%的燃燒率，相當於累積中子流率 8.3 X l〇21n/cm2，如位置（37)所示。這些個別的套管壁厚 〇,1肺1。套管之間留約0.01mm的空間。如果套管設計成厚 度不一樣，則舉例而言，裡面三個套管壁厚各0.1mm，第 四之外套管壁厚〇,5mm，則它們在整體上比起當最裡面的 套管壁厚0.5mm而隨後的套壁厚各0.1mm的情形更有利。 利用本發明之控制棒的設計（它可利用微視燃燒理論計算 ，且也可藉測量證實）顯示出：控制棒的壓力負荷基本上 由&C之脹大拉伸決定。迄今之習知構造只能作一種約50 %的10B燃燒率a m。但爲了防止局部中子流率過高，故要 確使高達100%的局部10B燃燒a m不會導致吸收物包容件 失效（Versagen)。這點可利用本發明達成。如有必要，本 發明的控制元件也可只設在某些區域（在這些區域中會有 過高之中子流）特別是設在控制元件上方區域及翼緣區域 中。 __14___ 本紙張尺度適用中國國家榇芈（CNS ) A4規格（2丨0X297公釐） (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 裝. 訂 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印髮The size of this paper uses China National Standards (CNS) 8.4 format (2.0 × 297 mm) A7 B7 Printed by the Consumer Cooperatives of the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs Ⅴ 5. The casing on the side of the invention () can be expanded in this The absorbent under pressure expands until it ruptures without damaging the next casing. If this method is not adopted, it can also be considered theoretically that the restricting device is composed of an elastic and heat-resistant material, which is provided on the outer sleeve from the inside (the sleeve constitutes an absorbent containing member). This material also first exerted a pressure on the swollen absorbent material, but then applied the pressure of the absorbent material with increasing pressure drop and pressed outward. Another possible way is to design the restriction device to be mechanically movable. Therefore, for example, the restriction device is composed of a movable half shell that uses a mechanical element such as a spring or other elastic middleware ) Press against the absorbent, and leave from the starting position under the pressure of the absorbent and press outward. In a preferred design of the present invention, the size of the inner absorbent containing member or restriction device is such that the inner absorbent containing member is adapted to accommodate a preset sintered absorbent pellet. If this is not the case, powdery absorbents can also be used. A better absorbent is B4C. B4C has a good cross-section for neutron invasion, especially for heating neutron intrusion, but like all known absorbents, it will be greatly swelled by neutrons. This swelling effect will cause long-term The absorbent containment element is broken. Another example of an absorbent that can be used is AglnCd or a boron-containing material (which is rich in isotopes 圯. It is particularly good practice to reduce B4C to less than 70% (especially less than 60 %) Theoretical density, because in this way the swelling of the absorbent can be avoided first, and the material used can achieve a very high burning rate. In short, when optimizing the initial density of B4C, pay attention to the absorbent When the target combustion rate has been reached, there are still enough Bu) atoms to maintain this efficiency standard. -—_____ 7_ This paper size is in accordance with Chinese National Standard (CNS) A4 (210 X 297 mm) (Please read the note on the back-项-$ before filling out this page) Binding · Binding-ψ-. ^ ΠΗ4 A7 B7 5. Description of the invention () The bushings should be designed so that they are composed of several parts, wherein the size of the parts of the bushings is such that the parts of adjacent bushings (especially their contact surfaces) deviate from each other, It is easier to operate, and the different sizes of these parts (or at least the one that is used first) make the contact surfaces of adjacent sleeves not directly adjacent, and in this way can cause a vulnerable position ^ This control element can be used in evaporative water reactors and pressurized water reactors. In an evaporative water reactor, the control element is generally composed of four fins arranged in a cross shape, and these fins have as many as twenty-one absorbent containment members in the form of a sleeve. Conversely, for pressurized water reactors, control elements known as "control rods" are generally used, which move from the top to the core. Basically, the control element of the present invention can be used in all kinds of nuclear reactors using such absorbers. By using the control element of the present invention, the expansion effect of the absorbent can be gradually absorbed in stages without causing the outer absorbent containing member to fail at the same time, so that the entire control element can be used longer, and in an ideal situation, in At the location where the neutron flow is the largest, almost all of the absorbing material is used. Model calculations show that the use of the control element of the present invention can reach an absorbent burning rate of between 90 and 100% when using B4C, and actually reaches 100% in an advantageous manner. this invention. In the drawings: the first diagram is a schematic diagram of a nuclear chamber in an evaporating water reactor, the second diagram is a top view of a control element, and the third diagram is a yak containing an yak through an absorbent of the control element of the present invention __________ 5 ___— ^ This paper size applies the Chinese National Standard (CNS) Λ4 specification (210X297 mm) (Please read the precautions on the back before filling out this page) Order printed by the Intellectual Property Bureau Staff Consumer Cooperatives of the Ministry of Economic Affairs i 17 B7 V. Description of the invention () A cross-sectional view, the fourth diagram is a coordinate diagram, used to represent the "critical" local combustion rate distribution of a standard control element at the beginning of the washout effect. The fifth graph is a coordinate graph 'for schematically showing the distribution of the combustion rate of the control element of the present invention. The sixth graph is a coordinate graph 'for illustrating the achievable combustion rate. [Illustration of drawing number] ⑴ Control element ⑵ Combustion element box (2) (3) Combustion element (4) Upper core grid (5) Lower core grid (6) Fin (7) Absorbent container (8) Absorbent ( 10) ~ (13) Printed by the Consumer Cooperative of the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs. Hi--rt _ _ _ _ I ____— Ding 0¾., Vs (please read the precautions on the back before filling this page) A diagram schematically shows a nuclear battery of an evaporative water reactor [it has four combustion elements (3), which contain a combustion element box (2)] and a control element (1). Each area of the combustion element box (2) A combustion element (3) is held, and the box is arranged in a square shape, in which a gap is left between individual combustion element case (2), so a cross-shaped control element (1) can be moved between these combustion elements. There is a ~ free water gap between the combustion element boxes. The combustion element box ⑵ is held by an upper core grid ⑷ and a lower core grid (5). The control element (1) has a majority of absorbent containing members (7). The container is filled with an absorbent ----- 2_ This paper size applies to China National Standard (CMS) A4 regulations (210x297 mm) ί 417114 Α7 Β7 V. Description of the invention () (8), and it can be lowered or pulled up in the combustion element box (2) as required, so the controlled chain reaction (1) can be maintained. This control The element (1) is set so that it can be completely lowered when needed, so that the chain reaction can stop immediately from any situation. The second figure shows a top sectional view of a control element (1) [for example, in a type of evaporated water Control element used in the reactor]. This control element (1) has four fins (6) arranged in a cross shape, and they have up to 21 absorbent containing members (B4C) powder filled with boron carbide (B4C) powder ( 7). B4C is suitable for making neutron absorbers due to its favorable physical and technical properties. The absorbent inclusions (7) have a metal sheet box, which can ensure mechanical integrity. Absorbent containment The element (7) is a basic component of the control element (1), because they are different from the original assumption, it can be used as a consumable material without having to use the entire service life of the reactor. In a few operating cycles After cycling, these containments have The product was swelled (up to 15%) induced by neutrons and mechanically damaged when the absorbent material was subsequently swollen. The third figure shows the horizontal direction of the absorbent container (7) of the present invention. In cross section, with this inclusion, even if the absorbent (8) swells greatly, it can still be safely maintained for a long time, and the absorbent material used can achieve a local relative burning rate of nearly 100% without There may be burned B4C and plutonium running into the cooling medium of the reactor. The absorbent (8) which can be used in the form of powder is placed in the form of sintered B4C ingots, and is placed in a first inner casing ( 1〇) accommodated. Due to combustion, on the one hand, the effective cross-section of the B4C absorber by neutrons is reduced, and on the other hand, the absorbent (8) swells, and the diameter becomes larger, which results in a local or average density change and makes the effect on Sleeve (10) of __10_ This paper size is applicable to Chinese National Standard (CNS) A4 specifications (210X 297 mm) (Please read the precautions on the back before filling this page) Binding and ordering staff fee of Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs Cooperatives printed t T! Ϊ́! 7 ”4 Α7 _Β7 _____ 5. Description of the invention () Printed by the bone-eliminating cooperatives of employees of the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economy I. ^^ 1 1 1--1 II — * & {^^ 1- ----58 (Please read the precautions on the back before filling out this page) The internal pressure on the steel sleeve increases with the burning rate. However, the rate of deformation of the sleeve (Kriech) is higher than the speed of the absorbent growth. The system is small (△ £ (casing) / △ [< < Z \ r (absorber radius) / At), so the force acting on the casing can be roughly determined by the expansion ratio of the absorbent, that is, the applied The neutron flow Φ =. 丨 is also controlled. After exceeding a critical neutron flow (that is, enough to absorb When a certain amount of neutron weight is required) and the critical expansion limit of the casing is exceeded, the inner casing (10) fails and ruptures. Therefore, the pressure of the absorbent ⑻ is released first. When the neutron continues to be exposed, the absorbent (8) Increase again, especially the ceramic region formed in the outer region expands in response to the increase in the combustion rate, until after reaching another critical neutron flow, the absorbent causes a critical solid pressure, which exceeds the second The expansion limit of the casing (11) £ destructs' so that the second casing (11) can fail. There is a minimum distance between the casing (10) and (11), which is equivalent to the distance of the inner casing (11) The expansion limit, so that the failure of the innermost casing (10) will not damage the next casing (11). The expansion of the absorbent (8) also continues in a similar manner to the third casing [or the second The outermost tube (12)] continues until the outermost sleeve (13) [it constitutes the outermost absorbent container (7)]. Therefore, this type of successively connected absorbent container (particularly Is the effect of the casing) so that the average cross section of the absorbent burns in accordance with the casing constant. Depending on the number of absorbent parts, it will increase by a certain amount, and finally it will reach the limit of 100% burning rate. Generally, the initial density of the absorbent is only 70% of the highest density that can be thought of in theory, so it can be said that There is 30% free volume. These free volumes available when the absorbent expands are consumed step by step in the above procedure according to the number of absorbent containment members (7) and the material constant of the sleeve. This paper uses China National Standard (CNS) A4 (210 × 297 mm) Γ «171 1 4 A7 B7 V. Description of the invention () The graph in the fourth figure shows the critical local combustion rate distribution a (r) and the average reference combustion 値 a Regarding the relationship of the radius r at a certain moment, at this moment, the applied neutron flow is so large that it reaches a critical situation, so a casing failure situation occurs. The relative burning rate of the y-axis system indicated by (14), its unit is expressed in%, the X-axis is expressed by (15), the X-axis coordinate is the radius of the absorbent (mm), and the line indicated by (17) indicates that there is a single absorption. Critical local combustion rate distribution a (r) of a standard control element of an object. The radius of the absorbent container ⑺ is about L75mm. Obviously, only the area that causes 100% combustion in the outer edge area 'is where the B4C absorbent is baked into a hard ceramic framework' and in this area the 30% of the free volume originally available is completely used up. There is still plenty of free space inside to use. The absorbent available there is therefore not effectively used. The solid line (6) shows the average burning rate in relation to the cross section of the absorbent. For this absorbent containing member, the burning rate is about 50%. Printed by the Anti-Bone Cooperative of the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs — ^^ 1 ^^^^ 1 ^^^^ 1 * ^ n— n ^ i Wear, -p (Please read the precautions on the back before filling this page) The graphs in the five figures show the critical local combustion rate distribution and the average reference critical combustion rate for an absorbent containment member of the present invention. In this graph. The y-axis is represented by (28), which is the local combustion rate (%), and the X-axis (18) is the radius. In order to reach the first critical flow rate and rupture the innermost casing (10), such a local combustion rate distribution as shown by the outer line (19) is generated, which is roughly equivalent to that shown in the fourth figure . Here we obtain the average reference critical combustion rate amlk „t expressed by the continuous line (20) of about 50%. In an outer region of 0 ~ rl, there is a 100% complete combustion rate. When the second critical flow rate is reached 'and When the second sleeve (11) is ruptured, the critical local combustion rate a (r 2) indicated by (21) becomes critical state. So, the hard ceramic area has been expanding 12 _____— This paper size applies Chinese national standards (CNS) A4 specification (2! 〇 > < 297 public thin) Printed by the Consumer Cooperative of Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs ^: ^ ί 7 1 1 Α7 ____ Β7 V. Description of the invention () To the area (r 2 ') In addition, in the internal region, the local combustion rate is greatly improved compared with the moment of the first impingement rate. The average reference critical combustion 値 a ™%, 70% is very good, and is represented by line (22). When the third casing is ruptured, the local combustion rate distribution of line (23) and the internal reference critical burn rate distribution of line (24) are about 90%. When the fourth critical flow rate is reached, only a small absorption is left The remaining area of the object, keeping the line (25) corresponding to the area of the axis of symmetry (27), which is not baked into Ceramic skeleton. At this moment, the average reference critical combustion conversion line (26) is nearly 100. In addition, for the sake of illustration, the casing (10) to (13) are shown in the drawing, among which the inner casing (10) Associated with line (19) (20). The second casing (11) is associated with line (21) (22), the third casing (12) is associated with (23) (24), and the fourth casing (13) Associated with line (25) (26). In this figure, the required distance between the sleeves (10) to (13) is again shown, this interval depends on the expansion limit of the next inner sleeve. Figure 6 , The y-axis system represented by (30) is the average burning rate & (%) of the absorbent cross-section, and the X-axis (29) is the system of all sleeves plus the wall thickness (mm), which is based on: The thickness of the sleeve wall of each absorbent containing member is 0.1 mm. It is necessary to add that the number of sleeves is tied on the second X-axis. The calculation of the combustion rate caused here is based on mikroskopisch theory, where In curve (31), the theoretical density of the absorbent material (ie B4C) is 70%, while in curve (32) the theoretical density is 57%, and in curve (33) the theoretical density is 50%. The inner radius of B4C is here 3mm 〇 But interestingly, the calculation The results show that the 値 of the obtained combustion rate am has nothing to do with the inner radius of the B4C. Therefore, for example, the same result can be obtained using a sleeve with an inner radius of 2.7 mm. From the curve (31), it can be seen that it has a wall thickness of 0.1 mm The first sleeve at position (34) is at if. —In ^^^^ 1 > ^ 1 an (Please read the precautions on the back before filling this page) This paper size applies to China National Standard (CNS) A4 specifications (21〇χ 297 mm) »417114 A7 _B7_____ V. Description of the invention () When the theoretical density is 70%, 'the combustion rate has expired at about 45%. The second sleeve (its wall thickness is also 0.1mm can make the burning rate barely reach 60%, which can be seen at the position indicated by (3 5). Using the third sleeve can reach a burning rate of about 65%, As shown in position (36). For the fourth casing, a combustion rate of about 70% is caused at position (37), which is equivalent to a neutron flow rate of about 5.95xl0, / cm2. By using other casings, it is possible Increase the burn rate further as shown on line 01). When a smaller theoretical density is used, a higher relative burning rate is achieved. As shown by curves (32) (33). Therefore, at the theoretical density of 50% [curve (33)] the third sleeve [position (36)] has reached a combustion rate of more than 80%. A fourth sleeve has reached a combustion rate of 90%, which is equivalent to a cumulative neutron flow rate of 8.3 X 1021 n / cm2, as shown in position (37). The thickness of these individual cannulas is 0,1 and 1 lung. Leave about 0.01mm space between the sleeves. If the casings are designed to have different thicknesses, for example, the three casing walls on the inside are each 0.1 mm thick, and the fourth outer casing wall is 0.5 mm thick. It is more advantageous to have a thickness of 0.5 mm and subsequent wall thicknesses of 0.1 mm each. The design of the control rod of the present invention (which can be calculated using micro-vision combustion theory and can also be confirmed by measurement) shows that the pressure load of the control rod is basically determined by the & So far, the conventional structure can only make a 10B combustion rate a m of about 50%. However, in order to prevent the local neutron flow rate from being too high, it is necessary to ensure that localized 10B combustion of up to 100% will not cause the absorbent container to fail (Versagen). This can be achieved with the present invention. If necessary, the control element of the present invention can also be provided only in certain regions (in which there will be excessively high neutron currents), especially in the region above the control element and in the flange region. __14___ This paper size is applicable to the Chinese National Standard (CNS) A4 (2 丨 0X297 mm) (Please read the precautions on the back before filling this page). Order