RU2793367C2 - Rice cultivation method with surface drip irrigation of rice - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method includes the use of agricultural rice techniques for lowland rice and for rice cultivation on unsaturated soil, tillage and spraying of rice with herbicides, a drip irrigation system; maintaining soil moisture; fertilization. Rice is cultivated on the irrigated rice soil. Preliminarily, in the first year of rice cultivation in autumn, after harvesting the predecessor, peripheral check grooves are dug and restored once at the depth of 0.4-0.6 m, and the check surface is levelled. Further, the main tillage is carried out at a depth of 0.25-0.30 m, irrigation and discharge channels are cleaned, check rollers are backfilled to the designed marks. In the spring of the first year, the annual spring-autumn technological cycle of work is performed, including: two-fold loosening of the soil in two repetitions - first to a depth of 0.16-0.18 m and repeated after 8-12 days to a depth of 0.12-0.14 m. Disk ploughing is performed with simultaneous application and incorporation of organic fertilizers to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m with an application rate of 40-50 tons per 1 ha of manure or green manure, and cultivation with harrowing and simultaneous application of macronutrients is carried out 5-6 days before sowing rice seeds at the standard of N₁₅₀P₅₀K ₄₀ per kg of mineral fertilizers per ha at a depth of 0.10-0.12 m, rolling and/or levelling the soil surface. The drip irrigation system is assembled, including the fertigation system and the drip tapes are laid out on the soil surface with a step of 20 cm between water outlets, diameter and wall thickness of the drip tape are 16 mm and 0.2 mm, respectively. The water outflow of the drip tape in l/h per 1 m is chosen so as to ensure the required moisture in a given soil layer for crops of rice crop rotation. The distance between the drip tapes is 20 cm. Rice seeds are prepared for sowing, including dressing and pre-sowing treatment with a growth regulator. Pre-planting irrigation is carried out before planting rice with at the standard that ensures soil moisture of 100% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.6 m, and the soil surface is treated with soil herbicides. Rice is sown at a rate of at least 350 plants per 1 m². Drip irrigation of rice is carried out through a drip irrigation system during the growing season of rice with a frequency and rate of irrigation that are chosen to ensure a constant soil moisture of 80% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.6 m. Rice plants are fed during the growing season: first when rice pips appear at the rate of 8 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, second during the phase of 2-3 leaves at the rate of 10 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, third at the phase of 4-5 leaves at the rate of 12 mg nitrogen per 1 plant, at the phase of 7-9 leaves at the rate of 12 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant. Rice is sprayed three times with a biologically active substance during phases of 2-3, 6-7 leaves and at the end of the tillering phase before the start of the booting phase, rice crops are treated with pesticides from the 2-leaf phase to the tillering phase with an interval of 10-15 days from preliminary moistening of the soil up to 100% of the lowest moisture capacity at the layer of 0.4 m, with insecticides during the growing season when pests exceed the economic threshold of harmfulness, twice with fungicides in the booting phase and again after 20-25 days; senication and desiccation of rice crops. After ripening, the rice is harvested. Before planting the accompanying crops of the rice crop rotation, pre-planting irrigation is carried out to ensure the necessary and sufficient moisture for planting the crop and the depth of soil moisture through a drip irrigation system with application of mineral fertilizers, the rates and terms of application of which are chosen in accordance with the accepted technology for production of this crop of rice crop rotation. Cultivation of seedlings and/or planting of accompanying crops of rice crop rotation is carried out with application of mineral fertilizers, treatment of crops with pesticides, fungicides and insecticides, the rates and terms of application of which are chosen in accordance with the accepted technology for the production of this crop. Drip irrigation of crops of rice crop rotation is carried out through a drip irrigation system during the growing season with the frequency and rate of irrigation, chosen to ensure that the soil layer required by the crop production technology is sufficient for the normal development of the soil moisture culture; crops of rice crop rotation are then harvested. The drip tape is cleaned, followed by conservation and disassembly of the units of drip irrigation systems; peeling is carried out in two tracks at a depth of 0.06-0.08 m; the main tillage is carried out at a depth of 0.25-0.3 m, after which the annual spring-autumn technological cycle of work is repeated.

EFFECT: method provides an increase in yield, improvement of the ameliorative state of soils and biometric indicators of rice crops, a decrease in the irrigation rate and the labour intensity of rice production.

1 cl, 3 dwg, 4 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to rice growing.

Known methods of growing rice on drip irrigation under plastic film (Method of drip irrigation under plastic film for rice cropping WO/2015/095989, A01G 22/22, 07/02/2015; Method of drip irrigation under plastic film for rice cropping CN 103733930, A01G 16/00, 04/23/2014 Method for rice cultivation via drip irrigation under plastic film IN 3119/MUMNP/2015, A01G 16/00, 06/03/2016; /02, 02.06.2016; Method of drip irrigation under plastic film for rice cropping PH 1/2015/502551, A01G 25/02, 02.22.2016), including the cultivation of rice under plastic film through drip irrigation with an irrigation rate of 10500-12000 m ³ /hm ² during the entire growing season of rice, repeated irrigation 38-45 times during the entire growing season of rice, the irrigation period is 3-4 days, and 1-2 days during the peak water demand of the crop; seed preparation, soil preparation, including weed control by plowing to a depth of 15-20 cm, rolling the soil and spraying with mixed herbicides before sowing and 15-25 days after planting, sowing rice with a planting density of 33300-36000 holes / mu with a preference of 33300 holes/mu or 30500-32600 holes/mu, with a preference of 30500 holes/mu, at a density of 33300-36000 holes/mu the film width is 215-225 cm, with a preference of 220 cm, with a pitch between outlets from 9 to 10 cm, planting width 235-245 cm, with a preference of 240 cm, as the best irrigation configuration is taken under 1 film, 3 tubes, 12 rows: 13 cm +24 cm +13 cm +20 cm +13 cm + 24. cm + 13 cm +20 cm +13 cm +24 cm +13 cm +50 cm, three drip tapes evenly distributed between 12 rows of rice, at a planting density of 30500-32600 holes/mu and a film width of 155-165 cm, with a spacing between outlets from 9 to 10 cm, planting width is 170-180 cm, the accepted configuration of irrigation under 1 film, 2 tubes, 8 rows: 12.5 cm +26 cm +12.5 cm +26 cm +12.5 cm +26 cm + 12.5 cm +47 cm, two drip tapes evenly distributed between 8 rice lines; crop care; fertilization, namely the application of manure when plowing fields in late autumn at a rate of 15-20 t / hm ² and diammonium phosphate once at a rate of 40-50 kg / hm ² after which deep plowing is performed, the application of soluble organic fertilizers at a rate of 120-150 kg / hm ² and mineral fertilizers with a norm of pure nitrogen 330-345 kg / hm ² , with a preference for a norm of 330 kg / hm ² , P ₂ O ₅ - 150-160 kg / hm ² , K ₂ O 70-90 kg / hm ² , water-soluble Si fertilizer 25-30 kg/hm ² , boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer 7 and 8 kg/hm ² respectively; pest control and other stages.

The disadvantages of these methods are the insufficiently high efficiency of rice production, which is due to the discrepancy between the soil and climatic conditions and the technical and technological capabilities of rice cultivation in China and on the lands of the reclamation and water management complex of the Lower Kuban, and, consequently, the inefficiency of the application of the set of techniques and technological methods claimed in the inventions. operations, as well as the proposed schemes for laying out the drip tape, planting rice, rice sowing rates, the timing and doses of mineral and organic fertilizers, as well as the timing of crop processing.

A known method of growing rice by direct sowing on drip irrigation for cold regions (US Pat. CN No. 106489636 B A01B 79/00 (CN); A01C 21/005 (CN); A01G 13/00 (CN); A01G 22/22 (CN) ; A01G 25/00 (CN); Y02A 40/22 (EP); Y02P 60/20 (EP); 03/15/2017), including the following steps: seed selection, soil preparation, direct sowing or hole sowing in which 8 rows are placed at a width of 1.6 m, while the distance between two rows is 10 cm and 30 cm, and 12-15 seeds are sown in each hole; field management in which, before the emergence of seeds, soil moisture is maintained at 60-65% of the norm of the maximum water-holding capacity of the soil, after emergence and before the three-leaf plant phase, soil moisture is maintained at the level of 65-75% of the maximum water-holding capacity of the soil; in the trefoil phase, soil moisture is maintained at the level of 70-80% of the maximum soil moisture capacity; laying a drip irrigation pipe, including underground and using drip irrigation for irrigation throughout the rice growth cycle.

The disadvantages of this method are the low efficiency of germination and survival of rice plants when using direct sowing in the conditions of rice irrigation systems of the Lower Kuban. This is due to high weediness and fermentation processes in the soil. The use of the pit sowing method on rice irrigation systems is not effective due to the high labor intensity in comparison with the narrow row and cross methods performed by seeders and the lower density of rice crops per 1 m ² . High labor intensity when using surface drip irrigation, as well as the difficulty of processing crops. The inefficiency of the application of the set of techniques and technological operations declared in the inventions, as well as the proposed schemes for planting rice, the doses applied, is due to the discrepancy between the soil and climatic conditions and the technical and technological capabilities of rice cultivation in the PRC and on the lands of the reclamation and water management complex of the Lower Kuban in the Russian Federation. Laying an underground drip tape to a depth of 2-4 cm from the ground surface and a distance between two adjacent drip irrigation pipes of 80 cm and between two adjacent drip irrigation holes of 20 cm will be ineffective to provide the required moisture at a given depth, which will lead to underwetting of the upper layer and the lower boundary of the wetted contour. The proposed irrigation control system, in which soil moisture changes according to the phases of rice development, is not effective for most varieties used in the Lower Kuban rice systems.

The closest technical solution to the claimed proposal is a method of cultivating rice on drip irrigation, including the use of rice agricultural technology recommended by the All-Russian Research Institute of Rice for flooded rice and VNIIOZ for cultivating rice on soil not saturated with water, treatment with soil herbicides after sowing rice, spraying with herbicides of contact action in phase 2 -3 leaves for controlling monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds, an irrigation system consisting of a drip line through which water is supplied through a dripper with a flow rate of 1.8 l / h, and a distance between outlets - 0.33 m, humidifiers - 0.6 m ; maintaining soil moisture according to the following variants of the soil water regime: 1. maintaining moisture in the active (0.6 m) soil layer not lower than 80% of the lowest moisture capacity throughout the entire growing season of rice, 2. the same as in variant 1 until the end of the phase tillering in a layer of 0.6 m, and from the budding phase to the full ripeness of the grain - 0.6 m, 3. the water regime of the soil before the beginning of the wax ripeness of the grain according to variant 2, followed by a decrease in the phase of the beginning of wax ripeness of pre-irrigation moisture to 70% of the lowest moisture capacity, 4. the water regime of the soil in a layer of 0.6 m was regulated according to the scheme: 70-80-70% of the lowest moisture capacity (70% of the lowest moisture capacity from sowing to the beginning of tillering and from the end of the milk to full ripeness of the grain; 80% of the lowest moisture capacity - from tillering to the end of milky ripeness); application of fertilizers in 3 variants of doses calculated to obtain 5 (N ₁₀₉ R ₆₂ K ₇₅ ), 6 (N ₁₃₁ R ₇₄ K ₉₀ ) and 7 (N ₁₅₇ R ₉₀ K ₁₀₈ ) tons from 1 ha of grain (N.N. Dubenok , I.P. Kruzhilin, N.M. Abdu, M.A. Ganiev, K.A. Rodin Productivity of dry rice under drip irrigation // Izvestiya TSHA, issue 6, 2015, pp. 92-99; Kruzhilin, M.A. Ganiev, K.A. Rodin, A.B. Nevezhina Substantiation of predecessors and sowing rates to obtain the planned rice yield under drip irrigation // Proceedings of the Nizhnevolzhsky AgroUniversity Complex: Science and Higher Professional Education, No. 4 (48) , 2017, pp. 77-84).

The disadvantages of this method are the high infestation of rice fields with weeds due to the lack of a mulching film, the low efficiency of rice production in the conditions of the reclamation and water management complex of the Lower Kuban, which is due to different soil and climatic conditions of rice cultivation in the Volgograd region and Krasnodar region. In contrast to the light chestnut soils of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Irrigated", Volgograd, on the heavy merged chernozems of the Lower Kuban, the distance between water outlets - 0.33 m and between drip tapes - 0.6 m will be too large to ensure uniform distribution of the humidification circuit to a given depth, which will lead to overmoistening of the upper layer and underwetting of the lower boundary of the wetted circuit. The doses of mineral fertilizers used in the method are ineffective on the initially low-fertile merged chernozems of the Lower Kuban.

The technical result of the invention is to increase productivity, improve the ameliorative state of soils and biometric indicators of rice crops, reduce the irrigation rate, labor intensity and cost of rice production.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the rice cultivation method, which includes the use of rice agricultural technology recommended for flooded rice and for rice cultivation on soil not saturated with water, tillage and spraying of rice with herbicides, a drip irrigation system; maintaining soil moisture; fertilization, according to the invention, rice is cultivated on the lands of the irrigated rice fund, previously in the first year of rice cultivation in the fall, after harvesting the predecessor, peripheral check grooves 0.4-0.6 m deep are cut and restored once, the surface of the checks is leveled, then the main processing is carried out soil to a depth of 0.25-0.30 m, cleaning of irrigation and discharge channels, backfilling check rollers to design levels, after which in the spring of the first year the annual spring-autumn technological cycle of work is performed, including: 0.16-0.18 m and repeated after 8-12 days to a depth of 0.12-0.14 m, then disking is performed with the simultaneous introduction and incorporation of organic fertilizers to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m with an application rate of 40- 50 tons per 1 ha of manure or green manure, and cultivation with harrowing and simultaneous application of macronutrients is carried out 5-6 days before sowing rice seeds with a norm of N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₄₀ in kg AI / ha to a depth of 0.10-0 , 12 m, rolling and / or leveling the soil surface, then they assemble the drip irrigation system, including the fertigation system and laying drip tapes on the soil surface with a step between outlets - 20 cm, diameter and wall thickness of the drip tape - 16 mm and 0.2 mm, respectively, and the water outflow of the drip tape in l / h per 1 m is taken from the condition of providing the required moisture in a given soil layer for crops of rice crop rotation, moreover, the distance between the drip tapes is 20 cm; preparation of rice seeds for sowing, including their dressing and pre-sowing treatment with a growth regulator, then pre-planting irrigation is carried out before planting rice with a rate that provides soil moisture of 100% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.6 m, and the soil surface is treated with soil herbicides, after which rice is sown with a norm of at least 350 plants per 1 m ² , and drip irrigation of rice is carried out through a drip irrigation system during the growing season of rice with a frequency and irrigation rate that depends on compliance with the condition for ensuring constant soil moisture of 80% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.6 m , feeding rice plants during the growing season: the first when rice shilets appear at the rate of 8 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, the second - in the phase of 2-3 leaves at the rate of 10 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, the third - at the phase of 4-5 leaves at the rate of 12 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, in the phase of 7-9 leaves at the rate of 12 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, then the rice is sprayed three times with a biologically active substance in the phases of 2-3, 6-7 leaves and at the end of the tillering phase before the start of the booting phase , treatment of rice crops: with pesticides from the phase of 2 leaves to the tillering phase with an interval of 10-15 days with preliminary soil moisture up to 100% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.4 m, with insecticides during the growing season when pests exceed the economic threshold of harmfulness, twice fungicides in the phase of entry into the tube and again after 20-25 days; senication and desiccation of rice crops; after ripening, rice is harvested; pre-planting irrigation before planting accompanying crops of rice crop rotation with the provision of moisture and depth of soil moisture necessary and sufficient for planting a crop through a drip irrigation system with the application of mineral fertilizers, the rates and terms of application of which are taken in accordance with the accepted technology for the production of this crop of rice crop rotation; growing seedlings and/or planting accompanying crops of rice crop rotation with the application of mineral fertilizers, treatment of crops with pesticides, fungicides and insecticides, the rates and terms of which are taken in accordance with the accepted technology for the production of this crop; drip irrigation of crops of rice crop rotation through a drip irrigation system during the growing season with the frequency and rate of irrigation, depending on the observance of the conditions for ensuring that the soil layer required by the crop production technology is necessary for the normal development of the soil moisture culture; harvesting crops of rice crop rotation; then, the drip tape is cleaned, followed by conservation and disassembly of the units of drip irrigation systems; peeling in two tracks to a depth of 0.06-0.08 m; the main tillage to a depth of 0.25-0.3 m, after which the annual spring-autumn technological cycle of work is repeated.

The novelty of the claimed invention is due to the pioneering technology in the Russian Federation for the cultivation of rice on the lands of the irrigated rice fund under drip irrigation, the introduction of which makes it possible to increase the yield of rice and the quality of the resulting grain by creating optimal conditions for the vegetation of the rice crop; improve the ameliorative state of soils, the granulometric composition of the soil, as well as the biometric indicators of the rice crop as a result of the transition to flood-free rice cultivation technology; reduce irrigation rates, labor intensity and cost of rice production by reducing the number of necessary technological operations, reducing the doses of organic fertilizers, macro and microelements, reducing suffusion and nutrient removal from the soil; increase profitability by reducing the irrigation rate and reducing the application of organic and mineral fertilizers.

The use of lands of the irrigation fund for the cultivation of rice on drip irrigation makes it possible to restore soil fertility in rice fields, reduce the cost of the resulting rice crop rotation crops, use fundamentally new rice crop rotations with the inclusion of gourds and vegetables in them, increase the profitability and quality of rice crop rotation products, reduce the need for irrigation water, improve the ecological situation in the rice irrigation system.

The use of drip irrigation allows: to increase the profitability of rice production by reducing the irrigation rate; reduce the cost of rice production by reducing technological operations and doses of applied macro and microelements due to a decrease in suffusion and removal of nutrients from the soil in comparison with the traditional technology of flooding rice fields; carry out the reduction of suffusion and removal of nutrients from the soil in comparison with the traditional technology of flooding rice fields; perform processing at any convenient / necessary time, while the soil is moistened only in the root zone, which does not interfere with the implementation of the required agricultural practices, including harvesting; improve the ameliorative state of the soil due to the absence of a water layer on the check; reduce the dose of fertilizer application through the use of fertigation; Eliminate the need for planning rice checks, which significantly reduces the labor intensity of rice production.

The cutting and restoration of peripheral check grooves is carried out to improve the filtration of atmospheric precipitation in the autumn-spring period, the activation of regenerative processes in the soil and the early drying of the soil in the spring to perform technological agricultural practices, while the optimal depth of the check grooves is 0.4-0.6 m, which provides the necessary and sufficient conditions for optimizing the water-air regime of the lustful horizon.

Leveling the surface of the checks is carried out in order to exclude local depressions on the surface of the checks (especially on “low” checks), improve water filtration from the surface of the checks, minimize the likelihood of developing processes of fusion and soil degradation, and ensure the passage of machinery.

The main tillage is carried out to control weeds, activate redox processes in the soil, protect the soil from erosion processes, improve the soil structure, while the optimal plowing depth for the soil conditions of the Lower Kuban is 0.25-0.3 m, which is sufficient to destroy the plow pan and provide the best water filtration from the surface of the checks.

Irrigation and discharge canals are cleaned, check rollers are backfilled to design levels to control weeds, improve the filtration of excess moisture from the arable horizon of rice fields and drain drainage water from the rice irrigation system to water intakes.

Deep loosening, which in the soil conditions of the Lower Kuban is carried out after the main tillage to a depth of 0.16-0.18 m, is carried out for: weed control by destroying young entries and roots of weeds that are on the soil surface after plowing the soil, preventing drying out soil, creating favorable conditions for the unimpeded removal of excess moisture to the lower layers of the soil, and activating the respiratory activity of the soil.

Soil disking, which, in the soil conditions of the Lower Kuban, is carried out in late autumn to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m and combined with the incorporation of organic fertilizers is performed to combat young shoots of weeds, create favorable reclamation conditions in spring, increase the agro-resource potential of the soil and accumulate nutrient reserves for crops of rice crop rotation, their good survival and survival.

Spring harrowing with tooth harrows, which, in the soil conditions of the Lower Kuban, is carried out in early spring to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m for crumbling, loosening, mixing and leveling the soil surface, damaging and destroying seedlings and weed shoots, destroying the surface soil crust and activation of the respiratory activity of the soil.

Annual spring work on leveling the soil surface is carried out to plan it and prevent the formation of local soaks on the soil surface, which provoke the growth of weeds and the accumulation of precipitation.

Rolling the soil surface is performed to: increase the throughput and contact of seeds with the soil, which, after sowing rice, increases the access of moisture to the seeds and, as a result, seedlings appear faster; creating favorable conditions for better, uniform sowing; prevention of subsidence of the earth and failure of seeds after crops; creating favorable conditions for successful germination and increasing seed germination; reducing evaporation and drying of the soil; increasing the quality of tillage, if the land was plowed poorly or at high humidity, after which a lot of lumps and lumps remained on the surface.

The use of drip tapes with a step between water outlets of 20 cm makes it possible to form humidification zones with the best efficiency on heavy merged chernozems of the reclamation and water management complex of the Lower Kuban, and the diameter of drip tapes equal to 16 mm and located at a distance of 20 cm from each other most effectively provides during the growing season during the rice period, soil moisture is 80% of the lowest moisture capacity in the 0.6 m layer, which is a necessary and sufficient condition for normal rice vegetation, as well as the creation of the required pre-sowing moisture in a given soil layer. The wall thickness of the drip tape is 0.2 mm due to the need for its effective operation during the 1st year on heavy merged chernozems, including the use of fertigation.

The scheme for laying the drip tape is carried out in compliance with the condition of closing the moistening circuit on the surface without its waterlogging with mutual overlapping by no more than 10%, which achieves the maximum efficiency of distribution of moisture zones in the root zone and helps to minimize the consumption of irrigation water required to maintain optimal humidity not only for the crop rice, but also concomitant for crops of rice crop rotation.

Treatment of the soil surface with soil herbicides before sowing rice allows you to create a so-called soil screen on it, upon reaching which weed seedlings die, and crops continue to grow.

Sowing of rice is carried out with a rate calculated depending on the soil and climatic conditions, sowing time, variety, sowing qualities of meteorological conditions and the quality of tillage, but not less than 350 plants per 1 m ² .

The use of fertigation makes it possible to most effectively apply pesticides and / or plant nutrition through drip irrigation, simultaneously with irrigation (irrigation), which minimizes the irrational use of drugs, reduces fertilizer doses and the cost of production of rice crop rotation.

Peeling is carried out to a depth of 0.06-0.08 cm for loosening and mixing the soil, preserving soil moisture, incorporating crop residues into the soil, protecting against pests, pathogens of cultivated plants, and weed seeds, while a finely cloddy layer is formed on the soil surface, which reduces the evaporation of moisture and contributes to the wilting and death of weeds.

Senication is performed at the end of the milky ripeness of rice to accelerate maturation and improve the quality of seeds, which allows to shorten the growing season of rice and thereby lengthen the growing season for the accompanying crops of the rice crop rotation.

Desiccation is performed at the end of the waxy ripeness of rice for drying, which allows to shorten the growing season of rice and thereby lengthen the growing season for the accompanying crops of the rice crop rotation.

The essence of the invention is illustrated by the drawing, where in Fig. 1 shows a technological scheme for the cultivation of rice and related crops of rice crop rotation on drip irrigation; in fig. 2 also, section A-A, in Fig. 3 shows a fragment of a drip tape.

In the drawings, the dimensions of the elements of the technological scheme of one grip are indicated in centimeters.

The technological scheme for the cultivation of rice and related crops of rice crop rotation on drip irrigation contains: 1 - drip tape, 2 - outlet (Fig. 3).

The rice cultivation method is carried out as follows

In the autumn in the first year of the implementation of the method of cultivating rice on the lands of the irrigated rice fund with drip irrigation, first, after harvesting the predecessor, one-time produce:

- cutting and restoration of peripheral check grooves with a depth of 0.4-0.6 m,

- leveling the surface of checks,

- basic tillage to a depth of 0.25-0.30 m,

- cleaning of irrigation and waste channels,

- backfilling check rollers to design marks.

Then the annual spring-autumn technological cycle of work is performed, including:

- loosening by two repetitions, the first to a depth of 0.16-0.18 m, the second 8-12 days after the first to a depth of 0.12-0.14 m;

- disking with simultaneous application and incorporation of organic fertilizers to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m with an application rate of 40-50 tons per 1 ha of manure or green manure;

- cultivation with harrowing and simultaneous application of microelements 5-6 days before sowing rice seeds with the norm N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₄₀ in kg AI/ha to a depth of 0.10-0.12;

- rolling and/or leveling the soil surface;

- assembly of a drip irrigation system, including a fertigation system and laying drip tapes 1 on the soil surface with a step between water outlets 2 equal to 20 cm, a diameter and wall thickness of the drip tape - 16 mm and 0.2 mm, respectively, and the water outlet 2 of drip tape 1 in l /h per 1 m is taken from the condition of providing the required moisture in a given soil layer for crops of rice crop rotation, moreover, the distance between drip tapes 1 is 20 cm; preparation of rice seeds for sowing, including their dressing and pre-sowing treatment with a growth regulator;

- pre-planting irrigation before planting rice with a norm providing soil moisture of 100% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.6 m;

- treatment of the soil surface with soil herbicides;

- sowing rice with a rate calculated depending on soil and climatic conditions, sowing dates from a variety, sowing qualities of meteorological conditions and the quality of tillage;

- drip irrigation of rice through a drip irrigation system during the growing season of rice with a frequency and rate of irrigation depending on compliance with the condition for ensuring constant soil moisture of 80% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.6 m;

- feeding of rice plants: the first when rice shilets appear at the rate of 8 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, the second in the phase of 2-3 leaves at the rate of 10 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, the third at the phase of 4-5 leaves at the rate of 12 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, in the phase of 7-9 leaves at the rate of 12 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant;

- triple spraying of rice with a biologically active substance in phases 2-3, 6-7 leaves and at the end of the tillering phase before the start of the booting phase;

- treatment of rice crops with pesticides from the phase of 2 leaves to the tillering phase with an interval of 10-15 days with preliminary soil moisture up to 100% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.4 m;

- treatment of rice crops with insecticides during the growing season when pests exceed the economic threshold of harmfulness;

- treatment of rice crops twice with fungicides in the phase of entry into the tube and again after 20-25 days;

- senication of rice crops;

- desiccation of rice crops;

- rice harvesting;

- pre-planting irrigation before planting accompanying crops of rice crop rotation with the provision of moisture and depth of soil moisture necessary and sufficient for planting a crop through a drip irrigation system with the application of mineral fertilizers, the rates and terms of application of which are taken in accordance with the accepted technology for the production of this crop of rice crop rotation;

- growing seedlings and/or planting accompanying crops of rice crop rotation with the application of mineral fertilizers, treatment of crops with pesticides, fungicides and insecticides, the rates and terms of application of which are taken in accordance with the accepted technology for the production of this crop;

- drip irrigation of crops of rice crop rotation through a drip irrigation system during the growing season with the frequency and rate of irrigation depending on the observance of the conditions for ensuring that soil moisture is necessary for the normal development of the crop in the soil layer required by the crop production technology;

- harvesting crops of rice crop rotation;

- cleaning drip tape;

- conservation and dismantling of units of drip irrigation systems, including the fertigation system;

- peeling in two tracks to a depth of 0.06-0.08 m;

- basic tillage to a depth of 0.25-0.3 m.

In the spring, in subsequent years of rice cultivation, the annual spring-autumn technological cycle of work is repeated.

Example of implementation of the rice cultivation method

The rice cultivation method was tested in the Krasnodar Territory at Chernoyerkovskoye LLC, Slavyansky District (2nd department) on a rice paddy (hereinafter referred to as the “experimental field”) with an area of 4.5 hectares each.

The farm uses the scheme of an engineering rice plot of the Krasnodar type.

The cultivated rice crop was Rapan variety.

The predecessor in the first year of the implementation of the method - fig.

On the experimental field from 2016 to 2019, the following crop rotation was applied:

- 2016: rice + peas;

- 2017: rice + chickpeas;

- 2018: rice + soy;

- 2019: rice + spring vetch.

The method of cultivating rice on checks of a rice irrigation system with drip irrigation included a list of technological operations presented in Table 1.

As a result of approbation of the rice cultivation method on the checks of the rice irrigation system with drip irrigation, it was possible to prove the effectiveness of not only rice cultivation (Table 2), but also rice crop rotation crops (Table 3).

The use of the claimed method of rice cultivation has improved the ameliorative state of soils (table 4).

As a result of rice cultivation on drip irrigation on the lands of the irrigation fund, the effectiveness of the rice cultivation technology developed by us was proved. The developed technology is a more environmentally friendly farming system for rice cultivation than traditionally used in the rice-growing sector of Russia.

The proposed technology reduces the anthropogenic load and improves the environmental and reclamation situation in the rice irrigation system. Due to the lack of contact between groundwater and irrigation water, not only the process of removal of mineral, organic and chemical plant treatment products to the underlying layers was stopped, but also their further movement to the water intake (rivers, lakes, estuaries), which has a beneficial effect on the environment and health person.

The main indicators of the effectiveness of the proposed method are: the average reduction of the irrigation norm by 5 times over the years relative to the traditional technology of rice cultivation by flooding; improvement of the ameliorative state of soils from “satisfactory” in 2016 to “good” in 2019; reduction of labor intensity by 20%; increase in yield by an average of 7% and the quality of the resulting grain; reduction in the cost of rice production by an average of 22%; reduction of doses of macro and microelements introduced by an average of 25%; increase in profitability by 24%.

Claims (1)

A method of rice cultivation, including the use of rice agro-techniques for flooded rice and for rice cultivation on unsaturated soil, tillage and spraying of rice with herbicides, drip irrigation system; maintaining soil moisture; fertilization, characterized in that rice is cultivated on the lands of the irrigated rice fund, previously in the first year of rice cultivation in the fall, after harvesting the predecessor, peripheral check grooves 0.4-0.6 m deep are cut and restored once, the surface of the checks is leveled, then carried out basic tillage to a depth of 0.25-0.30 m, cleaning of irrigation and discharge channels, backfilling check rollers to design levels, after which in the spring of the first year the annual spring-autumn technological cycle of work is performed, including: to a depth of 0.16-0.18 m and repeated after 8-12 days to a depth of 0.12-0.14 m, then disking is performed with simultaneous application and incorporation of organic fertilizers to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m with the application rate 40-50 tons per 1 ha of manure or green manure, and cultivation with harrowing and simultaneous application of macronutrients is carried out 5-6 days before sowing rice seeds with a norm of N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₄₀ in kg AI / ha to a depth of 0.10 -0.12 m, rolling and/or leveling the soil surface, then assemble the drip irrigation system, including the fertigation system and laying drip tapes on the soil surface with a step between outlets - 20 cm, diameter and wall thickness of the drip tape - 16 mm and 0 .2 mm, respectively, and the water outflow of the drip tape in l / h per 1 m is taken from the condition of providing the required moisture in a given soil layer for crops of rice crop rotation, moreover, the distance between the drip tapes is 20 cm; preparation of rice seeds for sowing, including their dressing and pre-sowing treatment with a growth regulator, then pre-planting irrigation is carried out before planting rice with a rate that provides soil moisture of 100% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.6 m, and the soil surface is treated with soil herbicides, after which sowing is carried out rice with a rate of at least 350 plants per 1 m ² , and drip irrigation of rice is carried out through a drip irrigation system during the growing season of rice with a frequency and rate of irrigation, depending on compliance with the condition for ensuring a constant soil moisture of 80% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.6 m, feeding rice plants during the growing season: the first when rice shilets appear at the rate of 8 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, the second - in the phase of 2-3 leaves at the rate of 10 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, the third - in the phase of 4-5 leaves at the rate of 12 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, in the phase of 7-9 leaves at the rate of 12 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, then the rice is sprayed three times with a biologically active substance in the phases of 2-3, 6-7 leaves and at the end of the tillering phase before the start of the exit phase. tube, treatment of rice crops: with pesticides from the phase of 2 leaves to the tillering phase with an interval of 10-15 days with preliminary soil moisture up to 100% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.4 m, with insecticides during the growing season when pests exceed the economic threshold of harmfulness, twice with fungicides in the phase of entry into the tube and again after 20-25 days; senication and desiccation of rice crops; after ripening, rice is harvested; pre-planting irrigation before planting accompanying crops of rice crop rotation with the provision of moisture and depth of soil moisture necessary and sufficient for planting a crop through a drip irrigation system with the application of mineral fertilizers, the rates and terms of application of which are taken in accordance with the accepted technology for the production of this crop of rice crop rotation; growing seedlings and/or planting accompanying crops of rice crop rotation with the application of mineral fertilizers, treatment of crops with pesticides, fungicides and insecticides, the rates and terms of which are taken in accordance with the accepted technology for the production of this crop; drip irrigation of crops of rice crop rotation through a drip irrigation system during the growing season with the frequency and rate of irrigation, depending on the observance of the conditions for ensuring that the soil layer required by the crop production technology is necessary for the normal development of the soil moisture culture; harvesting crops of rice crop rotation; then, the drip tape is cleaned, followed by conservation and disassembly of the units of drip irrigation systems; peeling in two tracks to a depth of 0.06-0.08 m; the main tillage to a depth of 0.25-0.3 m, after which the annual spring-autumn technological cycle of work is repeated.

Images