RU2760938C1 - Method for cultivation of row crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture and can be used in the cultivation of row crops, namely corn, sunflower, soy, sugar beet. The method for cultivating row crops includes sowing, fertilization, processing of row spacing and strips of the main crop, and processing is carried out on stubble. In the strip under the main crop, simultaneous crevice is carried out with cultivation and fertilization to a depth reached by the roots of the main crop in the phase of 2-3 triple leaves, with cutting off the layer from stubble to the width of the sowing strip with vertical knives, into which seeds and the starting dose of fertilizers are introduced with spear coulters. In the interval between the strips occupied by the main crop, the mulching crop is sown. Further, during the development of the main crop, mulching plants are repeatedly mowed to a height above their growth point so that they do not fall on the strip with the main crop, laying in a roll, processing with a decomposer and rolling, creating a layer that prevents the germination of weeds and provides favorable conditions for the development of the main crop are carried out. Annually, the sowing strip is shifted by the main crop by 1/3 of the width of the row spacing, where due to the created mulching layer, a partial return of nutrients carried away by the main crop into the soil occurs, and the missing elements are compensated by the fertilizers used.

EFFECT: increase in the efficiency of cultivation of row crops.

1 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in the cultivation of row crops: corn, sunflower, soybeans, sugar beet.

The known method of soil green manure for row crops (patent RU No. 2313207, publ. 27.12.2007) The method includes post-harvest plowing and sowing cruciferous spring green manure crops. Plowing is carried out simultaneously with the formation of ridges and scattered sowing of green manure crops on their surface. The green manure is filled in in the spring during the first inter-row cultivation of the sown row crop

The disadvantage of this method is that green manure crops are sown over the entire surface of the field annually, and they are embedded in the soil when they have not yet collected the greatest amount of nutrients.

The known method of cultivation of row crops MOW-TILL (patent RU No. 2699524, publ. 09/05/2019), including soil cultivation, sowing and fertilization. Soil cultivation is carried out in strips with soil deepeners to loosen the soil. Milling cutters carry out loosening of the soil and with a coulter they sow in a strip. During the growing season of cultivated plants, weeds are mowed in the aisles with a mower-grinder, which cuts off weeds and creates a mulching layer from them, and the strip with cultivated plants is treated with light harrows before germination and along shoots with the possibility of applying liquid mineral fertilizers and herbicides with a sprayer directly into processed strip. Moreover, in each subsequent year, soil cultivation and sowing in the strip is carried out with a shift in the aisles, where in the previous year a mulching layer of mown weeds was created, which contributes to the reproduction of soil fertility.

The disadvantage of this method is that the return of nutrients to the soil is not compensated for by the layer of green manure from weeds.

The problem to be solved by the invention is to increase the efficiency of cultivation of row crops by creating a mulch layer of plants that provide the necessary balance of nutrients and their return to the soil due to repeated mowing, creating favorable conditions for growing the main crop in one area for three and more than years.

The technical solution to the problem is achieved by the fact that stubble cultivation is carried out with slotters, simultaneously with cutting the roots of stubble plants in the zone of their greatest development with cultivator paws and simultaneously applying fertilizers to the depth of reaching the roots of the main crop in the phase of 2-3 trifoliate leaves, which leads to moisture removal and loosening the soil. Paw openers sow the main crop with the introduction of a starting dose of fertilizer and pruning the roots of stubble plants near the surface at the sowing depth, at the same time, vertical knives cut a strip equal to the width of the main crop sowing, this leads to suppression of weeds, creates favorable conditions for germination of the main crop, except This is done by sowing mulching plants in the strip formed between the strips of the main crop. Later, in the process of growth of the main crop, the mulching plants and weeds are repeatedly mowed between the strips of the main crop, so that they do not fall on its strip, but are laid in a swath, after which they are processed with decomposers and rolled. As a result, a layer is created that prevents the germination of weeds and provides conditions for the normal development of the main crop. The strip of the main culture in the process of its development is subjected to pre-emergence and post-emergence harrowing and treatment, if necessary, with preparations. After harvesting the main crop, the sowing strip is shifted by 1/3 of the row spacing, where due to the created mulch layer, a partial return of nutrients carried by the main crop into the soil occurs, and the missing elements are compensated by the applied fertilizers.

по отношению к полосе занятой мульчирующими растениями. Мульчирующие растения подбирают таким образом, чтобы в них накапливалось наибольшее количество питательных веществ, которые выносятся основной культурой. Удобрения подбираются из расчета дополнения элементов выносимых основной культурой, которые не способны восстановить мульчирующие растения.The width of the strip for the main crop is selected from the ratio

in relation to the strip occupied by mulching plants. Mulching plants are selected in such a way that they accumulate the greatest amount of nutrients that are carried away by the main crop. Fertilizers are selected based on the addition of elements carried by the main crop, which are not able to restore mulching plants.

Figure 1 shows a diagram of the arrangement of working bodies during soil cultivation and sowing seeds, top view; figure 2 is a diagram of the arrangement of working bodies when caring for crops; Figure 3 shows the layout of the stripes by year.

The method is carried out as follows.

The strips for the main crop with row spacing L can be cultivated on stubble in autumn or together with sowing in spring.

The slotter 1 destroys the plow sole with the formation of a gap to a depth of 20-25 cm to remove excess moisture. Cultivator paws 2 cut the roots of stubble plants and at the same time, fertilizers are applied through the fertilizer pipe 3 to a depth reached by the roots of the main crop in the phase of 2-3 trifoliate leaves. In this case, with vertical knives 4, a stubble layer with a width l equal to the width of the sowing strip of the main crop is separated from the common surface. With a paw opener 5, the main crop is sown with the introduction of a starting dose of fertilizers into the prepared strip 2l at the recommended depth. At the same time, the opener cuts the roots of stubble plants, which leads to their oppression, loosens the soil layer under them and creates conditions for better germination of the seeds of the main crop. To improve the contact of the sown seeds with the soil, they are rolled with a roller 6. In the process of development, pre-emergence and post-emergence harrowing with light harrows 7 are carried out directly in the strip of the main crop, and the sprayer 8 is treated with preparations, which reduces their consumption.

Simultaneously with the sowing of the main crop, mulching plants are sown between the strips occupied by the main plants with paw openers 9. Further, when mulching plants grow and nutrients accumulate in them, they are repeatedly cut together with regrown weeds, to a height above the growing point of the mulching crop, rotary mower 10, so that they can grow back and ensure subsequent mowing. To prevent cut mulching plants from entering the strip of the base of the crop, the rotary mower 10 has a swath-forming casing 11, on which the spreader sprayer 12 is also fixed. air, water and temperature regimes contributing to the better development of the main culture. Repeated mowing of weeds leads to the fact that they do not have time to form seeds and, as a result, their destruction occurs. Mulching plants prevent new weeds from germinating by taking away nutrients and moisture from them. Each subsequent year, the sowing area of the mulch crop is shifted by 1/3 of the row spacing L in relation to the previous year.

Claims (1)

A method of cultivating row crops, including sowing, fertilizing, processing row spacings and strips of the main crop, characterized in that the treatments are carried out on stubble, in the strip for the main crop, simultaneous slitting is carried out with cultivation and fertilization to a depth reached by the roots of the main crop in phase 2 -3 trifoliate leaves, with cutting off the stubble layer from the stubble to the width of the sowing strip with vertical knives, into which seeds and a starting dose of fertilizers are introduced with paw openers, and in the interval between the strips occupied by the main crop, a mulch crop is sown, which provides a partial return of those taken out by the main crop nutrients, then, in the process of development of the main crop, the mulching plants are repeatedly mowed to a height above their growth point so that they do not fall on the strip with the base of the culture, laying in a swath, processing with a decomposition agent and rolling, creating a layer that prevents the germination of litter nyakov and providing favorable conditions for the development of the main crop, while annually displacing the sowing strip with the base of the crop by 1/3 of the row spacing, where due to the created mulching layer, a partial return of nutrients carried away by the main crop to the soil occurs, and the missing elements are compensated applied fertilizers.

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