RU2605763C2 - Method and system for bio intensive irrigated farming on clay soils - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: system of bio intensive irrigated farming on clay soils comprises closed irrigation system for watering along furrows and finely-dispersed sprinkling system. At pump inlet for water supply to irrigation system pressure pipeline for watering with finely dispersed overhead irrigation activated water generator is installed, vessels with effective microorganisms and bio dynamic preparations. Method of bio intensive irrigated farming on clay soils includes watering along furrows and finely dispersed overhead irrigation of sections with wide stationary beds, having narrow trenches, laid along their middle, and filled with vegetable remains, manure and trees residues. In autumn on wide stationary beds between narrow trenches and irrigation furrows narrow recesses are created filled with sand, irrigation section is filled with leaves or other milled plant residues. Then irrigation area is covered from fine overhead sprinkling plants with addition of effective microorganisms into activated water and in one week by activated biodynamic preparation, such as “500”. In spring crop residues are sheared from irrigation furrows on wide stationary beds and padded with sand layer, further watering from fine-dispersed sprinkling plants is performed with addition of effective microorganisms into water and then during following irrigation with biodynamic preparation, such as “500”, after blossoming watering is performed from fine plants with biodynamic preparation, for example "501". In vegetation period alternating watering is performed to moisten of entire active soil layer along furrows and soil surface layer damping by finely dispersed overhead irrigation with alternation of watering with activated water and irrigation with addition of effective microorganisms into water.

EFFECT: watering along furrows.

2 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used for growing crops in irrigated agriculture.

Known farming systems on clay soils, the disadvantage of which is the formation of soil crust on the surface after intensive moisture, worsening soil aeration, reducing crop yields and leading to increased moisture loss from the arable layer.

Features of clay soils - high density, adhesion and swimming during irrigation, low air permeability, which makes it difficult to successfully grow plants on them. When moistened, water is retained in the surface layers of clay soils, accumulating in large numbers in the root zone of planted plants, which rot and die due to excess moisture in the soil. Further drying leads to the formation of a hard crust on the surface of clay soil, which prevents the penetration of heat and moisture into deeper horizons. Sandy soil is easy to cultivate. These soils are characterized by increased water conductivity and breathability. They quickly overheat during the day, and cool just as rapidly at night, losing thermal energy (Khvostunova S.A. How to increase soil fertility. - RIPOL classic, 2011. - P. 17, 36-37).

Known manual cultivator "Tornado". The cultivator can make holes in the soil without turning over the fertile layer of the earth, preserving as much as possible all the micronutrients, moisture and earthworms in the depths of the soil, and this has a beneficial effect on the crop. (http://www.top-shop.ru/product/21866- tornado/).

The cultivator was not used in bio-intensive irrigated farming systems with furrow irrigation.

There is a known technology for applying sand to the surface of heavy loam, on which it was not possible to obtain good yields even before the introduction of sand, even when organic matter was added. Kurdyumov N.I. The fertile soil of a smart garden. - Rostov n / a: Vladis; M .: RIPOL classic, 2013 .-- S. 26.

This technology has not been applied in irrigated agriculture when irrigation along furrows.

The known system of biodynamic farming (Zhirmunskaya NM Garden without chemistry. - St. Petersburg: "Publishing house" DILA ", 2011. - 352 p.).

Biodynamic farming originated in Germany. In this system of agriculture abandoned the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides.

The founder of biodynamic farming is the German philosopher Rudolf Steiner (1861-1926). His compatriot, Dr. Ehrenfid Pfeiffer, put these ideas into practice.

A feature of biodynamic farming is that it pays more attention to the interactions and relationships that arise and operate within living nature, between living and non-living nature, between living nature and space.

The drug "500" (horn manure). The cow horn is filled with fresh cow manure, in the autumn it is buried in fertile soil to a depth of 60 cm and left until spring. A small lump of such a substance weighing 5-6 g (dose per 200 m2 ^of area) is placed in a clean vessel, poured with rain water of about 6 l and mixed for one hour changing the direction of mixing clockwise and counterclockwise to form a deep funnel. The activated solution is sprayed onto the soil surface no later than two hours after the end of mixing.

The drug "500" causes stimulation of plant root growth and vital activity of soil microorganisms, harmonizes the soil nutrition of plants.

The drug "500" is usually used twice a year - in autumn and spring. Spraying is done at the end of the day on moist soil. This replaces the fertilizer with compost.

The drug "501" (horn silica) is made from powdered crystalline quartz. It is moistened with rainwater and also placed in a cow horn, then buried in the ground.

Spraying with the preparation “501” during fruit ripening accelerates their ripening.

The simplest and most accessible way to everyone is the preparation of the drug from nettle ("504"). Whole nettle plants are harvested at the beginning of flowering, let them taper a little, chopped and put in a pit to a depth of 60 cm with a dense, thick layer. The bottom of the pit is previously covered with old bags and a peat layer 5 cm thick. They are covered with soil on top and compacted. Nettle is in the soil throughout the year: from the end of May to the beginning of June of one year until the same time next. It can be used as a compost preparation.

The liquid preparation "507" is a fermented juice squeezed from the constellations of valerian.

Compost preparations act in very small quantities: 0.5-1 teaspoon of each preparation is enough for a compost heap with a volume of 3-5 m ³ .

Five holes are made in the compost heap with a stick to a depth of 50-60 cm and at a distance of 1 m from each other. At the bottom of each hole, approximately one teaspoon of one preparation is poured, compost is poured on top and compacted.

A liquid drug from valerian is stirred in warm rainwater in an amount of 3-3 ml per 5 liters of water. The resulting solution is evenly sprayed on the entire pile. After that, it is covered. Dung composts are also treated in the same way.

Earthworms, which are collected in large quantities at the injection site, are very sensitive to it.

Biodynamic preparations are incompatible with mineral fertilizers, which completely destroy their effect.

The minimum effect of drugs on compost is 3 weeks.

Valerian drug is also used to protect flowering fruit plants from frost (S. 314-318).

To activate the drug, water is mixed with biodynamic drugs in a whirlpool, periodically changing the direction of its rotation. In this case, the solution is saturated with oxygen (S. 139-143).

Processing biodynamic preparations of fodder crops has a very strong effect on improving animal health, on the quality of sheep’s wool, on yields of cows, and horticultural crops have a positive effect on human health (Zhirmunskaya NM Ogorod without chemistry. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House "DILA", 2011. - S. 313).

The drug "500" is usually used twice a year - in autumn and spring. They spray the soil prepared for planting both garden and fruit crops. Spraying is usually carried out at the end of the day on moist soil (S. 315).

The preparation "501" is made from powdered crystalline quartz (P. 315).

This drug improves the quality of the fruit. It is used after the soil has been sprayed with the drug "500".

The “501” preparation is used to spray plant leaves, thus stimulating photosynthesis and transition to fruiting. Spraying is usually carried out early in the morning - as soon as the dew dries, trying to spray the solution as finely as possible, in the form of fog. Tomatoes, for example, are sprayed after the seedlings have taken root, after the beginning of flowering, at the beginning of fruiting and at the beginning of reddening of the fruits (P. 316).

In cold, cloudy weather, spraying with “501” to some extent compensates for the absence of heat and light and prevents the spread of fungal diseases.

When transplanting seedlings, the roots are dipped in a mixture of clay solution and the drug "500". Plants take root well. After the start of growth, they are sprayed with the preparation "501" (P. 317) (Zhirmunskaya NM Kitchen garden without chemistry. - St. Petersburg: "Publishing house" DILA ", 2011. - 352 p.).

The use of biodynamic drugs in Australia is known. Biodynamic preparation “500” works underground and affects microbiological activity, humus formation and root growth (Podolinski, A. Introduction to biodynamic farming. - Kaluga: “Spiritual knowledge.” - P. 59).

In wet years, fungal and other diseases develop. In such conditions, use the biodynamic silicon (quartz) preparation "501", which allows to increase the ability of plants to absorb light and increase their resistance to disease. The drug stimulates metabolic activity and establishes a balance between elements that affect plant growth. The same drug is used on irrigated lands. (Podolinski, A.S. 65-66).

On grasses, pastures after mowing are first introduced with the preparation “500” and then after 2-3 weeks, when the grass began to grow violently, they are sprayed with the preparation “501” (Podolinsky, A. S., 170).

Too much 500 is just as harmful as too much humus. The drug "500" is applied in an amount of 87 g / ha, and the drug "501" 2.5 g / ha after flowering plants (Podolinski, A.S. 138, 161). 1-3 sprays are enough (S. 164). Helps against waterlogging of the soil. The drug "501" is used provided that the soil is well moistened (S. 164, 171).

You can not spray plants during flowering (S. 170).

The disadvantage of these technologies is their non-use when irrigating crops on furrows.

Known technology for increasing soil fertility using effective microorganisms, for example, lactic acid, photosynthetic, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, yeast, etc.

The EM line of biologics is a vibrant community of 86 carefully selected beneficial soil microorganisms known in the world as "effective microorganisms".

According to the creator of the preparations of the EM series, the Japanese scientist Teruo Higa, all the microorganisms contained in the preparations are isolated from the natural environment, and the preparations do not contain genetically modified microorganisms.

The scope of the preparations of this series is very wide: from the revival of soil fertility and the disposal of organic waste to the reduction of mortality of young animals on livestock farms.

Here is a partial list of the results of using EM technology:

- sharply increases productivity, especially cucumbers and tomatoes, without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides;

- accelerates the ripening time by 10-15 days;

- increases the content of vitamins and carotene in fruits;

- accelerates the formation of humus;

- converts soil micro and macro elements into easily digestible forms;

- converts organic waste into compost in two to three weeks;

- eliminates unpleasant odors arising from rotting organics;

- when using the subsurface soil cultivation technology, it provides the natural permeability of the fertile layer to a depth of 60-80 cm (http://www.microb.ru/).

EM products “Baikal EM-1, NV-101”, “Shine”, and “Vostok EM-1” are used in Russia that are used for autumn and spring tillage as fertilizers and to control pests and plant diseases. The composition of the drug includes lactic acid, photosynthetic, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, yeast. The most effective use of compost and Baikal solution in the fall, after harvesting. This contributes to the decomposition of plant roots remaining in the soil, their transformation into humus, loosening of the soil to the depth of these roots and the release of ridges from weeds, pathogens are suppressed.

Spring application of compost ridges into the soil and spilling them with Baikal solution contribute to faster heating of the soil and filling it with solutions of soil minerals. In winter, under the influence of frosts, most soil microorganisms die, and the spring "dressing" of the Baikal ridges is designed to restore their population to a shorter amount of time that can feed cultivated plants with solutions of soil minerals. (http://em.rpoargo.com/, http://www.baik.al-em1.ru/, http://superogorod.ucoz.org/forum/2-14-1, http: // www .dachnik.org.ua / em-tehnologija-effektivnye-mikroorganizmy / preparaty-sijanie.html).

The microbiological preparation "Vostok EM-1" helps to restore soil fertility, increases crop yields, reduces ripening, improves taste and increases the shelf life of fruits and berries, significantly increases the immunity of plants.

The drug was developed by Japanese professor Teruo Higa as a result of many years of research. Dr. T. Higa created the theory of effective microorganisms. The basis of this theory is the use of a complex microbiological preparation consisting of 84 beneficial microorganisms. (http://vostok-eml.ru/).

Methods of application and effectiveness of the drug in agriculture

Presowing seed treatment:

- Increase seed germination.

- Getting healthy seedlings.

- Increase in productivity by 10-15%.

Soil application:

- Higher soil temperature in spring, earlier start of vegetation processes, more efficient use of soil moisture.

- Acceleration of root and leaf formation.

- Effective weed control and gradual minimization.

- Rapid restoration and accumulation of the fertile soil layer (humus).

- Restore optimal soil structure.

- Increase in productivity and nutritional value of agricultural crops by 1.5-5 times.

- Growing environmentally friendly and diet products.

- Growing for several seasons on the same areas of the same crops without the use of crop rotation, the introduction of monoculture.

- Obtaining on one area two or more crops of different crops per season.

- A significant reduction, and subsequently a complete rejection of the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

- A complete rejection of deep plowing, access to "zero tillage" of the soil.

Foliar processing of crops (fog irrigation):

- Improving the resistance of plants against various diseases and harmful insects.

- Reducing the ripening of cereals and vegetables.

- Increasing plant resistance to adverse environmental conditions.

The disadvantage of these technologies is their non-use in irrigated agriculture during furrow irrigation.

A known method of irrigated agriculture, including irrigation along the furrows laid along the edges of stationary beds, in the middle of which trenches are made, filled with a mixture of charcoal, burnt trees, manure and plant residues (Patent for invention RU 2451445 C1, IPC A01G 25/00 / I.A Kim, II Kim, AI Kim, Vera Jesus Chorus given by Markin).

The disadvantage of the method of irrigated agriculture is the non-use of biodynamic farming technologies and effective microorganisms during irrigation on furrows.

A known method of land reclamation, including irrigation with furrows and fine sprinkling irrigated areas with wide stationary beds having narrow trenches in the middle, filled with plant residues, characterized in that irrigation of the furrows is carried out with activated water, and irrigation with fine irrigation is carried out at night to moisten the surface layer , with alternating irrigation with plain and activated water (Patent for invention RU 2444179 C1, IPC A01G 25/00 / I.A. Kim, I.I. Kim, A.I. Kim).

The disadvantage of the reclamation method is the non-application of bio-intensive farming technologies, biodynamic preparations and effective microorganisms during irrigation, insufficient aeration of clay soil on the beds for plant growth and the vital activity of microorganisms.

The technical result of the claimed invention is to improve soil aeration, condensation of atmospheric moisture into the soil, to activate the vital functions of soil flora and fauna, to increase soil fertility and crop yields on clay soils.

The claimed result is achieved in that the system of bio-intensive irrigated agriculture on clay soils contains a closed irrigation system for irrigation along furrows and a system of fine irrigation. At the pump inlet for supplying water to the pressure pipe of the irrigation system for fine irrigation, an activated water generator, tanks with effective microorganisms and biodynamic preparations are installed. In the near-surface layer of beds between narrow trenches filled with trunks, tree branches and plant residues and dung from above, and irrigation furrows, narrow depressions filled with sand were made, and a layer of plant residues covered with a layer of sand was deposited on the surface of the beds.

The method of bio-intensive irrigated agriculture on clay soils involves irrigation with furrows and fine-sprinkling irrigation of areas with wide stationary beds having narrow trenches laid along their middle and filled with tree trunks and tree branches, plant debris, and manure. In autumn, narrow indentations filled with sand are created on wide stationary beds between narrow trenches and irrigation furrows, the irrigated area is covered with leaves or other shredded plant debris. Then the irrigated area is watered from fine sprinklers with the addition of effective microorganisms to activated water and a week later with an activated biodynamic preparation, for example, “500”. In spring, plant residues are raked from irrigation furrows to wide stationary beds and sprinkled with a layer of sand, then irrigation is carried out from finely dispersed sprinklers with the addition of effective microorganisms in activated water, and the next watering with an activated biodynamic preparation, for example, “500”, after flowering, irrigation from finely dispersed plants biodynamic preparation, for example "501". During the growing season, alternating irrigation is carried out to moisten the entire active soil layer along the furrows and to moisten the surface soil layer with fine irrigation with alternating irrigation with activated water and irrigation with the addition of effective microorganisms to the water.

In FIG. 1 shows a diagram of a system of irrigated agriculture on clay soils; in FIG. 2 - section of the soil of the irrigated area.

The system of irrigated agriculture on clay soils contains an irrigation source 1, a water intake 2, connected through a valve 3 to a self-discharge pipe 4, to which an activated water generator 6 is connected through a valve 5, and irrigation pipes 8 with microhydrants 9 are connected through the valves 7 to supply water to irrigation furrows 10 of the irrigated area, laid along the edges of wide stationary beds 11, in the middle of which narrow trenches 12 are made, filled with trunks and tree branches 13, plant debris and manure 14, is covered sown on top with a thin layer of soil 15. In the beds between narrow trenches, narrow recesses 16 were also made, for example, with the Tornado hand cultivator, filled with sand, and the surface of the beds was mulched with a layer of leaves 17 covered with a layer of sand 18.

The self-pressure pipe 4 is also connected through the valve 19 to the pump 20, with the inlet of which through the valve 21 is connected a container 22 with effective microorganisms, through the valve 23 a container 24 with a biodynamic preparation, through the valve 25 an activated water generator 6. The output of the pump 20 is also connected through the valve 26 with a pressure pipe 27 to which irrigation pipes 28 are connected with finely dispersed sprinklers 29.

The method and system of bio-intensive irrigated agriculture on clay soils are implemented as follows.

In the autumn, after harvesting, 1.2-1.4 m narrow trenches 12 up to 1 m deep are created in the irrigated area, into which trunks and tree branches 13, plant debris and manure 14 are laid. Then wide stationary beds 11 are formed along the edges of which irrigation furrows are laid 10. Narrow trenches 12 are sprinkled with a thin layer of earth 15. On wide stationary beds 11 between narrow trenches 12 and irrigation furrows 10, for example, narrow recesses 16 filled with sand are created by the Tornado hand cultivator. Then, irrigation furrows and the surface of wide stationary beds 11 are covered with leaves 17 or shredded plant debris. Then the gates 5, 25, 21, 26 are opened, the pump 20 is turned on and the area is watered with activated water with EM preparations containing effective microorganisms from fine sprinklers 28. After some time, for example, after a week, the activated watering is carried out by opening the shutter 23 in a similar way biodynamic preparation, for example, "500".

In spring, leaves 17 from irrigation furrows are moved to wide stationary beds 11 and sprinkled with a layer of sand 18. Then they are irrigated with activated water with the addition of EM preparations and then, after a week, with an activated biodynamic preparation, for example, “500”.

After planting the plants with a decrease in humidity to 0.7 HB, alternating irrigation of the furrows with moisturizing norms with irrigation with finely dispersed sprinklers is carried out with 29 norms for moistening the surface layer of soil and plants with alternating irrigation with activated water and adding effective microorganisms to irrigation water.

After flowering, irrigation with finely dispersed sprinklers is also carried out with the addition of biodynamic preparations, for example, “501”, in activated water.

After harvesting, wide stationary beds and irrigation furrows are corrected and plant debris or leaves are again brought to the soil surface, sprinkled with sand and watered from finely dispersed sprinklers with activated water with biodynamic preparations and effective microorganisms.

In subsequent years, the soil of the site does not dig.

Plant residues are added to the surface of wide stationary beds after weeding, and in the fall without digging the soil, narrow depressions filled with sand are formed, plant residues are applied to the soil surface and sprinkled with sand.

The method and system of bio-intensive irrigated agriculture on clay soils allows you to:

- prevent overmoistening of the surface soil layer and the formation of crust on the surface of the beds;

- prevent soil fusion in the active layer;

- improve soil aeration;

- improve the condensation of air moisture on the surface and the surface layer of the soil;

- reduce unproductive losses of water by evaporation;

- maintain uniform moisture and temperature in the active soil layer;

- minimize water loss in depth filtration;

- minimize soil erosion during irrigation;

- intensify the vital activity of soil flora and fauna;

- increase soil fertility;

- carry out the fight against pathogenic microorganisms;

- reduce the incidence of plants;

- increase crop yields.

Claims (2)

1. A method of bio-intensive irrigated agriculture on clay soils, including irrigation along furrows and fine-sprinkling of irrigated areas with wide stationary beds having narrow trenches along their center, filled with plant debris, manure and tree debris, characterized in that in autumn on wide stationary beds between narrow trenches and irrigation furrows create narrow depressions filled with sand, while the irrigated area is covered with leaves or shredded plant debris, more The surface of the irrigated area is watered from finely dispersed irrigation plants with effective microorganisms added to activated water and then a week later with the activated biodynamic preparation “500”, in spring plant residues are raked from irrigation furrows onto wide stationary beds and sprinkled with a layer of sand, then irrigation is carried out from finely dispersed irrigation plants with the addition of effective microorganisms to activated water and then, at the next watering, with the activated biodynamic preparation “500” , after flowering, irrigation from finely dispersed plants with the “501” biodynamic preparation is carried out, during the growing season, when soil moisture is reduced to 0.7 HB, alternate irrigation is also carried out to moisten the entire active soil layer with furrows and moisturize the surface soil layer with fine irrigation with alternating irrigation activated water and irrigation with the addition of effective microorganisms in the water. 2. A system of bio-intensive irrigated agriculture on clay soils, including wide stationary beds, along the edges of which irrigation furrows are laid, and in the middle there are narrow trenches filled with tree debris, plant debris and manure, a closed irrigation system for furrow irrigation and an irrigation system for water supply in finely dispersed irrigation plants, characterized in that in the surface layer of the beds between narrow trenches and irrigation furrows, narrow depressions filled with sand are made, and The surface of the beds is covered with a layer of plant debris covered with a layer of sand, while an activated water generator, tanks with effective microorganisms and biodynamic preparations are installed at the pump inlet for supplying water to the pressure pipe of the irrigation system for fine water irrigation systems.

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