RU2503835C1 - Plunger-free engine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: engines and pumps.

SUBSTANCE: plunger-free engine comprises housing and four cylinders. Two opposed pistons with rod are fitted there inside. Besides, engine comprises ignition plugs, timing systems at cylinder ends, air-fuel mix feed manifold and exhaust gas manifold, and control system. In compliance with this invention, every cylinder is equipped with rack at rod and two gear engaged therewith fitted drive shafts. Said drive shafts are coupled with overrunning couplings' to allow opposite rotation of two output shafts. Said output shafts are connected with input to common reduction gear having load shaft. Common reduction gear comprises two gears fitted at output shafts and drive gear engaged therewith and fitted on load shaft. Note here that one of said gears is engaged directly with driven fear while another engages it while idle gear.

EFFECT: higher efficiency and reliability.

7 cl, 4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to power plants and can be used in the automotive industry, heavy machinery and small energy, in particular in the form of auxiliary engines of transport mechanisms in mobile or portable power plants, electric welding units, etc.

Known free piston engine according to A. St. USSR A.S. 985365 USSR, MKI 5 F02B 71/04. publ. 12.30.82, containing a diesel internal combustion engine, a linear generator and a fuel supply system. The engine is a cylinder with end combustion chambers, in the area of which there are intake and exhaust valves. Inside the cylinder there are pistons connected by a jumper (rod).

The generator consists of a stator, an armature and excitation and load relieving systems. The stator is made in the form of stator windings and field windings. These windings are mounted on the outer surface of the cylinder. The anchor is made in the form of current collector and field windings, which are laid inside the pistons and connected to each other in series. The excitation system is made in the form of connecting excitation terminals, and the load shedding system is made in the form of load shedding terminals.

The fuel supply system is a nozzle located in the end parts of the cylinder and designed to supply fuel to the combustion chamber.

The energy conversion process is divided into two main cycles: the first cycle is the conversion of energy from chemical energy, fuel into the mechanical energy of the movement of the pistons, and the second - the mechanical energy of the movement of the pistons is converted into electrical energy. The first cycle is the workflow of a two-stroke diesel engine, and the second, in turn, is divided into two stages. At the first stage, by crossing the winding of the first piston of the magnetic field created by the first stator winding (field winding), a magnetic field is excited in the first piston. At the second stage, the formation and removal of electricity occurs, and the winding of the first piston plays the role of the field winding for the second piston.

Using the principle of electromagnets in both parts of the linear generator allows you to get a high power magnetic field, and, as a result, minimize the size of the installation.

However, the known device has the following disadvantages. When the device is operating, the movement of one piston is used to excite a magnetic field in another. This leads to the loss of the working process of the first piston to produce energy for current collection. Incomplete use of a two-stroke diesel engine workflow to generate energy for current collection is the cause of low efficiency. In addition, from overheating of the windings to a temperature of 500-600 ° C, their magnetic properties are reduced, which also reduces the efficiency of the motor.

Known free piston engine according to A. St. USSR No. 1733650 of the USSR, MKI 5 F02B 71/04, publ. 05/15/92 g, consisting of a diesel internal combustion engine, a linear generator, a fuel supply system and a cooling system.

This engine comprises a cylinder with exhaust valves in the end parts of the engine and a purge window in the central part of the engine. Inside the sleeve is a piston with a rod.

The generator consists of a stator, an armature, an excitation system and a load lifting system. The stator is made in the form of windings mounted on the outer surface of the cylinder. An anchor is a winding laid inside a piston. The excitation system is made of brushes and excitation wires. Brushes are located inside the piston. They are the first part of the sliding contact of the excitation system with the armature winding. The second part of the sliding contact is the excitation current receiving plate located on the armature winding. The plate is connected to the terminals of the armature winding. The excitation supply wires are located in the stock.

The fuel supply system includes two nozzles located in the opposed parts of the cylinder. The cooling system consists of two water nozzles, also located in the opposite parts of the cylinder.

The energy conversion is carried out in the same way as in the above engine and consists of two cycles: the first cycle is the conversion of energy from the chemical energy of the fuel into the mechanical energy of the movement of the pistons, the second - the mechanical energy of the movement of the pistons is converted into electrical energy. The first cycle is a two-stroke diesel engine workflow. The second cycle, unlike the above engine, consists of one stage and represents the working process of a linear generator with direct excitation. The exception of one stage is achieved thanks to the direct excitation system, the wires of which pass through the rod.

The principle of operation of the cooling system is that when a certain temperature of the exhaust gases is reached (600-800 ° C) through a special water nozzle, a coolant is fed into the combustion chamber, which, evaporating and mixing with the exhaust gases, forms a cooling medium that cools the combustion chamber . The cooling system reduces the temperature of the exhaust gases to 100-200 ° C. But the temperature of the cooled exhaust gases is still lower than the temperature of the piston and armature winding, because first, the exhaust gases are cooled, and then they remove the excess heat from the piston and winding. Because of this, the temperature of the piston and windings decreases only to 250-300 ° C.

The advantage of this engine is an increase in efficiency due to the full use of the working process of a two-stroke engine for the production of electricity for current collection. In addition, the efficiency is increased by reducing the magnetic field loss due to a decrease in the temperature of the windings (in particular the armature windings).

However, the known device has the following disadvantages. The lack of direct contact of the cooling medium with the armature winding located inside the piston leads to insufficient cooling of the winding. The temperature of the winding is reduced only to 250-300 ° C. In this case, the loss of electromagnetic field on copper windings is 50% greater than the loss of electromagnetic field at a temperature of 20 ° C.

In addition, the supply of coolant to the combustion chamber leads to sharp changes in temperature, and, as a result, to fluctuations in the magnetic field and the strength of the generated current, which also affects the reduction of efficiency.

Known free piston engine according to the patent of Russian Federation No. 2186231, IPC F02B 71/04, publ. 02/27/2002, the prototype.

This engine contains a diesel internal combustion engine made of a cylinder with nozzles, inside which a piston with a rod is located, a linear generator made of stator windings located on the cylinder, from an armature winding located on the piston and in contact with an excitation system consisting of brushes with excitation supply wires, a load-lifting system and a cooling system, two shut-off rings of the cooling system fixed to the stem and cooling tubes connected to it are additionally introduced into it with an internal piston chamber, while the armature winding is located on the piston rod, each cut-off ring is installed between the winding and the end parts of the piston, and the brushes are installed in the cylinder body.

Disadvantages: low efficiency due to the lack of a system for timely opening and closing of valves and low reliability due to the use of windings and current collectors in explosive atmospheres: oil and fuel vapors. In addition, the GTE launch system has been developed.

The challenge facing the inventors was to develop a free-piston engine with high efficiency and reliability.

The solution of these problems was achieved in a free-piston engine containing a housing, four cylinders, inside of which there are two opposed pistons with a rod, spark plugs, gas distribution systems at the cylinder ends, a manifold for supplying a fuel-air medium and an exhaust manifold and a control system, in accordance with of the invention, each cylinder is equipped with a gear rack on the rod and two gears in contact with it mounted on drive shafts that are connected to overrunning clutches, echivayuschimi opposite rotation of the two output shafts, the output shafts are connected to the input of a common gear unit having a load shaft. A common gearbox may contain two gears mounted on the output shafts and a driven gear connected to them, mounted on the load shaft, one of the gears being connected directly to the driven gear and the other through an intermediate gear. Each gas distribution system can be made in the form of spring-loaded intake and exhaust valves containing a seat and a rod and installed in the cylinder heads, and hydraulic pushers installed on the ends of the valve stems connected by pipelines to the valve. The control system may include a control unit and piston position sensors mounted on both cylinders, while the electrical control unit is connected to piston position sensors, a control valve and spark plugs. An electric generator is connected to the load shaft. Each cylinder can be made with two coaxial walls forming a gap for the passage of coolant. Each cylinder can be made with two coaxial walls forming a gap for the passage of coolant

The invention is illustrated in Fig 1 ... 4, where:

- figure 1 shows the engine diagram of the first option,

- figure 2 shows the diagram of the gearbox,

- figure 3 shows a view of the first embodiment of the engine

- figure 4 shows a view of a second variant of the engine,

Free piston engine (figure 1 ... 4) contains, housing 1, four cylinders 2, inside of which four pistons 3 are installed in pairs and opposite. Pistons 3 have compression and oil scraper rings, 4 and 5, respectively. Pistons 3 are opposite mounted on the rod 6. At the ends of the cylinders 2, cylinder heads 7 of the cylinders 2 are installed. Between the ends of the cylinder 2 and the pistons 3, combustion chambers 8 are formed, and between the pistons 2 an intra-piston chamber 9. The intra-piston chamber 9 is partially filled with lubricating fluid.

The free piston engine comprises a fuel-air mixture supply pipe 10 and an exhaust pipe 11 and a gas distribution system 12.

The gas distribution system 12, in turn (each) contains a head 7, inside of which two inlet cavities 13 and an outlet 14 are made and an intake valve 15 with a head 16 and a stem 17 is installed, and in the exhaust cavity 14, an exhaust valve 18 with a head 19 and a stem 20. On the head 7, springs 21 are installed, which in the normal position hold the valves 15 and 18 in the closed position. At the ends of the rods 17 and 20 of all valves 15 and 18, hydraulic pushers 22 are installed. To ensure the operation of hydraulic pushers 22, a hydraulic system is used, comprising an oil tank 23, a low pressure pipe 24 connected to a hydraulic pump 25, to the outlet of which a high pressure pipe 26, a hydraulic distributor 27, are connected to the outputs of which are connected to control pipelines 28 connected to the hydraulic pushers 22. (The hydraulic pusher is a hydraulic cylinder with a piston and a rod.)

In the free piston engine, a gear rack 29 is mounted on the rods 6 of each cylinder 2, with the leading gears 30 and 31 in contact with the drive shafts 32 and 33 (FIG. 1) in contact. The shafts 32 and 33 are connected to overtaking couplings 34 and 35, having the ability to transmit rotation in opposite directions. Overtaking couplings 34 and 35 are located outside the piston chamber 9. Output shafts 36 and 37 of the overtaking couplings 34 and 35 of both cylinders 2 are connected to the inputs to the common gearbox 38 (Fig. 2).

The peculiarity of the gearbox 38 is two input and one output shaft (load shaft. The most preferred circuit of the common gearbox 38 is shown in figure 2. This gearbox may contain gear 39 mounted on the output shaft 36 and gear 40 mounted on the output shaft 37. Gear 39 it is in direct contact with the driven gear 42, and the gear 40 through the intermediate gear 41 to change the direction of rotation. The intermediate gear 41 is mounted on the load shaft 43. The gears 39 and 40 must be identical to ensure the same The purpose of the overtaking clutches 34 and 35 is to ensure, due to the alternating direction of rotation of the shafts 32 and 33, alternating power removal with forward and reverse pistons 3.

The use of two shafts 32 and 33 for energy removal on one cylinder 2 is necessary, since otherwise the energy generated during the reverse stroke of the pistons 3 and the engine efficiency will not be reduced by 2 times and the engine parts will experience significant vibration loads.

Each cylinder 1 has a spark plug 44.

In addition, in both cylinders 2, a gear 45 mounted on a shaft 46 is in contact with a gear rack 29 or 29a, at the end of which a piston position sensor 47 is installed, which provides a clear operation of the gas distribution mechanism and the ignition system.

The engine can be equipped with a control unit 48, which is connected by electrical connections 49 to spark plugs 44, valve 27, piston position sensors 47 and pump 25

Figure 4 shows an embodiment of the engine with the withdrawal of mechanical energy to the generator 55. This will provide several advantages, for example, coordination of the operation of several cylinders 2.

The cooling system consists of two walls of the cylinder 2: external 51 and internal 50 with a gap 52 between them, and supply and exhaust pipes of the cooler 53 and 54.

The electric circuit contains electric wires 56 connecting the electric power generators 55 through the connecting terminals 57 and the switch 58 with the electric motor 59. A battery 60 is also connected to the switch 58.

The control unit 48 is an electronic unit containing a processor and a memory unit (in Figs. 1 ... 4, the electronic circuit of the control unit is not shown in detail). The control unit 48 must ensure the timely supply of voltage to the spark plugs 44, the timely opening and closing of the valves 15 and 18 and the control of the operation of the free piston engine, for example, the frequency of movement of the pistons 3.

The load-lifting system for the engine (Fig. 4) is made in the form of wires 56 with connecting terminals 57 It is possible to use several (more than 2) cylinders 1. In this case, the power generator 55 is connected to the switch 58.

Free piston engine operates as follows (figure 1 ... 4).

To start the engine (figure 1) it must be equipped with a starter (the starter in figure 1 ... 4 is not shown). When you start the free piston engine (figure 2), the electric power generator 55 operates in a motor mode. To do this, from the battery 60 to the electric power generator 55 through the switch 58, a reverse polarity starting current is supplied with respect to the current generated by the electric power generators 55 in the generator mode. The drive shafts 32 and 33 are driven into rotation, as a result of which the rod 6 and pistons 2 are driven, making a compression stroke in one of the combustion chambers 8 of cylinder 2. When a certain compression ratio is reached (at a certain position of the piston 3 fixed by the piston position sensor 47), the fuel is fed into the fuel-air mixture supply pipe 10 and enters through one of the combustion chambers 8 through an open intake valve 15. After that, a voltage is supplied to the spark plug 44 from the control unit 48 (Figs. 1 ... 3) and the process of combustion and expansion of exhaust gases begins occurring in accordance with the cycle of a four-stroke engine. Simultaneously, at the opposite end of the cylinder 1, an exhaust and purge process takes place. After starting, the electric power generator 55 switches to the generator mode using the switch 58 and the electric current is supplied to the electric motor 59 and the battery 60.

When the engine is running, the readings of the two piston position sensors 47 are constantly compared and, when the readings of the sensors diverge, the fuel supply is turned off, as this indicates an emergency, for example, a broken rod 5 in one of the cylinders 2.

A rather long operation of the electric motor (s) 59 from the battery 60 is possible, for example, in a garage or densely populated area. This is necessary in order to ensure the ecologists of the environment.

During the operation of the free-piston engine, each stroke of the pistons 3 is a stroke for one of the parts of the cylinder 2, while for the opposite part this stroke is a compression process. The temperature of the piston 3, due to its contact with hot exhaust gases, will be at the maximum mode no more than 500-600 ° C.

Simultaneously with the operation of the engine, the cooling system is operating. To do this, coolant is fed into the gap 52 through a pipe 53, the heated fluid leaves through the bypass pipe 54 and is then cooled in a heat exchanger (not specified).

When the engine stops again, the linear generator switches to engine mode and the fuel supply is turned off (not shown). Moreover, in order to counter the movement of the piston, the stop current supplied to the electric power generator 55 can provide movement of the pistons 3 in the direction opposite to the actual direction of movement of the pistons 3 for emergency braking.

Because during the operation of the free piston engine, the temperature on the windings of the electric power generator 55, which are located outside the cylinder 2, is approximately +10 - + 20 ° C, then the magnetic field loss in the copper windings for heating is reduced, compared with the magnetic field loss in the prototype, by 30 -fifty%. Reducing losses leads to increased efficiency of the free piston engine. The absence of current collectors leads to increased fire safety, and the absence of windings in the high temperature zone increases the reliability of the engine.

The electronic control system allows you to fully automate the process of ignition and opening and closing the drain and exhaust valves and adjust depending on the engine operating mode.

The environmental performance of the engine improves, since the vehicle in densely populated areas can move with the free-piston engine off on the battery.

Freewheel clutches ensure optimal operation of power generators. In their absence, the generator armature will constantly change the direction of rotation, which will lead to large shock loads and lower efficiency of electric power generators. The use of any other mechanisms for converting reciprocating motion into rotational motion will significantly complicate the design of the engine and increase its weight.

The use of mass-produced standard generators with a rotating armature of both alternating and direct current instead of a linear generator will facilitate the design and manufacture of such engines.

The use of piston position sensors on both cylinders allows you to monitor the emergency situation and, if necessary, automatically turn off the engine.

In case of a minor defect, for example, failure of the fuel system of one of the cylinders, it is possible to briefly continue to operate the engine in less than 50% mode (on one cylinder), for example, to deliver a vehicle equipped with such an engine to a repair shop.

Claims (7)

1. A free piston engine containing a housing, four cylinders, inside of which there are two opposed pistons with a rod, spark plugs, gas distribution systems at the ends of the cylinder, a manifold for supplying a fuel-air medium and an exhaust manifold, and a control system, characterized in that each cylinder is equipped gear rack on the rod and two gears in contact with it, mounted on the drive shafts, which are connected to overrunning clutches, providing opposite rotation of the two output shafts, output shafts are connected to the input of a common gearbox having a load shaft. 2. The free-piston engine according to claim 1, characterized in that the common gearbox contains two gears mounted on the output shafts, and a driven gear connected to them, mounted on the load shaft, one of the gears being connected directly to the driven shaft and the other - through an intermediate gear. 3. The free piston engine according to claim 1, characterized in that each gas distribution system is made in the form of spring-loaded intake and exhaust valves containing a seat and a rod and installed in the cylinder heads, and hydraulic pushers mounted on the ends of the valve rods connected by pipelines to the valve. 4. The free piston engine according to claim 3, characterized in that the control system comprises a control unit and piston position sensors mounted on both cylinders, while the electrical communications control unit is connected to a piston position sensor, a hydraulic distributor and spark plugs. 5. Free piston engine according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that an electric generator is connected to the load shaft. 6. Free piston engine according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that each cylinder is made with two coaxial walls forming a gap for the passage of coolant. 7. Free piston engine according to claim 5, characterized in that each cylinder is made with two coaxial walls forming a gap for the passage of coolant.

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