RU2298101C1 - Anchor (variants) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mining industry, possible use for strengthening mines.

SUBSTANCE: anchor includes destructible bushing consisting of particles of given dimensions, shape and strength, connected by linking substance, strength of which is less than strength of aforementioned particles. Destructible bushing is reinforced with rods. An end cap is mounted on the end of destructible bushing. Hollow of destructible bushing is filled with hardening substance, which expands during hardening. In second variant, as opposed to first, a pipe made in form of sheet, convoluted to a spiral, is positioned inside destructible bushing. An end cap is mounted on the end of pipe. Pipe is filled with hardening substance, which expands during hardening. In accordance to third variant, anchor includes destructible bushing. Its components are connected along longitudinal planes by linking substance, strength of which is less than strength of material of parts of destructible bushing. An end cap is mounted on the end of destructible bushing. Hollow of destructible bushing is filled with hardening substance, which expands during hardening.

EFFECT: increased efficiency due to lower laboriousness of installation and increased reliability of connection due to even engagement with well walls along whole length.

3 cl, 8 dwg

Description

The technical solution relates to mining and can be used to attach workings.

Known anchor for auth. St. USSR No. 1344909, cl. E21D 21/00, publ. in BI No. 38, 1987, which includes a load-carrying rod with a nut eccentrically screwed on the locking end, a support washer, and a collapsible sleeve mounted on the rod between the nut and the support washer. Destructible sleeve is made of thermally toughened glass, and the nut and washer - with spikes placed on the end, interacting with the sleeve.

The anchor has a complex structure. To install it in the well, it is necessary to rotate the rod, which is clamped by glass chips formed as a result of crushing of the collapsible sleeve. A lot of energy is spent on crushing the destructible sleeve made of tempered glass and overcoming friction between the rod and the compacted glass chips, which leads to the high complexity of installing the anchor in the well. The size, shape and strength of glass chips are determined by the properties of thermally toughened glass of the collapsible sleeve and cannot vary within wide limits. With an increase in the length of the sleeve, the uniformity of adhesion of the anchor to the walls of the well decreases, i.e. reliability of fastening. All this leads to a relatively low efficiency of the anchor.

The closest in technical essence and the totality of essential features is the anchor according to the 1st option according to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2244831, class E21D 21/00, publ. in BI No. 2, 2005, including a rod, a nut, a support washer, and a collapsible sleeve mounted on the rod. A tube is mounted on the rod with a conical outer surface expanding towards the locking end of the anchor. Destructible sleeve is made of particles of a given size, shape and strength, bonded with a binder, the strength of which is less than the strength of these particles. A metal sleeve is installed between the support washer and the collapsible sleeve.

This anchor has a relatively high complexity of installation in the well (in each well, it is necessary to repeatedly install and destroy the bushings). When using relatively long bushings (in order to reduce the complexity of installing the anchor), the adhesion of the anchor to the walls of the well is uneven, which reduces the reliability of the fastening. Therefore, the effectiveness of the anchor is relatively low.

The technical problem to be solved is to increase the efficiency of the anchor by reducing the complexity of the installation and increasing the reliability of fastening due to uniform adhesion to the walls of the well along the entire length.

The problem is solved in that in the anchor, including the collapsible sleeve of particles of a given size, shape and strength, bonded with a binder, the strength of which is less than the strength of these particles, according to the proposed technical solution, the collapsible sleeve is reinforced with rods, a plug is installed on the end of the collapsible sleeve, and the cavity is collapsible the sleeve is filled with a hardener, which expands upon hardening.

Destructible sleeve reinforced with rods, a plug at the end of the collapsible sleeve, and a hardening substance inside the collapsible sleeve, which expands upon hardening, eliminating the crushing of collapsible collars inside the well and the need for additional mechanisms to be used for these purposes. To install the anchor, only one operation is performed - feeding it into the well. This compared with the prototype significantly reduces the complexity of the mounting (installation of the anchor). Due to the expansion of the hardening substance throughout the volume, the adhesion of the anchor to the rock is uniform over the entire length of the well and, therefore, the attachment becomes more reliable (compared to the prototype). As a result, the efficiency of the anchor is increased.

It is advisable to use rods with a periodic profile. This significantly enhances the adhesion of the rods to the granular mixture resulting from crushing of the collapsible sleeve.

It is advisable to make the rods of material that does not damage the working bodies of mechanisms (combines) for the destruction of rocks, for example, plastic. This allows you to install anchors in rock masses, which are subject to further development by mechanized complexes.

It is advisable to cover the inner surface of the collapsible sleeve with a waterproofing material. This excludes the possibility of impregnation of the collapsible sleeve with hardening material fed into it (effect on the hardening process).

It is advisable to install a disk spring on the plug with radial cuts from the outer circumference, a convex surface in the direction of the plug and a diameter that is larger than the diameter of the well before installing the anchor. This eliminates the possibility of the anchor falling out of the rising well.

It is advisable to fasten the plug with the rods and install a screw on it. This allows you to attach additional elements to the anchor (for example, fencing mesh), eliminating the injury of workers from pieces of rock falling out of the roof or walls of the mine.

In the second embodiment, in the anchor, including a collapsible sleeve of particles of a given size, shape and strength, fastened by a binder, the strength of which is less than the strength of these particles, according to the proposed technical solution, a pipe made in the form of a sheet rolled into a spiral is placed inside the collapsible sleeve, at the end the pipe is equipped with a plug, and the pipe is filled with a hardening substance, which expands upon hardening.

Installation inside the collapsible sleeve of the pipe, made in the form of a sheet rolled into a spiral, simplifies the manufacture of the anchor and increases its strength (the cross section of the part bearing the main load increases). In this case, the expansion of the pipe requires a relatively small (compared with the expansion of the whole pipe) force. The hardening substance supplied to the pipe, which expands upon hardening, eliminates the operation of crushing the collapsible sleeves inside the well. The plug at the end of the pipe eliminates the leakage of hardening material from it. To install the anchor, only one operation is performed - feeding it into the well. This compared with the prototype significantly reduces the complexity of the mounting (installation of the anchor). Due to the expansion of the hardening substance throughout the volume, the adhesion of the anchor to the rock is uniform over the entire length of the well and, therefore, the attachment becomes more reliable (compared to the prototype). As a result, the efficiency of the anchor is increased.

It is advisable to make the pipe from a material that does not damage the working bodies of mechanisms for the destruction of rocks, for example, from plastic. This allows you to install anchors in rock masses, which are subject to further development by mechanized complexes.

It is advisable to install a cup spring with radial cuts on the plug from the outer circumference with a convex surface in the direction of the plug and a diameter that is larger than the diameter of the well before installing the anchor. This eliminates the possibility of the anchor falling out of the rising well.

It is advisable to fasten the plug with the pipe and install a screw on it. This allows you to attach additional elements to the anchor (for example, fencing mesh), eliminating the injury of workers from pieces of rock falling out of the roof or walls of the mine.

In the third embodiment, in the anchor including the collapsible sleeve, according to the proposed technical solution, the parts making up the collapsible sleeve are bonded along the longitudinal planes with a binder, the strength of which is less than the strength of the material of the parts of the collapsible sleeve, a plug is installed on the end of the collapsible sleeve, and the cavity of the collapsible sleeve is filled with a hardening substance, which expands upon hardening.

The fastening of the parts of the collapsible collar along longitudinal planes with a binder, the strength of which is less than the strength of the collapsible collar material, allows the production of load-bearing elements with the largest (ceteris paribus) cross sectional area, making the anchor extremely durable. At the same time, the strength of the material of the parts of the collapsible sleeve does not affect the force of its expansion (destruction). A plug installed at the end and fed into the cavity of the collapsible sleeve to harden, which expands upon hardening, excludes operations to crush the collapsible bushings inside the well. To install the anchor, only one operation is performed - feeding it into the well. This compared with the prototype significantly reduces the complexity of the mounting (installation of the anchor). Due to the expansion of the hardening substance throughout the volume, the adhesion of the anchor to the rock is uniform over the entire length of the well and, therefore, the attachment becomes more reliable (compared to the prototype). All this increases the effectiveness of the anchor.

It is advisable on the outer surface of the collapsible sleeve to make pointed protrusions of a material whose strength is higher than the strength of the rock. This significantly enhances the adhesion of the anchor to the walls of the well.

It is advisable that parts of the collapsible sleeve be made of material that does not damage the working bodies of mechanisms for rock destruction, for example, of plastic. This allows you to install anchors in rock masses, which are subject to further development by mechanized complexes.

It is advisable to install a cup spring with radial cuts on the plug from the outer circumference with a convex surface in the direction of the plug and a diameter that is larger than the diameter of the well before installing the anchor. This eliminates the possibility of the anchor falling out of the rising well.

It is advisable to fasten the plug with the components of the collapsible sleeve and install a screw on it. This allows you to attach additional elements to the anchor (for example, fencing mesh), eliminating the injury of workers from pieces of rock falling out of the roof or walls of the mine.

The essence of the technical solution is illustrated by examples of specific performance and drawings.

Figure 1 shows the anchor in the well according to the first embodiment, a longitudinal section; figure 2 is a section aa in figure 1; figure 3 is a section bB in figure 1; figure 4 - anchor in the well according to the second embodiment, a longitudinal section; figure 5 is a section bb in figure 4; figure 6 - anchor in the well according to the third embodiment, a longitudinal section; in Fig.7 is a section GG in Fig.6; on Fig - section DD in Fig.6.

An anchor according to the first embodiment includes a collapsible sleeve 1 (hereinafter referred to as sleeve 1) of particles of a given size, shape and strength bonded by a binder, the strength of which is less than the strength of these particles (Figs. 1-3). The sleeve 1 is reinforced with rods 2 mounted parallel to its axis. The rods 2 have heads 3 (annular protrusions at the end) and are fastened in several places by wire 4 (to hold the rods in position during the manufacture of sleeve 1). At one end of the sleeve 1, a plug 5 is installed with radial grooves 6 into which the rods 2 are inserted. A screw 7 is attached to the plug 5, on which a disk spring 8 with radial cuts (not indicated in FIG. 1) is attached from the outside of the circumference. The cup spring 8 has a convex surface attached to the plug 5 with a nut 9. The cavity of the sleeve 1 is filled with a hardener 10, which expands upon hardening. At the other end (free from the plug 5) of the sleeve 1 is installed a plug 11. The anchor is fed into the well 12.

The work of the anchor in the first embodiment is as follows.

The anchor is fed into the well 12 until it stops in the face (figure 1). Upon hardening, the substance 10 expands, from which the sleeve 1 collapses and the loose mixture resulting from this, filling the gap (which was before the destruction of the sleeve 1) between the anchor and the walls of the well 12, is compressed. The particles of the sleeve 1 are pressed into the rock and burst between the walls of the borehole 12 and the rods 2. As a result, the anchor is engaged with the walls of the borehole 12 along the entire length.

To install the anchor, you need to fill the sleeve 1 with a hardening substance 10 and feed it (anchor) into the well 12. The time between these two operations can be calculated in hours. As a hardening substance 10, it is proposed to use a commercially available non-explosive destructive agent (LDC), which expands most intensively during the first day. In this case, the filling area of the sleeves 1 may be at a considerable (within one mining enterprise at any) distance from the place of installation of the anchor. Such conditions make it relatively easy to mechanize and even automate the process of securing workings. The preparation site for anchors is placed on the surface (in a special room) and equipped with appropriate equipment. In underground conditions, only one operation is performed to fix the workings - the supply of anchors to the wells 12. The plug 11 prevents the hardener 10 from flowing out during transportation of the anchor to the installation site. It is made of traditional materials (wood, plastic, rubber) and has no fundamental features.

As rods 2, it is primarily intended to use reinforcement, which is widely used in construction (in reinforced concrete structures). Such rods 2 have a periodic profile and in their properties (tensile strength and adhesion to the surrounding medium) most fully satisfy the requirements for anchor support.

There are technologies in which anchoring is used for workings conducted directly in the mined ore body. Obviously, in this case, further rock breaking is expected, in which the anchors are installed. Rocks of medium and low strength are most effectively beaten by mechanized complexes. So that the anchors do not damage the mechanized complexes, the rods 2 are made of materials whose strength is significantly less than the strength of the working bodies that beat off the rock. As such materials, for example, plastic is used. We note that in some cases when it is required, while maintaining the possibility of breaking the rock with mechanized complexes, more reliable fastening (compared to plastic rods) of workings, ropes 2, for example, from kapron, are used as rods 2.

Bushings 1 are made from affordable and cheap materials. It is proposed to use gypsum or a mixture of sand and cement as a binder particle. Such binders are able to absorb water contained in the hardening substance 10 (LDCs). So that the sleeve 1 does not affect the properties of the hardening substance 10 (does not absorb the water contained in it), its inner surface is covered with a waterproofing material (not shown in Fig.).

After supplying the anchor to the rising well 12, it must be kept from falling out to adhesion to the rock (expansion of the hardening substance 10). This can be done by known methods and technical means. In the proposed anchor, the function of holding it from falling out of the rising well 12 is performed by a Belleville spring 8 with radial cuts from the outer circumference mounted on the plug 5. The diameter of the Belleville spring 8 in the initial state is larger than the diameter of the well 12. Such a Belleville spring 8 can move along the well 12 only in the direction from its mouth to the face (towards its convex surface). When you try to move the Belleville spring 8 in the opposite direction (from the bottom of the well 12), it bursts against the walls of the well 12 (works like an anchor) and fixes the position of the anchor.

To increase the safety of mining operations by reducing the likelihood of injury from falling pieces of rock falling from the roof or walls of the mine, appropriate fences (shields, nets) are mounted that are attached to the anchors. For this purpose, the plug 5 is fastened to the rods 2 and a screw 7 is installed on it. In the plug 5, radial grooves 6 are made in which the rods 2 with the heads 3 are inserted, as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 3. The radial grooves 6 do not prevent the rods 2 from diverging (moving in the radial direction relative to the axis of the anchor) when the hardener 10 expands, and the heads 3 hold the plug 5 in the well 12. The screw 7 facilitates the installation of the disk spring 8 on the plug 5 with the help of nut 9 and allows fastenings to the anchor of additional elements (enclosing mesh).

The presence of wire 4 is due to the manufacturing technology of the bushings 1. They hold the rods 2 in position during the manufacture of the bush 1.

An anchor according to the second embodiment includes a collapsible sleeve 1 (hereinafter referred to as sleeve 1) of particles of a given size, shape and strength, bonded with a binder, the strength of which is less than the strength of these particles (4, 5). Inside the sleeve 1 is placed a pipe 13, made in the form of a rolled sheet. A plug 5 is installed at the end of the pipe 13. The plug 5 is fastened to the pipe 13 by a rod 14, which is passed through a through hole (not indicated in FIG. 4), made across the anchor, as shown in FIG. 4. A screw 7 is attached to the plug 5, on which a Belleville spring 8 is mounted with radial cuts (not indicated in FIG. 4) from the outer circumference. A Belleville spring 8 with a convex surface is attached to the plug 5 by means of a nut 9. The pipe 13 is filled with a hardener 10, which expands upon hardening. At the other end (free from the plug 5) of the pipe 13, a plug 11 is installed. The anchor is fed into the well 12.

The work of the anchor in the second embodiment is as follows.

An anchor is fed into the well 12 until it stops in the face (Fig . 4). During hardening, the substance 10 expands, from which the walls of the pipe 13 move apart (a sheet twisted into a spiral unfolds), the sleeve 1 collapses and the loose mixture formed thereby filling the gap (which was before the destruction of the sleeve 1) between the anchor and the walls of the well 12, is compressed. The particles of the sleeve 1 are pressed into the rock and burst between the walls of the borehole 12 and the pipe 13. As a result, the anchor is engaged with the walls of the borehole 12 along the entire length.

The pipe 13 is made by screwing onto a bar of a sheet heated to a state in which it becomes plastic. Depending on the strength and technological requirements for the anchor, the pipe 13 is made of metal or plastic. In this case, the pipe 13 should expand by the desired size without destroying the material from which it is made. The diameter of the hole in the pipe 13 is made larger than the diameter of the rod 14 passed through it. This is due to the need to freely expand the walls of the pipe 13 when expanding the hardening substance 10. In the manufacture of the sleeve 1, the pipe 13 performs the function of an internal formwork, which reduces the complexity of manufacturing the anchor.

An anchor according to the third embodiment includes a collapsible sleeve 1 (hereinafter referred to as sleeve 1) consisting of parts (FIGS. 6-8) fastened along the longitudinal planes 15 by a binder 16, the strength of which is less than the strength of the material of the parts of the sleeve 1. On the outer side surface of the sleeve 1 protrusions 17 are made of a material whose strength is higher than the strength of the rock. A plug 5 is installed at the end of the sleeve 1. The plug 5 is fastened to the sleeve 1 by a rod 14, which is passed through a through hole (not indicated in FIGS. 6, 8) made across the anchor, as shown in FIG. 6. A screw 7 is attached to the plug 5, on which a Belleville spring 8 with radial cuts (not indicated in FIG. 6) is attached from the outside of the circumference. A Belleville spring 8 with a convex surface is attached to the plug 5 with a nut 9. The sleeve 1 is filled with a hardener 10, which expands upon hardening. At the other end (free from the plug 5) of the sleeve 1 is installed a plug 11. The anchor is fed into the well 12.

The work of the anchor in the third embodiment is as follows.

An anchor is fed into the well 12 until it stops in the face (Fig.6). Upon hardening, the substance 10 expands, destroys the sleeve 1 and pushes apart its constituent parts. The protrusions 17 are embedded in the rock, from which the anchor is fastened to the walls of the well 12 along the entire length.

In the third embodiment, the load-bearing elements of the anchor are the parts making up the sleeve 1, the total cross-sectional area of which is larger than that of the rods 2 (first embodiment) or pipe 13 (second embodiment). Therefore, the bearing capacity of the anchor in the third embodiment (compared with the first and second) is greatest. As the material from which the parts making up the sleeve 1 are made, metal or plastic is used. Anchor in the third embodiment is the simplest in design and may be the cheapest for mass production. However, special equipment is required for its manufacture (for example, a rolling mill).

To increase the adhesion of the anchor with the rock on the outer surface of the parts of the sleeve 1 perform protrusions 17, the strength of which is higher than the strength of the rock. The shape of the protrusions 17 does not matter. They can take the form of pyramids, cones, pointed disks, etc. It is assumed that the protrusions 17 will be formed simultaneously with the manufacture of parts of the sleeve 1 by stamping or rolling and will be performed only on the sleeve 1, the components of which are made of metal. The sleeve 1 made of plastic reliably enough adheres to the rough surface of the walls of the well and without protrusions 17.

The presented options of the anchor are intended for fastening the workings in various conditions, determined by the strength of the rock, the stability of the workings, the technology of work, the technical capabilities of mines and mines. The difference in design features ensures high efficiency of the use of anchors in a wide range of changes in the conditions for attaching workings. The anchor is easy to operate and can be used in any mining enterprises.

Claims (15)

1. An anchor, including a collapsible sleeve of particles of a given size, shape and strength, bonded with a binder, the strength of which is less than the strength of these particles, characterized in that the collapsible collar is reinforced with rods, a plug is installed at the end of the collapsible collar, and the cavity of the collapsible collar is filled with a hardening substance which expands upon hardening. 2. Anchor according to claim 1, characterized in that the rods have a periodic profile. 3. Anchor according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the rods are made of material that does not damage the working bodies of mechanisms for the destruction of rocks, for example, plastic. 4. Anchor according to claim 1, characterized in that the inner surface of the collapsible sleeve is covered with a waterproofing material. 5. Anchor according to claim 1, characterized in that a poppet spring is installed on the plug with radial cuts from the outer circumference, a convex surface in the direction of the plug and a diameter that is larger than the diameter of the well before installing the anchor. 6. Anchor according to claim 1, characterized in that the plug is fastened with rods and a screw is installed on it. 7. An anchor, including a collapsible sleeve of particles of a given size, shape and strength, fastened with a binder, the strength of which is less than the strength of these particles, characterized in that a pipe made in the form of a sheet rolled into a spiral is placed inside the collapsible sleeve, a plug is installed at the end of the pipe , and the pipe is filled with a hardening substance, which expands upon hardening. 8. Anchor according to claim 7, characterized in that the pipe is made of material that does not damage the working bodies of the mechanisms for the destruction of rocks, for example, plastic. 9. Anchor according to claim 7, characterized in that a poppet spring is installed on the plug with radial cuts from the outer circumference, a convex surface in the direction of the plug and a diameter that is larger than the diameter of the well before installing the anchor. 10. Anchor according to claim 7, characterized in that the plug is attached to the pipe and a screw is installed on it. 11. An anchor comprising a collapsible sleeve, characterized in that the parts constituting the collapsible sleeve are bonded along the longitudinal planes with a binder, the strength of which is less than the strength of the material of the parts of the collapsible sleeve, a plug is installed at the end of the collapsible sleeve, and the cavity of the collapsible sleeve is filled with a hardening substance that hardens expands. 12. Anchor according to claim 11, characterized in that on the outer surface of the collapsible sleeve the protrusions are made of material whose strength is higher than the strength of the rock. 13. Anchor according to claim 11, characterized in that the parts of the collapsible sleeve are made of material that does not damage the working bodies of the mechanisms for the destruction of rocks, for example, plastic. 14. Anchor according to claim 11, characterized in that a poppet spring is installed on the plug with radial cuts from the outside of the circumference, a convex surface in the direction of the plug and a diameter that is larger than the diameter of the well before installing the anchor. 15. Anchor according to claim 11, characterized in that the plug is fastened to the parts of the collapsible sleeve and the screw is mounted on it.

Images