KR100646123B1 - 비닐 단량체의 파울링 억제 방법 - Google Patents
비닐 단량체의 파울링 억제 방법 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR100646123B1 KR100646123B1 KR1019997009794A KR19997009794A KR100646123B1 KR 100646123 B1 KR100646123 B1 KR 100646123B1 KR 1019997009794 A KR1019997009794 A KR 1019997009794A KR 19997009794 A KR19997009794 A KR 19997009794A KR 100646123 B1 KR100646123 B1 KR 100646123B1
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- vinyl monomer
- alkyl
- delete delete
- formula
- alkylphosphonate
- Prior art date
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Dichloroethane Chemical compound ClCCCl WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- -1 alkylphosphonate ester Chemical class 0.000 claims description 22
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000008280 chlorinated hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003373 anti-fouling effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- LMBFAGIMSUYTBN-MPZNNTNKSA-N teixobactin Chemical group C([C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@H]1C(N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C[C@@H]2NC(=N)NC2)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)O[C@H]1C)[C@@H](C)CC)=O)NC)C1=CC=CC=C1 LMBFAGIMSUYTBN-MPZNNTNKSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 125000005600 alkyl phosphonate group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 6
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000007033 dehydrochlorination reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007342 radical addition reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphite(3-) Chemical class [O-]P([O-])[O-] AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)O OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclopentane Chemical compound C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Cu]Cl ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003348 petrochemical agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 2
- GEYOCULIXLDCMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-phenylenediamine Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1N GEYOCULIXLDCMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IYJLLAHNCCWCLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[methoxy(oxido)phosphaniumyl]oxydodecane Chemical compound COP(OCCCCCCCCCCCC)=O IYJLLAHNCCWCLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-phenylmethoxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carbaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=CSC(C=2C=C(OCC=3C=CC=CC=3)C=CC=2)=N1 OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021578 Iron(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005654 Michaelis-Arbuzov synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002367 Polyisobutene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001414 amino alcohols Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003849 aromatic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- YACLQRRMGMJLJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroprene Chemical compound ClC(=C)C=C YACLQRRMGMJLJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960003280 cupric chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000004177 diethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- CZHYKKAKFWLGJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl phosphite Chemical compound COP([O-])OC CZHYKKAKFWLGJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 1
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptamethylene Natural products C1CCCCCC1 DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000041 hydrogen chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004356 hydroxy functional group Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002505 iron Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical class C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002790 naphthalenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HISQRFFCSVGSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentadecane-1,2,3-triol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)C(O)CO HISQRFFCSVGSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011269 tar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005809 transesterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F5/00—Softening water; Preventing scale; Adding scale preventatives or scale removers to water, e.g. adding sequestering agents
- C02F5/08—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents
- C02F5/10—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents using organic substances
- C02F5/14—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents using organic substances containing phosphorus
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
- B01D3/34—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping with one or more auxiliary substances
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
처리 | R1 | R2 및 R3 |
A | 도데실 | 메틸 |
B | 폴리이소부틸렌(NW<1200) | 메틸 |
C | 도데실 | 트리메틸헥실 |
D | 도데실 | 글리세롤 |
HLPS 시험 EDC 진공 칼럼 기저 샘플 1 | |||
실시 번호 | 처리 | 용량(ppm) | 유동 정지까지 소요된 시간(분) |
1 | 없음 | -- | 47 |
2 | 없음 | -- | 92 |
3 | 없음 | -- | 62 |
4 | A | 750 | 130+* |
5 | A | 200 | 141 |
6 | A | 200 | 140 |
* 작동은 130분에 중단하였다. |
표 Ⅰ에 기재된 바와 같이, 본 발명의 화합물 도데실 포스포네이트 메틸 에스테르는 어떠한 억제제 처리도 첨가되지 않은 작동의 경우에 비해 파울링 억제에 효과적인 것이 입증되었다. 추가로, 상이한 기저 샘플을 사용한 시험 결과를 표Ⅱ에 기재한다.
HLPS 시험 EDC 진공 칼럼 기저 샘플 2 | |||
실시 번호 | 처리 | 용량(ppm) | 유동 정지까지 소요된 시간(분) |
1 | 없음 | -- | 58 |
2 | 없음 | -- | 62 |
3 | A | 200 | 135* |
4 | B | 200 | 135* |
5 | C | 200 | 135* |
6 | D | 200 | 135* |
* 최대 작동 시간은 135분이었다. |
표 Ⅱ에 기재된 바와 같이, 본 발명의 화합물은 시험 작동의 전체 시간 동안 파울링을 억제할 수 있는 반면에, 억제제가 없는 작동에서는 그 시간의 반 미만의 시간내에 파울링되었다.
Claims (20)
- 제1항에 있어서, R1이 C4 내지 C30 알킬 라디칼이고, R2 및 R3이 동일하거나 상이하며 C1 내지 C5 알킬 라디칼인 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, R1이 C4 내지 C30 n-알킬 라디칼이고, R2 및 R3이 동일하거나 상이하며 C1 내지 C2 알킬 라디칼인 방법.
- 삭제
- 삭제
- 제1항에 있어서, 비닐 단량체가 아크릴레이트, 디올레핀, 및 염소화 탄화수소로 이루어진 그룹으로부터 선택되는 방법.
- 제7항에 있어서, 염소화 탄화수소가 염화비닐 단량체 및 에틸렌 디클로라이드로 이루어진 그룹으로부터 선택되는 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 알킬포스포네이트 에스테르 또는 이의 산을 비닐 단량체 백만부당 10부 내지 약 2,500부 범위의 양으로 비닐 단량체에 첨가하는 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 알킬포스포네이트 에스테르 또는 이의 산을 용매 속에서 비닐 단량체에 첨가하는 방법.
- 제10항에 있어서, 용매가 광유 및 중질 방향족 나프타로 이루어진 그룹으로부터 선택되는 방법.
- 삭제
- 삭제
- 삭제
- 삭제
- 삭제
- 삭제
- 삭제
- 삭제
- 삭제
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US8/844,862 | 1997-04-22 | ||
US08/844,862 | 1997-04-22 | ||
US08/844,862 US5858176A (en) | 1997-04-22 | 1997-04-22 | Compositions and methods for inhibiting fouling of vinyl monomers |
PCT/US1998/005263 WO1998047593A1 (en) | 1997-04-22 | 1998-03-18 | Compositions and methods for inhibiting fouling of vinyl monomers |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
KR20010012099A KR20010012099A (ko) | 2001-02-15 |
KR100646123B1 true KR100646123B1 (ko) | 2006-11-17 |
Family
ID=25293813
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
KR1019997009794A KR100646123B1 (ko) | 1997-04-22 | 1998-03-18 | 비닐 단량체의 파울링 억제 방법 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US5858176A (ko) |
EP (1) | EP0977619A4 (ko) |
KR (1) | KR100646123B1 (ko) |
CA (1) | CA2276050C (ko) |
WO (1) | WO1998047593A1 (ko) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1997013201A1 (en) | 1995-10-06 | 1997-04-10 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Unified multi-function operation scheduler for out-of-order execution in a superscalar processor |
US5884059A (en) * | 1996-01-26 | 1999-03-16 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Unified multi-function operation scheduler for out-of-order execution in a superscalar processor |
US8465640B2 (en) * | 2010-07-13 | 2013-06-18 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Method for inhibiting fouling in vapor transport system |
EP2581421A1 (en) | 2011-10-12 | 2013-04-17 | Ineos Europe AG | Additive |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5614081A (en) * | 1995-06-12 | 1997-03-25 | Betzdearborn Inc. | Methods for inhibiting fouling in hydrocarbons |
Family Cites Families (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3141032A (en) * | 1963-01-23 | 1964-07-14 | Union Carbide Corp | Dialkyl pentaerythritol diphosphonates and phosphite phosphonates |
US3271295A (en) * | 1965-02-23 | 1966-09-06 | Betz Laboratories | Process of heat transfer |
NL6814492A (ko) * | 1968-10-31 | 1970-04-14 | ||
US4578178A (en) * | 1983-10-19 | 1986-03-25 | Betz Laboratories, Inc. | Method for controlling fouling deposit formation in a petroleum hydrocarbon or petrochemical |
US5023001A (en) * | 1986-11-13 | 1991-06-11 | The B. F. Goodrich Company | Calcium phosphonate scale inhibition |
US4775458A (en) * | 1986-12-18 | 1988-10-04 | Betz Laboratories, Inc. | Multifunctional antifoulant compositions and methods of use thereof |
US4828674A (en) * | 1988-04-04 | 1989-05-09 | Betz Laboratories, Inc. | Method for controlling fouling deposit formation in a liquid hydrocarbonaceous medium |
US5059335A (en) * | 1989-02-08 | 1991-10-22 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Lubricants containing salts of hydroxyalkane phosphonic acids |
US4972561A (en) * | 1989-12-26 | 1990-11-27 | Niagara Lockport Industries Inc. | Method of producing an angled pin seam in a papermakers felt |
EP0451380B2 (en) * | 1990-04-10 | 1997-07-30 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives Limited | Succinimide compositions |
US5241003A (en) * | 1990-05-17 | 1993-08-31 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. | Ashless dispersants formed from substituted acylating agents and their production and use |
US5171420A (en) * | 1991-09-09 | 1992-12-15 | Betz Laboratories, Inc. | Method for controlling fouling deposit formation in a liquid hydrocarbonaceous medium |
US5171421A (en) * | 1991-09-09 | 1992-12-15 | Betz Laboratories, Inc. | Method for controlling fouling deposit formation in a liquid hydrocarbonaceous medium |
US5240469A (en) * | 1992-04-27 | 1993-08-31 | Nalco Chemical Company | Antifoulant composition comprising an acrylate ester containing C4 -C22 alcohol esters and amino alcohol esters and phenylene diamine |
US5342505A (en) * | 1993-02-25 | 1994-08-30 | Betz Laboratories, Inc. | Use of polyalkenyl succinimides-glycidol reaction products as antifoulants in hydrocarbon process media |
US5362898A (en) * | 1993-11-22 | 1994-11-08 | Akzo Nobel Nv | Bis(pentaerythritol phosphate alcohol) alkylphosphonate |
-
1997
- 1997-04-22 US US08/844,862 patent/US5858176A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1998
- 1998-03-18 EP EP19980911755 patent/EP0977619A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-03-18 WO PCT/US1998/005263 patent/WO1998047593A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-03-18 KR KR1019997009794A patent/KR100646123B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-03-18 CA CA002276050A patent/CA2276050C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-07-29 US US09/124,296 patent/US5951748A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5614081A (en) * | 1995-06-12 | 1997-03-25 | Betzdearborn Inc. | Methods for inhibiting fouling in hydrocarbons |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0977619A1 (en) | 2000-02-09 |
US5858176A (en) | 1999-01-12 |
CA2276050C (en) | 2010-01-12 |
WO1998047593A1 (en) | 1998-10-29 |
CA2276050A1 (en) | 1998-10-29 |
US5951748A (en) | 1999-09-14 |
EP0977619A4 (en) | 2002-11-04 |
KR20010012099A (ko) | 2001-02-15 |
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