JPH10255975A - Luminescent display - Google Patents
Luminescent displayInfo
- Publication number
- JPH10255975A JPH10255975A JP9053435A JP5343597A JPH10255975A JP H10255975 A JPH10255975 A JP H10255975A JP 9053435 A JP9053435 A JP 9053435A JP 5343597 A JP5343597 A JP 5343597A JP H10255975 A JPH10255975 A JP H10255975A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- light emitting
- electrode
- emitting display
- light
- organic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000001459 lithography Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 6
- -1 or the like Substances 0.000 description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007641 inkjet printing Methods 0.000 description 2
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YRCAUVMBMCBDBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[4-(4-aminophenyl)phenyl]-2,4-dimethylaniline Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC=C1NC1=CC=C(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)C=C1 YRCAUVMBMCBDBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000319 biphenyl-4-yl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1C1=C([H])C([H])=C([*])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000206 photolithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002120 photoresistant polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/10—OLED displays
- H10K59/12—Active-matrix OLED [AMOLED] displays
- H10K59/122—Pixel-defining structures or layers, e.g. banks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/10—OLED displays
- H10K59/19—Segment displays
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/80—Constructional details
- H10K59/805—Electrodes
- H10K59/8051—Anodes
- H10K59/80515—Anodes characterised by their shape
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
- Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【0001】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は発光ディスプレイに
係わり、更に詳しくは、有機発光材料を用いた発光ディ
スプレイに関する。[0001] 1. Field of the Invention [0002] The present invention relates to a light emitting display, and more particularly, to a light emitting display using an organic light emitting material.
【0002】[0002]
【従来の技術】近年液晶表示体がワードプロセッサー、
パーソナルコンピュータ等の表示部として盛んに用いら
れている。この液晶表示体は非発光素子であり明るさの
点、特に反射型ディスプレイで用いる時問題となってい
る。ここへきて薄型、軽量の特徴を有す有機の発光材料
(以後有機EL材料という)を用いた発光ディスプレイ
が注目されている。2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, liquid crystal displays have become word processors,
It is widely used as a display unit of a personal computer or the like. This liquid crystal display is a non-light-emitting element and has a problem in brightness, particularly when used in a reflective display. Attention has been paid to a light-emitting display using an organic light-emitting material having a thin and lightweight characteristic (hereinafter referred to as an organic EL material).
【0003】この発光ディスプレイの断面図を図1に示
す。図において1はアルミニウム電極を、2は有機EL
材料を、3はITO透明電極を、4はガラス基板を、5
は電源をそれぞれ示す。この発光ディスプレイの作成方
法は以下の通りである。まず、透明基板上にスパッター
法、蒸着法等によりITO等の透明電極の薄膜を付け
る。この後、ホトリソグラフィー法等により所望の形状
の電極とする。しかる後、スピンコート法、蒸着法等に
より有機EL材料をコートし発光層を形成する。更に仕
事関数の低い金属、例えば、マグネシウム、アルミニウ
ム、リチウム等、あるいはこれら金属の合金を蒸着、ス
パッタ法等によりとばすことにより対向電極を得ること
が出来る。以上が基本の工程であるが、発光効率を上げ
るために、更に透明電極を付けた後に、ホール輸送材
料、例えばN,N’−ジフェニル−N,N’−(2,4
−ジメチルフェニル)−1,1’−ビフェニル−4,
4’−ジアミンを蒸着法等により付けても良い。また有
機EL材料を付けた後、電子輸送材料を、例えば2−
(4−ビフェニル)−5−(4−tert−ブチルフェ
ニル)−1,3,4−オキシジアゾールを付けても良
い。FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of this light emitting display. In the figure, 1 is an aluminum electrode, 2 is an organic EL
Material, 3 is ITO transparent electrode, 4 is glass substrate, 5
Indicates a power source, respectively. The method of making this light emitting display is as follows. First, a thin film of a transparent electrode such as ITO is formed on a transparent substrate by a sputtering method, a vapor deposition method, or the like. Thereafter, an electrode having a desired shape is formed by photolithography or the like. Thereafter, an organic EL material is coated by a spin coating method, an evaporation method, or the like to form a light emitting layer. Further, a counter electrode can be obtained by blowing a metal having a low work function, for example, magnesium, aluminum, lithium, or the like, or an alloy of these metals by vapor deposition, sputtering, or the like. The above is the basic process, but in order to increase the luminous efficiency, a hole transporting material such as N, N′-diphenyl-N, N ′-(2,4
-Dimethylphenyl) -1,1'-biphenyl-4,
4′-diamine may be attached by a vapor deposition method or the like. After attaching the organic EL material, the electron transporting material is changed to, for example, 2-
(4-biphenyl) -5- (4-tert-butylphenyl) -1,3,4-oxydiazole may be added.
【0004】この対向する2種の電極に電界を印加する
事により発光させることが出来る。この発光ディスプレ
イの特徴として、10ボルト以下の低電圧で駆動できる
事がある。この有機EL材料を用いた発光ディスプレイ
は将来有望な技術であるが、しかし、寿命が短い欠点が
あった。発光ディスプレイの寿命としては色々考えるこ
とができる。例えば有機EL材の劣化により、電流値の
増加も考えることが出来る。しかし電流値の増加は外観
的には問題ないのでここで考える寿命として発光部の部
分的劣化や発光部の不均一性がでた時をその発光ディス
プレイの寿命とした。このように寿命を定義したとき、
有機EL材料を用いた従来の発光ディスプレイの、最初
に、発光部の周辺が劣化、黒化するか、あるいは周辺と
中央部に発光強度の不均一が見られる時間は、電流値が
増え始める時間より長くなるが、それでも液晶表示体の
寿命に比べたらかなり短いものになる。Light can be emitted by applying an electric field to the two opposite electrodes. A feature of this light emitting display is that it can be driven at a low voltage of 10 volts or less. The light emitting display using the organic EL material is a promising technology in the future, but has a drawback that the lifetime is short. Various considerations can be given to the life of the light emitting display. For example, an increase in the current value due to deterioration of the organic EL material can be considered. However, the increase in the current value does not cause a problem in appearance. Therefore, the lifetime considered here is defined as the lifetime of the light emitting display when partial deterioration of the light emitting portion or unevenness of the light emitting portion occurs. When life is defined in this way,
First, in the conventional light emitting display using the organic EL material, the time when the periphery of the light emitting portion is deteriorated or blackened or the light emission intensity is uneven at the periphery and the center is the time when the current value starts to increase. It is longer, but still much shorter than the life of the liquid crystal display.
【0005】[0005]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】本発明はこのような有
機EL材料を用いた発光ディスプレイの寿命が短いとい
う問題を解決するためになされたもので、その目的は従
来の作成方法をあまり変えることなく、有機ELを用い
た寿命の長い発光ディスプレイを提供するためになされ
たものである。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been made to solve the problem that the life of a light-emitting display using such an organic EL material is short, and its purpose is to change the conventional manufacturing method very much. Instead, it is intended to provide a long-life light-emitting display using an organic EL.
【0006】[0006]
【課題を解決するための手段】上記課題を解決するため
に、発光材料と該発光材料を挟む電極材料よりなる本発
明の発光ディスプレイは、角がない、複数の発光部より
成ることを特徴としておる。そして、角がない発光部の
形成においてリソグラフイー法等により電極の形状を形
成するか、あるいは矩形上の電極を絶縁体で覆うことに
より角をとることを特徴としている。In order to solve the above problems, a light emitting display according to the present invention comprising a light emitting material and an electrode material sandwiching the light emitting material is characterized by comprising a plurality of light emitting portions without corners. Yes. In the formation of a light emitting portion having no corner, the shape of the electrode is formed by a lithographic method or the like, or a corner is formed by covering a rectangular electrode with an insulator.
【0007】あるいは、上記発光ディスプレイにおい
て、一方の電極が複数の独立する電極より成り、各々が
トランジスターにつながり独立に通電でき、他方の電極
が共通電極となるマトリクス駆動型発光ディスプレイで
あり、独立する電極の周辺がなめらかな曲線を形成する
絶縁材料で覆われていることを特徴としている。[0007] Alternatively, in the above-mentioned light emitting display, a matrix drive type light emitting display in which one electrode is composed of a plurality of independent electrodes, each of which is connected to a transistor and can be independently energized, and the other electrode is a common electrode. It is characterized in that the periphery of the electrode is covered with an insulating material forming a smooth curve.
【0008】また、上記絶縁材料がレジスト材料である
ことを特徴としている。[0008] The present invention is characterized in that the insulating material is a resist material.
【0009】また、角のない発光部の形状がなめらかな
曲線あるいは、楕円または、円であることを特徴として
いる。Further, the light emitting portion having no corner is characterized by a smooth curve, an ellipse or a circle.
【0010】本発明は発光部の形状をなめらかにするこ
とにあり、発光部の形状は以上のべた他にも考えられる
ことは自明のことである。また有機EL材料、絶縁材料
等の材料も色々考えることは出来、また電極の形状作成
方法もリソグラフィー法等以外にも色々考えることが出
来る。The present invention is to make the shape of the light emitting section smooth, and it is obvious that the shape of the light emitting section can be considered in addition to the above. In addition, various materials such as an organic EL material and an insulating material can be considered, and a variety of electrode shape forming methods can be considered other than the lithography method.
【0011】[0011]
【発明の実施の形態】以上のべた様に発光部をなめらか
な曲線にすることにより、電界集中が起きなくなり、局
所的な劣化や輝度の不均一さが解消できる。このため発
光ディスプレイの寿命を延ばすことができる。このよう
な簡単な方法で従来の発光ディスプレイの寿命を延ばす
ことが出来る。以下実施例により本発明を詳細に説明す
る。DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS By making the light emitting portion a smooth curve as described above, electric field concentration does not occur, and local deterioration and uneven brightness can be eliminated. Therefore, the life of the light emitting display can be extended. With such a simple method, the life of the conventional light emitting display can be extended. Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples.
【0012】[0012]
(実施例1)図2、図3にセグメント駆動の電極例を示
す。図2は従来の発光ディスプレイに用いた電極の例、
図3は本発明の発光ディスプレイに用いられた発光ディ
スプレイの電極の例である。図において11、14はセ
グメント電極を、12、15は引出し線を、13、16
は基板をそれぞれ示す。電極の形状はリソグラフィー法
により作成した。このような電極を有すガラス基板の上
にスピンコート法によりポリパラフェニレンビニレンの
0.1ミクロンの膜を作成した後、アルミニウム金属を
1500オングストローム蒸着した。このようにして得
た発光ディスプレイに10Vの直流印加で、条件を一定
にし、寿命試験を行ったところ従来の発光ディスプレイ
は1000時間で発光部の周辺部が劣化したが、本発明
の発光ディスプレイは変化がなかった。(Embodiment 1) FIGS. 2 and 3 show examples of segment driving electrodes. FIG. 2 shows an example of an electrode used in a conventional light emitting display,
FIG. 3 is an example of a light-emitting display electrode used in the light-emitting display of the present invention. In the figure, 11 and 14 are segment electrodes, 12 and 15 are leader lines, and 13 and 16
Indicates a substrate. The shape of the electrode was created by a lithography method. After forming a 0.1 μm-thick film of polyparaphenylenevinylene on a glass substrate having such an electrode by spin coating, aluminum metal was vapor-deposited at 1500 Å. A life test was performed by applying a DC voltage of 10 V to the light emitting display thus obtained, and the life of the conventional light emitting display was deteriorated in 1000 hours. There was no change.
【0013】(実施例2)図4、図5にマトリクス駆動
発光ディスプレイの電極周辺の一部を取り出して示す。
図4は従来の発光ディスプレイに用いた電極周辺の例、
図5は本発明の発光ディスプレイに用いられた発光ディ
スプレイの電極周辺の例である。図において21、25
はITO電極を、22、26は絶縁層を、23、27は
基板を、24、28TFT素子を、29は絶縁膜をそれ
ぞれ示す。図5に示す本発明に用いられる絶縁膜は、矩
形上に形成されたITO電極を有すTFT素子をのせた
基板上に、ホトレジスト材料を全面に塗布した後、フト
リソグラフィー法によりITO電極上のレジスト材料を
円形に除去することにより得られる。このようなレジス
ト材料により周辺を覆われたITO電極上にポリパラフ
ェニレンビニレンが0.1ミクロンの膜を形成するよう
にポリパラフェニレンビニレンの前駆体溶液をインクジ
ェットプリンティング装置により充填し、焼成した。
尚、従来の発光ディスプレイの電極上にはスピンコート
法によりポリパラフェニレンビニレンの膜を形成し、焼
成した。二方法により有機EL層を形成、焼成後、アル
ミニウム金属を1500オングストローム蒸着し、対向
基板とした。このようにして得た発光ディスプレイを、
条件を一定にし、寿命試験を行ったところ、従来の発光
ディスプレイは1150時間で、発光部の周辺部が劣化
したが、本発明の発光ディスプレイは劣化しなかった。(Embodiment 2) FIGS. 4 and 5 show a part of the periphery of an electrode of a matrix driven light emitting display.
FIG. 4 shows an example of the periphery of an electrode used in a conventional light emitting display,
FIG. 5 is an example of the periphery of the electrodes of the light emitting display used in the light emitting display of the present invention. In the figure, 21, 25
Indicates an ITO electrode, 22 and 26 indicate insulating layers, 23 and 27 indicate substrates, 24 and 28 TFT elements, and 29 indicates an insulating film. The insulating film used in the present invention shown in FIG. 5 is formed by applying a photoresist material over the entire surface of a substrate on which a TFT element having an ITO electrode formed in a rectangular shape is placed, It is obtained by removing the resist material in a circular shape. A precursor solution of polyparaphenylenevinylene was filled with an inkjet printing apparatus and baked so that a polyparaphenylenevinylene film having a thickness of 0.1 μm was formed on the ITO electrode whose periphery was covered with such a resist material.
In addition, a polyparaphenylene vinylene film was formed on the electrode of the conventional light emitting display by a spin coating method, and baked. After forming an organic EL layer by two methods and baking, an aluminum metal was vapor-deposited at 1500 Å to obtain a counter substrate. The light-emitting display thus obtained is
When a life test was performed with the conditions kept constant, the conventional light emitting display deteriorated in 1150 hours around the light emitting portion, but the light emitting display of the present invention did not deteriorate.
【0014】以上述べたように発光部の形状をなめらか
にすることにより、発光ディスプレイの寿命を延ばすこ
とが出来る事がわかった。As described above, it has been found that the life of the light emitting display can be extended by making the shape of the light emitting portion smooth.
【0015】本発明の方法は、本発明の要旨を逸脱しな
い限り、上記以外の、その他のなめらかにする方法、絶
縁材料,有機EL材料等に適用できるものである。The method of the present invention can be applied to other smoothing methods other than the above, insulating materials, organic EL materials and the like without departing from the gist of the present invention.
【0016】例えば、実施例では高分子系の有機EL材
料を用いたが低分子系の有機EL材料についても適用で
きるものである。またインクジェットプリンティング装
置により赤、緑、青の三色の有機EL材料を飛ばすこと
によりフルカラーの発光ディスプレイを作成できること
は自明のことである。また発光効率を上げるためにホー
ル輸送層や電子輸送層を形成出来ることも自明のことで
ある。For example, in the embodiments, a high molecular organic EL material is used, but the present invention can be applied to a low molecular organic EL material. Also, it is obvious that a full-color light-emitting display can be produced by flying three colors of organic EL materials of red, green and blue by an ink jet printing apparatus. It is also obvious that a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer can be formed in order to increase luminous efficiency.
【0017】[0017]
【発明の効果】以上実施例で説明したように従来の方法
をあまり変更することなく、単に発光ディスプレイの発
光部の形状をなめらかにするだけで、発光ディスプレイ
の寿命を延ばすことが出来る。As described in the above embodiments, the life of the light emitting display can be extended only by making the shape of the light emitting portion of the light emitting display smooth without changing the conventional method much.
【図1】発光ディスプレイの断面図。FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a light-emitting display.
【図2】従来のセグメント駆動用発光ディスプレイの電
極の正面図。FIG. 2 is a front view of electrodes of a conventional segment driving light emitting display.
【図3】本発明のセグメント駆動用ディスプレイの電極
の正面図。FIG. 3 is a front view of the electrodes of the segment driving display of the present invention.
【図4】従来のマトリクス駆動用発光ディスプレイの電
極周辺の断面図。FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the periphery of an electrode of a conventional matrix driving light emitting display.
【図5】本発明のマトリクス駆動用発光ディスプレイの
電極周辺の断面図。FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view around the electrodes of a matrix driving light emitting display of the present invention.
1・・・・アルミニウム電極 2・・・・有機EL層 3・・・・ITO電極 4・・・・ガラス基板 5・・・・電源 11・・・セグメント電極 12・・・引出し線 13・・・基板 14・・・セグメント電極 15・・・引出し線 16・・・基板 21・・・ITO電極 22・・・絶縁層 23・・・基板 24・・・TFT素子 25・・・ITO電極 26・・・絶縁層 27・・・基板 28・・・TFT素子 29・・・絶縁膜 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Aluminum electrode 2 ... Organic EL layer 3 ... ITO electrode 4 ... Glass substrate 5 ... Power supply 11 ... Segment electrode 12 ... Lead wire 13 ...・ Substrate 14 ・ ・ ・ Segment electrode 15 ・ ・ ・ Lead wire 16 ・ ・ ・ Substrate 21 ・ ・ ・ ITO electrode 22 ・ ・ ・ Insulating layer 23 ・ ・ ・ Substrate 24 ・ ・ ・ TFT element 25 ・ ・ ・ ITO electrode 26 ・..Insulating layer 27 ... Substrate 28 ... TFT element 29 ... Insulating film
Claims (6)
なる発光ディスプレイにおいて、角がない、複数の発光
部より成ることを特徴とする発光ディスプレイ。1. A light emitting display comprising a light emitting material and an electrode material sandwiching the light emitting material, wherein the light emitting display comprises a plurality of light emitting portions without corners.
とった電極により発光部を形成することを特徴とする発
光ディスプレイ。2. A light-emitting display according to claim 1, wherein the light-emitting portion having no corner is formed by an electrode having a corner.
材料により遮蔽する事により角をとることを特徴とする
発光ディスプレイ。3. A light-emitting display according to claim 1, wherein the light-emitting portion having no corner has a corner by being shielded by an insulating material.
方の電極が複数の独立する電極より成り、各々がトラン
ジスターにつながり独立に通電でき、他方の電極が共通
電極となるマトリクス駆動型発光ディスプレイであり、
独立する電極の周辺がなめらかな曲線を形成する絶縁材
で覆われていることを特徴とする発光ディスプレイ。4. A matrix driven light emitting display according to claim 1, wherein one of the electrodes is composed of a plurality of independent electrodes, each of which is connected to a transistor and can be independently energized, and the other electrode is a common electrode. ,
A light-emitting display, wherein the periphery of the independent electrode is covered with an insulating material forming a smooth curve.
材料であることを特徴とする発光ディスプレイ。5. A light emitting display according to claim 3, wherein said insulating material is a resist material.
であることを特徴とする発光ディスプレイ。6. A light-emitting display according to claim 4, wherein the smooth curve is a circle or an ellipse.
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JP05343597A JP3711682B2 (en) | 1997-03-07 | 1997-03-07 | Organic EL display |
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JP05343597A JP3711682B2 (en) | 1997-03-07 | 1997-03-07 | Organic EL display |
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JP2003025958A Division JP3800182B2 (en) | 2003-02-03 | 2003-02-03 | Organic EL display and method for manufacturing organic EL display |
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JP3711682B2 JP3711682B2 (en) | 2005-11-02 |
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