JP7160683B2 - 術後癒着の予防及び治療のための方法及び組成物 - Google Patents
術後癒着の予防及び治療のための方法及び組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Description
以下の説明では、細胞培養の分野で従来から使用されている用語がいくつか使用されている。本明細書及び特許請求の範囲の明確かつ一貫した理解、ならびにそのような用語に与えられるべき範囲を示すために以下の定義を記載する。
上記で要約したように、本開示は、例えば、対象における癒着形成の予防、癒着形成の停止もしくは減少、及び/または定着した癒着の逆転もしくは解消を含む、対象における術後癒着の治療方法を提供する。そのような方法を実施するための組成物及びキットも提供する。
材料及び方法
癒着誘導
癒着誘導手術を、6~10週齢の野生型B6(C57BL/6J(The Jackson Laboratory))マウスに行った。足趾ピンチ(toe-pinch)試験によって意識不明と判定されるまで、吸入イソフルランでマウスを麻酔した。腹部をベタダイン及びリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)で消毒した。マウスの体長に沿って走る皮膚に左鎖骨中央切開を行った。同様の左鎖骨中央切開を腹膜の縦方向に沿って走る腹膜に行った。腹膜を静かに右に折り畳み、止血鉗子で押さえた。腹膜の小片(約5mm径)をクランプし、4-0絹縫合糸(Ethicon、683G)で根元を結紮することによって、腹膜壁の右半分に虚血ボタンを1つだけ配置した。ボタン(24回)ならびに隣接する肝臓、盲腸、及び小・大腸(7回)を、手術用ブラシで(所望する癒着重症度による)選択に応じて軽く擦過した。ピンポイントな出血を避けるため、繰り返し回数を少なくして軽くブラッシングした。腹膜を4-0絹縫合糸を使用して閉膜し、皮膚をステープルで縫合した(EZ Clips、9mm、Braintree Scientific Inc)。マウスを加熱パッド上で回復させ、0.05~0.1mg/kgのブプレノルフィンを注射した。マウスを注意深く経過観察し、罹病の兆候を7日間にわたり毎日モニタリングした後、安楽死させた。癒着した組織を切開して、スコア評価し、2%パラホルムアルデヒド中にて4℃で一晩固定した。
機能試験において、上文に詳述された基準に基づき、表面積接触及び分子構造の両方を考慮して、癒着ごとに1つのスコアを割り当てる。ただし、留意すべき点として、上記した個々の基準で表される癒着の重症度は連続して存在する可能性が高いため、必ずしも表面積接触の量が分子の表現型を規定するとは限らず、また逆も同様である。実験によると、コラーゲンまたはマクロファージの関与がほとんどまたは全くない高表面積接触(スコア3または4)の癒着領域が観察された(F4/80-)。逆に、コラーゲン及びマクロファージの浸潤性が高い低表面積接触(スコア2)の癒着領域も観察された。この事例では、これが臨床転帰のより重要な指標であると予測されるため、表面積接触または関与する臓器数に基づいて癒着をスコア化する。
組織を2%パラホルムアルデヒド中にて4℃で一晩固定し、optimal cutting temperatureコンパウンドO.C.T(Sakura)で包埋して凍結させるか、またはパラフィン包埋した。癒着臓器全体を10~12umの凍結切片に切断し、免疫蛍光に備え保存した。パラフィン切片は5umに切断し、標準的なプロトコールに従ってヘマトキシリン/エオシン染色及びマッソントリクローム染色を行った。
凍結切片に免疫蛍光試験を行った。凍結切片を室温で10分間解凍し、PBSで2回洗浄した。スライドを5%血清中にて室温で30分間ブロックした。続いて、PDPN(1:100、マウスモノクローナル、Abcam)、MSLN(1:200、ウサギモノクローナル、ABBIOTEC)、フィブロネクチン(1:100、ウサギモノクローナル、Abcam)、F4/80(1:100、ラットポリクローナル、Abcam)、CD31(1:100、ウサギモノクローナル、Abcam)、汎コラーゲン(1:100、ウサギポリクローナル、Abcam)、WT1(1:100、ウサギポリクローナル、Abcam)、CD44(1:100、ウサギモノクローナル、Abcam)、HIF1A(1:100、マウスモノクローナル)、及びS100A4(1:100、ウサギポリクローナル、Abcam)に対する一次抗体で切片を4℃で一晩染色し、PBSで3回洗浄した。染色したスライドを、Alex Fluor 488、594、または647にコンジュゲートした二次抗体と室温で1~2時間インキュベートした。染色をPBSTで1回、PBSで3回洗浄した後、Hoechst 33342(Life Technologies)で2分間核染色を行い、Fluoromount G(Southern Biotech)でマウントした。
癒着誘導後、0.025mgの5-エチニル-2’-デオキシウリジン(Life Technologies)を90%PBS及び10%エタノールに溶かしてマウスに皮下注射した。マウスを7日間追跡し、安楽死させた。癒着した組織を切開し、2%パラホルムアルデヒドで一晩固定し、O.C.T(Sakura)中で凍結して、12umの切片にした。EdU陽性細胞を、Click-iT EdU Imaging Kit(Life Technologies)で可視化した。
前述した手順に従って、一部を変更した癒着誘導手術を野生型C57BL/6J(The Jackson Laboratory)に行った。2つの虚血ボタンを腹膜の両側に配置し、ボタンまたは腹部臓器の擦過は行わなかった。マウスを6時間、12時間、または24時間回復させ、安楽死させた。根元を切断することにより虚血ボタンを切開し、分離培地(DMEM(Life Technologies、10565-042)、50mg/mlコラゲナーゼIV(Worthington Biochemical)、20uM CaCl2 )に入れた。片刃ブレード(Razor Blade Company)を使用してボタンをホモジナイズし、分離培地中にて37℃で30分間インキュベートした。その結果生じた細胞懸濁液を100umフィルターで濾過し、PBS中の2%ウシ胎児血清(FBS)を用いて回転洗浄した。細胞を1mlのACK細胞溶解緩衝液(Life Technologies)にて4℃で5分間処理し、回転洗浄した。細胞を1%ヤギ血清(Life Technologies)で10分間ブロックし、抗PDPN(BioLegend、8.1.1、1:100)、抗LYVE-1(eBioscience、ALY-7、1:100)、抗CD31(eBioscience、390、1:100)、及び抗CD45(BioLegend、30-F11、1:100)で4℃で30分間染色した。細胞を回転沈降させ、濾過して、PBS中2%FBS200ulに再懸濁させた。細胞をFACSAria(BD Bioscences)に通し、PDPN+LYVE1-CD31-CD45-細胞を直接750ulのTrizol LS(Life Technologies)に投入して選別した。
選別した中皮集団からの全RNAを、Trizol(ThermoFisher)を使用して製造業者の推奨事項に従って単離した。容易にするため、RNA沈殿時の担体として線状ポリアクリルアミド(Sigma)を添加した。精製した全RNAを4単位のRQ1 RNaseフリーDNase(Promega)で37℃で1時間処理して微量のゲノムDNAを除去した。RNeasyマイクロキット(QIAGEN)を使用してDNase処理した全RNAを精製した。Ovation RNA-Seq System V2(NuGEN)を使用して、10~50ngの全RNAを投入物として使用し、cDNAを調製及び増幅した。増幅したcDNAを、全体積120ml、デューティサイクル10%、強度5、サイクル/バースト100、合計時間2分の設定を用いてCovaris S2(Covaris)を使用して剪断した。剪断したcDNAをAgencourt Ampure XP(Beckman Coulter)を使用して精製し、cDNA断片>=400塩基対(bp)を得た。剪断及びサイズ選別したcDNA500ngを投入物として使用し、製造業者の推奨事項に従って、Illumina(New England BioLabs)用のNEBNext Ultra DNA Library Prepキットを使用してライブラリー調製した。得られたライブラリー(断片分布:300~700bp、ピーク500~550bp)を、HiSeq 4000(Illumina)を使用して配列決定し、2×150塩基対のペアエンドリードを得た。Skewer(ref)を使用して、ベースコール品質及びアダプター配列の存在を検出し、得られたリードをトリミングした。このようにして得られた高品質のリードをOLego(ref)を使用してマウスゲノムにアライメントし、発現したmRNAのレベルをcuffdiff2(ref)を使用して推定し、1kb単位、100万マッピングリードあたりの断片(fragments per kilo-base per million mapped reads:FPKM)として表した。
野生型B6(C57BL/6J(The Jackson Laboratory))に癒着を誘導し、7日間回復させた。200ugのモノクローナル抗MSLN(B35)抗体を注射後7日目、10日目、及び13日目に腹腔内注射によって投与した。200ugのモノクローナル抗CD47(MIAP301)(BioXCell)を同じ頻度で腹腔内注射により同時投与した。最初の手術から17日後にマウスを安楽死させ、癒着の重症度をスコア評価した。B35抗MSLN抗体はA.Miyajimaから寄贈されたものである。
野生型B6(C57BL/6J(The Jackson Laboratory))を安楽死させ、腎被膜及び腸から中皮を切除した。切除した中皮を小さい画分に切り分け、EmbryoMax 0.1%ゼラチン溶液(EmdMillipore)で30分間前処理した培養皿に入れ、10%ウシ胎児血清、1%ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン、及び1%非必須アミノ酸を加えたダルベッコ改変イーグル培地(Life Technologies)中にて37℃で7日間培養した。中皮細胞を通常条件下または低酸素条件下(1%O2 インキュベーターまたは100uMのCoCl2 )でマクロファージ(コンフルエントになるまで添加)と共培養した。
初代BMDMを調製するために、BALB/cマウスを人道的に安楽死させ、70%エタノールで消毒した。脚に沿って切開を行い、筋肉を骨から剥離した。大腿骨及び脛骨を躯幹から分断し、PBSですすいだ。6mLシリンジ及び23ゲージ針を用いて骨をフラッシュし、骨髄を10mL RPMIに再懸濁した。懸濁液を1200rpmで5分間遠心分離し、そのペレットを5mLのACK溶解緩衝液(Invitrogen)に5分間再懸濁して血液細胞を除去した。懸濁液を70μmFalcon細胞ストレーナーに通して濾過し、再度遠心分離した。ペレットを40mLのマクロファージ培地(RPMI+10%FBS+10%ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン+10ng/mL MCSF)に再懸濁し、4枚の10cmペトリ皿に入れた。4日目にマクロファージ培地を交換した。7日目にマクロファージを皿から取り除いて使用した。
前述したように、癒着誘導手術を4~8週齢の野生型B6(C57BL/6J(The Jackson Laboratory))に行った。200mg/kgのクリプトタンシノン(Sigma Aldrich)、2mg/kgのFM19G11(Sigma Aldrich)、10ug/kgもしくは20ug/kgのエキノマイシン(Sigma Aldrich)、または25mg/kgのPX12(Sigma Aldrich)を、損傷直後、損傷の4時間後、及びそれ以降の7日間24時間ごとに投与した。
並体結合手術を、同齢(4~6週齢)の雌野生型B6(C57BL/6J(The Jackson Laboratory))及びC57BL/Ka Rosa26 mRFP1マウスに行った。並体結合を受けるマウスは、手術10日前から1つのケージに一緒に収容した。足趾ピンチ試験によって意識不明と判定されるまで、吸入イソフルランでマウスを麻酔した。マウスの両横腹部を剃毛し、70%エタノールとベタダインとで清浄した。マウスを互いに横に並べ、隣接する側の肘関節から膝関節まで切開を行った。4-0縫合糸(Ethicon)を用いて肘関節及び膝関節を結紮し、隣接するマウスの弛緩した皮膚を一緒にステープルで縫合した。マウスを加熱パッド上で回復させ、0.05~0.1mg/kgのブプレノルフィンを注射した。マウスを注意深く経過観察し、罹病の兆候を14日間にわたり毎日モニタリングした。14日後にステープルを取り外し、マウスの後眼窩から採血してキメラ現象について調べた。
癒着の重症度及び位置に一貫性がある癒着モデルを特定するために、炎症性化学物質の腹腔内(I.P.)注射、手術用ブラシ、サンドペーパー、または同様の器具を用いた盲腸及び腹膜の粗い擦過(Chung,2002;Wei et al.,2015)、腹膜及び腹部臓器の焼灼(Kosaka,Yoshimoto,Yoshimoto,Fujimoto,&Nakanishi,2008;T.Suzuki et al.,2015)、及び/または腹腔壁への虚血ボタンの配置(Cassidy,Sherburne,Heydrick,&Stucchi,2015)を含んだ現在公開されている齧歯類モデルを分析した。最終的なモデルは、癒着を開始させ、癒着の一因となる細胞源を癒着発症時に容易に同定して単離できるように、癒着が形成される位置を確実に予測できる必要がある。我々は、化学的方法、または臓器(腹膜、盲腸、肝臓)表面への局所的な擦過であっても一般的な擦過を用いると、腹部癒着の位置及び重症度を制御することが困難であることを見出した。癒着形成の位置は、おそらく腹膜炎が原因で予測不可能な場合が多い。焼灼は、罹病率が高く、癒着形成も不均一であった。
マーカー(Rinkevich et al.,2012)であるポドプラニン(PDPN)及びメソテリン(MSLN)で染色した。術後の全時点で擦過の有無にかかわらず、虚血ボタンに無傷の細胞層がはっきりと観察された(図1A、1B)。これは、中皮が露出されず、機械的ストレスまたは損傷後の収縮もないことを示している。術後4時間で中皮は細胞増殖を起こし、誘導後24時間で肥厚化を示し(図1B)、多細胞層になった。損傷部位には細胞増殖が局在したが、ボタンの両側に隣接する未損傷の中皮は正常な単細胞層形態を示した。誘導後7日目に局所的に顕著な癒着形成が生じ、PDPN及びMSLNの両方で癒着組織が強く染色され(図1C)、癒着病巣が下層の中皮細胞に由来し、中皮細胞からなることが示唆された。
本研究を通じて、従来にない癒着形成の細胞性が解明されたと我々は考えている。現状の知見では腹部癒着の細胞起源に関してあいまいな部分も残っている。特異的染色及び増殖アッセイを利用して、表面中皮が腹部癒着の起源組織であり、また癒着形成の基本的機構が中皮細胞のプログラム、さらには潜在的に中皮細胞の部分細胞にも起源をもつことを発見した。
好中球と単球の軸との癒着形成にへの寄与
24時間の時間経過にわたる損傷した中皮細胞から得たRNA配列決定結果を、先の実験から取得したところ(実施例1を参照)、炎症性ケモカイン及びサイトカインを含む複数の遺伝子セット及びプロセスの差次的発現を示した(図9A)。好中球及びマクロファージの特異的な動員シグナルであるCXCL1、CCL2、及びCXCL2は、6時間後すぐに上方制御され、最初の24時間にわたって増加を維持している。同時点からの腹膜洗浄により、腹膜に侵入する好中球及びマクロファージの数が増加していることが確認された。以前の研究では、好中球及びマクロファージが癒着の病因に応答して関与することは実証されたが、これらの造血細胞のどの部分細胞が重要な役割を果たすかを示す研究はほとんど行われていない。実施例1に前述するように、赤色蛍光タンパク質mCherryを構成的に発現するマウス(「TM7」)と野生型(非有色マウス)との並体結合実験では、癒着誘導により、野生型マウスの癒着部位に赤色F4/80+細胞の浸潤を示し、癒着に侵入するマクロファージが、血中単球または骨髄由来であることを示唆した(図9B)。構成的mCherryマウス(TM7「ドナー」)から骨髄移植を受けている構成的シアン蛍光タンパク質(CFP)マウス(「宿主」)における癒着誘導はまた、癒着部位に赤色F4/80+細胞を示し、ここでも癒着に侵入するマクロファージが、血中骨髄由来単球であることを示唆している(図9C)。癒着誘導の24時間前にチオグリコレートで処置したマウスは癒着の減少を示し、無菌性炎症が癒着形成に対して有益な効果を有し得ることを示している。マクロファージよりも好中球に選択的優位性をもたらす、カタラーゼによる癒着誘導24時間前の処置は、チオグリコレート処置と比較して癒着形成を悪化させる。既知の単球走化性物質であるMCP-1、及び血中好中球の枯渇をもたらす抗GR-1抗体による、癒着誘導手術後3日間の処置は、いずれも癒着形成を減少させる。抗GR-1とMCP1の併用は、癒着形成の減少において相加効果を有する(図9D)。
実施例1に記載したように、癒着誘導手術の3日前に、マウスをPLGA、チオグリコレート、またはPBS対照のいずれかで前処置した。損傷の7日後にマウスを評価し、縫合部位(S)またはボタン(B)に形成される癒着を癒着重症度0~5で評価した。図10は、PLGAまたはチオグリコレートで前処置されたマウスが、縫合部位及びボタンの両方で癒着の重症度が有意に低下したことを示す。我々の結論では、PLGA単独、チオグリコレート単独、またはPLGAとチオグリコレートの併用による手術前の前処置は、対象における癒着の形成及び/または重症度を減少させる。
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本発明は、米国国立衛生研究所が拠出する契約T32GM007365及び1F30DK108561に基づく政府支援を受けて実施された。政府は本発明において一定の権利を有する。
Claims (6)
- 癒着形成を減少させるかまたは既に形成された癒着を減少させるために対象を治療する方法で使用されるための損傷した中皮細胞による癒着形成を妨害するための医薬組成物であって、
前記医薬組成物は、メソテリン(MSLN)の発現または活性を阻害する薬剤を含み、
前記薬剤は、MSLNに特異的に結合するポリペプチドであり、抗MSLN抗体、及びそのMSLN結合断片から選択される、
医薬組成物。 - 前記方法は、損傷した中皮細胞の枯渇を達成する用量で、CD47とSIRPαとの結合を妨害する第2の薬剤を含む第2の医薬組成物を投与することを含んでおり、
前記第2の薬剤は、CD47に結合するポリペプチドであり、抗CD47抗体、シグナル調節タンパク質アルファ(SIRPα)ポリペプチド、及び、それらの任意の組み合わせからなる群から選択される、
請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。 - 前記医薬組成物は、損傷した中皮細胞を標的として破壊または除去する、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- (a)前記癒着は腹部の癒着であり、
(b)前記癒着は術後癒着であって、
(i)前記医薬組成物が、対象に対して実施される外科的処置の前に投与されるか、または、
(ii)前記医薬組成物が、対象に対して実施される外科的処置の後に投与される、
請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。 - (a)癒着形成を減少させるかまたは既に形成された癒着を減少させるために対象を治療する方法で使用されるための損傷した中皮細胞による癒着形成を妨害するための医薬組成物であって、メソテリン(MSLN)の発現または活性を阻害し、MSLNに特異的に結合するポリペプチドであり、抗MSLN抗体、及びそのMSLN結合断片から選択される医薬組成物を含む医薬品、及び、
(b)前記医薬組成物を対象に投与する際の説明書
を含んでいる、
癒着形成を減少させるかまたは既に形成された癒着を減少させるために対象を治療する方法で使用されるための損傷した中皮細胞による癒着形成を妨害するためのキット。 - 抗CD47抗体、または、シグナル調節タンパク質アルファ(SIRPα)ポリペプチドをさらに含んでいる、請求項5に記載のキット。
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