JP6360039B2 - 複数の被覆された粒子を含む組成物、医薬組成物、医薬製剤、及び当該粒子の形成方法 - Google Patents
複数の被覆された粒子を含む組成物、医薬組成物、医薬製剤、及び当該粒子の形成方法 Download PDFInfo
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- A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
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- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
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- A61K31/34—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide
- A61K31/341—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide not condensed with another ring, e.g. ranitidine, furosemide, bufetolol, muscarine
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Description
本出願は、米国特許法第119条第(e)項により、参照により本明細書に組み込まれる「Nanocrystals,Compositions,and Methods That Aid Particle Transport in Mucus」と題する2012年5月3日に出願の米国特許仮出願第61/642227号に基づく優先権を主張する。
それにもかかわらず、ポリマーをベースにしたMPPは、封入されていない医薬品粒子に比較して、いくつかの本質的制約を有する可能性がある。とりわけ、薬物送達での適用を考慮した場合、これらの制約としては、1)薬物装填量が本質的により少ないこと、2)剤形があまり便利でないこと(ポリマー性ナノ粒子の場合、乾燥粉末での貯蔵形態からの再構成が必要とされる可能性があるので)、3)毒性増加の可能性があること、4)化学的および物理的安定性に懸念があること、ならびに5)製造時の複雑性が増加すること、を挙げることができる。したがって、粘液浸透性粒子を含む組成物および方法を改善することは、医薬品の送達にとって有益である。
本発明の非限定的実施形態は、添付の図を例として参照して説明されることになるが、これらの図は概略であり、一定の縮尺で描かれるように意図されていない。図において、例示されたそれぞれの同一またはほぼ同一の成分は通常、単一の数値で表される。明瞭さの目的のため、すべての成分がすべての図の中で標識されているわけではなく、また、当業者が本発明を理解できるようにするために、例示が必要でない場合には、本発明の各実施形態のすべての成分が示されているわけでもない。図では以下の通りである。
本明細書に記載の特定の実施形態において、1種または複数の表面改変剤(34)は、粒子のコーティング中に特定の配置で配向される。例えば、表面改変剤が、親水性ブロック−疎水性ブロック−親水性ブロックの配置を有するトリブロックコポリマーなどのトリブロックコポリマーである一部の実施形態では、疎水性ブロック36を、芯の表面に向かって配向し、親水性ブロック38を、芯の表面から離して(例えば、粒子の外に向かって)配向することができる。親水性ブロックは、後でより詳細に説明するように、粘膜バリア中での粒子の輸送を容易にする特性を有することができる。
図1に示したまたは本明細書に記載したもの以外の成分および配置が、特定の粒子および組成物に適している可能性があること、および図1に示した成分のすべてが、一部の実施形態において必ず存在するわけではないことを理解されたい。
一部の実施形態において、粒子が、対象中の粘膜バリア(例えば、粘液または粘膜)を横切って成功裡に輸送されると、対象中での粒子間のさらなる相互作用が起こる可能性がある。相互作用は、一部の事例で、コーティングおよび/または芯を介して起こることがあり、例えば、対象の1種または複数の構成要素から粒子(10)への、かつ/または粒子(10)から対象の1種または複数の構成要素への材料(例えば、医薬品、治療薬、タンパク質、ペプチド、ポリペプチド、核酸、栄養素など)の交換を含むことができる。例えば、芯が、医薬品から形成されるか、医薬品を含む一部の実施形態において、粒子からの医薬品の崩壊、放出および/または輸送は、対象における特定の有益な効果および/または治療効果につながることがある。かくして、本明細書に記載の粒子を、特定の疾患または身体状態の診断、予防、治療または管理のために使用することができる。
ポリマー性ナノ粒子の表面を粘液浸透性コーティングで修飾することによって、粘液への粘着を最小化し、それによって粘液バリアを横切る急速な粒子浸透を可能にすることができる。具体的には、500nm程度のポリマー性ナノ粒子は、共有結合による低分子量PEG(2kDa〜5kDa)の密なコーティングで、または非共有結合による特定のPluronic(登録商標)分子(例えば、P103、P105、F127)で被覆されると、それらのナノ粒子が純水中で移動するとほぼ同様の速さで、および同様の大きさの被覆されていないポリマー性粒子に比べてほぼ100倍より速い速度でヒト粘液に浸透できることが示された。
しかしながら、ポリマーをベースにした粘液浸透性粒子は、一部の実施形態において、1種または複数の固有の制約を有する可能性がある。とりわけ、薬物送達への応用を考慮すると、これらの制約は、次のものの1つまたは複数を含む可能性がある:A)低い薬物封入効率および少ない薬物装填量:製造中に粒子中に封入されるのは、使用された薬物の全量の一般には10%未満であるので、ポリマー性粒子中への薬物封入は、しばしば効率が悪い。さらに、50%を超える薬物装填は、めったに達成されない。B)使用の簡便性:一般に、薬物を装填したポリマー性粒子をベースにした製剤は、早すぎる薬物放出を回避するために乾燥粉末として貯蔵することを典型的には必要とし、したがって、使用時点での再構成または複雑な投与デバイスのいずれかを必要とする。C)生体適合性:反復投与に続いて徐々に分解するポリマー性担体の蓄積および長期にわたるそれらの毒性は、ポリマー性薬物担体に対して重大な懸念を呈示する。D)化学的および物理的安定性:ポリマーの分解は、封入された薬物の安定性を危うくする可能性がある。多くの封入工程において、薬物は、溶液相から固体相への移行を経験し、この移行は、出現する固体相の物理的形態(例えば、非晶性/結晶性/結晶性多形)に関して十分に制御されない。このことは、物理的および化学的安定性、ならびに放出速度論をはじめとする多様な態様の製剤性能にとっての懸念である。E)製造の複雑さ:薬物を装填されたポリマー性MPPの製造、特に大規模に実現できる可能性は、通常、多数のステップおよび相当の量の毒性有機溶媒を含むかなり複雑な工程である。
図1に関して前に説明したように、粒子(10)は芯(16)を含みうる。芯は、有機材料、無機材料、ポリマー、またはこれらの組合せなどの任意の適切な材料から形成することができる。一組の実施形態において、芯は固体を含む。固体は、例えば、結晶性もしくは非晶性の固体、例えば、結晶性もしくは非晶性の固形医薬品(例えば、治療用薬剤、診断用薬剤、および/または造影用薬剤)またはその塩でよい。一部の実施形態において、芯中には1種を超える医薬品が存在できる。医薬品の具体例は、後でより詳細に呈示される。
芯粒子が比較的多量(例えば、芯粒子の少なくとも約50重量%)の医薬品を含む実施形態において、芯粒子は、薬剤をポリマー性担体中に封入することによって形成される粒子に比較して、増大した医薬品装填量を一般には有する。薬物装填量がより多いことは、ポリマー性担体を含む粒子の使用に比較して、所望の効果を達成するのに必要とされる粒子の数がより少ないことを意味するので、このことは、薬物送達への応用にとって好都合である。
芯は、疎水性または親水性でよいが、本明細書に記載の多くの実施形態において、芯は、実質上疎水性である。「疎水性」および「親水性」には、当業者によって理解されるような当技術分野で通常的な意味が付与され、本明細書中の多くの例で、相対的な用語である。材料の相対的な疎水性および親水性は、測定すべき物質からなる平面上での水滴の接触角を、例えば接触角測定器などの装置および押し固めた芯材料の粉末を使用して測定することによって求めることができる。
芯は、一部の事例で、量子ドット、炭素ナノチューブ、炭素ナノワイヤ、または炭素ナノロッドの形態でありうる。一部の事例で、芯は、生物学的起源でない材料を含むか、材料から形成される。
当業者は、粒子の大きさ(例えば、最小または最大断面寸法)を測定するための技法に精通している。適切な技法の例には、(DLS)、透過電子顕微鏡法、走査電子顕微鏡法、電気抵抗計数、およびレーザー回折が含まれる、その他の適切な技法も当業者にとって公知である。粒子の大きさを測定するための多くの方法が知られているが、本明細書に記載の大きさ(例えば、平均粒径、厚さ)は、動的光散乱によって測定された大きさである。
本明細書に記載の芯粒子は、任意の適切な方法で形成することができる。一部の実施形態では、粉砕工程を利用して固体材料の大きさを縮小して、大きさの範囲がマイクロメートルからナノメートルの粒子を形成する。ジェット粉砕、凍結粉砕、ボール粉砕、媒体粉砕、および均質化などの乾式および湿式粉砕法は、公知であり、本明細書に記載の方法で使用することができる。一般に、湿式粉砕法では、芯として使用される予定の材料の懸濁液を、賦形剤と一緒に、または賦形剤なしで粉砕媒体と共に混合して、粒径を小さくする。乾式粉砕は、芯として使用される予定の材料を、粉砕媒体と共に、賦形剤と一緒に、または賦形剤なしで混合して、粒径を小さくする方法である。凍結粉砕法では、芯として使用される予定の材料の懸濁液を、粉砕媒体と共に、賦形剤と一緒にまたは賦形剤なしで冷却された温度下で混合する。
種々の対イオンを使用して、金属(例えば、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、および遷移金属)を含む塩錯体を形成することができる。カチオン性対イオンの非限定的例には、亜鉛、カルシウム、アルミニウム、亜鉛、バリウム、マグネシウム、および銅が含まれる。アニオン性対イオンの非限定的例には、リン酸イオン、炭酸イオン、および脂肪酸が含まれる。対イオンは、例えば、一価、二価、または三価でよい。その他の対イオンも当技術分野で公知であり、本明細書に記載の実施形態で使用することができる。
芯粒子の別の典型的な形成方法は、凍結乾燥技法を含む。この技法では、医薬品またはその塩を、表面改変剤を含んでいてもよい水性溶液に溶解することができる。この溶液に対イオンを添加し、溶液を直ちに急速凍結し、凍結乾燥することができる。乾燥粉末を、適切な溶媒(例えば、水などの水性溶液)中で所望の濃度で再構成することができる。
溶媒中に存在する表面改変剤の濃度は、表面改変剤の臨界ミセル濃度(CMC)を超えても超えなくてもよく、使用される個々の表面改変剤に依存する。例えば、実施例の部に記載のように、F127のCMCを超える(1%)およびCMC未満(0.08%)の双方のF127濃度を利用して、医薬品テノフォビルの安定なナノ結晶性粒子を被覆することができる。しかし、アシクロビルモノホスフェートのナノ結晶性粒子は、界面活性剤濃度に対してより一層敏感であり、安定なナノ結晶性粒子は、CMC(約0.1%)未満のF127濃度を利用する場合にのみ形成することができた。
他の実施形態において、安定な粒子は、医薬品を含む溶液に過剰な対イオンを添加することによって形成することができる。次いで、沈降物を、遠心などの種々の方法で洗浄することができる。生じたスラリーを超音波で処理することができる。1種または複数の表面改変剤を添加して、生じる粒子を安定化することができる。
本明細書に記載の方法とその他の方法との組合せもあり得る。例えば、一部の実施形態で、まず、医薬品からなる芯を沈降によってまず形成し、次いで、芯の大きさを、粉砕工程でさらに縮小する。
本明細書に記載の方法のいずれにおいても、粒子を、溶液中で表面改変剤と共に少なくとも約1分間、少なくとも約2分間、少なくとも約5分間、少なくとも約10分間、少なくとも約15分間、少なくとも約20分間、少なくとも約30分間、少なくとも約60分間、またはそれ以上インキュベートすることによって、粒子を被覆することができる。一部の事例で、インキュベーションは、約10時間以下、約5時間以下、または約60分以下で行うことができる。上で言及した範囲の組合せ(例えば、60分以下かつ少なくとも2分のインキュベーション時間)も可能である。
図1に図示した実施形態で示すように、芯(16)を、1種または複数の表面改変剤を含むコーティング(20)で取り囲むことができる。一部の実施形態において、コーティングは、芯の表面上に配置される1種または複数の表面改変剤、またはその他の分子で形成される。コーティングおよび表面改変剤の個々の化学的構成および/または成分は、粒子に特定の機能性、例えば、粘膜バリア中での増強された輸送を付与するように選択することができる。
芯を取り囲むコーティングは、芯を完全に取り囲むような実施形態もあり得るが、必ずしも完全に取り囲む必要はないことを理解されたい。例えば、コーティングは、芯の表面積の少なくとも約10%、少なくとも約30%、少なくとも約50%、少なくとも約60%、少なくとも約70%、少なくとも約80%、少なくとも約90%、または少なくとも約99%を取り囲むことができる。一部の事例で、コーティングは、芯を実質的に取り囲む。他の事例で、コーティングは、芯を完全に取り囲む。他の実施形態において、コーティングは、芯の表面積の約100%以下、約90%以下、約80%以下、約70%以下、約60%以下、または約50%以下を取り囲む。上で言及した範囲の組合せ(例えば、芯の表面積の80%を超えかつ100%未満を取り囲む)も可能である。
一部の実施形態において、本明細書に記載の組成物および方法は、芯表面に対する表面改変部分の共有結合での連結を必要としないで、芯粒子を親水性表面改変部分で被覆することを可能にすることができる。一部のこのような実施形態では、疎水性表面を有する芯を、本明細書に記載のポリマーで被覆し、それによって、芯自体の特性を実質上改変することなしに、芯表面上に複数の表面改変部分を存在させることができる。例えば、表面改変剤を、芯粒子の外側表面に吸着させることができる。しかし、他の実施形態において、表面改変剤は、共有結合で芯粒子に連結される。
トリブロックコポリマーの親水性ブロックおよび疎水性ブロックの分子量は、芯の粘液粘着性を低減し、かつトリブロックコポリマーと芯との十分な会合を確実にするようにそれぞれ選択することができる。本明細書に記載のように、トリブロックコポリマーの疎水性ブロックの分子量は、トリブロックコポリマーと芯との十分な会合が起こり、それによってトリブロックコポリマーが芯に粘着したままである確率を高めるように選択することができる。驚くべきことに、特定の実施形態において、トリブロックコポリマーの疎水性ブロックの分子量があまりにも小さい(例えば、約2kDa以下)と、疎水性芯とトリブロックコポリマーとの間の十分な粘着が見込めず、そのため、このような疎水性ブロックを有する粒子は、十分に低減された粘液粘着性を呈示しない可能性のあることがわかった。
生分解性ポリマーの例には、限定はされないが、ポリ(エチレングリコール)−ポリ(プロピレンオキシド)−ポリ(エチレングリコール)トリブロックコポリマー、ポリ(ラクチド)(またはポリ(乳酸))、ポリ(グリコリド)、(またはポリ(グリコール酸))、ポリ(オルトエステル)、ポリ(カプロラクトン)、ポリリシン、ポリ(エチレンイミン)、ポリ(アクリル酸)、ポリ(ウレタン)、ポリ(アンヒドリド)、ポリ(エステル)、ポリ(炭酸トリメチレン)、ポリ(エチレンイミン)、ポリ(アクリル酸)、ポリ(ウレタン)、ポリ(β−アミノエステル)など、およびこれらのおよび/またはその他のポリマーのコポリマーまたは誘導体、例えば、ポリ(ラクチド−co−グリコリド)(PLGA)が含まれる。
本明細書に記載のコーティングおよび粒子は、ポリマーを含むことができるが、一部の実施形態において、本明細書に記載の粒子は、ポリマーでなく(例えば、非ポリマー)かつ医薬品でない疎水性材料を含む。例えば、一部の実施形態において、粒子の全部または一部を、不動態化層で被覆することができる。非ポリマー性材料の非限定的例としては、特定の金属、ワックス、および有機材料(例えば、有機シラン、過フッ化またはフッ化有機材料)を挙げることができる。
本明細書に記載のように、一部の実施形態において、方法は、その粘膜粘着性を低減することが望まれる粒子などの材料を突き止めることを含む。粘液中での拡散性の増加を必要とする材料は、例えば、疎水性であり、多くの水素結合の供与体または受容体を有し、かつ/または高度に帯電性である可能性がある。一部の事例では、材料として、結晶性または非晶性の固体材料を挙げることができる。芯として役立つ可能性のある材料は、本明細書に記載の適切なポリマーで被覆されていてもよく、それによって表面上に複数の表面改変部分を伴う粒子を形成し、粘液粘着性の低減をもたらすことができる。低減された粘液粘着性を有すると記載される本明細書中の粒子は、別法として、粘液中での輸送を増加させること、粘液中で移動性があるか、または粘液浸透性(すなわち、粘液浸透性粒子)であることとして特徴付けられ、粒子は、(陰性)対照粒子に比べて、より速く粘液中で輸送されることを意味する。(陰性)対照粒子は、粘液粘着性であることが知られている粒子、例えば、本明細書に記載のコーティングで被覆されていない非修飾粒子または芯、例えば200nmのカルボキシル化ポリスチレン粒子でよい。
特定の実施形態において、本明細書に記載の粒子は、次の通り定義される特定の相対速度<Vmean>relを有する:
式中、<Vmean>は、全平均軌跡平均速度であり、Vmeanは、その軌跡にわたって平均化された個々の粒子の速度であり、サンプルは、注目の粒子であり、陰性対照は、200nmのカルボキシル化ポリスチレン粒子であり、陽性対照は、2kDa〜5kDaのPEGで密にPEG化された200nmのポリスチレン粒子である。
さらに、本明細書に記載の粒子は、対応粒子または対照粒子に比べて、少なくとも約10倍、20倍、30倍、50倍、100倍、200倍、500倍、1000倍、2000倍、5000倍、10000倍、またはそれ以上である二乗幾何平均変位で、粘液または粘膜バリアを通過できる。一部の事例で、本明細書に記載の粒子は、対照粒子または対応粒子に比べて、約10000倍以下、約5000倍以下、約2000倍以下、約1000倍以下、約500倍以下、約200倍以下、約100倍以下、約50倍以下、約30倍以下、約20倍以下、または約10倍以下である二乗幾何平均変位で粘液または粘膜バリアを通過することができる。上で言及した範囲の組合せ(例えば、対照粒子または対応粒子に比べて、少なくとも約10倍かつ約1000倍以下)も可能である。その他の範囲も可能である。
特定の実施形態において、本発明は、ヒト頸膣粘液などの粘液中を、特定の絶対拡散率で移動する粒子を提供する。例えば、本明細書に記載の粒子は、少なくとも約1×10-4μm/秒、2×10-4μm/秒、5×10-4μm/秒、1×10-3μm/秒、2×10-3μm/秒、5×10-3μm/秒、1×10-2μm/秒、2×10-2μm/秒、4×10-2μm/秒、5×10-2μm/秒、6×10-2μm/秒、8×10-2μm/秒、1×10-1μm/秒、2×10-1μm/秒、5×10-1μm/秒、1μm/秒、または2μm/秒の拡散率で移動できる。一部の事例で、粒子は、約2μm/秒以下、約1μm/秒以下、約5×10-1μm/秒以下、約2×10-1μm/秒以下、約1×10-1μm/秒以下、約8×10-2μm/秒以下、約6×10-2μm/秒以下、約5×10-2μm/秒以下、約4×10-2μm/秒以下、約2×10-2μm/秒以下、約1×10-2μm/秒以下、約5×10-3μm/秒以下、約2×10-3μm/秒以下、約1×10-3μm/秒以下、約5×10-4μm/秒以下、約2×10-4μm/秒以下、または約1×10-4μm/秒以下の拡散率で移動できる。上で言及した範囲の組合せ(例えば、約2×10-4μm/秒以上かつ約1×10-1μm/秒以下)も可能である。その他の範囲も可能である。一部の事例で、測定は、約1秒、約0.5秒、約2秒、約5秒、または約10秒の時間尺度をベースにしている。
一部の実施形態において、被覆された粒子は、少なくとも1種の医薬品を含む。医薬品は、粒子の芯中に、および/または粒子のコーティング中に存在することができる(例えば、芯および/またはコーティングの全体に分散されて)。一部の事例で、医薬品は、粒子の表面上に(例えば、コーティングの外側表面上、コーティングの内側表面、芯の表面上に)配置することができる。医薬品は、一般に公知である技法(例えば、コーティング、吸着、共有結合、またはその他の方法)を使用して、粒子内に含められ、かつ/または粒子の一部に配置されることができる。一部の事例で、医薬品は、粒子を被覆する前または間に、粒子の芯中に存在することができる。一部の事例で、医薬品は、本明細書に記載のように、粒子の芯を形成する際に存在する。
医薬品の非限定的例には、造影用薬剤、診断用薬剤、治療用薬剤、検出可能な標識を有する薬剤、核酸、核酸類似体、小分子、ペプチド模倣体、タンパク質、ペプチド、脂質、ワクチン、ウイルスベクター、ウイルス、および界面活性剤が含まれる。
本明細書に記載の粒子は、任意の適切な適用分野で採用することができる。一部の事例で、粒子は、医薬組成物(例えば、本明細書に記載のような)、例えば、医薬品(例えば、薬物、治療用薬剤、診断用薬剤、造影用薬剤)を粘液または粘膜表面を通って、またはそれらに送達するのに使用される医薬組成物の一部である。医薬組成物は、少なくとも1種の本明細書に記載の粒子、および1種または複数の薬学上許容される賦形剤または担体を含むことができる。組成物は、対象の状態を治療、予防、および/または診断する際に使用することができ、方法は、対象に医薬組成物を投与することを含む。本明細書に記載の物品および方法によって治療される予定の対象または患者は、霊長類、哺乳動物、および脊椎動物など、ヒトまたは非ヒト動物を意味することができる。
一部の実施形態において、本明細書に記載の医薬組成物は、例えば低減された粘液粘着性のため、対象中の粘膜表面に送達され、対象中の粘膜バリア(例えば、粘液)を通過することができ、かつ/または粘膜表面で粒子の長い滞留および/または均一分布の増加を呈示することができる。粘膜組織の非限定的例には、口腔(例えば、頬側および食道の膜、ならびに扁桃表面を含む)、眼、消化管(例えば、胃、小腸、大腸、結腸、直腸を含む)、鼻腔、呼吸器(例えば、鼻腔、咽頭、気管および気管支の膜を含む)、生殖器(例えば、膣、頸管および尿道の膜を含む)が含まれる。
例として、粒子を、経鼻スプレーとして製剤化される予定の医薬組成物中に、医薬組成物が鼻腔粘液層を横切って送達されるように含めることができる。別の例として、粒子を、吸入剤として製剤化される予定の医薬組成物中に、医薬組成物が肺粘液層を横切って送達されるように含めることができる。別の例として、組成物を経口で投与する予定なら、組成物を、錠剤、カプセル剤、顆粒剤、散剤、またはシロップ剤として製剤化することができる。同様に、粒子を、眼、消化管、鼻腔、呼吸器、直腸、尿道および/または膣組織を経て送達する予定の医薬組成物中に含めることができる。
一部の実施形態において、吸入薬またはエアロゾル製剤の状態で投与できる本明細書に記載の粒子は、吸入療法で有用な補助薬、診断用薬剤、造影用薬剤、または治療用薬剤などの1種または複数の医薬品を含む。粒子状薬剤の粒径は、エアロゾル製剤の投与により、実質上すべての薬剤の肺中への吸入を可能にするようでなければならず、例えば、約20μm以下、例えば、約1〜約10μm、例えば、約1〜約5μmでよいが、その他の範囲もあり得る。薬剤の粒径は、従来の手段で、例えば粉砕またはミクロ化によって縮小することができる。別法として、粒子状薬剤を、懸濁液の霧化により肺へ投与することができる。最終的なエアロゾル製剤は、製剤の総重量に対して重量/重量%で、例えば、0.005〜90%、0.005〜50%、0.005〜10%、約0.005〜5%、または0.01〜1.0%の薬剤を含むことができる。その他の範囲も可能である。
粒子の分解をもたらす可能性のある剪断に薬剤を暴露することを最小化するので、音波式ネブライザーを使用することもできる。通常、水性エアロゾルは、粒子の水性溶液または懸濁液を薬学上許容される従来の担体および安定剤/表面改変剤と一緒にして製剤化することによって調製される。担体および安定剤/表面改変剤は、個々の組成物の要件により相違するが、典型的には、非イオン性界面活性剤(Tween、Pluronic(登録商標)、またはポリエチレングリコール)、血清アルブミンのような無害なタンパク質、ソルビタンエステル、オレイン酸、レシチン、グリシンなどのアミノ酸、緩衝剤、塩類、糖、または糖アルコールが挙げられる。エアロゾルは、一般に、等張溶液から調製される。
経直腸または経膣投与のための組成物は、外界温度で固体であるが、体温で液体であり、それゆえ直腸腔または膣腔中で融解し粒子を放出する、カカオバター、ポリエチレングリコール、または坐剤用ワックスなどの適切な非刺激性賦形剤または担体と粒子を混合することによって調製できる坐剤でよい。
固形剤形の錠剤、糖衣錠、カプセル剤、丸剤、および顆粒剤は、医薬製剤の技術分野で周知の腸溶性コーティングおよびその他のコーティングなどのコーティングおよび殻を備えて調製することができる。それらは、任意選択で不透明化剤を含むことができ、かつ腸管の特定部分で活性成分のみを、またはそれらを優先的に遅延方式で放出する組成を有することもできる。使用できる包埋用組成物の例が、ポリマー性物質およびワックスである。
類似タイプの固形組成物を、ラクトースまたは乳糖、および高分子量ポリエチレングリコールのような賦形剤を使用する軟質および硬質充填ゼラチンカプセル剤中の充填剤として採用することもできる。
本発明の医薬組成物の局所または経皮投与のための剤形としては、軟膏剤、ペースト剤、クリーム剤、ローション剤、ゲル剤、散剤、溶液剤、噴霧剤、吸入剤、または貼付剤が挙げられる。粒子は、滅菌条件下で、薬学上許容される担体、および必要なら任意の必要とされる保存剤または緩衝剤と混合される。眼用製剤、点耳剤、および点眼剤も、本発明の範囲内で考えられる。
散剤および噴霧剤は、本明細書に記載の粒子に加えて、ラクトース、タルク、ケイ酸、水酸化アルミニウム、ケイ酸カルシウム、およびポリアミド粉末、またはこれらの物質の混合物などの賦形剤を含むことができる。噴霧剤は、さらに、クロロフルオロ炭化水素などの通例的噴射剤を含むことができる。
経皮貼付剤は、身体への化合物の制御送達を提供する付加的利点を有する。このような剤形は、適当な媒体中にミクロ粒子またはナノ粒子を溶解または分散させることによって調製することができる。吸収増強剤を使用して、皮膚を横切る化合物の流れを増大させることができる。速度は、速度調製膜を準備することによって、あるいは粒子をポリマーマトリックスまたはゲル中に分散させることによって調節することができる。
対象に投与すべき医薬品の濃度および/または量は、いずれも、当業者が容易に決めることができる。また、既知の方法を、局所組織中での濃度、粒子からの拡散速度、ならびに治療用製剤の投与の前および後の局所血流をアッセイするために利用可能である。
一部の実施形態において、本明細書に記載の被覆された粒子を含む組成物および/または製剤中に、抗微生物薬を含めることができる。本発明で使用される抗微生物薬は、細菌、微生物、真菌、ウイルス、胞子、酵母、カビ、および感染症に一般的に付随するその他の微生物などの微生物から阻害、予防、または保護するのに有効な生物活性薬剤を指す。抗微生物薬の例には、セファロスポリン、クリンダマイシン、クロラムフェニコール(chlorampheanicol)、カルバペネム、ミノサイクリン、リファンピン、ペニシリン、モンバクタム、キノロン、テトラサイクリン、マクロライド、スルファ抗生物質、トリメトプリム、フシジン酸、アミノグリコシド、アンホテリシンB、アゾール、フルシトシン、シロフンギン、殺菌性ニトロフラン化合物、金属銀または約2.5重量%の銅を含む銀合金のナノ粒子、クエン酸銀、酢酸銀、安息香酸銀、ビスマスピリチオン、亜鉛ピリチオン、過炭酸亜鉛、過ホウ酸亜鉛、ビスマス塩、パラベン(例えば、安息香酸のメチル、エチル、プロピル、ブチルおよびオクチルエステル)、クエン酸、塩化ベンザルコニウム(BAC)、リファマイシン、および過炭酸ナトリウムが含まれる。
一部の実施形態において、組成物および/または製剤の多分散性は、付加されたイオン強度の存在下で、および/または組成物および/または製剤の付加されたイオン強度が比較的一定に保持されるか、増加する(例えば、形成工程および/または希釈工程中で)場合に、比較的一定である。特定の実施形態において、イオン強度が少なくとも50%まで増加すると、多分散性は、約200%以下、約150%以下、約100%以下、約75%以下、約50%以下、約30%以下、約20%以下、約10%以下、約3%以下、または約1%以下まで増加する。特定の実施形態において、イオン強度を少なくとも50%まで増加させると、多分散性は、約1%以上、約3%以上、約10%以上、約30%以上、または約100%以上まで増加する。上で言及した範囲の組合せ(例えば、50%以下かつ1%以上の多分散性の増加)も可能である。その他の範囲も可能である。
本発明のこれらのその他の態様は、本発明の特定の個々の実施形態を例示することを意図するが、特許請求の範囲で規定されるようなその範囲を限定することを意図しない以下の例を考慮して、さらに認識されるであろう。
以下に非重合体固体粒子を粘液侵入性粒子に形成する方法の非限定的な例を述べる。疎水性天然蛍光化合物であるピレンを芯粒子として用い、種々の安定剤の存在下でナノ粉砕法により調製した。安定剤は表面改変剤としての役割を果たし、芯粒子の周囲のコーティングを形成した。粘液に侵入する被覆粒子の有効性を判定するために種々の安定剤/表面改変剤を評価した。
他方で、他の安定剤/表面改変剤を用いて得られたピレンナノ粒子は、0.4以下、ほとんどの安定剤/表面改変剤について0.1以下のそれぞれの<Vmean>rel値(表4および図2B)によって実証されたように大部分はまたは完全に固定化していた。さらに、図3A〜3Dは、粒子の集合体内のVmeanの分布を示すヒストグラムである。これらのヒストグラムは、Pluronic(登録商標)87およびKollidon25で安定化した試料(粘液付着性試料の代表として選択)の粘液付着挙動と対照的にPluronic(登録商標)F127およびPluronic(登録商標)F108で安定化した試料の粘液拡散挙動を示している(同様なヒストグラムがPluronic(登録商標)P123、P105およびP103で安定化した試料で得られたが、ここに示さない)。
この例では、種々の非重合体固体粒子を用いた粘液侵入性粒子の形成について述べる。
該アプローチの汎用性を示すために、例1で述べた技術を他の非重合体固体粒子に適用した。F127を、芯粒子として用いた種々の活性医薬品を被覆するための表面改変剤として用いた。各薬物を同じ化合物の同様なサイズとしたナノ粒子と比較するようにドデシル硫酸ナトリウム(SDS)を陰性対照として選択した。医薬品およびPluronics(登録商標)F127またはSDSを含む水性分散液を粉砕媒体とともに粒径が300nm未満に減少するまで粉砕した。表5にこの方法を用いて粉砕した代表的選択薬の粒径を示す。
この例では、薬物エタボン酸ロテプレドノール(LE)を含むコアを用いた粘液侵入性粒子の形成を述べる。
非重合体固体粒子の送達における粘液侵入の促進の有用性を実証するために、エタボン酸ロテプレドノールのMPP製剤(LE MPP;例2で述べた方法により作製したPluronic(登録商標)F127で被覆されたLE粒子)を現在市販されている製剤であるLotemax(登録商標)と比較した。Lotemax(登録商標)は、眼表面炎症の治療について承認されたステロイド点眼薬である。Lotemax(登録商標)における粒子のような従来の粒子は、眼における末梢急速除去粘液層(peripheral rapidly-cleared mucus layer)に広範に捕捉され、したがって、急速に除去もされる。LE MPPは、粘液に付着することを回避し、粘液中に効果的に侵入して、下にある組織への直接の持続的な薬物放出を促進することができる。標識部位における薬物暴露の向上により、総投与量を減少させ、患者コンプライアンスおよび安全性を高くすることが可能となり得る。in vivoでは、ニュージーランドホワイトウサギへのLE MPPの単回局所点眼によって、Lotemax(登録商標)の等価用量と比較して眼瞼結膜、眼球結膜および角膜における有意に高い薬物レベルがもたらされた(図6A〜6C)。2時間目においてMPPからのLEのレベルは、Lotemax(登録商標)からの値より6、3および8倍高い(それぞれ眼瞼、眼球および角膜)。特に、MPPからのLEのレベルは、30分目におけるLotemax(登録商標)からのレベルより2時間目において約2倍高い。これらの結果は、非ポリマー性固体MPP法の有用性を立証している。
この例では、クルクミン(CUR)を含む芯を備えた粘液浸透性粒子の形成について説明する。
固体医薬品からなる芯を有する粒子を形成するためのモデル治療薬として、種々の溶解度を有する分子を選択した。それらの1種であるクルクミンは、抗酸化、抗腫瘍、および抗炎症特性を有することが示唆されている。それは、医療でのその広範な応用の可能性のみならず、その高い疎水性および天然蛍光のため、興味ある候補である。前者の特徴は、CURが水性溶液に貧溶性であることを意味し、一方、後者は、粒子の迅速かつ標識なしでの検出および特徴付けを可能にする。粒子を界面活性剤(例えば、例4および5ではF127と略記されるPluronic(登録商標)F127)で被覆して、それらの粒子を粘液浸透性にした。
この例では、疎水性薬物である5,10,15,20−テトラ(p−ヒドロキシフェニル)ポルフィリン(p−THPP)を使用した粘液浸透性粒子の開発について説明する。
CURに加えて、例4に記載したと同様の方法を、疎水性薬物であるp−THPPに適用した。p−THPPは、癌を治療するための光線力学療法に使用される治療薬であり、以前の研究でモデル光増感剤として選択されている。p−THPP−1%F127粒子の、サイズ、ゼータ電位、およびヒトCVM中での拡散係数を含む基本的特性を、前に記載の手順に従って測定した(表9)。CUR−1%F127粒子と同様、p−THPP−1%F127粒子は、187nmのサイズおよび中性に近い表面電荷を示した。p−THPP−1%F127粒子のヒトCVM中での拡散係数は、水中でのそれに比べてわずかに8分の1であり、粒子は、粘液中の粘着性成分によって不動化されず、かつ粘液ゲル中で、CUR−1%F127粒子のそれと同等の速度で拡散できることを示している。
この例では、高水溶性薬物であるテノフォビル(TFV)およびアシクロビルモノホスフェート(ACVp)を使用した粘液浸透性粒子の開発について説明する。
テノフォビル(TFV)は、感染性疾患を治療するのに使用される強力な抗ウイルス薬である。テノフォビル(TFV)は高水溶性であるという事実のため、テノフォビルの粘液浸透性粒子を製剤化するための方法が開発された。TFVの水溶性は、少なくとも15mg/mLであり、そのため不溶性粒子を調製するための、あるいは疎水性のポリマー性ナノ粒子中に封入するための従来の技法では成功しなかった。TFVの水溶性を低下させるために、カチオンとヌクレオチド/ヌクレオチド類似体との間の相互作用を活用した。TFVは、ホスホネート基およびプリン環構造を介して亜鉛カチオン(Zn)と極めて強力に相互作用する。亜鉛との相互作用は、TFVの沈降を引き起こして結晶をもたらし、結晶を、本明細書に記載のコーティングで安定化し、凝集を停止させ、結晶の表面特性を測定することができる。さらに、Znは、膣液中に本来的に存在し、最近では抗HIV活性を含むように拡大された公知の抗微生物特性を有する。
次に、TFV−Zn粒子を、F127またはPVAコーティングを使用して製剤化した。表10からわかるように、コーティングの存在は、より小さな平均サイズおよび多分散度の低下によって証明されるように、粒子を安定化した。表面上へのコーティングの存在は、また、ゼータ電位のより中性帯電に向かう変化によって示される。さらに、これらの粒子を、TFV上の遊離アミンへのAlexa Fluor(登録商標)色素の共有結合により、造影目的で蛍光標識化した。結晶は、1:50の標識化:非標識化TFVの比率で作製された場合、不安定であるが、1:200の標識化:非標識化TFVの比率で安定であり、かつ蛍光顕微鏡法で認識できることが見出された。
6〜8週齢の雌性CF−1マウスに、酢酸メドロキシプロゲステロンを皮下で注射し、1週間後に、20μLの試験薬剤またはPBSを、先端熱加工されたポジティブディスプレースメント方式のキャピラリーピペット(Wiretrol、Drummond Scientific)を用いて膣内で施与した。30分後に、マウスに、HSV−2 G株(ATCC#VR−734、2.8×107TCID50/mL)を含む10μLの接種物を負荷した。HSV−2を、Bartel培地で10倍希釈して、対照マウスの約85%を典型的には感染させる量であるID50の10倍量を送達した。マウスを、接種の3日後の感染について、以前に報告されているように、PBS膣洗浄液をヒト包皮繊維芽細胞(Diagnostic Hybrids、MRHF ロット番号440318W)上で培養することによって評価した(R. A. Cone, T. Hoen, X. Wong, R. Abusuwwa, D. J. Anderson, T. R. Moench, Vaginal microbicides: detecting toxicities in vivo that paradoxically increase pathogen transmission. BMC Infect Dis 6, 90 (2006))。このモデルで、投与(負荷)ウイルスは、負荷の12時間以上後に捕集されるなら、洗浄液中にもはや検出できない。
例4〜6では、粒子の輸送速度を、蛍光性粒子または蛍光標識化粒子の軌跡を分析することによって測定し、100×の油浸対物レンズ(N.A.、1.46)および適切なフィルターを備えた倒立落射顕微鏡(Zeiss、Thornwood、ニューヨーク州)上に搭載された電子倍増電荷結合素子(EMCCD)カメラ(Evolve512、Photometrics、Tucson、アリゾナ州)を使用して記録した。実験は、特注のチャンバースライド中で実施され、希釈された粒子溶液(0.0082(重量/容積)%)を20μLの新鮮粘液に3(容積/容積)%の最終濃度まで(最終粒子濃度、8.25×10−7重量/容積)で添加し、顕微鏡観察の前に室温で安定化した。n≧100個の粒子の軌跡を各実験について分析し、各条件に対して少なくとも3回の独立実験を実施した。動画をMetaMorphソフトウェア(Universal Imaging 、Glendale、ウィスコンシン州)を用い、66.7ミリ秒の時間分解能で20秒間捕捉した。追跡分解能は、強力な粘着で不動化された粒子の変位を追跡することによって測定すると、10nmであった。ナノ粒子の重心の座標を、<Δr2(τ)>=[x(t+τ)−x(t)]2+[y(t+τ)−y(t)]2として計算される時間平均MSDに変換した。ここで、xおよびyは、所定時刻でのナノ粒子の座標を表し、τは時間尺度または時間遅れである。MSDの分布および有効拡散係数は、このデータから計算された。粘液層中への粒子浸透は、フィックの第2法則および追跡実験から得られる拡散係数を使用してモデル化された。
この例では、マウスの膣の粘膜表面への薬物送達を改善する粘液浸透性粒子の開発について説明する。
膣への持続性でより均一な薬物送達のための改善された方法は、女性の健康に有害な影響を与える状態、例えば、子宮頸がん、細菌性膣症、および性感染症のより効果的な予防および治療を提供する可能性がある。例えば、女性は、ある程度は女性が主導する予防方法の欠如のため、不相応にHIVに感染する。女性を膣でのHIV伝染から保護するための、容易に投与される個別的かつ有効な方法は、世界的に数百万の感染症を予防できる可能性がある。しかし、性交および分娩中の伸張に適応する膣襞または「粘膜襞」は、腹腔内圧により典型的にはつぶされて、これらの襞の表面を薬物および薬物担体にとってより接近しにくくする。膣襞中への不十分な分布は、模擬性交の後でさえも、感染しやすい膣表面を感染から保護することの失敗にとって決定的因子と言及されてきた。感染しやすい標的表面の全体を覆う分布が、感染症を予防および治療するために重要であることが判明している。さらに、使用者の認容性を高めるために、膣へ送達される薬物は、膣管に長期にわたって有効濃度で保持されるべきである。持続性の局所薬物濃度を達成することは、膣上皮が小分子に対して高度に透過性であるため、また、溶性の薬物剤形(ゲル剤、クリーム剤)が腹腔内圧及び歩行によって排除されることがあるので、難題である。最後に、薬物送達法は、膣上皮に対して安全かつ無毒性でなければならない。膣用剤形の分布、保持、および安全性プロフィールにおける改善は、効力の実質的な増大、ならびに子宮頸膣感染症および疾患に対して十分には効果的でない全身性治療によって引き起こされる副作用の減少につながる可能性がある。
<Δr2(τ)>=[x(t+τ)−x(t)]2+[y(t+τ)−y(t)]2
として計算される時間平均二乗幾何平均変位(<MSD>)に変換した。
本非限定的例は、Pluronic(登録商標)F127でコーティングしたポリスチレン(PS)粒子の粘液中の相対速度と、Pluronic(登録商標)F127の粒子表面上の密度との間の関係を示す。
一組の実験において、様々な濃度のPluronic(登録商標)F127の存在下、室温で少なくとも24時間の間、カルボキシル化PSナノ粒子の水性分散液(200nm、0.5%w/v)を平衡化した。Pluronic(登録商標)F127分子の、得たPS/Pluronic(登録商標)F127ナノ粒子の表面上の密度を以下の通り定量化した。PS/Pluronic(登録商標)F127混合物を超遠心分離機することによって、粒子の沈降を完了させた。その結果、PSに結合したPluronic(登録商標)F127が粒子と共に沈殿した;PSに結合していないPluronic(登録商標)F127は、上清中に残留した。得た上清(CF127、遊離)中のPluronic(登録商標)F127の濃度をゲル浸透クロマトグラフィー(GPC)で測定した。この実験では、G1362A屈折率検出器および分析用Agilent PLgel 5μm Mixed−Cカラムを装備したAgilent 1100 HPLCシステムを利用した。結合したPluronic(登録商標)F127(CF127、結合)の濃度を以下のように計算した:
CF127、結合=CF127−CF127、遊離
(式中、CF127は、混合物中に存在するPluronic(登録商標)F127の総濃度である。次いでPS表面積(F127/nm2)当たりのPluronic(登録商標)F127分子の数を以下のように計算した:
図25に示されている結果は、Pluronic(登録商標)F127でコーティングしたPS粒子の粘液中の相対速度が、粒子表面上のPluronic(登録商標)F127分子の密度が増加すると、増加したことを示した。
本発明のいくつかの実施形態が本明細書中に記載され、例示されてきたが、当業者であれば、機能を実施するための、ならびに/または結果および/もしくは本明細書に記載されている利点のうちの1つもしくは複数を得るための様々な他の手段および/または構造を容易に想定し、このような変形および/または修正のそれぞれは、本発明の範囲内であるとみなされる。さらに一般的には、当業者は、本明細書に記載されているすべてのパラメーター、寸法、物質、および構成は例示的であることが意図されており、実際のパラメーター、寸法、物質、および/または構成は、本発明の教示が使用される特定の適用(複数可)に依存することになることを容易に理解されよう。当業者であれば、慣用的試験だけを使用して、本明細書に記載されている本発明の特定の実施形態に対する多くの同等物を認識する、または確かめることができる。したがって、上に列挙した実施形態は、例としてのみ提示され、添付の特許請求の範囲およびこの同等物の範囲内で、具体的に記載され、特許請求されたものとは他のやり方で本発明を実施することができることが理解されるものとする。本発明は、本明細書に記載されているそれぞれ個々の特徴、システム、物品、物質、キット、および/または方法を対象とする。さらに、2種以上のこのような特徴、システム、物品、物質、キット、および/または方法のあらゆる組合せは、このような特徴、システム、物品、物質、キット、および/または方法が相互に矛盾しない場合、本発明の範囲内に含まれる。
「および/または」という句は、本明細書中の明細書および特許請求の範囲において使用する場合、要素の「いずれかまたは両方」がこのように結合したことを意味する、すなわち、ある場合には接続的に存在する要素であり、他の場合には、非接続的に存在すると理解されるべきである。反対であると明らかに示されていない限り、具体的に特定されたような要素と関連しているか、または関連していないかに関わらず、「および/または」節により具体的に特定された要素以外の他の要素が存在してもよい。したがって、非限定的例として、「Aおよび/またはB」の言及は、「含む」などの制限のない言語と関連して使用された場合、一実施形態では、Bを含まないA(B以外の要素を含んでもよい);別の実施形態では、Aを含まないB(A以外の要素を含んでもよい);さらに別の実施形態では、AとBの両方(他の要素を含んでもよい)などを指すことができる。
[付記]
[付記1]
複数の被覆された粒子を含む組成物であって、前記被覆された粒子が、
固体の医薬品またはその塩を含む芯粒子であって、前記医薬品またはその塩がpH範囲の間の任意の箇所で25℃で約1mg/mL以下の水溶性を有し、前記医薬品またはその塩が前記芯粒子の少なくとも約80重量%を構成する、芯粒子;及び
前記芯粒子を取り囲む表面改変剤を含むコーティングであって、前記表面改変剤が、親水性ブロック−疎水性ブロック−親水性ブロックの配置を含むトリブロックコポリマーを含み、前記疎水性ブロックが少なくとも約2kDaの分子量を有し、前記親水性ブロックが前記トリブロックコポリマーの少なくとも約15重量%を構成し、前記疎水性ブロックが前記芯粒子の表面と会合し、前記親水性ブロックが前記被覆された粒子の表面に存在し、前記被覆された粒子を親水性にし、前記表面改変剤が前記芯粒子の表面上に少なくとも約0.001分子/nm 2 の密度で存在する、コーティング、
を含み、前記被覆された粒子が、粘液中で0.5を超える相対速度を有する、組成物。
[付記2]
複数の被覆された粒子を含む組成物を粘液膜に送達することを含む方法であって、前記被覆された粒子が、
固体の医薬品またはその塩を含む芯粒子であって、前記医薬品またはその塩がpH範囲の間の任意の箇所で25℃で約1mg/mL以下の水溶性を有し、前記医薬品またはその塩が前記芯粒子の少なくとも約80重量%を構成する芯粒子;及び
芯粒子を取り囲む表面改変剤を含むコーティングであって、前記表面改変剤が、親水性ブロック−疎水性ブロック−親水性ブロックの配置を含むトリブロックコポリマーを含み、前記疎水性ブロックが少なくとも約2kDaの分子量を有し、前記親水性ブロックが前記トリブロックコポリマーの少なくとも約15重量%を構成し、前記疎水性ブロックが、芯粒子の表面と会合し、前記親水性ブロックが前記被覆された粒子の表面に存在し、前記被覆された粒子を親水性にし、前記表面改変剤が芯粒子の表面上に少なくとも約0.001分子/nm 2 の密度で存在する、コーティング、
を含み、前記被覆された粒子が、粘液中で0.5を超える相対速度を有する、方法。
[付記3]
被覆された粒子を形成する方法であって、
芯粒子を、表面改変剤を含む溶液と組み合わせる工程、ここで前記芯粒子は、25℃の溶液中で約1mg/mL以下の溶解性を有し、芯粒子のそれぞれの少なくとも約80重量%を構成する固形の医薬品またはその塩を含む;
前記芯粒子を表面改変剤で被覆して、被覆された粒子を形成する工程、ここで前記表面改変剤は、親水性ブロック−疎水性ブロック−親水性ブロックの配置を含むトリブロックコポリマーを含み、前記疎水性ブロックが少なくとも約2kDaの分子量を有し、前記親水性ブロックがトリブロックコポリマーの少なくとも約15重量%を構成し、前記疎水性ブロックが、芯粒子の表面と会合し、前記親水性ブロックが、被覆された粒子の表面に存在し、被覆された粒子を親水性にし、被覆された粒子が、粘液中で0.5を超える相対速度を有する;
を含む、方法。
[付記4]
表面改変剤が、芯粒子に共有結合で結合している、付記1に記載の組成物。
[付記5]
表面改変剤が、芯粒子に非共有結合で吸着している、付記1に記載の組成物。
[付記6]
表面改変剤が、被覆された粒子の表面上に、1平方ナノメートルにつき、少なくとも約0.01分子の密度で存在する、付記1に記載の組成物。
[付記7]
トリブロックコポリマーの親水性ブロックが、トリブロックコポリマーの少なくとも約30重量%を構成する、付記1に記載の組成物。
[付記8]
トリブロックコポリマーの疎水性ブロックが、少なくとも約3kDaの分子量を有する、付記7に記載の組成物。
[付記9]
トリブロックコポリマーが、ポリ(エチレンオキシド)−ポリ(プロピレンオキシド)−ポリ(エチレンオキシド)またはポリ(エチレングリコール)−ポリ(プロピレンオキシド)−ポリ(エチレングリコール)である、付記8に記載の組成物。
[付記10]
トリブロックコポリマーの親水性ブロックが、ポリ(エチレンオキシド)もしくはポリ(エチレングリコール)、またはこれらの誘導体を含む、付記7に記載の組成物。
[付記11]
ポリ(エチレンオキシド)またはポリ(エチレングリコール)ブロックが、少なくとも約2kDaの分子量を有する、付記10に記載の組成物。
[付記12]
トリブロックコポリマーの疎水性ブロックが、ポリ(プロピレンオキシド)である、付記1に記載の組成物。
[付記13]
ポリ(プロピレンオキシド)ブロックが、少なくとも約3kDaの分子量を有する、付記12に記載の組成物。
[付記14]
表面改変剤が、溶液中に少なくとも約0.1(重量/容積)%の濃度で存在する、付記1に記載の組成物。
[付記15]
芯粒子のそれぞれが、結晶性医薬品またはその塩を含む、付記1に記載の組成物。
[付記16]
芯粒子のそれぞれが、非晶性医薬品またはその塩を含む、付記1に記載の組成物。
[付記17]
芯粒子のそれぞれが、固体医薬品の塩を含む、付記1に記載の組成物。
[付記18]
医薬品が、治療用薬剤または診断用薬剤の少なくとも1種である、付記1に記載の組成物。
[付記19]
医薬品が、小分子、ペプチド、ペプチド模倣体、タンパク質、核酸、または脂質の少なくとも1種である、付記1に記載の組成物。
[付記20]
医薬品またはその塩が、25℃で約0.1mg/mL以下の水溶性を有する、付記1に記載の組成物。
[付記21]
医薬品が、芯粒子の少なくとも約85重量%を構成する、付記1に記載の組成物。
[付記22]
芯粒子が、少なくとも約20nmかつ約1μm以下の平均サイズを有する、付記1に記載の組成物。
[付記23]
被覆された粒子が、少なくとも約20nmかつ約1μm以下の平均サイズを有する、付記1に記載の組成物。
[付記24]
被覆された粒子が、ヒト子宮頸膣粘液中を、1秒の時間尺度で、粒子が水中を拡散する拡散係数の1/500を超える拡散係数で拡散する、付記1に記載の組成物。
[付記25]
被覆された粒子が、粘液中で0.8を超える相対速度を有する、付記1に記載の組成物。
[付記26]
粘液がヒト頸膣部粘液である、付記1に記載の組成物。
[付記27]
付記1に記載の組成物および1種または複数の薬学上許容される担体、添加物、および/または希釈剤を含む医薬組成物。
[付記28]
付記1に記載の組成物を含む、粘液膜に吸入、注射、または局所投与するのに適した医薬製剤。
Claims (24)
- 複数の被覆された粒子を含む組成物であって、前記被覆された粒子が、
固体の医薬品またはその塩を含む芯粒子であって、前記医薬品またはその塩がpH範囲の間の任意の箇所で25℃で約1mg/mL以下の水溶性を有し、前記医薬品またはその塩が前記芯粒子の少なくとも約80重量%を構成する、芯粒子;及び
前記芯粒子を取り囲む表面改変剤を含むコーティングであって、前記表面改変剤が、親水性ブロック−疎水性ブロック−親水性ブロックの配置を含むトリブロックコポリマーを含み、前記疎水性ブロックが、ポリ(プロピレンオキシド)であり、且つ、少なくとも約2kDaの分子量を有し、前記親水性ブロックが、ポリ(エチレンオキシド)又はポリ(エチレングリコール)を含み、且つ、前記トリブロックコポリマーの少なくとも約15重量%を構成し、前記疎水性ブロックが前記芯粒子の表面と会合し、前記親水性ブロックが前記被覆された粒子の表面に存在し、前記被覆された粒子を親水性にし、前記表面改変剤が前記芯粒子の表面上に少なくとも約0.001分子/nm2の密度で存在する、コーティング、
を含み、前記被覆された粒子が、粘液中で0.5を超える相対速度と、少なくとも約50nmかつ約500nm以下の平均サイズとを有する、組成物。 - 請求項1に記載の組成物を吸入、注射、又は局所投与により対象に投与することによる粘液バリアを越えた医薬品の送達に使用するための、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 被覆された粒子を形成する方法であって、
芯粒子を、表面改変剤を含む溶液と組み合わせる工程、ここで前記芯粒子は、25℃の溶液中で約1mg/mL以下の溶解性を有し、芯粒子のそれぞれの少なくとも約80重量%を構成する固形の医薬品またはその塩を含む;
前記芯粒子を表面改変剤で被覆して、被覆された粒子を形成する工程、ここで前記表面改変剤は、親水性ブロック−疎水性ブロック−親水性ブロックの配置を含むトリブロックコポリマーを含み、前記疎水性ブロックが、ポリ(プロピレンオキシド)であり、且つ、少なくとも約2kDaの分子量を有し、前記親水性ブロックが、ポリ(エチレンオキシド)又はポリ(エチレングリコール)を含み、且つ、トリブロックコポリマーの少なくとも約15重量%を構成し、前記疎水性ブロックが、芯粒子の表面と会合し、前記親水性ブロックが、被覆された粒子の表面に存在し、被覆された粒子を親水性にし、被覆された粒子が、粘液中で0.5を超える相対速度と、少なくとも約50nmかつ約500nm以下の平均サイズとを有する;
を含む、方法。 - 表面改変剤が、芯粒子に共有結合で結合している、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 表面改変剤が、芯粒子に非共有結合で吸着している、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 表面改変剤が、被覆された粒子の表面上に、1平方ナノメートルにつき、少なくとも約0.01分子の密度で存在する、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- トリブロックコポリマーの親水性ブロックが、トリブロックコポリマーの少なくとも約30重量%を構成する、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- トリブロックコポリマーの疎水性ブロックが、少なくとも約3kDaの分子量を有する、請求項7に記載の組成物。
- トリブロックコポリマーの親水性ブロックが、ポリ(エチレンオキシド)もしくはポリ(エチレングリコール)、またはこれらの誘導体を含む、請求項7に記載の組成物。
- ポリ(エチレンオキシド)またはポリ(エチレングリコール)ブロックが、少なくとも約2kDaの分子量を有する、請求項9に記載の組成物。
- トリブロックコポリマーの疎水性ブロックが、少なくとも約3kDaの分子量を有する、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 表面改変剤が、溶液中に少なくとも約0.1(重量/容積)%の濃度で存在する、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 芯粒子のそれぞれが、結晶性医薬品またはその塩を含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 芯粒子のそれぞれが、非晶性医薬品またはその塩を含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 芯粒子のそれぞれが、固体医薬品の塩を含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 医薬品が、治療用薬剤または診断用薬剤の少なくとも1種である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 医薬品が、小分子、ペプチド、ペプチド模倣体、タンパク質、核酸、または脂質の少なくとも1種である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 医薬品またはその塩が、25℃で約0.1mg/mL以下の水溶性を有する、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 医薬品が、芯粒子の少なくとも約85重量%を構成する、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 被覆された粒子が、ヒト子宮頸膣粘液中を、1秒の時間尺度で、粒子が水中を拡散する拡散係数の1/500を超える拡散係数で拡散する、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 被覆された粒子が、粘液中で0.8を超える相対速度を有する、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 粘液がヒト頸膣部粘液である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 請求項1に記載の組成物および1種または複数の薬学上許容される担体、添加物、および/または希釈剤を含む医薬組成物。
- 請求項1に記載の組成物を含む、粘液膜に吸入、注射、または局所投与するのに適した医薬製剤。
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