JP5805178B2 - シリコン又はシリコン系材料からなる構造化粒子の製造方法及びそのリチウム二次電池での使用 - Google Patents
シリコン又はシリコン系材料からなる構造化粒子の製造方法及びそのリチウム二次電池での使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5805178B2 JP5805178B2 JP2013503170A JP2013503170A JP5805178B2 JP 5805178 B2 JP5805178 B2 JP 5805178B2 JP 2013503170 A JP2013503170 A JP 2013503170A JP 2013503170 A JP2013503170 A JP 2013503170A JP 5805178 B2 JP5805178 B2 JP 5805178B2
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- silicon
- concentration
- solution
- etching
- nucleation
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Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F1/00—Etching metallic material by chemical means
- C23F1/10—Etching compositions
- C23F1/14—Aqueous compositions
- C23F1/16—Acidic compositions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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Description
0.01から5MのHF、
核化することができ及び前記シリコン表面上で原子状金属の領域を含む多孔性層を形成できる0.002から0.2Mの金属イオン;
0.001から0.7Mの、O2、O3、H2O2、NO3 −、S2O8 2−、NO2 −、B4O7 2−又はClO4 −の酸、アンモニウム塩又はアルカリ金属塩からなる群から選択される酸化剤又はこれらの混合物、を含む溶液に暴露するステップを含む。前記処理されたシリコンは前記処理の後適切に前記溶液から分離される。好ましくは前記シリコン材料は粉末シリコンである。
0.01から5MのHF、
0.002から0.2MのAg+イオン、
硝酸、硝酸アンモニウム塩及びアルカリ金属硝酸塩からの0.001から0.7MのNO3 −イオン、を含む溶液へ暴露するステップを含む。前記処理されたシリコンが適切に前記溶液から分離される。好ましくは前記シリコン材料は粉末化シリコンである。前記HFは適切に、0.01から5M、好ましくは0.1から4M、最も好ましくは0.25から5M、特には0.25から4M、より特には2から4M及び最も特には、2から3Mの濃度で準備される。前記Ag+イオンは適切には、0.002から0.2M、好ましくは0.01から0.15Mの濃度で準備される。
0.01から5MのHF、
前記シリコン表面上に核化し、金属原子の領域を含む多孔性層を形成し得る0.002から0.2Mの金属イオン、
O2、O3、H2O2、NO3 −、S2O8 2−、NO2 −、B4O7 2−及びClO4 −の酸、アンモニウム塩又はアルカリ金属塩、又はそれらの混合物からなる軍から選択される、0.001から0.7Mの酸化剤を含む溶液に暴露し;及び
さらに前記酸化剤種を前記溶液に添加して前記範囲に前記酸化剤の濃度を維持することを含む。前記処理されたシリコンは前記溶液から分離され得る。前記シリコン材料は好ましくはシリコンである。
0.01から5MのHF;
0.002から0.7MのAg+;
0.001から0.7MのNO3 −イオンを含む溶液に暴露するステップを含み、
及び前記NO3 −の濃度を前記範囲に維持するためにさらに前記溶液にNO3 −イオンを添加し、ここで前記NO3 −が前記酸、アンモニウム又はアルカリ金属硝酸塩の形で与えられ;及び前記処理されたシリコンを前記溶液から分離する、ことを含む。好ましくは、前記シリコン含有材料はシリコン含有粉末である。
4Ag+ + 4e− → 4Ag (金属)
核化は一般には約1分かかる。より長い核化の時間(40分まで)が使用された。
前記核化反応は一般に0℃より高い温度で実施される。好ましくは核化温度は80℃を超える温度である。核化は、15℃と70℃、好ましくは25℃と50℃及び特に25℃と40℃の間の温度で適切に実施される。核化は光照射又は光無照射の条件で実施され得る。
シリコンは次式に従ってエッチングされる:
Si + 6F−→ SiF6 2− + 4e− 半反応(1)
前記半反応(1)により生じる電子は、前記シリコンを通じて前記堆積された(核化された)銀へ伝達され、そこで対抗反応が生じ、溶液中の銀イオンが原子状銀に還元される:
4Ag+ + 4e−→ 4Ag(金属) 半反応(2)
半反応(2)により堆積する原子状銀は樹木状物を形成し、これが最初に堆積された銀の島から、又はその間から伸びていく。前記樹木状物は同じ堆積された粒子(島)上に樹木状で及び他の堆積された粒子状に相互に固定し合い、これが続くことなる。前記樹木状物の相互結合は前記電解プロセスを加速する。というのは前記還元半反応(2)が生じかつ電荷が脱局在化する場所がより増えるからである。理論に縛られるものではないが、前記核化銀マットは半反応(1)を触媒し、前記核化銀の島の下のシリコン材料をそれにカバーされていないシリコン材料に比較して優先的にエッチングされて除去される。これによりシリコン基板状にシリコンピラーを形成させる結果となる。いくらかガスがこのプロセス中に生成され、これは前記マットを浮き上がらせる。
かかる溶液は、前記プロセスの開始の際には本質的に:
0.01から5MのHF、
0.002から0.2MのAg+イオン、
0.001から0.7MのNO3 −イオン、水及び場合により
SiF6 2−イオン、
アルカリ金属又はアンモニウム塩イオン、及び
偶然添加物及び不純物からなる。
反応は、8リットル容積の光透過性ポリエチレン容器中で実施された。成分を導入するための手段が設けられる。撹拌装置が設けられる。次の反応試薬が使用された:
反応は室温で15から30度で実施された。21gのAgNO3を前記反応チャンバ内の3リットルの2MのHF溶液と混合した。30ml水に溶解した5.1gのNaOHを、必要な場合に加えられ得る。得られる溶液は66mMのAgNO3を含む。
36gのAgNO3を2MのHF溶液中に加える。
25μm(篩分けで決定)未満の粒子サイズ、BET表面積測定により決定された0.638m2/gの表面積を持つシリコン顆粒(ELKEMSilgrainHQJ318)を、2Mの濃度のHF及び23.5mMの濃度のAgNO3((Johnson−Matthey)を含む処理溶液で8g/lのシリコン負荷で混合させた。前記溶液を15から30分間(シリコン材料の表面上の銀金属イオンの核化時間の間)静かに撹拌した。その間シリコン材料の表面上に銀金属の核化が観察された。
25μm(篩分けで決定)未満の粒子サイズ、BET表面積測定により決定された0.638m2/gの表面積を持つシリコン顆粒(ELKEMSilgrainHQJ318)を、2Mの濃度のHF(HoneywellPURANAL、半導体グレード)及び44mMの濃度のAgNO3((Johnson−Matthey)を含む処理溶液で30g/lのシリコン負荷で混合させた。前記溶液を15から30分間(シリコン材料の表面上の銀金属イオンの核化時間の間)静かに撹拌した。その間シリコン材料の表面上に銀金属の核化が観察された。
200から800μm(篩分けで決定)の範囲の粒子サイズを持ちシリコン顆粒(ELKEMSilgrainHQ200−800μm、Lotno.Breq7223)を、2.5Mの濃度のHF(HoneywellPURANAL、半導体グレード) 及び11.8mMの濃度のAgNO3(Johnson−Matthey)を含む処理溶液で2g/lのシリコン負荷で混合した。前記溶液は15から30分の間静かに撹拌し、その間シリコン材料の表面の銀金属の核化が観察された。
前記ピラー化粒子又はファイバは、リチウムイオン電気化学電池のための複合アノードで活性材料として使用される。複合アノードを製造するために、前記ピラー化粒子又はファイバがポリビニリデンジフルリド又はその他の適切なポリマーバインダと、場合により他の成分、例えば導電性粒子、他の活性材料又はフィラーと共に混合し、及びN−メチルピロリジノンなどのキャスト溶媒と共にスラリーへ調製する。このスラリーをその後金属プレート又は金属ホイル又は他の導電性基板上に、例えばブレードを用いて物理的に又は任意の他の適切な方法で、適用又はコーティングして、必要な厚さのコーティング膜を形成し、及びキャスト溶媒をその後適切な乾燥システムを用いて前記膜から蒸発させる。前記乾燥システムは、50℃から140℃の範囲の高温度を適用して前記複合膜からキャスト溶媒を完全に又は実質的に除去する。得られる複合膜は多孔性構造を持ち、ここで全体のうち、シリコン系ピラー化粒子又はファイバは通常は5%から95%である。前記複合膜は好ましくは、10から70パーセント、より好ましくは20から60%の孔容積を持つ。
Claims (12)
- シリコンを処理して、処理された表面上に細長い構造を形成する方法であり、
前記シリコンの表面で金属が堆積される核化ステップと、
前記堆積された金属の下のシリコンがエッチングされるエッチングステップとを含み、
(a)前記核化ステップは、シリコン含有材料を、5M未満の濃度のHFと、0.002から0.2Mの、前記シリコンの表面上に核化し、原子状金属の領域を含む多孔性層を形成することができる金属イオンとを含む核化溶液に暴露することを含み、
(b)前記エッチングステップは、
(i)前記原子状金属の領域を含むシリコンの表面を、5Mを超える濃度のHFと、0.001から0.70Mの濃度の、O2、O3 若しくはH2O2、NO3 −、S2O8 2−、NO2 −、B4O7 2− 若しくはClO4 −の酸、アンモニウム塩若しくはアルカリ金属塩又はこれらの混合物からなる群から選択される酸化剤とを含むエッチング溶液に暴露することと、
(ii)エッチングの間に前記酸化剤の濃度が前記の範囲内に維持されるように、前記酸化剤を前記エッチング溶液に添加することとを含む、方法。 - 前記核化ステップの間に使用されるHFの濃度が0.01から4Mの範囲である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記エッチングステップが、0.1から10Mの範囲のHFの濃度で実施される、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- HFの濃度を前記範囲に維持するために、前記エッチング溶液にHFがさらに添加される、請求項1乃至3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記エッチング溶液のHFの濃度が、前記核化溶液のHFの濃度よりも0.5から2M大きい、請求項1乃至4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記核化溶液が0.001から0.7Mの酸化剤をさらに含む、請求項1乃至5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- (a)シリコン含有材料を、
(i)0.01から4MのHFと、
(ii)銀コーティングシリコン生成物を形成するための0.002から0.2MのAg+とを含む溶液に暴露するステップと、
(b)前記ステップ(a)の銀コーティングシリコン生成物を、HFと混合して、10M以下のHFを含む溶液を与えるステップ(ただし、ステップ(b)の終点での前記溶液のHFの濃度が前記ステップ(a)での溶液のHF濃度よりも大きい)と、
(c)NO3 −を、前記ステップ(b)で形成された溶液へ添加して、NO3 −の濃度を0.003から0.7Mの濃度の範囲内に維持するステップとを含み、
前記NO3 −イオンが、アルカリ金属硝酸塩、硝酸アンモニウム又は硝酸の形である、請求項1乃至6のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 - 前記金属イオンが、銀、金、白金、銅、ニッケル、鉛、コバルト、カドミウム、クロム、亜鉛及びスズからなる群から選択される、請求項1乃至7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記金属イオンが、0.01から0.15Mの濃度で使用される銀イオンである、請求項1乃至8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 0から70℃の温度で実施される、請求項1乃至9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記エッチング溶液へのシリコン負荷が、2から60g/lの範囲である、請求項1乃至10のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記シリコンが、顆粒形状であり、1μmから1.5mmの粒子サイズを持つ、請求項1乃至11のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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2010
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WO2011124893A2 (en) | 2011-10-13 |
GB2479465A (en) | 2011-10-12 |
CN103098265B (zh) | 2016-01-20 |
GB2479465B (en) | 2014-11-12 |
GB201106056D0 (en) | 2011-05-25 |
EP2556551A2 (en) | 2013-02-13 |
KR20130103655A (ko) | 2013-09-24 |
JP2013523588A (ja) | 2013-06-17 |
WO2011124893A3 (en) | 2012-01-19 |
TW201201434A (en) | 2012-01-01 |
CA2795210A1 (en) | 2011-10-13 |
GB201005979D0 (en) | 2010-05-26 |
CN103098265A (zh) | 2013-05-08 |
US20130122717A1 (en) | 2013-05-16 |
US8772174B2 (en) | 2014-07-08 |
TWI517478B (zh) | 2016-01-11 |
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