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JP5527573B2 - MCF7-derived cells - Google Patents

MCF7-derived cells Download PDF

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JP5527573B2
JP5527573B2 JP2008556219A JP2008556219A JP5527573B2 JP 5527573 B2 JP5527573 B2 JP 5527573B2 JP 2008556219 A JP2008556219 A JP 2008556219A JP 2008556219 A JP2008556219 A JP 2008556219A JP 5527573 B2 JP5527573 B2 JP 5527573B2
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美嘉 今多
弘子 小島
雅浩 内野
孝彦 宇津木
康文 村上
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ORDER-MADE MEDICAL RESEARCH INC.
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Description

本発明は、低転移性のヒト乳癌由来樹立細胞株であるMCF7細胞を所定の条件で継代培養することによって得られる、高浸潤性または高転移性MCF7由来細胞に関する。   The present invention relates to a highly invasive or highly metastatic MCF7-derived cell obtained by subculturing MCF7 cells, which are a low-metastatic human breast cancer-derived established cell line, under predetermined conditions.

近年、医療機器の進歩により極めて早期の癌診断が可能になり、癌の治癒率、特に術後5年生存率は徐々に上昇し、癌の死亡率は1975年以降緩やかに減少してきている。しかし乳癌をはじめとする転移性の高い上皮性癌はその範疇ではない。現在国内の乳癌罹患者数は4万人を超えており、その数は未だに増加傾向にある。しかも初発乳癌の切除手術後の5年生存率が90%以上であるにも関わらず、乳癌罹患者の約40%は死に至るという統計がある。
このような乳癌を含めた上皮性癌患者の主な死因は癌の遠隔転移や再発によるが、転移や再発を正確に予測できないために、本来ならば不要な抗癌剤治療を長期にわたって行われ、副作用で苦しんでいる患者も多く存在する。例えば乳癌の場合、腫瘍の大きさや腋窩リンパ節転移の有無等の予後マーカーはあるが、判定精度が低く患者の約30%しか転移再発リスクを予測できない。また癌の早期発見が可能になったため原発巣は小さく、その時点で転移巣が存在しても極微小であるか、小さな播種性癌細胞として血中を漂っている可能性が高く、視覚的に転移を捕らえることが非常に困難であり、上記のような予後マーカーは有効ではなくなってきている。したがって癌細胞が転移能を獲得する極めて初期に生じる変化を捕らえることが重要である。
バイオマーカーの探索は数10億ドル市場として世界中の注目を浴びており、多くの研究者と資金を投じて研究が行われているが、疾患特異的マーカーの発見に至るには困難を極めている。もちろん癌転移マーカーや予後予測マーカーもその例外ではない。最近DNAマイクロアレイの解析により原発巣と転移巣では遺伝子の発現プロファイルが異なるだけでなく、予後不良な癌は早い時期に遺伝子変異が入って転移形成能を獲得することが報告された。また、創傷と腫瘍の生理現象(マトリックスリモデリング、細胞運動、血管形成の活性化)の類似を根拠に、乳癌患者の創傷応答遺伝子の発現パターンを調べたところ、これらの遺伝子が予後不良を予測できるマーカーとしての可能性が示された。このようなDNAマイクロアレイによる解析結果から、約70個の遺伝子の発現プロファイルが癌転移とリンクすることが判明してきた(例えば、非特許文献1を参照)。しかし疾患の不均一さや個人差による遺伝子発現への影響や解析方法の複雑さから判定精度が安定しておらず、臨床応用はされていない。
薬物誘導性遺伝子の同定により発見されたHER2は乳癌の予後マーカーとして有効であることが示されてきている。特にこのレセプターに対するモノクローナル抗体trastuzumabは、HER2陽性早期乳癌患者への投与により再発リスクの軽減及び延命効果があることが報告された。また癌浸潤時に発現量が増大するプラスミノーゲンアクチベーターとその阻害因子なども予後マーカーとして有効であり、特に化学療法への感受性を規定する因子として臨床応用されるようになってきた。
しかしながら、これらのマーカーを発現していない乳癌患者においても遠隔転移や再発が生ずることや、trastuzumabや化学療法に対する感受性が低い乳癌患者においても遠隔転移や再発が生ずることから、転移の発生メカニズムを調べ、転移能を獲得する初期ステージでの変化を捉え、癌転移、再発等の予後予測マーカーを探索するために、乳癌関連細胞の高転移能獲得モデルが必要とされていた。
Laura J.van’t Veer,Hongyue Dai,Mark J.van de Vijver et al.(2002)Nature,Vol 415,530−536
In recent years, advancement of medical devices has enabled extremely early cancer diagnosis, and the cure rate of cancer, especially the 5-year survival rate after surgery, has gradually increased, and the cancer mortality rate has gradually decreased since 1975. However, metastatic epithelial cancer including breast cancer is not in that category. Currently, the number of breast cancer patients in Japan exceeds 40,000, and the number is still increasing. Moreover, there is a statistic that about 40% of breast cancer sufferers die even though the 5-year survival rate after resection for the first breast cancer is 90% or more.
The main cause of death of patients with epithelial cancer including breast cancer is due to distant metastasis or recurrence of the cancer, but because metastasis and recurrence cannot be accurately predicted, originally unnecessary anticancer drug treatment is performed for a long time, and side effects There are many patients who suffer from. For example, in the case of breast cancer, there are prognostic markers such as tumor size and presence or absence of axillary lymph node metastasis, but the determination accuracy is low and only about 30% of patients can predict the risk of recurrence of metastasis. In addition, because early detection of cancer is possible, the primary lesion is small, and even if there is a metastatic lesion at that time, it is very likely that it is very small or is floating in the blood as small disseminated cancer cells. It is very difficult to capture metastasis, and prognostic markers as described above are becoming ineffective. It is therefore important to capture changes that occur very early in cancer cells acquiring metastatic potential.
The search for biomarkers has attracted worldwide attention as a multi-billion dollar market, and research has been conducted with many researchers, but it is extremely difficult to find disease-specific markers. Yes. Of course, cancer metastasis markers and prognostic markers are no exception. Recently, it was reported by analysis of DNA microarrays that not only gene expression profiles differ between primary and metastatic lesions, but also cancers with poor prognosis have acquired gene mutations at an early stage to acquire metastatic potential. In addition, we examined the expression patterns of wound response genes in breast cancer patients based on similarities between wound and tumor physiology (matrix remodeling, cell motility, angiogenesis activation), and these genes predicted poor prognosis. The possibility as a possible marker was shown. From the analysis result of such a DNA microarray, it has been found that the expression profile of about 70 genes is linked to cancer metastasis (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 1). However, the determination accuracy is not stable due to the influence on the gene expression due to the heterogeneity of the disease, individual differences, and the complexity of the analysis method, and clinical application has not been made.
HER2 discovered by identification of drug-inducible genes has been shown to be effective as a prognostic marker for breast cancer. In particular, it has been reported that the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab against this receptor has an effect of reducing the risk of recurrence and prolonging life by administration to HER2-positive early breast cancer patients. In addition, plasminogen activator whose expression level is increased during cancer invasion and its inhibitory factor are also effective as prognostic markers, and have come to be clinically applied particularly as a factor defining sensitivity to chemotherapy.
However, distant metastasis and recurrence occur even in breast cancer patients who do not express these markers, and distant metastasis and recurrence occur in breast cancer patients that are less sensitive to trastuzumab and chemotherapy. In order to capture changes in the initial stage of acquiring metastatic potential and to search for prognostic markers such as cancer metastasis and recurrence, a model for acquiring high metastatic potential of breast cancer-related cells has been required.
Laura J. et al. van't Veer, Hongyu Dai, Mark J. et al. van de Vijver et al. (2002) Nature, Vol 415, 530-536.

癌の転移においては、癌細胞の接着、浸潤、移動のステップが繰り返される。転移能の高い癌細胞は接着性、浸潤性、移動性が高い。特に、癌転移の最初のステップは、基底膜から周辺組織への浸潤であるため、転移の発生のメカニズムや、転移能を獲得する初期のステージには細胞の浸潤性が深く関与していると考えられる。
そこで、本発明は、乳癌関連細胞の高転移能獲得または高浸潤能獲得モデルを作製することを目的とする。
本発明者らは、上記課題に鑑みて研究を重ねた結果、低転移性のヒト乳癌由来樹立細胞株MCF7細胞をマトリゲル(商標。以下同様)上に播種し、マトリゲル通過能を有する細胞を回収しては再びマトリゲル上に播種する工程を繰り返すことにより、浸潤性、転移能が高く、MCF7細胞とは形態も異なる新規な細胞株を得ることに成功し、本発明を完成した。
即ち、本発明は、
〔1〕MCF7細胞に由来する細胞であって、MCF7細胞に比較して有意に高い浸潤能を有するMCF7由来細胞;
〔2〕MCF7細胞に由来する細胞であって、MCF7細胞に比較して有意に高い転移能を有するMCF7由来細胞;
〔3〕HER2陰性である、上記〔1〕又は〔2〕に記載のMCF7由来細胞;
〔4〕ESTR陽性である、上記〔1〕から〔3〕のいずれか1項に記載のMCF7由来細胞;
〔5〕CD44遺伝子、CXCL12遺伝子、PLAU遺伝子、及びVEGF遺伝子から
なる群より選択される少なくとも一つの遺伝子の発現量が、MCF7細胞の1.5倍以上
である、上記〔1〕から〔4〕のいずれか1項に記載のMCF7由来細胞;
〔6〕スフェロイドを形成することを特徴とする、上記〔1〕から〔5〕のいずれか1項
に記載のMCF7由来細胞;
〔7〕実験用動物に移植した場合、移植部位に原発腫瘍巣を形成する能力を有する、上記〔1〕から〔6〕のいずれか1項に記載のMCF7由来細胞;
〔8〕実験用動物に移植した場合、近位リンパ節、遠隔リンパ節、又は脳に転移巣を形成する能力を有する、上記〔1〕から〔7〕のいずれか1項に記載のMCF7由来細胞;
〔9〕MCF7細胞を基底膜調製物又はその類似物上に播種し、該基底膜調製物又はその類似物を通過するように変異した細胞を回収することによって得られる、上記〔1〕から〔8〕のいずれか1項に記載のMCF7由来細胞;
〔10〕MCF7−14細胞(受領番号FERM BP−10944)である、MCF7由来細胞;
〔11〕GFP遺伝子、YFP遺伝子、CFP遺伝子、βガラクトシダーゼ遺伝子、ルシフェラーゼ遺伝子、及びエクオリン遺伝子からなる群より選択される少なくとも一つの遺伝子が導入されている、上記〔1〕から〔10〕のいずれか1項に記載のMCF7由来細胞;
〔12〕上記〔1〕から〔11〕のいずれか1項に記載のMCF7由来細胞が移植された実験用動物;
〔13〕上記〔1〕から〔11〕のいずれか1項に記載のMCF7由来細胞を含む、癌転移若しくは再発関連因子又は抗癌剤のスクリーニング系;
〔14〕上記〔12〕に記載の実験用動物を含む、癌転移若しくは再発関連因子又は抗癌剤のスクリーニング系;及び
〔15〕MCF7細胞から、高浸潤能または高転移能を獲得した変異細胞株を樹立する方法であって、MCF7細胞を基底膜調製物又はその類似物上に播種した後、該基底膜調製物又はその類似物通過能を有する細胞を回収しては再び基底膜調製物又はその類似物上に播種する工程を少なくとも7回繰り返すことを特徴とする方法、に関する。
In cancer metastasis, the steps of cancer cell adhesion, invasion, and migration are repeated. Cancer cells with high metastatic potential have high adhesion, invasiveness, and mobility. In particular, since the first step of cancer metastasis is invasion from the basement membrane to surrounding tissues, cell invasion is deeply involved in the mechanism of metastasis generation and the initial stage of acquiring metastatic potential. Conceivable.
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to create a model for acquiring high metastatic ability or high invasive ability of breast cancer-related cells.
As a result of repeated studies in view of the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors seeded MCF7 cells, a low-metastatic human breast cancer-derived established cell line, on Matrigel (trademark; the same applies hereinafter), and recovered cells having the ability to pass Matrigel. Then, by repeating the seeding process on Matrigel again, the inventors succeeded in obtaining a novel cell line having high invasion and metastatic potential and having a morphology different from that of MCF7 cells, thereby completing the present invention.
That is, the present invention
[1] A cell derived from MCF7 cells, which has significantly higher invasion ability than MCF7 cells;
[2] A cell derived from MCF7 cells, which has a significantly higher metastatic potential than MCF7 cells;
[3] The MCF7-derived cell according to [1] or [2], which is HER2 negative;
[4] The MCF7-derived cell according to any one of [1] to [3], which is ESTR positive;
[5] The expression level of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of CD44 gene, CXCL12 gene, PLAU gene, and VEGF gene is 1.5 times or more that of MCF7 cells, [1] to [4] The MCF7-derived cell according to any one of
[6] The MCF7-derived cell according to any one of [1] to [5] above, which forms a spheroid;
[7] The MCF7-derived cell according to any one of [1] to [6] above, which has an ability to form a primary tumor nest at a transplantation site when transplanted to an experimental animal;
[8] Derived from MCF7 according to any one of [1] to [7] above, which has the ability to form a metastatic focus in a proximal lymph node, a remote lymph node, or a brain when transplanted to an experimental animal. cell;
[9] From the above [1] obtained by seeding MCF7 cells on a basement membrane preparation or an analog thereof, and recovering cells mutated so as to pass through the basement membrane preparation or an analog thereof. 8] MCF7-derived cells according to any one of the above;
[10] MCF7-derived cells which are MCF7-14 cells (accession number FERM BP-10944);
[11] Any one of [1] to [10] above, wherein at least one gene selected from the group consisting of a GFP gene, a YFP gene, a CFP gene, a β-galactosidase gene, a luciferase gene, and an aequorin gene has been introduced. The MCF7-derived cell according to item 1;
[12] An experimental animal transplanted with the MCF7-derived cell according to any one of [1] to [11] above;
[13] A screening system for a cancer metastasis or recurrence-related factor or an anticancer agent comprising the MCF7-derived cell according to any one of [1] to [11] above;
[14] A screening system for cancer metastasis or recurrence-related factors or anticancer agents, including the experimental animal according to [12] above; and [15] a mutant cell line that has acquired high invasive ability or high metastatic ability from MCF7 cells. A method for establishing MCF7 cells after seeding on a basement membrane preparation or an analogue thereof, and then recovering cells having the ability to pass through the basement membrane preparation or an analogue thereof, It relates to a method characterized in that the step of sowing on the analogue is repeated at least 7 times.

図1は、マトリゲルインベンジョンチャンバーを用いた高浸潤性細胞株樹立方法の概要を示す。
図2は、マトリゲルインベージョンチャンバーを通過した細胞を固定しクリスタルバイオレット染色した像を示す。
図3は、マトリゲルを通過し下側に移動した細胞を100倍の倍率で顕微鏡観察した像を示す。
図4は、マトリゲルを通過し下側に移動した細胞数の平均を示す。
図5は、MCF7細胞(A)とMCF7−14細胞(B)の位相差像を示す。
図6は、MCF7細胞及びMCF7−14細胞の増殖曲線を示す。
図7は、MCF7細胞及びMCF7−14細胞のWound healing アッセイの結果を示す。
図8は、マトリゲルを含まない細胞培養用ディッシュで培養したときのMMP活性をザイモグラム法で検出した結果を示す。
図9は、マトリゲルインベージョンチャンバーで培養したときのMMP活性をザイモグラム法で検出した結果を示す。
図10は、HER2遺伝子及びESTR遺伝子の発現量をウエスタンブロット解析により調べた結果を示す。
図11は、細胞の移植方法の概要を示す。
図12は、MCF7−GFP細胞(A、C)とMCF7−14−GFP細胞(B、D)を移植して4週間後のマウスの解剖結果を示す。AとBは解剖像、CとDはGFP発現細胞の挙動を蛍光観察した結果である。
図13は、MCF7−GFP細胞(A、C、E)とMCF7−14−GFP細胞(B、D、F)を移植したマウスから4週間後に摘出した肺を観察した結果を示す。AとBは肺の解剖像、CとDは蛍光観察像、EとFは摘出した肺から凍結切片を作製し抗GFP抗体により免疫染色した結果を示す。
図14は、MCF7−GFP細胞を移植したマウスから4週間後に摘出した乳腺の移植部位(A、C)と近位リンパ節(B、D)を観察した結果を示す。
図15は、MCF7−14−GFP細胞を移植したマウスから4週間後に摘出した乳腺の移植部位(A、C)と近位リンパ節(B、D)を観察した結果を示す。
図16は、MCF7−14−GFP細胞移植マウスから移植4週間後にすい臓周辺部位を摘出して観察した結果を示す。
図17は、移植4週間後のMCF7−14−GFP細胞移植マウスからすい臓部分の腫瘤を摘出、凍結組織切片を作成し、明視野および蛍光観察した結果を示す。
図18は、移植4週間後のマウスから、MCF7−GFP細胞移植部、MCF7−14−GFP細胞の移植部およびすい臓部分の腫瘤の凍結切片を作成し、上皮マーカーの免疫染色を行った結果を示す。
図19は、MCF7−14−GFP細胞をマウスに移植してから12週間後のマウス腹部(A、B)、摘出したすい臓周辺部位(C、D)と脳(E、F)を観察した結果を示す。AとBにおいて、矢印は移植部位、丸で囲んだ部分はすい臓の周辺を示す。
FIG. 1 shows an outline of a method for establishing a highly invasive cell line using a Matrigel invasion chamber.
FIG. 2 shows an image of cells that have passed through the Matrigel invasion chamber fixed and stained with crystal violet.
FIG. 3 shows an image obtained by microscopically observing a cell that has passed through Matrigel and moved downward at a magnification of 100 times.
FIG. 4 shows the average number of cells that have passed through Matrigel and migrated downward.
FIG. 5 shows phase contrast images of MCF7 cells (A) and MCF7-14 cells (B).
FIG. 6 shows the growth curves of MCF7 cells and MCF7-14 cells.
FIG. 7 shows the results of the Wound healing assay for MCF7 cells and MCF7-14 cells.
FIG. 8 shows the results of detecting the MMP activity by the zymogram method when cultured in a cell culture dish containing no matrigel.
FIG. 9 shows the results of detecting the MMP activity when cultured in a Matrigel invasion chamber by the zymogram method.
FIG. 10 shows the results of examining the expression levels of the HER2 gene and the ESTR gene by Western blot analysis.
FIG. 11 shows an outline of a cell transplantation method.
FIG. 12 shows the anatomical results of mice 4 weeks after transplantation of MCF7-GFP cells (A, C) and MCF7-14-GFP cells (B, D). A and B are anatomical images, and C and D are the results of fluorescence observation of the behavior of GFP-expressing cells.
FIG. 13 shows the results of observing lungs excised 4 weeks later from mice transplanted with MCF7-GFP cells (A, C, E) and MCF7-14-GFP cells (B, D, F). A and B are anatomical images of lungs, C and D are fluorescence observation images, and E and F are results of preparing frozen sections from the extracted lungs and immunostaining with anti-GFP antibodies.
FIG. 14 shows the results of observation of the transplantation site (A, C) and the proximal lymph node (B, D) of the mammary gland extracted 4 weeks after the mouse transplanted with MCF7-GFP cells.
FIG. 15 shows the results of observing the transplantation site (A, C) and proximal lymph nodes (B, D) of the mammary gland excised 4 weeks after the mice transplanted with MCF7-14-GFP cells.
FIG. 16 shows the results of observation of the site around the pancreas 4 weeks after transplantation from MCF7-14-GFP cell-transplanted mice.
FIG. 17 shows the results of excision of a pancreatic tumor from an MCF7-14-GFP cell-transplanted mouse 4 weeks after transplantation, preparation of a frozen tissue section, and bright field and fluorescence observation.
FIG. 18 shows the results of preparing frozen sections of MCF7-GFP cell transplanted part, MCF7-14-GFP cell transplanted part and pancreatic mass from mice 4 weeks after transplantation, and immunostaining epithelial markers. Show.
FIG. 19 shows the results of observation of the mouse abdomen (A, B), the excised pancreatic peripheral part (C, D), and the brain (E, F) 12 weeks after transplanting MCF7-14-GFP cells into the mouse. Indicates. In A and B, the arrow indicates the transplant site, and the circled portion indicates the periphery of the pancreas.

符号の説明Explanation of symbols

符号は、それぞれ1…マトリゲルインベージョンチャンバー、10…セルカルチャーインサート、12…メンブレン、13…マトリゲル、14…細胞、2…ディッシュを示す。   Reference numerals indicate 1 ... Matrigel invasion chamber, 10 ... cell culture insert, 12 ... membrane, 13 ... Matrigel, 14 ... cell, 2 ... dish, respectively.

以下、本発明について、その好ましい態様を具体的に説明する。
本発明に係るMCF7由来細胞は、高い浸潤性を獲得したMCF7細胞の変異株である。ヒト乳癌に由来するMCF7細胞は本来浸潤性が低く、従って低転移性であり、ヌードマウス等に移植しても原発巣は形成するが転移しない。これに対し、本発明のMCF7由来細胞は、もとのMCF7細胞に比較して、有意に高い浸潤性を獲得した変異株である。
本発明において、「有意に高い浸潤能を有する」とは、細胞の浸潤性を測定する種々の方法のうちいずれかの方法で測定された浸潤能が、MCF7細胞の浸潤能より統計的に有意に高いことを意味する。また、細胞の浸潤性は、例えば、生体内の基底膜と類似した環境を提供するマトリゲル通過能で評価することができる。マトリゲル上に、MCF7由来細胞を播種し、播種した細胞数に対するマトリゲルを通過した細胞数の割合が、MCF7細胞で同様の試験を行った場合に比較して50倍以上、好ましくは100倍以上、さらに好ましくは500倍以上高いことを、浸潤性が高いということができる。
本発明のMCF7由来細胞は、もとのMCF7細胞に比較して有意に高い転移能を有する。MCF7細胞は低転移性であり、ヌードマウス等に移植しても原発巣は形成するが転移はしない。しかし、本発明のMCF7由来細胞は、高い転移能を獲得する変異を有している。本発明において「有意に高い転移能を有する」とは、細胞の転移能を評価する種々の方法のうちいずれかの方法によって求めた転移能が、MCF7細胞の転移能よりも統計的に有意に高いことを意味する。また、例えば、細胞を実験用動物に移植した場合に、少なくとも50%以上、好ましくは60%以上、さらに好ましくは70%以上の個体において近接するリンパ節への転移が見られることを、転移能が高いということができる。
また、本発明のMCF7由来細胞は、HER2陰性であることを特徴とする。ここで、「HER2陰性」とはHER2タンパク質が標準的なウエスタンブロッティング法での検出限界以下であることを言う。HER2遺伝子及びタンパク質は高い転移能力を持つ乳癌由来の悪性腫瘍では高い発現が認められることが多く、診断及び治療法の決定にしばしば用いられている腫瘍マーカーである。本発明のMCF7由来細胞は高浸潤能・高転移能を有するにも関わらず、転移能に関連するHER2陰性であることから、trastuzmabに対する感受性の低い乳癌患モデルとして、転移や再発の研究に利用できる可能性が高いことが示唆される。
また、本発明のMCF7由来細胞は、高浸潤能または高転移能を有するにも関わらず、ESTR陽性である。ここで、ESTRはエストロゲン受容体のことであり、「ESTR陽性」とは標準的なウエスタンブロッティング法で明確なバンドが検出可能であることを言う。このように、ESTR陽性であることから、ホルモン治療に対しても高い感受性を示すものと考えられ、本発明のMCF7由来細胞が、ホルモン治療に対する感受性の高い乳癌モデルとして、転移や再発の研究に利用できる可能性が高いことが示唆される。
また、本発明のMCF7由来細胞は、CD44遺伝子、CXCL12遺伝子、PLAU遺伝子、及びVEGF遺伝子からなる群より選択される少なくとも一つの遺伝子の発現量が、MCF7細胞の1.5倍以上である。遺伝子の発現量を測定する方法には種々のものがあるが、いずれかの方法で測定した場合に、MCF7細胞の1.5倍以上であればよい。CD44遺伝子については好ましくは2倍以上、CXCL12遺伝子については好ましくは5倍以上、PLAU遺伝子については好ましくは10倍以上、VEGF遺伝子については好ましくは1.8倍以上である。これらの遺伝子は、いずれも転移能を有する細胞で発現量が多いことが知られている。
また、本発明のMCF7由来細胞は、MCF7細胞と異なり、スフェロイドを形成する。MCF7細胞を培養すると、通常4〜5日でコンフルエントになり、容器から剥がれて死亡するところ、本発明のMCF7由来細胞は、スフェロイドを形成し、10日以上培養可能であったことから、長期培養・高密度培養が可能であるものと推測される。このような性質は、本発明のMCF7由来細胞から、タンパク質や核酸等、特定の物質を抽出して研究する場合に有用である。
また、本発明のMCF7由来細胞は、実験用動物に移植した場合、移植部位に原発腫瘍巣を形成する能力を有する。一般に、MCF7細胞等の癌細胞は、癌特異的抗原の発現の上昇等により、移植しても数日で剥離することが多いことが知られているところ、本発明のMCF7由来細胞は、移植された個体で安定に定着する。ここで、安定に定着するとは、例えば、移植した個体のうち少なくとも50%、好ましくは60%、さらに好ましくは70%、さらに好ましくは80%の個体において、28日以上剥離しない場合をいう。
また、本発明のMCF7由来細胞は、実験用動物に移植した場合、近位リンパ節、遠隔リンパ節、又は脳に転移巣を形成する能力を有する。
このようなMCF7由来細胞は、例えば、MCF7細胞を基底膜と同等の性質を有する基底膜調製物又はその類似物上に播種し、該基底膜調製物又はその類似物を通過できるような変異が自然発生的に生じた細胞を回収することによって得ることができる。さらに、基底膜調製物又はその類似物通過能を有する細胞を、再び基底膜調製物又はその類似物上に播種し、基底膜調製物又はその類似物通過能を有する細胞を回収する工程を繰り返すことにより、より高い浸潤能または転移能を有するMCF7由来細胞株を作製することができる。基底膜調製物又はその類似物の例としては、例えば、マトリゲルを挙げることができるが、ここでマトリゲルとは細胞外基質タンパク質(ECM)が豊富なEHSマウス腫瘍細胞から抽出された可溶化基底膜調製品であり、生体内の基底膜と類似した環境を提供するものである。マトリゲルを使用する場合には、MCF7細胞をマトリゲルに播種した後、マトリゲルを通過する細胞を回収して再びマトリゲル上に播種する工程を少なくとも7回、好ましくは8回、さらに好ましくは9回、最も好ましくは10回繰り返すことにより、十分に高い浸潤能または転移能を獲得したMCF7由来細胞を得ることができる。また、基底膜調製物の類似物の例としては、アガロース又はコラーゲンゲルが挙げられる。MCF7由来細胞株は培養中に培地中の線維成分により移動能が制限され、浸潤能や転移能が低くなると考えられるが、このような線維成分を基底膜調製物の類似物としてMCF7由来細胞を得ることも可能である。
このような本発明のMCF7由来細胞としては、独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 特許生物寄託センターに寄託したMCF7−14細胞株が挙げられる。
[寄託された生物材料への言及]
1)寄託機関の名称及びあて名
独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 特許生物寄託センター
日本国茨城県つくば市東1丁目1番地1中央第6(郵便番号305−8566)
2)寄託日
平成19年1月10日(原寄託日)
3)受託番号
FERM BP−10944
この細胞は癌転移研究及び予後マーカー、創薬ターゲット探索等を行ううえで有用な情報を与える可能性が高い。たとえばDNAマイクロアレイやサブトラクション法などの遺伝子レベルでの解析に加えて、二次元電気泳動−質量分析といったタンパク質レベルでの詳細な解析を駆使することにより、高転移能や高浸潤能の獲得に特異的だと考えられる因子が同定される可能性が高い。また転移初期に変異する因子を捕らえることで、初発癌の発見と同時にその癌が転移性なのか予後予測ができるようになり、抗癌剤投与方法等の治療方針を立てる上で役立つ診断基準になる可能性が高い。新規予後マーカーとしての可能性だけではなく、同定された因子そのものが癌治療の標的分子になる可能性がある。転移細胞特異的に発現する因子が発見できれば、転移巣を形成する前の血中を漂っている播種性癌細胞をターゲッティングし、細胞死を誘導するドラッグデリバリーシステムの開発など創薬への貢献も大きい。さらに遺伝子レベル、タンパク質レベルなど様々な角度から転移現象を網羅的に解析することにより得た多くの情報は、転移のメカニズムを解明する糸口をいくつも提供すると考えられる。転移巣形成の分子メカニズムへの理解が深まれば、新しい癌治療戦略の発展にもつながる。
さらに、本発明は、GFP遺伝子、YFP遺伝子、CFP遺伝子、βガラクトシダーゼ遺伝子、ルシフェラーゼ遺伝子、及びエクオリン遺伝子からなる群より選択される少なくとも一つの遺伝子が導入されているMCF7由来細胞も提供する。このような細胞は、公知の遺伝子導入法又はそれに順ずる方法によって作製することができ、それぞれの遺伝子の表現型を種々の研究に利用することができて有用である。
また、本発明は、上述のMCF7由来細胞が移植された実験用動物をも提供する。このような実験用動物は、公知の方法又はそれに順ずる方法によって作製することができる。上述のように本発明に係るMCF7由来細胞は、高い浸潤能、転移能を有する上に移植能が高いことから、当該実験用動物は、乳癌モデルとして、転移や再発の研究等に有用である。尚、実験用動物としては、マウス、ラット、ハムスター類、スナネズミ、モルモット、ウサギ、イヌ、ネコ、ブタ、サル類、トリ類、魚類、両生類等を用いることができる。
また、本発明は、上述のMCF7由来細胞を含む、癌転移若しくは再発関連因子又は抗癌剤のスクリーニング系を提供する。細胞を含むスクリーニング系は、公知の方法又はそれに順ずる方法で作製することができる。このスクリーニング系は、従来の乳癌の治療方法に感受性の低いMCF7由来細胞を含むので、浸潤阻害物質をスクリーニングすることができ、新規な乳癌の転移若しくは再発関連因子の発見や、新規な乳癌治療・予防薬の発見に寄与する有用なものである。
また、本発明は、上述のMCF7由来細胞を移植した実験用動物を含む、癌転移若しくは再発関連因子又は抗癌剤のスクリーニング系を提供する。このような実験用動物を含むスクリーニング系は、公知の方法又はそれに順ずる方法で作製することができる。このスクリーニング系は、転移阻害物質をスクリーニングすることができる有用なものである。
また、本発明は、MCF7細胞から高浸潤性または高転移能を獲得した変異細胞株を樹立するスクリーニング方法も提供する。当該方法は、MCF7細胞を基底膜調製物又はその類似物上に播種した後、該基底膜調製物又はその類似物通過能を有する細胞を回収しては再び基底膜調製物又はその類似物上に播種する工程を少なくとも7回繰り返すことを特徴とする。MCF7由来細胞の浸潤性・転移性を向上させる方法としては、点突然変異を誘発するなど人工変異誘発剤を用いる方法もあるが、導入できる変異のパターンが有限であることから浸潤性が十分に高くすることができない。また、生体内では生じない変異が生じる可能性があることから、乳癌モデルとしては適さない場合もある。しかしながら、本発明のスクリーニング方法によれば、薬剤等によって変異を誘発しないで極めて高い浸潤性を有するMCF7由来細胞を得ることができ、乳癌モデルとして転移の発生のメカニズムや、転移能を獲得する初期ステージでの変化を捉える研究に有用に用いられる。基底膜調製物又はその類似物としては、例えば、マトリゲルを使用することができる。
Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be specifically described.
The MCF7-derived cells according to the present invention are MCF7 cell mutants that have acquired high invasiveness. MCF7 cells derived from human breast cancer are inherently low in invasion and therefore low in metastasis, and even when transplanted into nude mice or the like, primary lesions form but do not metastasize. In contrast, the MCF7-derived cells of the present invention are mutant strains that have acquired significantly higher invasiveness than the original MCF7 cells.
In the present invention, “having significantly higher invasive ability” means that the invasive ability measured by any one of various methods for measuring invasiveness of cells is statistically more significant than the invasive ability of MCF7 cells. Means high. Moreover, the invasiveness of a cell can be evaluated by, for example, the ability to pass through Matrigel that provides an environment similar to a basement membrane in a living body. MCF7-derived cells are seeded on Matrigel, and the ratio of the number of cells that have passed through Matrigel to the number of seeded cells is 50 times or more, preferably 100 times or more, compared to the case where the same test was performed with MCF7 cells. More preferably, it is 500 times or more higher than that.
The MCF7-derived cells of the present invention have a significantly higher metastatic ability than the original MCF7 cells. MCF7 cells are low metastatic, and even when transplanted into nude mice or the like, primary lesions are formed but metastasis is not caused. However, the MCF7-derived cell of the present invention has a mutation that acquires high metastatic ability. In the present invention, “having a significantly high metastatic ability” means that the metastatic ability determined by any one of various methods for evaluating the metastatic ability of cells is statistically significantly higher than the metastatic ability of MCF7 cells. Means high. In addition, for example, when cells are transplanted into a laboratory animal, metastasis to adjacent lymph nodes is observed in at least 50% or more, preferably 60% or more, more preferably 70% or more. Can be said to be expensive.
Moreover, the MCF7-derived cell of the present invention is characterized by being HER2-negative. Here, “HER2 negative” means that the HER2 protein is below the detection limit in the standard Western blotting method. The HER2 gene and protein are frequently expressed in breast cancer-derived malignant tumors with high metastatic potential, and are often used as a tumor marker for diagnosis and treatment determination. Although the MCF7-derived cells of the present invention have high invasion ability and high metastasis ability, they are HER2 negative related to metastasis ability, and therefore are used for studies of metastasis and recurrence as a breast cancer model with low sensitivity to trastuzumab. This suggests that it is likely to be possible.
In addition, the MCF7-derived cells of the present invention are ESTR positive despite having high invasive ability or high metastatic ability. Here, ESTR is an estrogen receptor, and “ESTR positive” means that a clear band can be detected by a standard Western blotting method. Thus, since it is ESTR positive, it is thought that it shows high sensitivity also to hormone treatment, and the MCF7-derived cell of the present invention is used for the study of metastasis and recurrence as a breast cancer model with high sensitivity to hormone treatment. This suggests that it is likely to be available.
In the MCF7-derived cell of the present invention, the expression level of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of CD44 gene, CXCL12 gene, PLAU gene, and VEGF gene is 1.5 times or more that of MCF7 cells. There are various methods for measuring the expression level of a gene, and it may be 1.5 times or more of MCF7 cells when measured by any method. The CD44 gene is preferably 2 times or more, the CXCL12 gene is preferably 5 times or more, the PLAU gene is preferably 10 times or more, and the VEGF gene is preferably 1.8 times or more. All of these genes are known to have high expression levels in cells having metastatic potential.
Further, unlike the MCF7 cells, the MCF7-derived cells of the present invention form spheroids. When MCF7 cells are cultured, they usually become confluent in 4 to 5 days and are peeled off from the container and die. However, the MCF7-derived cells of the present invention form spheroids and can be cultured for 10 days or longer.・ It is estimated that high-density culture is possible. Such a property is useful when a specific substance such as protein or nucleic acid is extracted from the MCF7-derived cell of the present invention for research.
Further, the MCF7-derived cells of the present invention have the ability to form a primary tumor nest at the transplantation site when transplanted into an experimental animal. In general, cancer cells such as MCF7 cells are known to often detach in several days even after transplantation due to increased expression of cancer-specific antigens, etc. Stabilized in the individual. Here, stable establishment means, for example, a case where at least 50%, preferably 60%, more preferably 70%, more preferably 80% of transplanted individuals do not peel for 28 days or more.
In addition, the MCF7-derived cells of the present invention have the ability to form metastatic foci in the proximal lymph nodes, distant lymph nodes, or brain when transplanted into experimental animals.
Such MCF7-derived cells have, for example, a mutation that allows MCF7 cells to be seeded on a basement membrane preparation having the same properties as the basement membrane or the like and pass through the basement membrane preparation or the like. It can be obtained by collecting spontaneously generated cells. Further, the step of seeding cells having the ability to pass through the basement membrane preparation or the like again on the basement membrane preparation or the like, and collecting the cells having the ability to pass through the basement membrane preparation or the analogues is repeated. Thus, an MCF7-derived cell line having higher invasive ability or metastatic ability can be produced. Examples of basement membrane preparations or the like can include, for example, Matrigel, where Matrigel is a solubilized basement membrane extracted from EHS mouse tumor cells rich in extracellular matrix protein (ECM). It is a preparation and provides an environment similar to the in vivo basement membrane. When using Matrigel, the step of seeding MCF7 cells on Matrigel, then collecting the cells passing through Matrigel and seeding again on Matrigel is at least 7 times, preferably 8 times, more preferably 9 times. Preferably, by repeating 10 times, MCF7-derived cells that have acquired sufficiently high invasive ability or metastatic ability can be obtained. Examples of analogs of basement membrane preparations include agarose or collagen gel. MCF7-derived cell lines are thought to have limited ability to migrate due to fiber components in the medium during culture, resulting in low invasive and metastatic potentials. MFC7-derived cells are considered to be similar to basement membrane preparations. It is also possible to obtain.
Examples of such MCF7-derived cells of the present invention include the MCF7-14 cell line deposited at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Patent Organism Depositary.
[Reference to deposited biological materials]
1) Name and address of the depository organization National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Patent Organism Depositary Center 1st, 1st Street, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 1st 6th (zip code 305-8666)
2) Date of deposit January 10, 2007 (original deposit date)
3) Accession number FERM BP-10944
These cells are likely to give useful information in cancer metastasis research, prognostic markers, drug discovery target searches, and the like. For example, in addition to gene-level analysis such as DNA microarray and subtraction method, detailed analysis at protein level such as two-dimensional electrophoresis-mass spectrometry makes it possible to acquire high metastatic potential and high invasion ability. There is a high probability that a factor that is considered to be identified. In addition, by capturing factors that mutate in the early stage of metastasis, it becomes possible to predict the prognosis of whether the cancer is metastatic at the same time as the discovery of the initial cancer, and it can be a useful diagnostic criterion in formulating treatment strategies such as the administration method of anticancer agents High nature. In addition to its potential as a new prognostic marker, the identified factor itself may be a target molecule for cancer treatment. If a factor that specifically expresses metastatic cells can be discovered, it will contribute to drug discovery, such as the development of a drug delivery system that targets disseminated cancer cells floating in the blood before the formation of metastatic foci and induces cell death. large. Furthermore, much information obtained by comprehensive analysis of metastasis from various angles such as gene level and protein level is thought to provide many clues to elucidate the mechanism of metastasis. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism of metastatic focus formation will lead to the development of new cancer treatment strategies.
Furthermore, the present invention also provides an MCF7-derived cell into which at least one gene selected from the group consisting of GFP gene, YFP gene, CFP gene, β-galactosidase gene, luciferase gene, and aequorin gene has been introduced. Such cells can be prepared by a known gene transfer method or a method similar thereto, and are useful because the phenotype of each gene can be used for various studies.
The present invention also provides an experimental animal into which the aforementioned MCF7-derived cells have been transplanted. Such an experimental animal can be produced by a known method or a method according thereto. As described above, since the MCF7-derived cells according to the present invention have high invasion ability, metastasis ability and high transplantation ability, the experimental animal is useful for studies of metastasis and recurrence as a breast cancer model. . Examples of experimental animals that can be used include mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, cats, pigs, monkeys, birds, fishes, and amphibians.
The present invention also provides a screening system for cancer metastasis or recurrence-related factors or anticancer agents comprising the above-mentioned MCF7-derived cells. A screening system containing cells can be prepared by a known method or a method according thereto. Since this screening system includes MCF7-derived cells that are less sensitive to conventional methods for treating breast cancer, it is possible to screen for invasion inhibitors, discover new factors related to breast cancer metastasis or recurrence, It is useful to contribute to the discovery of preventive drugs.
The present invention also provides a screening system for cancer metastasis or recurrence-related factors or anticancer agents, including experimental animals transplanted with the aforementioned MCF7-derived cells. A screening system including such experimental animals can be prepared by a known method or a method according thereto. This screening system is useful for screening metastasis-inhibiting substances.
The present invention also provides a screening method for establishing a mutant cell line that has acquired high invasiveness or high metastatic ability from MCF7 cells. In this method, after MCF7 cells are seeded on a basement membrane preparation or an analogue thereof, cells having the ability to pass through the basement membrane preparation or an analogue thereof are collected and then again on the basement membrane preparation or an analogue thereof. The step of sowing is repeated at least 7 times. As a method for improving the invasiveness / metastasis of MCF7-derived cells, there is a method using an artificial mutagenesis agent such as inducing a point mutation, but the invasiveness is sufficient because the patterns of mutations that can be introduced are limited. Can't be high. Moreover, since there is a possibility that a mutation that does not occur in a living body may occur, it may not be suitable as a breast cancer model. However, according to the screening method of the present invention, it is possible to obtain MCF7-derived cells having extremely high invasiveness without inducing mutation by a drug or the like. Useful for research that captures stage changes. As the basement membrane preparation or the like, for example, Matrigel can be used.

以下に本発明を実施例によりさらに詳しく説明するが、本発明の範囲はこれに限定されるものではない。
1.細胞培養
MCF7細胞(Breast adenocarcinoma;Human)は10%FBS(Equitech BIO社製)含有RPMI 1640(SIGMA社製)培地で培養した。細胞は3日毎に公知の方法に従って継代した。
2.in vitro浸潤アッセイ及び低浸潤能細胞から高浸潤細胞の樹立
図1に示すように、MCF7細胞14をマトリゲルインベージョンチャンバー1(Becton Dickinson社製)のセルカルチャーインサート10に公知の方法に従って播種した。セルカルチャーインサート10の底部は、メンブレン12上にマトリゲル13がコーティングされており、マトリゲル通過能を有する細胞14のみがメンブレン12の下側に移動する。60時間後にメンブレン12の下側に移動した細胞(浸潤細胞)をトリプシン−EDTA処理により回収した。回収した細胞14はディッシュ2でサブコンフルエントになるまで培養し、再びマトリゲルインベージョンチャンバー1に播種した。以上の操作を14回繰り返し行った。またメンブレン12の下側に移動した細胞はクリスタルバイオレット染色し、全体像を観察するとともに、顕微鏡下で5視野選択して、移動した細胞数を数えた。
結果を図2〜4に示す。図2はクリスタルバイオレット染色像、図3は100倍の倍率で観察した顕微鏡像、図4は移動した細胞数を示している。controlはMCF7細胞を、数字はマトリゲルを通過させた回数を示す。マトリゲル13を通過した細胞を再びマトリゲル上に播種して通過させるというサイクルを14回繰り返した結果、浸潤能の高い細胞群(MCF7−14細胞)を得られた。
図5にMCF7細胞とMCF7−14細胞の位相差像を示す。MCF7細胞(図5A)とMCF7−14細胞(図5B)を比較すると、MCF7−14細胞の方が丸みを帯びていた。また、MCF7細胞はコンフルエントにすると剥離してしまうが、MCF7−14細胞はスフェロイドを形成し増殖し続けた。
3.細胞増殖曲線
MCF7細胞とMCF7−14細胞を96ウェルプレートに5×10細胞/ウェルで播種し1、2、3、4日後の細胞数をMTT法により計測した。
結果を図6に示す。縦軸は細胞数、横軸は培養日数を示す。MCF7細胞とMCF7−14細胞では、細胞増殖率には有意差はなかった。
4.Wound healing アッセイ
細胞の移動能を比較するために、Wound healing アッセイを行った。MCF7細胞とMCF7−14細胞を10cmディッシュでコンフルエントの状態まで培養し、マイクロピペットのチップで溝を作った。1、2、3、4日後の細胞の移動した様子(それぞれ3箇所の同一視野)を位相差顕微鏡で観察し、カメラで撮影した。細胞の移動度を調べるために、画像解析ソフトを用いて解析し、溝の幅を測定した。
結果を図7に示す。溝をつけてから0、1、2、3、4日後のMCF7細胞(図7A)とMCF7−14細胞(図7B)を比較すると、MCF7−14細胞の方が早く溝が埋まった。図7Cは、細胞が移動した距離の3視野の平均(%)を示す。図7D及び図7Eは、それぞれ、3日後のMCF7細胞及びMCF7−14細胞の拡大像である。MCF7−14細胞(図7E)では、アクチンストレスファイバーが活発に伸びていた。
5.ザイモグラムによるMMP活性の検証
次に、MCF7細胞及びMCF7−14細胞における、マトリックスメタプロテアーゼ(MMP)活性を測定した。MMPは、細胞外マトリックスを基質として分解する酵素であり、癌細胞の浸潤・転移形成に大きな役割を果たす。
12ウェルプレートに、MCF7細胞とMCF7−14細胞を2.5×10細胞/ウェルの濃度で、マトリゲルを含まない通常の培地と、マトリゲルを含む培地に播種した。翌日、培地を500μlの無血清培地に交換し、1、2、3時間後に培地を回収した。回収した培地はMicrocon(登録商標) YM30(ミリポア社製)を用いて遠心濃縮した。濃縮した培地とサンプルバッファーを混合し、10%ポリアクリルアミドゲルを用い、4□にて25mAで2時間電気泳動した。2.5%tritonX−100含有緩衝液を満たしたバットにゲルを入れ、室温で30分間、ゆっくりと浸透しながらSDSを取り除く作業を2回行なった。さらにゼラチナーゼ活性化溶液で37□、24時間インキュベーションした。その後CBB染色液で30分間染色し、さらに30分間脱色液で脱色した。
図8にマトリゲルを含まない細胞培養用ディッシュで培養した場合の結果を、図9にマトリゲルインベージョンチャンバーで培養したときの結果を示す。各図Aは、ザイモグラム法で用いたゲルの染色像であり、各図B及びCは、それぞれ、画像解析ソフトにより解析してMMP9とMMP2の活性を測定した結果である。図示されるとおり、培地にマトリゲルを含まずに培養した状態でも、培地にマトリゲルを含み浸潤させながら培養した場合であっても、MCF7−14細胞の方が、活性型MMPの発現量が高かった。
6.オリゴマイクロアレイ
MCF7細胞とMCF7−14細胞から公知の方法に従ってRNAを抽出し、公知の方法に従ってGeneChip(登録商標) Human Genome U 133 Plus 2.0 Array(Affymetrix社製)よる解析を行なった。その後、2倍以上変動した遺伝子と2倍以下の変動した遺伝子について“cancer”と“転移”に関与している遺伝子をGene springにより検索した。
結果を表1〜4に示す。2倍以上変動した1495遺伝子中、cancerに関与している遺伝子は13遺伝子(表1)、転移に関与している遺伝子は13遺伝子(表2)であった。また、0.5倍以下に変動した1363遺伝子中、cancerに関与している遺伝子は7遺伝子(表3)、転移に関与している遺伝子は0遺伝子であった。さらに乳癌に関与することが示唆された231遺伝子(非特許文献1を参照)のうち14遺伝子の変動が確認された(表4)。
7.GFP発現安定株の作製
MCF7細胞と樹立したMCF7−14細胞に、公知の方法に従ってGFP発現プラスミドベクターを遺伝子導入し、約1週間GFP発現細胞をスクリーニングした。クローニングリングを用いて30クローンをクローニングし、約3週間、選択培地(400μg/mlのG418(SIGMA社製)添加培地)と維持培地(50μg/mlのG418添加培地)で繰り返し培養することでGFP発現安定株を樹立した。以下、それぞれ、MCF7−GFP細胞、MCF7−14−GFP細胞と称する。
8.ウエスタンブロット解析
MCF7細胞、MCF7−14細胞、MCF7−GFP細胞、MCF7−14−GFP細胞から蛋白質を抽出し、2〜15%の濃度勾配のあるポリアクリルアミドゲルを用いて公知の方法に従ってSDSポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動を行った。分離した蛋白質をPVDFメンブレンに転写し、5%スキムミルクでブロッキング後に、抗HER2抗体、あるいは抗エストロゲンレセプター抗体と反応させた。さらにHRP架橋2次抗体と反応させ、ECLで検出した。
結果を図10に示す。MCF7細胞(レーン1)、MCF7−14細胞(レーン2)、MCF7−GFP細胞(レーン3)、MCF7−14−GFP細胞(レーン4)から抽出した蛋白質を用い、抗HER2抗体(上段)と抗ESTR抗体(下段)によるウエスタンブロッティング解析を行った結果を示す。一般にHER2の発現量が増大すると転移性が高く、ESTR発現量が減少すると悪性度が増す(転移性が高い)ことが知られているが、MCF7−14は逆の性質(HER2陰性、ESTR陽性)を示した。
9.細胞移植
MCF7−GFP細胞(control)と樹立したMCF7−14−GFP細胞を最終濃度が8.6×10細胞/mlになるようにグロースファクターリデューストマトリゲル(Becton Dickinson社製)と1:1で混合し、移植細胞液を調製した。この移植細胞液 100μlを、図11に示すように、BALB/cALcl−nu/nu系統マウスのメスの第4乳腺に移植した。移植後、解剖時にGFP発現細胞の挙動を解析した。
移植4週間後のマウスを観察した結果を図12に示す。図12A及びCはMCF7−GFP細胞、B及びDはMCF7−14−GFP細胞を移植したマウスであり、A及びBはマウス全体像、C及びDはそれぞれA及びBの蛍光観察像である。MCF7−GFP細胞では、移植部位に腫瘍を形成しているものの転移巣は観察されなかった。一方、MCF7−14−GFP細胞は移植部位の原発腫瘍巣の形成に加えて、腹膜内へ播種しているGFP発現細胞の局在、及び腹部に比較的大きなGFP発現細胞の細胞塊が観察された。
10.染色による転移の確認
移植4週間後の乳腺を摘出し、公知の方法に従って凍結切片を作製した。この切片を公知の方法に従って、HE染色及び抗GFPポリクローナル抗体、抗BRCA2モノクローナル抗体による免疫染色を行なった。
MCF7−GFP細胞及びMCF7−14−GFP細胞移植マウスの肺部位の全体像及び抗GFP抗体で免疫染色した組織切片を観察した結果を図13に示す。図13中、A、C及びEはMCF7−GFP細胞、B、D、FはMCF7−14−GFP細胞に関するものであり、図13中、A、Bは肺の解剖像、C、Dは蛍光観察像、E、Fは凍結切片を抗GFP抗体により免疫染色した結果である。図示されるように、マウス肺部位に腫瘍及びGFP発現細胞は観察されなかった。
図14は、MCF7−GFP細胞移植4週間後のマウスから摘出した乳腺の移植部位(A、C)と近位リンパ節(B、D)を観察した結果を示す。AとBはHE染色、CとDは抗GFP抗体により免疫染色した結果を示す。MCF7−GFP細胞を移植したマウスの移植部位ではGFP発現細胞が多数観察されたが、乳腺リンパ節にはなく転移が起きていないことが観察された。
図15は、MCF7−14−GFP細胞移植4週間後のマウスから摘出した乳腺の移植部位(A、C)と近位リンパ節(B、D)を観察した結果を示す。AとBはHE染色、CとDは抗GFP抗体により免疫染色した結果を示す。MCF7−14−GFP細胞移植マウスは移植部位、乳腺リンパ節の両方にGFP発現細胞が観察され、転移の予後予測マーカーでもある近位リンパ節転移が生じていることが観察された。
図12で示されたMCF7−14−GFP細胞移植マウスの転移巣に関して、さらに詳しく調べるため、すい臓周辺部位を摘出して観察した結果を図16に示す。図16中、Aはマウス全体像、Bは摘出したすい臓周辺の解剖像、CとDはそれぞれAとBに相当する部位を蛍光観察した結果である。すい臓のリンパ節が肥大しており、GFP発現細胞が多数局在していることが観察された。
さらに詳しく解析するために、MCF7−14−GFP細胞移植マウスからすい臓部分の腫瘤(図17A,B)を摘出、凍結組織切片(厚さ6μm)を作製し、HE染色(図17C)、メチルグリーンピロニン染色(図17D)による明視野観察、およびGFPの蛍光観察(図17E)を行った。すい臓部分の腫瘤にGFPの発光が観察されたことから、移植したMCF7−14細胞の転移巣であると考えられた。
図18に示したように、移植4週間後のMCF7−GFP細胞移植マウスから移植部(A−C)を、移植4週間後のMCF7−14−GFP細胞移植マウスから移植部(D−F)およびすい臓部分の腫瘤(G−I)を摘出、凍結切片を作成し、上皮マーカーであるサイトケラチン7(KRT7;A,D,G)、KRT19(B,E,H)、KRT20(C,F,I)の免疫染色を行った。一次抗体として、マウス抗KRT7モノクローナル抗体(ZYMED Laboratories,18−0234;希釈倍率50倍)、マウス抗KRT19モノクローナル抗体(SANTA CRUZ,sc−6278;50倍)およびマウス抗KRT20モノクローナル抗体(SANTA CRUZ,sc−52320;50倍)を用い、ブロッキングおよび増感試薬としてヒストファインマウスステインキット(ニチレイ)を、発色基質には3,3’−ジアミノベンジジンテトラヒドロクロライド(DAKO)を使用した。すい臓に認められた腫瘤に含まれる細胞の多くは、由来となるMCF7細胞のGFP導入株(MCF7−GFP)および移植したMCF7−14−GFP細胞と、同様の上皮マーカーの発現パターンを示したことから、乳腺に移植したMCF7−14−GFP細胞が転移し、転移巣を形成していることが確認された。
図19は、MCF7−14−GFP細胞移植12週間後のマウスを観察した結果を示す。マウス腹部(A、B)からすい臓周辺部位(C、D)を摘出し、さらには脳(E、F)を摘出した。A、C、Eは解剖像、B、D、Fは蛍光観察像である。この結果からもすい臓付近リンパ節に直径1cm以上の転移腫瘍巣が観察され、脳においてもGFP発現細胞の局在が確認できた。
The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.
1. Cell Culture MCF7 cells (Breast adenocarcinoma; Human) were cultured in RPMI 1640 (SIGMA) medium containing 10% FBS (Equitech BIO). Cells were passaged every 3 days according to known methods.
2. In Vitro Invasion Assay and Establishment of Highly Infiltrating Cells from Low Invasion Capability Cells As shown in FIG. 1, MCF7 cells 14 were seeded in a cell culture insert 10 of Matrigel Invasion Chamber 1 (Becton Dickinson) according to a known method. . At the bottom of the cell culture insert 10, the matrigel 13 is coated on the membrane 12, and only the cells 14 having the ability to pass through the matrigel move to the lower side of the membrane 12. After 60 hours, cells (infiltrating cells) that migrated to the lower side of the membrane 12 were collected by trypsin-EDTA treatment. The collected cells 14 were cultured in the dish 2 until they became subconfluent, and were seeded again in the Matrigel invasion chamber 1. The above operation was repeated 14 times. In addition, the cells that migrated to the lower side of the membrane 12 were stained with crystal violet, the whole image was observed, and five visual fields were selected under the microscope, and the number of migrated cells was counted.
The results are shown in FIGS. 2 shows a crystal violet-stained image, FIG. 3 shows a microscopic image observed at a magnification of 100 times, and FIG. 4 shows the number of migrated cells. The control indicates MCF7 cells, and the number indicates the number of passes through Matrigel. As a result of repeating the cycle of seeding and passing the cells that passed through Matrigel 13 again on Matrigel 14 times, a cell group having high invasive ability (MCF7-14 cells) was obtained.
FIG. 5 shows phase contrast images of MCF7 cells and MCF7-14 cells. Comparing MCF7 cells (FIG. 5A) and MCF7-14 cells (FIG. 5B), the MCF7-14 cells were more rounded. In addition, MCF7 cells detach when confluent, but MCF7-14 cells formed spheroids and continued to proliferate.
3. Cell proliferation curve MCF7 cells and MCF7-14 cells were seeded in a 96-well plate at 5 × 10 3 cells / well, and the number of cells after 1, 2, 3, and 4 days was counted by the MTT method.
The results are shown in FIG. The vertical axis represents the number of cells, and the horizontal axis represents the number of culture days. There was no significant difference in cell growth rate between MCF7 cells and MCF7-14 cells.
4). Wound healing assay In order to compare the ability of cells to migrate, a wound healing assay was performed. MCF7 cells and MCF7-14 cells were cultured to a confluent state in a 10 cm dish, and grooves were formed with a micropipette tip. The state in which the cells moved after 1, 2, 3, and 4 days (each with the same visual field at three locations) was observed with a phase contrast microscope and photographed with a camera. In order to examine the mobility of cells, analysis was performed using image analysis software, and the groove width was measured.
The results are shown in FIG. When MCF7 cells (FIG. 7A) and MCF7-14 cells (FIG. 7B) at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 days after the formation of the groove were compared, the groove was filled earlier in MCF7-14 cells. FIG. 7C shows the average (%) of the three fields of distance traveled by the cells. 7D and 7E are enlarged images of MCF7 cells and MCF7-14 cells after 3 days, respectively. In MCF7-14 cells (FIG. 7E), actin stress fibers were actively extended.
5. Verification of MMP activity by zymogram Next, matrix metaprotease (MMP) activity in MCF7 cells and MCF7-14 cells was measured. MMP is an enzyme that degrades extracellular matrix as a substrate and plays a major role in the formation of cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
In a 12-well plate, MCF7 cells and MCF7-14 cells were seeded at a concentration of 2.5 × 10 5 cells / well in a normal medium not containing Matrigel and a medium containing Matrigel. The next day, the medium was replaced with 500 μl of serum-free medium, and the medium was collected after 1, 2, 3 hours. The collected medium was concentrated by centrifugation using Microcon (registered trademark) YM30 (Millipore). The concentrated medium and sample buffer were mixed, and electrophoresed at 25 mA for 2 hours at 4 □ using a 10% polyacrylamide gel. The gel was placed in a vat filled with a 2.5% triton X-100-containing buffer, and the SDS was removed twice while slowly permeating at room temperature for 30 minutes. Further, it was incubated with gelatinase activation solution for 37 □ for 24 hours. Then, it dye | stained for 30 minutes with the CBB dyeing liquid, and also decolored with the decoloring liquid for 30 minutes.
FIG. 8 shows the results when cultured in a cell culture dish not containing Matrigel, and FIG. 9 shows the results when cultured in a Matrigel invasion chamber. Each figure A is a stained image of the gel used in the zymogram method, and each figure B and C is the result of analyzing the activities of MMP9 and MMP2 by analysis with image analysis software. As shown in the figure, the expression level of the active MMP was higher in the MCF7-14 cells both in the state where the medium was cultured without containing Matrigel or in the case where the medium was cultured while infiltrating containing Matrigel. .
6). Oligomicroarray RNA was extracted from MCF7 cells and MCF7-14 cells according to a known method, and analyzed by GeneChip (registered trademark) Human Genome U 133 Plus 2.0 Array (manufactured by Affymetrix). Then, genes involved in “cancer” and “metastasis” were searched by Gene spring for genes that fluctuated more than 2 times and genes that fluctuated less than 2 times.
The results are shown in Tables 1-4. Among the 1495 genes that fluctuated more than twice, 13 genes (Table 1) were involved in cancer, and 13 genes (Table 2) were involved in metastasis. Moreover, among 1363 genes which fluctuated 0.5 times or less, 7 genes (Table 3) were involved in cancer, and 0 genes were involved in metastasis. Furthermore, 14 genes of the 231 genes (see Non-Patent Document 1) suggested to be involved in breast cancer were confirmed (Table 4).
7). Preparation of stable GFP expression strain A GFP expression plasmid vector was introduced into MCF7-14 cells established with MCF7 cells according to a known method, and GFP expression cells were screened for about 1 week. 30 clones were cloned using a cloning ring, and repeatedly cultured for about 3 weeks in selective medium (medium supplemented with 400 μg / ml G418 (manufactured by SIGMA)) and maintenance medium (medium supplemented with 50 μg / ml G418). An expression stable strain was established. Hereinafter, they are referred to as MCF7-GFP cells and MCF7-14-GFP cells, respectively.
8). Western Blot Analysis Proteins are extracted from MCF7 cells, MCF7-14 cells, MCF7-GFP cells, MCF7-14-GFP cells, and SDS polyacrylamide is used according to a known method using a polyacrylamide gel having a concentration gradient of 2 to 15%. Gel electrophoresis was performed. The separated protein was transferred to a PVDF membrane, blocked with 5% skim milk, and reacted with an anti-HER2 antibody or an anti-estrogen receptor antibody. Further, it was reacted with an HRP cross-linked secondary antibody and detected by ECL.
The results are shown in FIG. Using proteins extracted from MCF7 cells (lane 1), MCF7-14 cells (lane 2), MCF7-GFP cells (lane 3), MCF7-14-GFP cells (lane 4), anti-HER2 antibody (upper) and anti-HER2 antibody The result of having performed the Western blotting analysis by an ESTR antibody (lower stage) is shown. In general, it is known that when the expression level of HER2 increases, metastasis is high, and when the expression level of ESTR decreases, malignancy increases (high metastasis), but MCF7-14 has the opposite properties (HER2 negative, ESTR positive). )showed that.
9. Cell transplantation MCF7-GFP cells (control) and established MCF7-14-GFP cells were grown 1: 1 with growth factor reduced matrigel (Becton Dickinson) to a final concentration of 8.6 × 10 7 cells / ml. To prepare a transplanted cell solution. As shown in FIG. 11, 100 μl of the transplanted cell solution was transplanted into the fourth mammary gland of a female BALB / cALcl-nu / nu strain mouse. After transplantation, the behavior of GFP-expressing cells was analyzed during dissection.
The results of observing mice 4 weeks after transplantation are shown in FIG. 12A and C are MCF7-GFP cells, B and D are mice transplanted with MCF7-14-GFP cells, A and B are mouse whole images, and C and D are fluorescence observation images of A and B, respectively. In MCF7-GFP cells, although a tumor was formed at the transplantation site, no metastatic lesion was observed. On the other hand, in addition to the formation of the primary tumor nest at the transplant site, MCF7-14-GFP cells were observed to localize GFP-expressing cells seeded in the peritoneum and to observe a relatively large cell mass of GFP-expressing cells in the abdomen. It was.
10. Confirmation of metastasis by staining Four weeks after transplantation, the mammary gland was removed, and frozen sections were prepared according to a known method. This section was subjected to HE staining and immunostaining with an anti-GFP polyclonal antibody and an anti-BRCA2 monoclonal antibody according to a known method.
FIG. 13 shows the results of observing the whole lung region of MCF7-GFP cells and MCF7-14-GFP cell-transplanted mice and the tissue sections immunostained with anti-GFP antibody. In FIG. 13, A, C and E relate to MCF7-GFP cells, B, D and F relate to MCF7-14-GFP cells. In FIG. 13, A and B are anatomical images of lungs, and C and D are fluorescence. Observed images, E and F are results of immunostaining the frozen section with an anti-GFP antibody. As shown, no tumor or GFP expressing cells were observed in the mouse lung region.
FIG. 14 shows the results of observation of the transplantation site (A, C) and the proximal lymph node (B, D) of the mammary gland extracted from a mouse 4 weeks after transplantation of MCF7-GFP cells. A and B show the results of HE staining, and C and D show the results of immunostaining with an anti-GFP antibody. Although many GFP-expressing cells were observed at the transplantation site of the mice transplanted with MCF7-GFP cells, it was observed that there was no metastasis in the mammary lymph nodes.
FIG. 15 shows the results of observation of the transplantation site (A, C) and proximal lymph node (B, D) of the mammary gland extracted from a mouse 4 weeks after transplantation of MCF7-14 GFP cells. A and B show the results of HE staining, and C and D show the results of immunostaining with an anti-GFP antibody. In the MCF7-14-GFP cell-transplanted mice, GFP-expressing cells were observed both at the transplantation site and the mammary lymph node, and it was observed that proximal lymph node metastasis, which is also a prognostic marker for metastasis, occurred.
In order to investigate in more detail the metastatic lesion of the MCF7-14-GFP cell-transplanted mouse shown in FIG. In FIG. 16, A is the whole mouse image, B is the anatomical image around the excised pancreas, and C and D are the results of fluorescence observation of the parts corresponding to A and B, respectively. It was observed that the lymph nodes of the pancreas were enlarged and many GFP-expressing cells were localized.
For further analysis, a pancreatic tumor (FIG. 17A, B) was excised from MCF7-14-GFP cell-transplanted mice, frozen tissue sections (thickness 6 μm) were prepared, HE-stained (FIG. 17C), methyl green Bright field observation by pyronin staining (FIG. 17D) and fluorescence observation of GFP (FIG. 17E) were performed. Since GFP emission was observed in the tumor of the pancreas, it was considered to be a metastatic focus of the transplanted MCF7-14 cells.
As shown in FIG. 18, transplanted part (AC) from MCF7-GFP cell transplanted mice 4 weeks after transplantation, transplanted part (DF) from MCF7-14-GFP cell transplanted mice 4 weeks after transplantation. Then, the tumor (GI) of the pancreas was removed, frozen sections were prepared, and cytokeratin 7 (KRT7; A, D, G), KRT19 (B, E, H), KRT20 (C, F) as epithelial markers , I) was immunostained. As primary antibodies, mouse anti-KRT7 monoclonal antibody (ZYMED Laboratories, 18-0234; dilution factor 50 times), mouse anti-KRT19 monoclonal antibody (SANTA CRUZ, sc-6278; 50 times) and mouse anti-KRT20 monoclonal antibody (SANTA CRUZ, sc -52320; 50 times), a histofine mouse stain kit (Nichirei) was used as a blocking and sensitizing reagent, and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAKO) was used as a chromogenic substrate. Many of the cells contained in the masses found in the pancreas showed the same expression pattern of epithelial markers as the GFP-introduced strain of MCF7 cells (MCF7-GFP) and the transplanted MCF7-14-GFP cells. From these results, it was confirmed that MCF7-14-GFP cells transplanted into the mammary gland had metastasized and formed a metastatic focus.
FIG. 19 shows the results of observation of mice 12 weeks after MCF7-14-GFP cell transplantation. The peripheral part of the pancreas (C, D) was removed from the mouse abdomen (A, B), and the brain (E, F) was further removed. A, C, and E are anatomical images, and B, D, and F are fluorescence observation images. From these results, a metastatic tumor nest having a diameter of 1 cm or more was observed in the lymph nodes near the pancreas, and the localization of GFP-expressing cells could be confirmed in the brain.

本発明に係るMCF7由来細胞は、MCF7細胞由来であるにもかかわらず、高い浸潤能を有し、または、高い転移能を有する。このような変異は、薬剤等を使用せず、自然に近い環境で誘発されたものであるため、転移の発生のメカニズムや、本発明に係るMCF7由来細胞は、転移能を獲得する初期ステージでの変化を捉え、転移や再発等の予後予測マーカーを探索する研究に好適に利用されるものであり、浸潤・転移特異的因子の探索や、癌転移性及び予後予測用診断キット開発にも利用されうるものである。
また、従来の癌転移研究においては、様々な人種や多様な疾患症状由来の組織、あるいはそれらの組織から派生した細胞株を対象としているため、非常に多くの原因因子を発見することはできたものの、共通に存在しマーカーとなりうる因子を同定することは困難であった。しかしながら、本発明のMCF7由来細胞を用いれば、同一の遺伝的背景をもつ細胞株から派生した亜細胞株を比較することで、精度の高いマーカーのスクリーニングができる可能性が高く、マーカーだけではなく同定因子そのものが創薬ターゲットになる可能性も高い。
The MCF7-derived cells according to the present invention have high invasive ability or high metastatic ability despite being derived from MCF7 cells. Since such a mutation is induced in an environment close to nature without using a drug or the like, the mechanism of metastasis generation and the MCF7-derived cell according to the present invention are in the initial stage of acquiring metastatic ability. It is suitable for research to detect prognostic markers such as metastasis and recurrence, and to detect invasion / metastasis-specific factors and to develop diagnostic kits for predicting cancer metastasis and prognosis. It can be done.
In addition, since conventional cancer metastasis studies target tissues derived from various races and various disease symptoms, or cell lines derived from these tissues, it is not possible to discover a large number of causative factors. However, it was difficult to identify factors that were commonly present and could serve as markers. However, if the MCF7-derived cells of the present invention are used, it is highly possible that a highly accurate marker can be screened by comparing subcell lines derived from cell lines having the same genetic background. The identification factor itself is highly likely to be a drug discovery target.

Claims (5)

MCF7−14細胞(受託番号FERM BP−10944)である、MCF7由来細胞。   MCF7-derived cells, which are MCF7-14 cells (Accession No. FERM BP-10944). GFP遺伝子、YFP遺伝子、CFP遺伝子、βガラクトシダーゼ遺伝子、ルシフェラーゼ遺伝子、及びエクオリン遺伝子からなる群より選択される少なくとも一つの遺伝子が導入されている、請求項1に記載のMCF7由来細胞。   The MCF7-derived cell according to claim 1, wherein at least one gene selected from the group consisting of a GFP gene, a YFP gene, a CFP gene, a β-galactosidase gene, a luciferase gene, and an aequorin gene is introduced. 請求項1又は2に記載のMCF7由来細胞が移植された実験用非ヒト動物。 An experimental non-human animal into which the MCF7-derived cell according to claim 1 or 2 is transplanted. 請求項1又は2に記載のMCF7由来細胞を含む、癌転移若しくは再発関連因子又は抗癌剤のスクリーニング系。   A screening system for a cancer metastasis or recurrence-related factor or an anticancer agent comprising the MCF7-derived cell according to claim 1 or 2. 請求項3に記載の実験用非ヒト動物を含む、癌転移若しくは再発関連因子又は抗癌剤のスクリーニング系。 A screening system for cancer metastasis or recurrence-related factors or anticancer agents, comprising the experimental non-human animal according to claim 3.
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