JP5213329B2 - セルロースマトリックスカプセル封入および方法 - Google Patents
セルロースマトリックスカプセル封入および方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5213329B2 JP5213329B2 JP2006507356A JP2006507356A JP5213329B2 JP 5213329 B2 JP5213329 B2 JP 5213329B2 JP 2006507356 A JP2006507356 A JP 2006507356A JP 2006507356 A JP2006507356 A JP 2006507356A JP 5213329 B2 JP5213329 B2 JP 5213329B2
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- cellulose
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- ionic liquid
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- liquid
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Description
本出願は、2001年10月3日に出願された仮出願第60/326,704号から優先権を主張された2002年9月27日に出願された出願番号第10/256,521号の一部継続出願である。
本発明は、新規な物質を提供し、且つ分子状の物質、ナノスケールの物質、および肉眼で見える大きさの物質をセルロースマトリックス内に組み込むことによりこれらの新規な物質を調製する新規な方法を提供する。このプロセスは、再生溶液におけるイオン性液体溶媒に溶解されているセルロースを再生することにより、セルロースの骨組みへの活性固体物質のカプセル封入(encapsulation)または固定化を含む。該活性物質は、最初、イオン性液体または再生溶媒中に、溶液としてまたは分散体として存在する。本発明は、分子カプセル封入、および酵素を含むかなり大きい粒子、ナノ粒子および肉眼で見える大きさの成分の捕捉、および広範囲の形態を有するバルク材料の形成に適用できる。
化学プロセス、生化学プロセスおよび分離プロセスにおける通常の有機溶媒の代わりにイオン性液体を使用できることが実証されている。最初に、Graenacherが、米国特許第1,943,176号において、特に、ピリジンなどの窒素含有塩基の存在下で、液体N−アルキルピリジニウムまたはN−アルキルピリジニウムクロライド塩中でセルロースを加熱することによりセルロース溶液を調製するプロセスを提案した。しかし、その発見は、当時溶融塩系は幾分扱い難い系であったので、新規ではあるが実用的な価値は低いものと見なされたようである。この最初の研究は、イオン性液体が本質的には未知なものであり、溶媒の1種としてのイオン性液体の適用および価値が実感されていない時に行われた。
本発明は、セルロースカプセル封入活性物質、および該活性物質がマトリックス全体に分布している再生セルロースマトリックスを形成するために活性物質をカプセル封入する方法について考えている。活性物質は、再生セルロースのマトリックス内に実質的に均一に分布しているのが好ましい。再生セルロースは、(i)調製された該セルロースの元になったセルロースと実質的に同じ分子量、即ち通常約1200の重合度(DP)を有し、(ii)置換基および捕捉されたイオン性液体分解生成物を実質的に含まない。カプセル封入される物質(活性物質)は、好適には均一に分散しているか、または水、有機溶媒または窒素含有塩基を実質的に含まない、可溶化されたセルロースを含む親水性イオン性液体に溶けている。次いで、該セルロースは、セルロースマトリックス中に、好適には均一に分散している固体として改質(再生)される。
本発明は、再生セルロースマトリックス全体に実質的に均一に分布した活性物質を提供するために効果的に行われうる、活性物質として本明細書で言及された広範囲の物質をカプセル封入する方法を提供する。この方法は、水、有機溶媒または窒素含有塩基を実質的に含まない、可溶化されたセルロースを含む親水性イオン性液体に分散または溶解し、次いで、活性物質が該マトリックスに分散している固体マトリックスとしてセルロースを再形成することによるカプセル封入を用いる。得られた物質は、再生セルロースマトリックス全体に実質的に均一に分布した活性物質を含んでいる。
式中、R1およびR2は、独立して、C1〜C6アルキル基またはC1〜C6アルコキシアルキル基、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8およびR9(R3〜R9)は、存在する場合は、独立して、ヒドリド、C1〜C6アルキル基、C1〜C6アルコキシアルキル基、またはC1〜C6アルコキシ基である。より好適には、R1およびR2基の両方は、1つがメチル基であるC1〜C4アルキルであり、R3〜R9は、存在する場合は、ヒドリドであることが好ましい。代表的なC1〜C6アルキル基およびC1〜C4アルキル基には、メチル、エチル、プロピル、イソプロピル、ブチル、sec−ブチル、イソブチル、ペンチル、イソペンチル、ヘキシル、2−エチルブチル、2−メチルペンチル、などがある。対応するC1〜C6アルコキシ基には、カチオン環にも結合している酸素原子に結合した上記C1〜C6アルキル基がある。アルコキシアルキル基には、アルキル基に結合したエーテル基があり、全部で6個までの炭素原子が含まれる。
b)Fanninら、J.Phys.Chem.,1984,88,2614。
c)Wilkesら、Chem.Commun.,1992,965。
d)Suarezら、J.Chim.Phys.,1998,95,1626。
e)Holbreyら、J.Chem.Soc.,Dalton Trans.,1999,2133。
f)Bonhoteら、Inorg.Chem.,1996,35,1168。
である。即ち、再生流体はセルロースや活性剤を大量に溶解しないので、両成分は再生流体に実質的に不溶性である。したがって、活性物質およびセルロースは、約5重量%、好適には約1%まで再生流体に独立して可溶性である。イオン性液体は再生流体と混和性であり、IL相が再生流体と接触すると固体セルロースポリマーの再生を誘起し、該ポリマーはマトリックスであり、その中に活性物質がカプセル封入される。
1−ブチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムクロライド[C4mim]Clを、1−クロロブタンおよび1−メチルイミダゾール(両方ともウイスコンシン州ミルウォーキーのAldrich Chemical Co.から入手)から文献の方法[Huddlestonら、Green Chem.,2001,3:156]を用いて調製し、室温で無色の無水結晶性固体として分離した。
アクチニドコンプレックサント(錯化剤)、カルバモイルメチルホスフィンオキサイド、即ちCMPO(マサチューセッツ州,Newburyport,Strem Chemicals)を、再構成されたセルロースマトリックス内に組み込み、固体により支持された金属抽出物を得た。
Dw=[(Ao−Af)/Af]×[V/(mR×dwcf)]
ここで、Aoは接触前の溶液の活動度であり、Afは接触後の溶液の活動度であり、Vは物質が接触する溶液の容積(mL)であり、mRはセルロースまたはCMPO−セルロース物質の質量(g)であり、dwcfは水和物質の質量をその乾燥質量に関係付ける重量変換因子である。
プロトポルフィリンIX(10mg,CAS 553−12−8;Aldrich Chemical Co,)を、[粘性のある均一な溶液が形成されるまで短いパルスを用いてIL中でセルロースをマイクロ波加熱して調製した]溶融[C4mim]Cl(10g)中のセルロース(Whatmanろ紙,1g)の溶液に粉末として添加し、溶解するまで攪拌し、セルロース(10重量%)および染料(0.1重量%)を含む暗赤色からオレンジ色の粘性溶液を得た。該セルロースは、イオン性液体溶液の薄層をガラスシートにコーティングし、次いで、脱イオン水を含む浴に浸漬することによりフィルムとして再生した。30分間浸漬後、オレンジ色のセルロースフィルムを再生浴から取り出し、15分間空気中で乾燥し、柔らかくてしなやかなフィルムを得た。洗浄水が着色していないことは、プロトポルフィリンIXがフィルムから浸出していないことを示している。
非反応性染料ビクトリアブルーB(50mg,CAS 2185−86−6;ニュージャージー州,J.T.Baker Chemical Company)を、[ろ紙と[C4mim]Clのスラリーを時々攪拌しながら120℃で5時間加熱して調製した]溶融[C4mim]Cl(30g)中で予め作られたセルロース溶液(Whatmanろ紙,1.5g)に約80℃で粉末として添加した。得られた組成物を染料が溶解するまで攪拌すると、セルロース(5重量%)および染料(0.15重量%)を含む濃青色の粘性溶液が得られた。該セルロースは、イオン性液体溶液の薄層をガラスシートにコーティングし、次いで、脱イオン水を含む浴に浸漬することによりフィルムとして再生した。1時間浸漬後、青色のセルロースフィルムを再生浴から取り出し、15分間空気中で乾燥し、柔らかくてしなやかなフィルムを得た。水が薄い青色であったことは、低濃度の染料がフィルムから浸出したことを示している。
セルロース空色(10mg,CAS 76296−24−7;ミズーリ州セントルイス,Sigma Chemical Co.)、セルロース骨格に共有結合したpH感応性染料分子(Remazol Brilliant Violet 5R)
を、溶融[C4mim]Cl(10g)中のセルロース(微結晶性セルロース[9004−34−6],1g;Sigma)の溶液に粉末として添加した。IL溶液中の最初のセルロースは、[C4mim]Cl中におけるセルロース粉末をマイクロ波でパルス加熱し、次いで、添加が起きる約90℃に冷却して形成した。得られた組成物を青い粉末が溶解するまで攪拌すると、セルロース(10重量%)およびセルロース空色(0.1重量%)を含む濃青色の粘性溶液が得られた。
ウシの血清アルブミン(BSA)を、IL中のセルロース繊維を、粘性の均一な溶液が得られるまでマイクロ波パルス加熱して調製した[C4mim]Cl中におけるセルロース(繊維状,Aldrich;5重量%)の溶液に添加した。該混合物を渦状に攪拌し、BSAを分散させた。顕微鏡のスライドにIL溶液をコーティングして薄膜を調製した。該スライドを脱イオン水の浴に浸漬してセルロースを再生した。
International Paperから入手したセルロース(重合度約1,000)の溶解試料(0.10g)を5.0gの[bmim]Clに添加し、3−5秒パルスにおいてマイクロ波加熱した。試料を完全に溶解すると、粘性溶液が得られた。酵素の熱により誘起される変性を回避するために、セルロース性マトリックスを室温まで冷却した。
ユビキノン(補酵素Q;Sigma Chemical Co.)は、細胞エネルギーを産生するために電子輸送鎖で使われた膜に結合した電子キャリアーであり、ユビキノンをカプセル封入できると、イオン性液体から再生された生物学的に伝導性のセルロースフィルムに導くことができる。Sigma Chemical Co.(ミズーリ州セントルス)から購入した微結晶性セルロースを、3−5秒のマイクロ波パルスを用いて[C4mim]Cl中に溶解し、粘性混合物を調製する。該混合物を約120−130℃から室温まで冷却し、攪拌しながらユビキノンを添加し、得られた組成物をフィルムに成形する。次いで、該フィルムを水で3度洗浄し、フィルムから過剰のILを除去する。
セルロース(1g,実質的に均一なWhatmanろ紙)を[C4mim]Cl(20g)中に120℃で6時間加熱して溶解し、5重量%の溶液を形成する。磁鉄鉱粒子(1g,約5ミクロン粉末;Aldrich Chemical Co.)を該溶融溶液に添加し、該溶液を渦状に攪拌して均一に分布させた。
Claims (17)
- 再生セルロースにカプセル封入された活性物質を形成するための方法であって、該方法は、
(a)溶融親水性イオン性液体溶媒に溶解されるかまたは実質的に均一に分散されている活性物質と共に、該溶媒に溶解されたセルロースの組成物を提供する工程であって、該組成物は水、非イオン性有機溶媒または窒素含有塩基を実質的に含まず、該親水性イオン性液体溶媒はカチオンおよびアニオンからなる、工程;ならびに
(b)該親水性イオン性液体溶媒と混和性である該セルロース用の液体非溶媒と該組成物とを混合する工程であって、該活性物質は該非溶媒に実質的に不溶性であり、該混合する工程が再生セルロース固相およびイオン性液相を形成し、これにより、該活性物質がカプセル封入され、かつ形成された再生セルロース固相中に実質的に均一に分散し、該再生セルロースは工程(a)のセルロースと実質的に同じ分子量を有し、かつイオン性液体分解生成物を実質的に含まない工程、を包含し、
該カチオンは、構造が以下の式A:
式中、R1およびR2は、独立して、C1〜C6アルキル基またはC1〜C6アルコキシアルキル基であり、R3、R4およびR5は、独立して、ヒドリド、C1〜C6アルキル基、C1〜C6アルコキシアルキル基またはC1〜C6アルコキシ基であり、そして該イオン性液体のアニオンは、ハロゲン、過塩素酸塩、擬ハロゲンまたはC1〜C6カルボン酸塩である、
方法。 - 前記親水性イオン性液体溶媒は、150℃未満の温度で溶融するものである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 形成された前記再生セルロース固相を収集する工程をさらに包含する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記親水性イオン性液体溶媒は、−44℃〜120℃の温度で溶融するものである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記親水性イオン性液体溶媒と混和性である前記セルロース用の前記液体非溶媒は、水とも混和性である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記N,N−1,3−ジ−C1〜C6アルキルのR1単位、R2単位、R3単位、R4単位またはR5単位のうち1つは、メチルである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- R1はC1〜C4アルキルである、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記R3〜R5基は、各々ヒドリドである、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記カチオンは、構造が式B:
- 前記アニオンが、塩素イオンである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記セルロースは、最初に、10〜25重量%の量で前記組成物中に存在する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記親水性イオン性液体溶媒と混和性であり、かつ水にも混和性である前記セルロース用の前記液体非溶媒は、水、アルコールまたはケトンである、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記液体非溶媒は、水である、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記混合する工程は、前記組成物を、金型を通して前記非溶媒中に押出すことによって行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記活性物質は、微生物細胞、除草剤、殺虫剤、殺真菌剤、殺菌剤、動物または昆虫用の忌避剤、植物成長調節因子、肥料、香気組成物または臭気組成物、触媒、酵素、光活性剤、指示薬、染料、およびUV吸収剤からなる群より選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記活性物質は、前記親水性イオン性液体溶媒に溶解するかまたは分散される前に、疎水性イオン性液体でコーティングされ、該疎水性イオン性液体は、前記液体非溶媒希釈剤と混和しない、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記疎水性イオン性液体は、前記液体非溶媒に可溶性ではない、請求項15に記載の方法。
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KR101064345B1 (ko) | 2011-09-14 |
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AU2004224375B2 (en) | 2008-07-10 |
US6808557B2 (en) | 2004-10-26 |
JP2006526673A (ja) | 2006-11-24 |
CN100564019C (zh) | 2009-12-02 |
US20040038031A1 (en) | 2004-02-26 |
CN1867448A (zh) | 2006-11-22 |
KR20060002839A (ko) | 2006-01-09 |
JP2011125864A (ja) | 2011-06-30 |
EA200501498A1 (ru) | 2006-06-30 |
EP1648692A2 (en) | 2006-04-26 |
EP1648692A4 (en) | 2009-06-10 |
AU2004224375A1 (en) | 2004-10-07 |
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