JP5139971B2 - 選択透過膜型反応器を用いた水素製造方法 - Google Patents
選択透過膜型反応器を用いた水素製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims description 126
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 114
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims description 114
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 102
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 25
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 81
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000006057 reforming reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000007809 chemical reaction catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000007323 disproportionation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910001252 Pd alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 32
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 14
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 10
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 8
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SWELZOZIOHGSPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium silver Chemical compound [Pd].[Ag] SWELZOZIOHGSPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001316 Ag alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009841 combustion method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001293 incoloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003348 petrochemical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006200 vaporizer Substances 0.000 description 1
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Description
CH4+H2O → CO+3H2 (1)
CO+H2O → CO2+H2 (2)
2CO → C+CO2 (3)
水素回収率=100×{A/(A+B)}
α={(CO2)/(CO)2}/K
β=a/b
γ=c/b
2CO → C+CO2 (3)
水素回収率=100×{A/(A+B)}
α={(CO2)/(CO)2}/K
β=a/b
γ=c/b
図1に示すような構造を有し、βとγの値がそれぞれ下表に示す値となるような選択透過膜型反応器を作製した。分離管4は、一端部が閉じられた有底筒状のアルミナ多孔体(外径10mm、長さ75mm)からなり、その表面に選択透過膜5として、水素を選択的に透過するパラジウム−銀合金膜をメッキ法により成膜した。膜の組成は、水素透過性能を考慮してパラジウムが75質量%、銀が25質量%となるようにし、膜厚は2.5μmとした。反応管1は、両端部が開口したSUS製の円筒体で、触媒量を変えることによってβの値を変化させるため内径の異なる複数のものを使用した。改質反応触媒6には、大きさが1mm程度のペレット状に成形された市販のロジウム−アルミナ触媒又はコバルト−アルミナ触媒を使用し、反応管1と分離管4との間に充填して触媒層を形成した。
図2に示すような装置を使用し、前記実施例1〜5、参考例1〜3及び比較例1〜3の選択透過膜型反応器について、それぞれ試験を行い評価した。この装置は、原料ガス源として、エタノール、水、二酸化炭素、酸素を使用できるようライン接続され、これらを必要に応じて選択し、混合して選択透過膜型反応器に供給できるようになっている。なお、水やエタノール等の液体系の原料は気化器でガス化して供給される。
C2H5OH+3H2O → 2CO2+6H2
この反応の進行度合いを表す指標である水素変換効率は、原料のエタノール流量をC[mol/min]とし、反応で生成した水素の全流量をD[mol/min]としたとき、下記式のように定義される。
水素変換効率=100×{D/(6×C)}
ここで、反応で生成した水素の全流量Dは、選択透過膜5を透過して分離された水素の量(透過水素量)をA[ml/min]とし、選択透過膜5を透過しなかった水素の量(非透過水素量)をB[ml/min]としたとき下記式で示される。
D=A+B
Claims (3)
- 一端部がガスの入口で、他端部がガスの出口である反応管と、当該反応管内に挿入された、表面に水素を選択的に透過させる選択透過膜を有し、前記選択透過膜を透過した分離ガスの出口である排出口を有する分離管と、エタノールの改質反応を促進する改質反応触媒からなる層とを有する選択透過膜型反応器を使用し、エタノールを含む原料ガスを前記反応管の入口より供給して、触媒反応により水素、一酸化炭素及び二酸化炭素を含む混合ガスを生成し、当該混合ガスから前記選択透過膜を透過して前記分離管内に分離された水素を前記分離管の排出口より回収するとともに、前記選択透過膜を透過しない他のガス成分を前記反応管の出口から排出する水素の製造方法であって、
前記改質反応触媒が、Rhをアルミナからなるペレット状の基体に被覆したものであり、
前記改質反応触媒からなる層が、前記改質反応触媒を前記反応管と前記分離管との間に充填して形成したものであり、
前記選択透過膜型反応器として、前記改質反応触媒からなる層の体積をa[cm 3 ]とし、前記選択透過膜の面積をb[cm 2 ]としたとき、下記式により定義されるβの値が0.05〜20であるような選択透過膜型反応器を使用し、
前記選択透過膜を透過して分離された水素の量(透過水素量)をA[ml/min]とし、前記選択透過膜を透過しなかった水素の量(非透過水素量)をB[ml/min]としたとき、下記式により定義される水素回収率の値が60〜99%となるとともに、
前記反応管の出口における二酸化炭素の分圧を(CO2)とし、前記反応管の出口における一酸化炭素の分圧を(CO)とし、前記反応管内温度における一酸化炭素の不均化反応の平衡定数をKとしたとき、下記式により定義されるαの値が0.6以上となる条件で水素の製造を行う、選択透過膜型反応器を用いた水素製造方法。
水素回収率=100×{A/(A+B)}
α={(CO2)/(CO)2}/K
β=a/b - 前記選択透過膜型反応器として、前記改質反応触媒に含有されるRhの質量をc[mg]とし、前記選択透過膜の面積をb[cm2]としたとき、下記式により定義されるγの値が0.4〜8000であるような選択透過膜型反応器を使用する請求項1に記載の選択透過膜型反応器を用いた水素製造方法。
γ=c/b - 前記選択透過膜がPd膜又はPd合金膜であり、その膜厚が0.01〜25μmである請求項1又は2に記載の選択透過膜型反応器を用いた水素製造方法。
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