JP4916869B2 - Imaging device, manufacturing apparatus and manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to an image pickup apparatus using an image pickup device and an optical system, a camera mounted on a mobile phone, a camera mounted on a portable information terminal, an image inspection apparatus, an industrial camera for automatic control, and a manufacturing apparatus and a manufacturing method thereof. It is about.

In response to the digitization of information, which has been rapidly developing in recent years, the response in the video field is also remarkable.
In particular, as symbolized by a digital camera, a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) or CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) sensor, which is a solid-state image sensor, is used in most cases instead of a conventional film.

  As described above, an imaging lens device using a CCD or CMOS sensor as an imaging element is for taking an image of a subject optically by an optical system and extracting it as an electrical signal by the imaging element. In addition to a digital still camera, It is used in video cameras, digital video units, personal computers, mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), image inspection devices, industrial cameras for automatic control, and the like.

FIG. 34 is a diagram schematically illustrating a configuration and a light flux state of a general imaging lens device.
The imaging lens device 1 includes an optical system 2 and an imaging element 3 such as a CCD or CMOS sensor.
In the optical system, the object side lenses 21 and 22, the diaphragm 23, and the imaging lens 24 are sequentially arranged from the object side (OBJS) toward the image sensor 3 side.

In the imaging lens device 1, as shown in FIG. 34, the best focus surface is matched with the imaging device surface.
FIGS. 35A to 35C show spot images on the light receiving surface of the image sensor 3 of the imaging lens device 1.

In addition, imaging devices have been proposed in which light beams are regularly dispersed by a phase plate and restored by digital processing to enable imaging with a deep depth of field (for example, Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 and Patent Documents). 1-5).
In addition, an automatic exposure control system for a digital camera that performs filter processing using a transfer function has been proposed (see, for example, Patent Document 6).
“Wavefront Coding; jointly optimized optical and digital imaging systems”, Edward R. Dowski, Jr., Robert H. Cormack, Scott D. Sarama. “Wavefront Coding; A modern method of achieving high performance and / or low cost imaging systems”, Edward R. Dowski, Jr., Gregory E. Johnson. USP 6,021,005 USP 6,642,504 USP 6,525,302 USP 6,069,738 JP 2003-235794 A JP 2004-153497 A

In the imaging devices proposed in the above-mentioned documents, all of them are based on the assumption that the PSF (Point-Spread-Function) when the above-described phase plate is inserted into a normal optical system is constant, When the PSF changes, it is extremely difficult to realize an image with a deep depth of field by convolution using a subsequent kernel.
Therefore, apart from a single-focus lens, a zoom system, an AF system, or the like has a great problem in adopting due to the high accuracy of the optical design and the associated cost increase.
In other words, in the conventional imaging apparatus, proper convolution calculation cannot be performed, and astigmatism and coma that cause a shift of a spot (SPOT) image at the time of wide or tele (Tele). Therefore, an optical design that eliminates various aberrations such as zoom chromatic aberration is required.
However, the optical design that eliminates these aberrations increases the difficulty of optical design, causing problems such as an increase in design man-hours, an increase in cost, and an increase in the size of the lens.

In addition, in the devices disclosed in the above-described documents, noise is also amplified simultaneously when an image is restored by signal processing, for example, in shooting in a dark place.
Therefore, for example, in an optical system including an optical system and signal processing using the above-described optical wavefront modulation element such as a phase plate and subsequent signal processing, noise is amplified when shooting in a dark place. This has the disadvantage of affecting the restored image.

  Furthermore, in the above technique, for example, when shooting a bright subject, when the aperture is stopped, the phase modulation element is covered with the aperture, so that the phase change becomes small, and if the image restoration processing is performed, the restored image is affected. There are disadvantages.

Furthermore, in the above technique, since the optical image is always in a blurred state regardless of the object distance in the image before the image restoration process, the image quality is not perfect unless the restoration process is performed.
Even if the restoration process is performed, it is difficult to completely restore in the process of blurring and restoring. For this reason, it is necessary to blur the restored image.

  The object of the present invention is to realize a blur that makes a restored image good, to simplify the optical system, to reduce the cost, to achieve an appropriate image quality, with little influence of noise, and to perform a good restoration An object of the present invention is to provide an imaging apparatus capable of obtaining an image, and a manufacturing apparatus and manufacturing method thereof.

An imaging apparatus according to a first aspect of the present invention includes an optical wavefront modulation element that is formed by a point image intensity distribution (PSF) that is rotationally asymmetric at the center in an output pixel region of an imaging element and modulates an optical transfer function (OTF). Including an optical system, an image sensor that captures a subject image that has passed through the optical system, and an image processing unit that performs predetermined processing on an image signal of the subject from the image sensor, and the optical system The relative mounting position of the image sensor is selected by rotating the light wavefront modulation element and the image sensor relative to each other about the optical axis, and an output signal related to the PSF that has passed through the optical system is input. The number of pixels is set to be the largest , and the PSF has a top, and the PSF is bilaterally symmetric about a center line passing through the top .

Preferably, the relative attachment position before Symbol optical system and the imaging device, the output signal of the PSF that has passed through the optical system, at the edge portion facing the top of the PSF, are linearly arranged It is set to input up to a plurality of pixels.

Preferably, the relative attachment position before Symbol optical system and the imaging device, the output signal of the PSF that has passed through the optical system, in the oblique side relative to the top of the PSF, the oblique sides of the top The input is set to a plurality of pixels adjacent to each other in the diagonal direction of the pixel array at a plurality of positions up to the tip of the pixel array.

  Preferably, the attachment position is set so that an output signal related to the PSF that has passed through the optical system is input to more pixels than an output signal related to the PSF at the reference position.

Preferably, the image signal by the pre-Symbol image sensor converted from an analog signal to a digital signal having a converter for converting the image processing unit, the relative mounting position of the optical system and the imaging device, an analog The output signal of the PSF is set so as to be input to a plurality of pixels arranged linearly at the edge facing the top of the PSF depending on the sampling target when converting the signal into a digital signal.

Preferably, the image signal by the pre-Symbol image sensor converted from an analog signal to a digital signal having a converter for converting the image processing unit, the relative mounting position of the optical system and the imaging device, an analog Depending on the sampling target when the signal is converted into a digital signal, the output signal of the PSF has a pixel arrangement at a plurality of locations on the oblique side with respect to the top of the PSF, from the top to the tip of the oblique side. The input is set to a plurality of pixels adjacent in the oblique direction.

  Preferably, the PSFs that have passed through the optical system are arranged to be equal in a plurality of azimuth directions in the modulation transfer function (MTF) after the conversion from the analog signal to the digital signal.

  Preferably, the image processing unit generates an image signal having no dispersion from the subject dispersion image signal from the image sensor.

  Preferably, the light wavefront modulation element has an effect of making a change in OTF according to the object distance smaller than that of an optical system having no light wavefront modulation element.

  Preferably, in the optical wavefront modulation element, when the optical axis of the optical system is az axis and two axes orthogonal to each other are x and y, the phase is expressed by the following equation.

  Preferably, the OTF of the optical system having the light wavefront modulation element is 0.1 or more up to the Nyquist frequency of the image pickup device over an object distance wider than the depth of field of the optical system not including the light wavefront modulation element. It is.

  Preferably, the image processing unit includes means for performing noise reduction filtering.

  Preferably, the image processing unit includes a storage unit that stores a calculation coefficient, and the storage unit stores a calculation coefficient for noise reduction processing according to exposure information.

  Preferably, the image processing unit includes a storage unit that stores a calculation coefficient, and the storage unit stores a calculation coefficient for optical transfer function (OTF) restoration according to exposure information.

  Preferably, aperture information is included as the exposure information.

Preferably, the imaging device includes subject distance information generating means for generating information corresponding to a distance to the subject, and the image processing unit is configured to generate the subject based on information generated by the subject distance information generating means. A non-dispersed image signal is generated from the dispersed image signal.

  Preferably, the imaging apparatus includes at least two or more conversion coefficients corresponding to dispersion caused by the light wavefront modulation element or the optical system according to the subject distance, and the subject distance information. Coefficient selection means for selecting a conversion coefficient according to the distance from the conversion coefficient storage means to the subject based on the information generated by the generation means, and the image processing unit is selected by the coefficient selection means The image signal is converted by the conversion coefficient.

  Preferably, the imaging apparatus includes a conversion coefficient calculation unit that calculates a conversion coefficient based on information generated by the subject distance information generation unit, and the image processing unit converts the conversion coefficient obtained from the conversion coefficient calculation unit. The image signal is converted by the coefficient.

Preferably, in the imaging apparatus, the optical system includes a zoom optical system, and at least the correction value storage unit that stores in advance at least one correction value corresponding to a zoom position or a zoom amount of the zoom optical system; correction value selecting a second conversion coefficient storing means for storing in advance a conversion coefficient corresponding to the dispersion caused by the optical wavefront modulation element or the optical system, a correction value corresponding to the distance to the object from the previous SL correction value storage means The image processing unit converts an image signal using the conversion coefficient obtained from the second conversion coefficient storage means and the correction value selected from the correction value selection means.

Preferably, the correction value stored in the correction value storage means includes a kernel size of the subject dispersed image signal .

  Preferably, the imaging apparatus includes subject distance information generating means for generating information corresponding to a distance to the subject, and conversion coefficient calculating means for calculating a conversion coefficient based on the information generated by the subject distance information generating means. The image processing unit converts the image signal using the conversion coefficient obtained from the conversion coefficient calculation means, and generates an image signal without dispersion.

Preferably, the conversion coefficient calculation means includes a kernel size of the subject dispersion image signal as a variable.

Preferably, includes a storage means for storing the transform coefficients, the transform coefficient operation means stores the transformation coefficients obtained in the memory means, the image processing section, by the conversion coefficient stored in the storage means, The image signal is converted to generate an image signal without dispersion.

  Preferably, the image processing unit performs a convolution operation based on the conversion coefficient.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an imaging apparatus manufacturing apparatus for manufacturing an imaging apparatus by adjusting a relative mounting position of an optical system including an optical wavefront modulation element and an imaging element. An adjustment device that adjusts attachment of the optical system and the image sensor so that the number of pixels to which an output signal related to a rotationally asymmetric point spread intensity distribution (PSF) is input at the center in the output pixel region of the image sensor that has passed is maximized. have a relative mounting position of the optical system and the imaging device, the said optical wavefront modulation element and the image pickup device, is selected by relatively rotating around the optical axis, closed the PSF is top The PSF is symmetric about a center line passing through the top .

According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided an imaging apparatus manufacturing method for manufacturing an imaging apparatus by adjusting a relative mounting position of an optical system including an optical wavefront modulation element and an imaging element. The first step of arranging the elements, and the number of pixels to which the output signal related to the rotationally asymmetric point image intensity distribution (PSF) is input at the center in the output pixel region of the imaging element that has passed through the optical system is maximized. possess a second step of adjusting the mounting of the optical system and the imaging device, a, in the second step, the attached to the imaging element and the optical wavefront modulation element, it is relatively rotated around the optical axis Adjusting the position, the PSF has a top, and the PSF is symmetrical about a center line passing through the top .

According to the present invention, it is possible to realize blur that improves the restored image.
In addition, there is an advantage that the optical system can be simplified, the cost can be reduced, and a good restored image can be obtained with an appropriate image quality and little influence of noise.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

  FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of an imaging apparatus according to the present invention.

  The imaging apparatus 100 according to the present embodiment includes an optical system 110, an imaging element 120, an analog front end unit (AFE) 130, an image processing device 140, a camera signal processing unit 150, an image display memory 160, an image monitoring device 170, and an operation unit. 180 and a control device 190.

  The optical system 110 includes an optical wavefront modulation element such as a phase modulation element, which will be described in detail later, and supplies an image obtained by photographing the subject object OBJ to the imaging element 120. The optical system 110 is provided with a variable stop 110a.

The image sensor 120 forms an image captured by the optical system 110, and outputs the primary image information of the image formation as the primary image signal FIM of the electrical signal to the image processing device 140 via the analog front end unit 130. And a CMOS sensor.
In FIG. 1, the image sensor 120 is described as a CCD as an example.

The relative mounting position of the optical system 110 and the image sensor 120 is set so that the number of pixels to which an output signal related to a rotationally asymmetric point image intensity distribution (PSF) is input at the center passing through the optical system is maximized. Yes.
More specifically, as will be described later, an output signal related to a point diffusion function (PSF) that is not rotationally symmetric at the center that has passed through the optical system is linear at an edge facing a predetermined top of the PSF. It is set to input up to a plurality of pixels arranged in the array. In other words, an output signal related to a point image intensity distribution (PSF) having a rotationally asymmetric top portion at the center passing through the optical system is between the top portion and the tip portion of the oblique side portion at an oblique side portion with respect to the top portion of the PSF. It is set to input to a plurality of pixels adjacent in the diagonal direction of the pixel array at a plurality of locations.
At this time, the mounting position is set by relatively rotating the light wavefront modulation element and the image sensor 120 included in the optical system 110.
In this case, the mounting position of the optical system 110 and the image sensor 120 is set by rotating so that the output signal related to the PSF that has passed through the optical system 110 is input to more pixels than the output signal related to the PSF at the reference position. ing.
More specifically, the mounting position includes a plurality of output signals of the PSF that are linearly arranged at an edge facing a predetermined top of the PSF due to a sampling effect generated when converting an analog signal to a digital signal. It is set to input up to pixels. In other words, due to the sampling effect that occurs when converting an analog signal to a digital signal, the output signal of the PSF is arranged in a pixel array at a plurality of positions between the top and the tip of the diagonal side on the diagonal side with respect to the top of the PSF. It is set to input even to a plurality of pixels adjacent in the oblique direction.
As illustrated later, the PSF that has passed through the optical system 110 has a plurality of azimuth directions (all azimuth directions in the present embodiment) in a modulation transfer function (MTF) after conversion from an analog signal to a digital signal. Are arranged to be equal to each other.
The attachment position is selected by rotating the light wavefront modulation element and the imaging element 120 relative to each other about the optical axis using an adjusting device described later.

The analog front end unit 130 includes a timing generator 131 and an analog / digital (A / D) converter 132.
The timing generator 131 generates the drive timing of the CCD of the image sensor 120, and the A / D converter 132 converts an analog signal input from the CCD into a digital signal and outputs it to the image processing device 140.

An image processing apparatus (two-dimensional convolution means) 140 constituting a part of the image signal processing unit inputs a digital signal of a captured image coming from the previous AFE 130, performs two-dimensional convolution processing, and performs a subsequent camera signal. The data is transferred to the processing unit (DSP) 150.
The image processing apparatus 140 in accordance with the exposure information of the control unit 190 performs a filtering process on the optical transfer function (OTF). Note that aperture information is included as exposure information.
The image processing device 140 has a function of generating a non-dispersed image signal from the subject dispersed image signal from the image sensor 120. The image signal processing unit has a function of performing noise reduction filtering in the first step.
The processing of the image processing apparatus 140 will be described in detail later.

  A camera signal processing unit (DSP) 150 performs processing such as color interpolation, white balance, YCbCr conversion processing, compression, and filing, and stores in the memory 160, displays an image on the image monitoring device 170, and the like.

  The control device 190 performs exposure control and has operation inputs for the operation unit 180 and the like, determines the operation of the entire system according to those inputs, and includes the AFE 130, the image processing device 140, the DSP 150, the variable aperture 110a, and the like. It controls the mediation control of the entire system.

  Hereinafter, the configuration and function of the optical system and the image processing apparatus according to the present embodiment will be specifically described.

FIG. 2 is a diagram schematically illustrating a configuration example of the zoom optical system 110 according to the present embodiment. This figure shows the wide angle side.
FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically illustrating a configuration example of a zoom optical system on the telephoto side of the imaging lens device according to the present embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a spot shape at the center of the image height on the wide angle side of the zoom optical system according to the present embodiment, and FIG. 5 is a diagram of the center of the image height at the telephoto side of the zoom optical system according to the present embodiment. It is a figure which shows a spot shape.

2 and 3 includes an object-side lens 111 disposed on the object-side OBJS, an imaging lens 112 for forming an image on the image sensor 120, and between the object-side lens 111 and the imaging lens 112. An optical wavefront modulation element (wavefront forming optical element) group 113 made of a phase plate having a three-dimensional curved surface, for example, which deforms the wavefront of image formation on the light receiving surface of the image sensor 120 by the imaging lens 112. Have. A stop (not shown) is disposed between the object side lens 111 and the imaging lens 112.
For example, in this embodiment, the variable aperture 110a is provided, and the aperture (opening degree) of the variable aperture is controlled by exposure control (apparatus).

In the present embodiment, the case where the phase plate is used has been described. However, the optical wavefront modulation element of the present invention may be any element that deforms the wavefront, and an optical element whose thickness changes. (For example, the above-mentioned third-order phase plate), an optical element whose refractive index changes (for example, a gradient index wavefront modulation lens), an optical element whose thickness and refractive index change due to coding on the lens surface (for example, a wavefront) A light wavefront modulation element such as a modulation hybrid lens or a phase plane formed on the lens surface) or a liquid crystal element capable of modulating the phase distribution of light (for example, a liquid crystal spatial phase modulation element). .
Further, in the present embodiment, the case where a regularly dispersed image is formed using a phase plate that is a light wavefront modulation element has been described. However, the lens used as a normal optical system has the same rule as the light wavefront modulation element. When an image that can form a dispersed image is selected, it can be realized only by an optical system without using a light wavefront modulation element. In this case, it does not correspond to the dispersion caused by the phase plate described later, but corresponds to the dispersion caused by the optical system.

The zoom optical system 110 shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 is an example in which an optical phase plate 113a is inserted into a 3 × zoom used in a digital camera.
The phase plate 113a shown in the figure is an optical lens that regularly disperses the light beam converged by the optical system. By inserting this phase plate, an image that does not fit anywhere on the image sensor 120 is realized.
In other words, the phase plate 113a forms a deep luminous flux (which plays a central role in image formation) and a flare (blurred portion).
Means for restoring this regularly dispersed image to a focused image without moving the optical system 110 by digital processing is a wavefront aberration control optical system system or a depth expansion optical system (DEOS: Depth Expansion Optical system system). This processing is performed in the image processing apparatus 140.

Here, the basic principle of DEOS will be described.
As shown in FIG. 6, when the subject image f enters the DEOS optical system H, a g image is generated.
This is expressed by the following equation.

[Equation 2]
g = H * f
However, * represents convolution.

  In order to obtain the subject from the generated image, the following processing is required.

[Equation 3]
f = H ^-1 * g

Here, the kernel size and calculation coefficient regarding H will be described.
The optical switching information is KPn, KPn-1,. In addition, each H function is defined as Hn, Hn-1,.
Since each spot image is different, each H function is as follows.

The difference in the number of rows and / or the number of columns in this matrix is the kernel size, and each number is the operation coefficient.
Here, each H function may be stored in a memory, and the PSF is set as a function of the object distance, and is calculated based on the object distance. By calculating the H function, an optimum object distance is obtained. It may be possible to set so as to create a filter. Alternatively, the H function may be directly obtained from the object distance using the H function as a function of the object distance.

  In this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, an image from the optical system 110 is received by the image sensor 120 and input to the image processing device 140 when the aperture is opened, and a conversion coefficient corresponding to the optical system is acquired. The image signal having no dispersion is generated from the dispersion image signal from the image sensor 120 with the obtained conversion coefficient.

  In the present embodiment, as described above, dispersion refers to forming a non-focused image on the image sensor 120 by inserting the phase plate 113a as described above. It plays a central role in image formation) and a phenomenon of forming flare (blurred portion), and includes the same meaning as aberration because of the behavior of the image being dispersed to form a blurred portion. Therefore, in this embodiment, it may be described as aberration.

In the present embodiment, DEOS can be employed to obtain high-definition image quality, and the optical system can be simplified and the cost can be reduced.
Hereinafter, this feature will be described.

7A to 7C show spot images on the light receiving surface of the image sensor 120.
7A shows a case where the focal point is shifted by 0.2 mm (Defocus = 0.2 mm), FIG. 7B shows a case where the focal point is a focal point (Best focus), and FIG. 7C shows a case where the focal point is shifted by −0.2 mm. In this case, each spot image is shown (Defocus = −0.2 mm).
As can be seen from FIGS. 7A to 7C, in the imaging apparatus 100 according to the present embodiment, a light beam having a deep depth (a central role of image formation) is obtained by the wavefront forming optical element group 113 including the phase plate 113a. And flare (blurred part) are formed.

  As described above, the primary image FIM formed in the imaging apparatus 100 of the present embodiment has a light beam condition with a very deep depth.

FIGS. 8A and 8B are diagrams for explaining a modulation transfer function (MTF) of a primary image formed by the imaging lens device according to the present embodiment. FIG. 8A is a diagram showing a spot image on the light receiving surface of the imaging element of the imaging lens device, and FIG. 8B shows the MTF characteristics with respect to the spatial frequency.
In the present embodiment, since the high-definition final image is left to the correction processing of the image processing apparatus 140 including, for example, a digital signal processor, as shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B. The MTF of the primary image is essentially a low value.

In the present embodiment, the attachment position of the optical system 110 and the image sensor 120 is such that the output signal related to the point image intensity distribution (PSF) having a top portion that is rotationally asymmetric at the center passing through the optical system is at the top portion of the PSF. It is set to input up to a plurality of pixels arranged linearly at the opposing edge portions. For example, PSF is symmetric about a center line passing through the top.
At this time, the mounting position is set by relatively rotating the light wavefront modulation element and the image sensor 120 included in the optical system 110.
In this case, the mounting position of the optical system 110 and the image sensor 120 is set by rotating so that the output signal related to the PSF that has passed through the optical system 110 is input to more pixels than the output signal related to the PSF at the reference position. ing.

9A and 9B are diagrams showing the analog PSF after the reference position and a predetermined angle of rotation.
10A and 10B are diagrams showing digital PSFs after A / D conversion of the analog PSFs of FIG.
FIGS. 11A and 11B are diagrams showing the MT of the digital PSF in FIGS. 10A and 10B.
12A and 12B are diagrams schematically showing an analog PSF and a digital PSF in the case of the reference position.
FIGS. 13A and 13B are diagrams schematically showing an analog PSF and a digital PSF after rotation by 45 degrees.

In this embodiment, an analog PSF having a rotationally asymmetrical top at the center at the reference position shown in FIG. 9A is adjusted by an adjusting device, as shown in FIG. 9B, at a predetermined angle (45 in this example). Rotate).
As can be seen from the figure, the analog MTF does not change even if rotation is applied in analog.
Then, as the object to be sampled when converting from an analog signal to a digital signal changes with rotation, the shape of the digital PSF changes as shown in FIGS. 10 (A) and 10 (B).

More specifically, for example, as in the example of FIG. 12A, at the reference position, the analog PSF spans 8 pixels a to g, and thus the digital PSF after sampling. Is input to eight pixels a to h as in the example of FIG.
This shape, when viewed in plan of the analog PSF, has a vertex and is close to a triangle, but the base (edge) BX facing the top TX is shown in FIG. Similar to the original of 12 (A), it is not linear, but has a bow-like shape on the top TX side.

On the other hand, the number of pixels to which the output signal related to the rotationally asymmetric point image intensity distribution (PSF) is input at the center rotated by a predetermined angle (45 degrees in this example) and passed through the optical system is maximized. Is set to
Specifically, for example, as shown in FIG. 13 (A), when the analog PSF is set to span over 12 pixels a to l, the digital PSF after sampling is shown in FIG. 13 (B). As shown in the figure, the input is made up to a plurality of pixels (a, b, c, d) arranged linearly at the base (edge) BX opposed to the top TX, although the apex is close to a triangle. It becomes possible to form.
In other words, in the oblique side portion SX with respect to the top portion TX of the PSF, input is made to a plurality of pixels adjacent in the oblique direction of the pixel array at a plurality of locations from the top portion TX to the tip portion SXT of the oblique side portion SX. Is set.
More specifically, in the example of FIG. 13A, a plurality of pixels adjacent to each other in the diagonal direction of the pixel array at a plurality of locations (two locations in this example) between the top portion TX and the tip end portion SXT1 of the oblique side portion SX1. Pixels, namely, pixels g and j and pixels b and e.
Similarly, a plurality of pixels adjacent in the diagonal direction of the pixel array, that is, pixels g and l, and pixels at a plurality of locations (two locations in this example) between the top portion TX and the tip end portion SXT2 of the oblique side portion SX2. It is set to extend to c and i.
That is, as the sampling target changes as the PSF rotates, the shape changes to the shape of the digital PSF that is input to more pixels.
The PSF is substantially bilaterally symmetric about a center line passing through the top TX.

Further, although there is no change in MTF due to rotation at the analog time point, after digital conversion, the MTF is converted by the sampling effect as shown in FIGS.
Using this sampling effect, the PSF that has passed through the optical system 110 is arranged so as to be equal in a plurality of azimuth directions (all azimuth directions in the present embodiment) in the MTF after conversion from an analog signal to a digital signal. Has been.

As a result, in the present embodiment, the imaging element 120 and the phase modulation element (phase plate) 113a as the light wavefront modulation element can be arranged suitable for restoration, and a depth extension optical system with a loose tolerance is realized. Yes.
In the present embodiment, the case where the rotation is performed by 45 degrees has been described. However, even if the rotation is performed other than 90 degrees, 180 degrees, and 270 degrees from the state of FIG. Thus, the effect of the present invention can be fully exhibited.
Further, in the case of the PSF shown in FIG. 9A, the number of pixels that are rotated (stranded) by 45 degrees is increased, but in the case of other PSFs, the rotation state is other than 45 degrees (stranded). ) There are cases where there are many pixels.

In the present embodiment, this method is employed in the adjustment device to adjust the relative mounting position of the optical system 110 and the image sensor 120.
Hereinafter, it will be explained the basic configuration of the adjusting device.

  FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration example of the adjustment apparatus 200 according to the present embodiment.

  As shown in FIG. 14, the adjustment apparatus 200 includes a lens adjustment driving unit 210, a sensor 220 corresponding to the image sensor 120 in FIG. 1, an AFE (analog front end unit) 230, a RAW buffer memory 240, an image signal processing unit 250, An adjustment control unit 260 and an image display unit 270 are provided.

In the lens adjustment driving unit 210, for example, a small aperture 211 and a lens system (optical system) 212 including a light wavefront modulation element are arranged. The lens 212 is moved and controlled in the optical axis direction by the motor driver 213, and the position of the lens optical system including the phase modulation element is set to a desired position.
Further, the lens adjustment driving unit 210 is configured to be able to rotate the lens system 212 by a predetermined angle around the optical axis in accordance with an instruction from the adjustment control unit 260.

AFE230 includes an A / D converter 23 2, the timing generator 23 1, a.
The timing generator 231 generates the CCD drive timing of the sensor (imaging device) 220 under the control of the adjustment control unit 260, and the A / D converter 232 converts the analog signal input from the CCD into a digital signal. The buffer memory 240 can be used.
Further, the timing generator 231 adjusts the position of the lens 212 with respect to the sensor 220 under the control of the adjustment control unit 260 and supplies a drive signal for adjusting the focus and the like to the motor driver 213.

Image signal processing unit 2 5 0, with respect to the data stored in the buffer memory 240, performs predetermined image processing, for example, to obtain a PSF image, supplies the processing information to the adjustment control unit 2 6 0, regulation control The image is displayed on the image display unit 270 under the control of the unit 260.

Adjustment control unit 260, based on the information associated with the signal processing by the image signal processing unit 2 5 0, the lens in order to adjust the positional relationship (the optical system) 212 and a sensor (imaging device) 220, the position of the lens 212 It outputs a control signal for changing control or the like to the timing generator 23 first AFE 230, a lens (optical system) 212 and a sensor (imaging device) for adjusting and controlling the positional relationship of the 220.

  Further, in the position adjustment processing of the lens (optical system) 212 and the sensor (imaging device) 220, the positions of the lens 212 and the sensor 220 are adjusted by adjusting the x axis and the y axis as shown in FIG.

The imaging device 100 is adjusted and manufactured using the adjustment device 200 as described above.
Hereinafter, each component structure and function when the depth extension optical system is adopted will be further described.

  FIG. 16 shows the shape of the wavefront aberration expressed by the following equation, where the optical axis of the optical system including the light wavefront modulation element of this embodiment is the z axis and two axes orthogonal to each other are x and y.

In the range where the wavefront aberration is 0.5λ or less, the phase change is small, and the OTF is the same as that of a normal optical system. Therefore, the mounting position is adjusted by narrowing down until the wavefront aberration is about 0.5λ.
FIG. 17 shows the shape of the wavefront aberration and the range of 0.5λ or less by a bold line.
However, λ uses, for example, wavelengths in the visible light region and the infrared region.

  Note that the shape shown in FIG. 16 is an example, and the phase of the light wavefront modulation element is represented by the following equation when the optical axis of the optical system is the z axis and the two axes orthogonal to each other are x and y. Anything is applicable.

  As described above, the image processing apparatus 140 receives the primary image FIM from the image sensor 120 and performs a predetermined correction process or the like that raises the MTF at the spatial frequency of the primary image to form a high-definition final image FNLIM. To do.

The MTF correction processing of the image processing apparatus 140 is performed after edge enhancement, chroma enhancement, etc. using the MTF of the primary image, which is essentially a low value, as shown by a curve A in FIG. In the process, correction is performed so as to approach (reach) the characteristics indicated by the curve B in FIG.
A characteristic indicated by a curve B in FIG. 18 is a characteristic obtained when the wavefront is not deformed without using the wavefront forming optical element as in the present embodiment, for example.
It should be noted that all corrections in the present embodiment are based on spatial frequency parameters.

In this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 18, in order to achieve the MTF characteristic curve B to be finally realized with respect to the MTF characteristic curve A with respect to the spatial frequency obtained optically, each spatial frequency is changed to each spatial frequency. On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 19, the original image (primary image) is corrected by applying strength such as edge enhancement.
For example, in the case of the MTF characteristic of FIG. 18, the curve of edge enhancement with respect to the spatial frequency is as shown in FIG.

  That is, a desired MTF characteristic curve B is virtually realized by performing correction by weakening edge enhancement on the low frequency side and high frequency side within a predetermined spatial frequency band and strengthening edge enhancement in the intermediate frequency region. To do.

As described above, the imaging apparatus 100 according to the embodiment basically includes the optical system 110 and the imaging element 120 that form a primary image, and the image processing apparatus 140 that forms the primary image into a high-definition final image. In the optical system, a wavefront shaping optical element is newly provided, or an optical element such as glass, plastic or the like is formed for wavefront shaping, thereby forming an imaging wavefront. The wavefront is deformed (modulated), and an image of such a wavefront is formed on the image pickup surface (light receiving surface) of the image pickup device 120 formed of a CCD or CMOS sensor. An image forming system.
In the present embodiment, the primary image from the image sensor 120 has a light beam condition with a very deep depth. For this reason, the MTF of the primary image is essentially a low value, and the MTF is corrected by the image processing device 140.

Here, the imaging process in the imaging apparatus 100 according to the present embodiment will be considered in terms of wave optics.
A spherical wave diverging from one of the object points becomes a convergent wave after passing through the imaging optical system. At that time, aberration occurs if the imaging optical system is not an ideal optical system. The wavefront is not a spherical surface but a complicated shape. Wavefront optics lies between geometric optics and wave optics, which is convenient when dealing with wavefront phenomena.
When dealing with the wave optical MTF on the imaging plane, the wavefront information at the exit pupil position of the imaging optical system is important.
The MTF is calculated by Fourier transform of the wave optical intensity distribution at the imaging point. The wave optical intensity distribution is obtained by squaring the wave optical amplitude distribution, and the wave optical amplitude distribution is obtained from the Fourier transform of the pupil function in the exit pupil.
Further, since the pupil function is exactly from the wavefront information (wavefront aberration) at the exit pupil position itself, if the wavefront aberration can be strictly calculated numerically through the optical system 110, the MTF can be calculated.

Accordingly, if the wavefront information at the exit pupil position is modified by a predetermined method, the MTF value on the imaging plane can be arbitrarily changed.
In this embodiment, the wavefront shape is mainly changed by the wavefront forming optical element, but the target wavefront is formed by increasing or decreasing the phase (phase, optical path length along the light beam). .
Then, if the desired wavefront is formed, the exiting light flux from the exit pupil is from the dense and sparse portions of the light, as can be seen from the geometrical optical spot images shown in FIGS. It is formed.
The MTF in the luminous flux state shows a low value at a low spatial frequency and a characteristic that the resolving power is managed up to a high spatial frequency.
That is, if this MTF value is low (or such a spot image state in terms of geometrical optics), the phenomenon of aliasing will not occur.
That is, a low-pass filter is not necessary.
Then, the flare-like image that causes the MTF value to be lowered may be removed by the image processing apparatus 140 made up of a later stage DSP or the like. Thereby, the MTF value is significantly improved.

  Next, the response of the MTF of this embodiment and the conventional optical system will be considered.

FIG. 20 is a diagram showing MTF responses when the object is at the focal position and when the object is out of the focal position in the case of the conventional optical system.
FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating the response of the MTF when the object is at the focal position and when the object is out of the focal position in the optical system of the present embodiment having the light wavefront modulation element.
FIG. 22 is a diagram illustrating an MTF response after data restoration of the imaging apparatus according to the present embodiment.

As can be seen from the figure, in the case of an optical system having a light wavefront modulation element, the change in the response of the MTF is less than that in an optical system in which no light wavefront modulation element is inserted even when the object deviates from the focal position.
The response of the MTF is improved by processing the image formed by this optical system using a convolution filter.

The absolute value (MTF) of the OTF of the optical system having the phase plate shown in FIG. 21 is preferably 0.1 or more at the Nyquist frequency.
This is because, in order to achieve the OTF after restoration shown in FIG. 22, the gain is increased by the restoration filter, but the noise of the sensor is also raised at the same time. For this reason, it is preferable to perform restoration without increasing the gain as much as possible at high frequencies near the Nyquist frequency.
In the case of a normal optical system, resolution is achieved if the MTF at the Nyquist frequency is 0.1 or more.
Therefore, if the MTF before restoration is 0.1 or more, the restoration filter does not need to increase the gain at the Nyquist frequency. If the MTF before restoration is less than 0.1, the restored image becomes an image greatly affected by noise, which is not preferable.

  Next, the configuration and processing of the image processing apparatus 140 will be described.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the image processing apparatus 140 includes a raw (RAW) buffer memory 141, a convolution operation unit 142, a kernel data storage ROM 143 as a storage unit, and a convolution control unit 144.

  The convolution control unit 144 performs control such as on / off of the convolution process, screen size, and kernel data exchange, and is controlled by the control device 190.

The kernel data storage ROM 143 stores kernel data for convolution calculated by the PSF of each optical system prepared in advance as shown in FIG. 23, FIG. 24, or FIG. The exposure information determined at the time of exposure setting is acquired by 190, and the kernel data is selected and controlled through the convolution control unit 144.
The exposure information includes aperture information.

  In the example of FIG. 23, kernel data A corresponds to optical magnification (× 1.5), kernel data B corresponds to optical magnification (× 5), and kernel data C corresponds to optical magnification (× 10).

  In the example of FIG. 24, the kernel data A is data corresponding to the F number (2.8) as aperture information, and the kernel data B is data corresponding to the F number (4). The F number (2.8) and F number (4) are outside the range of 0.5λ described above.

  In the example of FIG. 25, the kernel data A is data corresponding to the object distance information of 100 mm, the kernel data B is data corresponding to the object distance of 500 mm, and the kernel data C is data corresponding to the object distance of 4 m.

As in the example of FIG. 24, the filtering process corresponding to the aperture information is performed for the following reason.
When shooting with the aperture stopped, the phase plate 113a forming the light wavefront modulation element is covered by the aperture and the phase changes, making it difficult to restore an appropriate image.
Therefore, in the present embodiment, as in this example, appropriate image restoration is realized by performing filter processing according to aperture information in exposure information.

FIG. 26 is a flowchart of a switching process based on exposure information (including aperture information) of the control device 190.
First, exposure information (RP) is detected and supplied to the convolution control unit 144 (ST101).
In the convolution control unit 144, the kernel size and the numerical performance coefficient are set in the register from the exposure information RP (ST102).
The image data captured by the image sensor 120 and input to the two-dimensional convolution operation unit 142 via the AFE 130 is subjected to convolution operation based on the data stored in the register, and is calculated and converted. The transferred data is transferred to the camera signal processing unit 150 (ST103).

  A more specific example of the signal processing unit and kernel data storage ROM of the image processing apparatus 140 will be described below.

FIG. 27 is a diagram illustrating a first configuration example of the signal processing unit and the kernel data storage ROM. For simplification, AFE and the like are omitted.
The example of FIG. 27 is a block diagram when a filter kernel corresponding to exposure information is prepared in advance.

  Exposure information determined at the time of exposure setting is acquired, and kernel data is selected and controlled through the convolution control unit 144. The two-dimensional convolution operation unit 142 performs convolution processing using kernel data.

FIG. 28 is a diagram illustrating a second configuration example of the signal processing unit and the kernel data storage ROM. For simplification, AFE and the like are omitted.
The example of FIG. 28 is a block diagram in the case where a noise reduction filter processing step is provided at the beginning of the signal processing unit, and noise reduction filter processing ST1 corresponding to exposure information is prepared in advance as filter kernel data.

Exposure information determined at the time of exposure setting is acquired, and kernel data is selected and controlled through the convolution control unit 144.
In the two-dimensional convolution calculation unit 142, after applying the noise reduction filter ST1, the color space is converted by the color conversion process ST2, and then the convolution process ST3 is performed using the kernel data.
The noise process ST4 is performed again, and the original color space is restored by the color conversion process ST5. The color conversion process includes, for example, YCbCr conversion, but other conversions may be used.
Note that the second noise processing ST4 can be omitted.

FIG. 29 is a diagram illustrating a third configuration example of the signal processing unit and the kernel data storage ROM. For simplification, AFE and the like are omitted.
The example of FIG. 29 is a block diagram when an OTF restoration filter corresponding to exposure information is prepared in advance.

Exposure information determined at the time of exposure setting is acquired, and kernel data is selected and controlled through the convolution control unit 144.
The two-dimensional convolution calculation unit 142 performs the convolution process ST13 using the OTF restoration filter after the noise reduction process ST11 and the color conversion process ST12.
Noise processing ST14 is performed again, and the original color space is restored by color conversion processing ST15. The color conversion process includes, for example, YCbCr conversion, but other conversions may be used.
Note that only one of the noise reduction processes ST11 and ST14 may be performed.

FIG. 30 is a diagram illustrating a fourth configuration example of the signal processing unit and the kernel data storage ROM. For simplification, AFE and the like are omitted.
The example of FIG. 30 is a block diagram when a noise reduction filter processing step is included and a noise reduction filter corresponding to exposure information is prepared in advance as filter kernel data.
It acquires the exposure information determined in Exposure setting time, and selects and controls the kernel data through the convolution control unit 144.
In the two-dimensional convolution operation unit 142, after performing the noise reduction filter process ST21, the color space is converted by the color conversion process ST22, and then the convolution process ST23 is performed using the kernel data.
The noise process ST24 corresponding to the exposure information is performed again, and the original color space is restored by the color conversion process ST25. The color conversion process includes, for example, YCbCr conversion, but other conversions may be used.
The noise reduction process ST21 can be omitted.

  The example in which the two-dimensional convolution calculation unit 142 performs the filtering process according to only the exposure information has been described above. Can be extracted or calculated.

FIG. 31 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of an image processing apparatus that combines subject distance information and exposure information.
FIG. 31 shows an example of the configuration of the image processing apparatus 300 that generates a non-dispersed image signal from the subject dispersed image signal from the image sensor 120.

  As illustrated in FIG. 31, the image processing apparatus 300 includes a convolution apparatus 301, a kernel / numerical calculation coefficient storage register 302, and an image processing calculation processor 303.

In this image processing apparatus 300, the image processing arithmetic processor 303 that has obtained the information about the approximate distance of the object distance of the subject read from the object approximate distance information detection apparatus 400 and the exposure information, performs an appropriate calculation on the object distance position. The kernel size and its calculation coefficient used in the above are stored in the kernel and numerical calculation coefficient storage register 302, and an appropriate calculation is performed by the convolution device 301 that uses the value to restore the image.

As described above, in the case of an imaging device including a phase plate (Wavefront Coding optical element) as an optical wavefront modulation element, an image signal without proper aberrations by image processing within the predetermined focal length range However, if it is outside the predetermined focal length range, there is a limit to the correction of the image processing, so that only an object outside the above range has an image signal with aberration.
On the other hand, by performing image processing in which no aberration occurs within a predetermined narrow range, it is possible to bring out a blur to an image outside the predetermined narrow range.
In this example, the distance to the main subject is detected by the object approximate distance information detection device 400 including the distance detection sensor, and different image correction processing is performed according to the detected distance.

The above image processing is performed by convolution calculation. To realize this, for example, one type of convolution calculation coefficient is stored in common, and a correction coefficient is stored in advance according to the focal length, The correction coefficient is used to correct the calculation coefficient, and an appropriate convolution calculation can be performed using the corrected calculation coefficient.
In addition to this configuration, the following configuration can be employed.

  The kernel size and the convolution calculation coefficient itself are stored in advance according to the focal length, the convolution calculation is performed using the stored kernel size and calculation coefficient, and the calculation coefficient according to the focal length is stored in advance as a function. In addition, it is possible to employ a configuration in which a calculation coefficient is obtained from this function based on the focal length and a convolution calculation is performed using the calculated calculation coefficient.

  Corresponding to the configuration of FIG. 31, the following configuration can be taken.

At least two or more conversion coefficients corresponding to the aberration caused by the phase plate 113a are stored in advance in the register 302 as the conversion coefficient storage means according to the subject distance. The image processing arithmetic processor 303 functions as a coefficient selection unit that selects a conversion coefficient corresponding to the distance from the register 302 to the subject based on the information generated by the object approximate distance information detection device 400 as the subject distance information generation unit. .
Then, a convolution device 301 as a conversion unit converts an image signal using the conversion coefficient selected by the image processing arithmetic processor 303 as a coefficient selection unit.

Alternatively, as described above, the image processing calculation processor 303 as the conversion coefficient calculation unit calculates the conversion coefficient based on the information generated by the object approximate distance information detection device 400 as the subject distance information generation unit, and stores it in the register 302. Store.
Then, a convolution device 301 as a conversion unit converts an image signal using a conversion coefficient obtained by an image processing calculation processor 303 as a conversion coefficient calculation unit and stored in the register 302.

Alternatively, at least one correction value corresponding to the zoom position or zoom amount of the zoom optical system 110 is stored in advance in the register 302 serving as a correction value storage unit. This correction value includes the kernel size of the subject aberration image.
A conversion coefficient corresponding to the aberration caused by the phase plate 113a is stored in advance in the register 302 that also functions as a second conversion coefficient storage unit.
Then, based on the distance information generated by the object approximate distance information detection device 400 as the subject distance information generation means, the image processing arithmetic processor 303 as the correction value selection means performs a process from the register 302 as the correction value storage means to the subject. Select a correction value according to the distance.
The convolution device 301 serving as the conversion unit generates an image based on the conversion coefficient obtained from the register 302 serving as the second conversion coefficient storage unit and the correction value selected by the image processing arithmetic processor 303 serving as the correction value selection unit. Perform signal conversion.

FIG. 32 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of an image processing apparatus that combines zoom information and exposure information.
FIG. 32 shows a configuration example of the image processing apparatus 300A that generates an image signal having no dispersion from the subject dispersion image signal from the image sensor 120.

  Similar to FIG. 31, the image processing device 300 </ b> A includes a convolution device 301, a kernel / numerical operation coefficient storage register 302, and an image processing operation processor 303, as illustrated in FIG. 32.

  In this image processing apparatus 300A, the image processing arithmetic processor 303 that has obtained information and exposure information regarding the zoom position or zoom amount read from the zoom information detection apparatus 500 uses the exposure information and the zoom position in an appropriate calculation. Then, the kernel size and its calculation coefficient are stored in the kernel and numerical calculation coefficient storage register 302, and an appropriate calculation is performed by the convolution device 301 that calculates using the value to restore the image.

As described above, when a phase plate as a light wavefront modulation element is applied to an imaging apparatus provided in a zoom optical system, the spot image generated differs depending on the zoom position of the zoom optical system. For this reason, when a convolution calculation is performed on a defocus image (spot image) obtained from the phase plate by a DSP or the like at a later stage, different convolution calculations are required depending on the zoom position in order to obtain an appropriate focused image. Become.
Therefore, in the present embodiment, the zoom information detection apparatus 500 is provided, and is configured to perform an appropriate convolution calculation according to the zoom position and obtain an appropriate focused image regardless of the zoom position.

For proper convolution calculation in the image processing apparatus 300 </ b> A, one type of convolution calculation coefficient can be stored in the register 302 in common.
In addition to this configuration, the following configuration can be employed.

  A configuration in which a correction coefficient is stored in advance in the register 302 in accordance with each zoom position, a calculation coefficient is corrected using the correction coefficient, and an appropriate convolution calculation is performed using the corrected calculation coefficient. Then, the kernel 302 and the convolution calculation coefficient itself are stored in the register 302 in advance, the convolution calculation is performed using the stored kernel size and calculation coefficient, and the calculation coefficient corresponding to the zoom position is stored in the register 302 as a function in advance. It is possible to adopt a configuration in which a calculation coefficient is obtained from this function based on the zoom position, and a convolution calculation is performed using the calculated calculation coefficient.

  Corresponding to the configuration of FIG. 32, the following configuration can be taken.

At least two or more conversion coefficients corresponding to the aberration caused by the phase plate 113a corresponding to the zoom position or zoom amount of the zoom optical system 110 are stored in advance in the register 302 as the conversion coefficient storage means. A coefficient by which the image processing arithmetic processor 303 selects a conversion coefficient corresponding to the zoom position or the zoom amount of the zoom optical system 110 from the register 302 based on the information generated by the zoom information detecting device 500 as the zoom information generating means. It functions as a selection means.
Then, a convolution device 301 as a conversion unit converts an image signal using the conversion coefficient selected by the image processing arithmetic processor 303 as a coefficient selection unit.

Alternatively, as described above, the image processing arithmetic processor 303 as the conversion coefficient calculation unit calculates the conversion coefficient based on the information generated by the zoom information detection apparatus 500 as the zoom information generation unit and stores the conversion coefficient in the register 302.
Then, a convolution device 301 as a conversion unit converts an image signal using a conversion coefficient obtained by an image processing calculation processor 303 as a conversion coefficient calculation unit and stored in the register 302.

Alternatively, at least one correction value corresponding to the zoom position or zoom amount of the zoom optical system 110 is stored in advance in the register 302 serving as a correction value storage unit. This correction value includes the kernel size of the subject aberration image.
A conversion coefficient corresponding to the aberration caused by the phase plate 113a is stored in advance in the register 302 that also functions as a second conversion coefficient storage unit.
Then, based on the zoom information generated by the zoom information detecting device 500 serving as the zoom information generating unit, the image processing arithmetic processor 303 serving as the correction value selecting unit performs the zoom position of the zoom optical system from the register 302 serving as the correction value storing unit. Alternatively, a correction value corresponding to the zoom amount is selected.
The convolution device 301 serving as the conversion unit generates an image based on the conversion coefficient obtained from the register 302 serving as the second conversion coefficient storage unit and the correction value selected by the image processing arithmetic processor 303 serving as the correction value selection unit. Perform signal conversion.

FIG. 33 shows a configuration example of a filter when exposure information, object distance information, and zoom information are used.
In this example, two-dimensional information is formed by object distance information and zoom information, and exposure information forms information such as depth.

2 and FIG. 3 is an example, and the present invention is not necessarily used for the optical system of FIG. 2 and FIG. 4 and 5 are only examples of the spot shape, and the spot shape of the present embodiment is not limited to that shown in FIGS.
Also, the kernel data storage ROMs of FIGS. 23, 24, and 25 are not necessarily used for the optical magnification, F number, and the size and value of each kernel. Also, the number of kernel data to be prepared is not limited to three.
As shown in FIG. 33, the storage amount is increased by using three dimensions or even four or more dimensions, but a more suitable one can be selected in consideration of various conditions. The information may be the above-described exposure information, object distance information, zoom information, or the like.

As described above, in the case of an imaging device including a phase plate as a light wavefront modulation element, an image signal without proper aberration can be generated by image processing within a predetermined focal length range. When there is an outside of the predetermined focal length range, there is a limit to the correction of image processing, so that only an object outside the above range has an image signal with aberration.
On the other hand, by performing image processing in which no aberration occurs within a predetermined narrow range, it is possible to bring out a blur to an image outside the predetermined narrow range.

As described above, according to the present embodiment, the optical system 110 and the image sensor 120 including the light wavefront modulation element that forms the primary image, and the image processing apparatus 140 that forms the primary image into a high-definition final image. As for the mounting position of the optical system 110 and the image sensor 120, the number of pixels to which an output signal related to a rotationally asymmetric point image intensity distribution (PSF) is input at the center through the optical system using the adjusting device is the largest. Since it is set to increase, the imaging device 120 and the phase modulation element (phase plate) 113a as the light wavefront modulation element can be arranged suitable for restoration, and a depth extension optical system with a loose tolerance is realized. it can.
As a result, there is an advantage that a blur that improves the restored image can be realized, and that an appropriate restored image can be obtained with an appropriate image quality and less influenced by noise.
Further, there is an advantage that the optical system can be simplified, the cost can be reduced, and a restored image having an appropriate image quality and a small influence of noise can be obtained.
In addition, the kernel size used in the convolution calculation and the coefficient used in the numerical calculation are made variable, know by input from the operation unit 180, etc. There is an advantage that the lens can be designed without worrying about the image and that the image can be restored by convolution with high accuracy.
Also, a so-called natural image is obtained in which the object to be photographed is in focus and the background is blurred without requiring a highly difficult, expensive and large-sized optical lens and without driving the lens. There are advantages that can be made.
The imaging apparatus 100 according to the present embodiment can be used in a DEOS optical system in consideration of the small size, light weight, and cost of consumer devices such as digital cameras and camcorders.

In the present embodiment, the imaging lens system having a wavefront forming optical element that deforms the wavefront of the imaging on the light receiving surface of the imaging element 120 by the imaging lens 112 and the primary image FIM by the imaging element 120 are received. In addition, the image processing apparatus 140 that forms a high-definition final image FNLIM by performing a predetermined correction process or the like that raises the MTF at the spatial frequency of the primary image, so that high-definition image quality can be obtained. There is an advantage of becoming.
In addition, the configuration of the optical system 110 can be simplified, manufacturing becomes easy, and cost reduction can be achieved.

By the way, when a CCD or CMOS sensor is used as an image sensor, there is a resolution limit determined by the pixel pitch, and if the resolution of the optical system exceeds the limit resolution, a phenomenon such as aliasing occurs, which adversely affects the final image. It is a well-known fact that
In order to improve image quality, it is desirable to increase the contrast as much as possible, but this requires a high-performance lens system.

However, as described above, aliasing occurs when a CCD or CMOS sensor is used as an image sensor.
Currently, in order to avoid the occurrence of aliasing, the imaging lens apparatus uses a low-pass filter made of a uniaxial crystal system to avoid the occurrence of aliasing.
The use of a low-pass filter in this way is correct in principle, but the low-pass filter itself is made of crystal, so it is expensive and difficult to manage. Moreover, there is a disadvantage that the use of the optical system makes the optical system more complicated.

As described above, in order to form a high-definition image, the optical system must be complicated in the conventional imaging lens apparatus in spite of the demand for higher-definition image due to the trend of the times. . If it is complicated, manufacturing becomes difficult, and if an expensive low-pass filter is used, the cost increases.
However, according to this embodiment, the occurrence of aliasing can be avoided without using a low-pass filter, and high-definition image quality can be obtained.

  In this embodiment, the example in which the wavefront forming optical element of the optical system is arranged closer to the object side lens than the stop is shown. An effect can be obtained.

Moreover, the optical system of FIG.2 and FIG.3 is an example, and this invention is not necessarily used with respect to the optical system of FIG.2 and FIG.3. 4 and 5 are only examples of the spot shape, and the spot shape of the present embodiment is not limited to that shown in FIGS.
Also, the kernel data storage ROM of FIGS. 23, 24, and 25 is not necessarily used for the values of optical magnification, F number, size of each kernel, and object distance. Also, the number of kernel data to be prepared is not limited to three.

1 is a block configuration diagram showing an embodiment of an imaging apparatus according to the present invention. It is a figure which shows typically the structural example of the zoom optical system of the wide angle side of the imaging lens apparatus which concerns on this embodiment. It is a figure which shows typically the structural example of the zoom optical system of the telephoto side of the imaging lens apparatus which concerns on this embodiment. It is a figure which shows the spot shape of the image height center on the wide angle side. It is a figure which shows the spot shape of the image height center of a telephoto side. It is a figure for demonstrating the principle of DEOS. It is a figure which shows the spot image in the light-receiving surface of the image pick-up element which concerns on this embodiment, Comprising: (A) is a case where a focus shifts 0.2 mm (Defocus = 0.2 mm), (B) is a focus point ( Best focus), (C) is a diagram showing each spot image when the focal point is deviated by −0.2 mm (Defocus = −0.2 mm). It is a figure for demonstrating MTF of the primary image formed with the image sensor which concerns on this embodiment, Comprising: (A) is a figure which shows the spot image in the light-receiving surface of the image sensor of an imaging lens apparatus, (B ) Shows the MTF characteristics with respect to the spatial frequency. It is a figure which shows analog PSF after a reference position and a predetermined angle rotation. It is a figure which shows the digital PSF after the A / D conversion of the analog PSF of FIG. It is a figure which shows MT of digital PSF of FIG. It is a figure which shows typically analog PSF in the case of a reference position, and digital PSF. It is a figure which shows typically analog PSF after 45 degree | times rotation, and digital PSF. It is a block diagram which shows the structural example of the adjustment apparatus which concerns on this embodiment. It is a figure for demonstrating the position adjustment process of an optical system and an image pick-up element. It is a figure which shows the shape of the wavefront aberration represented by a type | formula, when the optical axis of the optical system containing the optical wavefront modulation element of this embodiment is set to az axis, and two mutually orthogonal axes are set to x and y. It is the figure which represented the shape of the wavefront aberration and the range below 0.5 (lambda) with the thick line. It is a figure for demonstrating the MTF correction process in the image processing apparatus which concerns on this embodiment. It is a figure for demonstrating concretely the MTF correction process in the image processing apparatus which concerns on this embodiment. It is a figure which shows the response (response) of MTF when an object exists in a focus position in the case of the conventional optical system, and when it remove | deviated from the focus position. It is a figure which shows the response of MTF when an object exists in a focus position in the case of the optical system of this embodiment which has a light wavefront modulation element, and remove | deviates from a focus position. It is a figure which shows the response of MTF after the data restoration of the imaging device which concerns on this embodiment. It is a figure which shows an example (optical magnification) of the storage data of kernel data ROM. It is a figure which shows the other example (F number) of the storage data of kernel data ROM. It is a figure which shows the other example (F number) of the storage data of kernel data ROM. It is a flowchart which shows the outline | summary of the optical system setting process of an exposure control apparatus. It is a figure which shows the 1st structural example about a signal processing part and a kernel data storage ROM. It is a figure which shows the 2nd structural example about a signal processing part and a kernel data storage ROM. It is a figure which shows the 3rd structural example about a signal processing part and kernel data storage ROM. It is a figure which shows the 4th structural example about a signal processing part and kernel data storage ROM. It is a figure which shows the structural example of the image processing apparatus which combines subject distance information and exposure information. It is a figure which shows the structural example of the image processing apparatus which combines zoom information and exposure information. It is a figure which shows the structural example of the filter at the time of using exposure information, object distance information, and zoom information. It is a figure which shows typically the structure and light beam state of a general imaging lens apparatus. FIG. 35 is a diagram showing a spot image on the light receiving surface of the image sensor of the imaging lens device of FIG. 34, where (A) shows a case where the focal point is shifted by 0.2 mm (Defocus = 0.2 mm), and (B) shows a focused point. In the case (Best focus), (C) is a diagram showing each spot image when the focal point is shifted by -0.2 mm (Defocus = -0.2 mm).

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 100 ... Imaging device, 110 ... Optical system, 120 ... Imaging element, 130 ... Analog front end part (AFE), 140 ... Image processing apparatus, 150 ... Camera signal processing part, DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 180 ... Operation part, 190 ... Control apparatus, 111 ... Object side lens, 112 ... Imaging lens, 113 ... Optical element for wavefront formation, 113a ... Phase plate (light wavefront modulation) Element), 142 ... convolution calculation unit , 143 ... kernel data ROM, 144 ... convolution control unit, 200 ... adjustment device, 210 ... lens adjustment drive unit, 211 ... small Aperture, 212... Lens (optical system), 213... Motor driver, 220... Sensor (imaging device), 230... AFE (analog front end), 240. A buffer memory, 250 ... image signal processing unit, 260 ... adjustment control unit, 270 ... image display unit.

Claims (26)

An optical system including a light wavefront modulation element formed by a rotationally asymmetric point spread (PSF) at the center of the output pixel region of the image sensor and modulating an optical transfer function (OTF);
An image sensor that images a subject image that has passed through the optical system;
An image processing unit that performs a predetermined process on the image signal of the subject from the image sensor,
The relative mounting position of the optical system and the image sensor is
The imaging device and the optical wavefront modulation element, is selected by relatively rotating around the optical axis, the output signal of the PSF that has passed through the optical system is set so that the number of pixels is most inputting ,
The PSF has an apex, and the PSF is bilaterally symmetric about a center line passing through the apex . The relative mounting position of the optical system and the image sensor is
The imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein an output signal related to the PSF that has passed through the optical system is set to be input to a plurality of pixels that are linearly arranged at an edge facing the top of the PSF. . The relative mounting position of the optical system and the image sensor is
A plurality of output signals related to the PSF that have passed through the optical system are adjacent to each other in the diagonal direction of the pixel array at a plurality of positions from the top to the tip of the diagonal side at an oblique side with respect to the top of the PSF. The imaging device according to claim 1, wherein the imaging device is set to input up to a pixel. 4. The attachment position is set so that an output signal related to the PSF that has passed through the optical system is input to more pixels than an output signal related to the PSF at the reference position. 5. Imaging device. A converter that converts an image signal from the image sensor from an analog signal to a digital signal and converts the image signal to the image processing unit;
The relative mounting position of the optical system and the image sensor is
The output signal of the PSF is set to be input to a plurality of pixels arranged linearly at the edge facing the top of the PSF depending on the sampling target when converting from an analog signal to a digital signal. The imaging device according to any one of claims 1 to 3. A converter that converts an image signal from the image sensor from an analog signal to a digital signal and converts the image signal to the image processing unit;
The relative mounting position of the optical system and the image sensor is
Depending on the sampling target at the time of conversion from an analog signal to a digital signal, the output signal of the PSF is arranged in a pixel array at a plurality of locations between the top and the tip of the oblique side on the oblique side with respect to the top of the PSF. The imaging device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the imaging device is set to input up to a plurality of pixels adjacent in the oblique direction. The imaging apparatus according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the PSF that has passed through the optical system is arranged to be equal in a plurality of azimuth directions in a modulation transfer function (MTF) after conversion from the analog signal to the digital signal. . The imaging apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the image processing unit generates a non-dispersed image signal from a subject dispersed image signal from an imaging element. The imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the light wavefront modulation element has an effect of making a change in OTF according to an object distance smaller than an optical system that does not have the light wavefront modulation element. 10. The imaging device according to claim 8, wherein the optical wavefront modulation element has a phase represented by the following expression when the optical axis of the optical system is a z-axis and two axes orthogonal to each other are x and y.
The OTF of the optical system having the light wavefront modulation element is 0.1 or more up to the Nyquist frequency of the image pickup device over an object distance wider than the depth of field of the optical system not including the light wavefront modulation element. The imaging device according to any one of 8 to 10. The imaging apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the image processing unit includes means for performing noise reduction filtering. Storing means for storing calculation coefficients of the image processing unit;
The imaging device according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the storage unit stores a calculation coefficient for noise reduction processing according to exposure information. Storing means for storing calculation coefficients of the image processing unit;
The imaging device according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the storage unit stores a calculation coefficient for restoring an optical transfer function (OTF) according to exposure information. The imaging apparatus according to claim 13, wherein aperture information is included as the exposure information. The imaging device
Including subject distance information generating means for generating information corresponding to the distance to the subject,
Wherein the image processing unit, the object distance information claim 8 Symbol mounting of an imaging apparatus for generating an image signal without dispersion than the object dispersed image signal based on the information generated by the generating means. The imaging device
Conversion coefficient storage means for storing in advance at least two conversion coefficients corresponding to dispersion caused by at least the light wavefront modulation element or the optical system according to a subject distance;
Coefficient selection means for selecting a conversion coefficient according to the distance from the conversion coefficient storage means to the subject based on the information generated by the subject distance information generation means,
The imaging apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the image processing unit converts an image signal using a conversion coefficient selected by the coefficient selection unit. The imaging device
Conversion coefficient calculation means for calculating a conversion coefficient based on the information generated by the subject distance information generation means,
The imaging apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the image processing unit converts an image signal using a conversion coefficient obtained from the conversion coefficient calculation unit. The imaging device
The optical system includes a zoom optical system,
Correction value storage means for storing in advance at least one correction value corresponding to the zoom position or zoom amount of the zoom optical system;
Second conversion coefficient storage means for storing in advance a conversion coefficient corresponding to dispersion caused by at least the light wavefront modulation element or the optical system;
Anda correction value selecting means for selecting a correction value corresponding to the distance from the previous SL correction value storage means to the object,
The imaging apparatus according to claim 8 , wherein the image processing unit converts an image signal based on the conversion coefficient obtained from the second conversion coefficient storage unit and the correction value selected from the correction value selection unit. The imaging apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the correction value stored in the correction value storage means includes a kernel size of the subject dispersion image signal . The imaging device
Subject distance information generating means for generating information corresponding to the distance to the subject;
Conversion coefficient calculation means for calculating a conversion coefficient based on the information generated by the subject distance information generation means,
Wherein the image processing unit, the transform coefficients to the conversion coefficient obtained from the arithmetic unit, according to claim 8 Symbol mounting of an imaging apparatus for generating a dispersion-free image signal performs conversion of the image signal. The imaging apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the conversion coefficient calculation unit includes a kernel size of the subject dispersion image signal as a variable. Storage means for storing the conversion coefficient,
The conversion coefficient calculation means stores the obtained conversion coefficient in the storage means,
The imaging device according to claim 21 or 22, wherein the image processing unit converts an image signal using a conversion coefficient stored in the storage unit to generate an image signal without dispersion. The imaging device according to any one of claims 21 to 23, wherein the image processing unit performs a convolution operation based on the conversion coefficient. An imaging apparatus manufacturing apparatus for manufacturing an imaging apparatus by adjusting a relative mounting position of an optical system including an optical wavefront modulation element and an imaging element,
The optical system and the image sensor are attached so that the number of pixels to which an output signal relating to a rotationally asymmetric point spread intensity (PSF) is input at the center in the output pixel area of the image sensor that has passed through the optical system is maximized. It has a regulating device to adjust,
The relative mounting position of the optical system and the image sensor is
The light wavefront modulation element and the imaging element are selected by relatively rotating around the optical axis,
The PSF has an apex, and the PSF is symmetrical with respect to a center line passing through the apex . An imaging apparatus manufacturing method for manufacturing an imaging apparatus by adjusting a relative mounting position of an optical system including an optical wavefront modulation element and an imaging element,
A first step of arranging an optical system and an image sensor;
The optical system and the image sensor are attached so that the number of pixels to which an output signal relating to a rotationally asymmetric point spread intensity (PSF) is input at the center in the output pixel area of the image sensor that has passed through the optical system is maximized. possess a second step of adjusting, the,
In the second step,
Adjusting the mounting position by rotating the light wavefront modulation element and the imaging element relative to each other about an optical axis;
The PSF has a top portion, and the PSF is symmetrical with respect to a center line passing through the top portion .