JP4983418B2 - Communication device - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a communication apparatus that transmits a high-frequency signal using electric field coupling by an electrostatic field or an induction electric field between information devices arranged at a very short distance, and performs a large capacity transmission at a very short distance, and particularly, in the vicinity. The present invention relates to a communication apparatus that suppresses unnecessary radio wave emission in a no-load state in which no communication partner exists and no electric field coupling occurs, and suppresses signal distortion and spurious generation.

  Recently, when moving data between small information devices such as exchanging data such as images and music with a personal computer, it is possible to use a general-purpose cable such as an AV (Audio Visual) cable or a USB (Universal Serial Bus) cable. The use of a wireless interface is increasing instead of a method using a medium such as a connected data communication or a memory card. According to the latter, it is not necessary to change the connector and route the cable every time data is transmitted, which is convenient for the user. Many information devices equipped with various cableless communication functions have also appeared. As a method of transmitting data between small devices without a cable, radio waves that transmit and receive wireless signals using an antenna, such as wireless LAN (Local Area Network) and Bluetooth (registered trademark) communication represented by IEEE 802.11, are used. Communication methods have been developed.

  In addition, a wireless communication method called “ultra-wide band (UWB)”, which has been attracting attention in recent years, uses a very wide frequency band of 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz, and has a large amount of wireless data of about 100 Mbps in a short distance. Since the wireless communication technology realizes transmission, it is possible to transfer a large amount of data such as moving images and music data for one CD at a high speed in a short time. The UWB communication has a communication distance of about 10 m from the relationship of transmission power, and a short-range wireless communication system such as PAN (Personal Area Network) is assumed. For example, in IEEE 802.15.3, a data transmission system having a packet structure including a preamble has been devised as an access control system for UWB communication. In addition, Intel Corporation is considering a wireless version of USB (Universal Serial Bus), which is widely used as a general-purpose interface for personal computers, as a UWB application. Considering the fact that it is possible to transmit data exceeding 100 Mbps without occupying the transmission band of 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz and the ease of making an RF circuit, the UWB low band of 3.1 to 4.9 GHz Development of transmission systems that use this technology is also active.

  Here, under the Radio Law in Japan, the electric field strength (the strength of radio waves) at a distance of 3 meters from the radio equipment is below a predetermined level, that is, about the noise level for other radio systems in the vicinity. With weak radio, there is no need to obtain a radio station license, and the development and manufacturing costs of the radio system can be reduced. The above-described UWB communication can configure a short-range wireless communication system with a relatively low electric field level from the relationship of transmission power. However, when a UWB communication system is configured by a radio wave communication system that transmits and receives radio signals using an antenna, it is difficult to suppress the generated electric field to such a weak level.

  Many of the conventional wireless communication systems adopt a radio communication system, and propagate signals using a radiation electric field generated when a current is passed through an antenna (antenna). In this case, since a radio wave is emitted from the transmitter side regardless of whether there is a communication partner, there is a problem that it becomes a generation source of an interference radio wave for a nearby communication system. Further, since the antenna on the receiver side receives not only the desired wave from the transmitter but also a radio wave arriving from a distance, it is easily affected by the surrounding interfering radio waves and causes a decrease in reception sensitivity. Further, when there are a plurality of communication partners, it is necessary to perform complicated settings in order to select a desired communication partner. For example, when a plurality of sets of wireless devices perform wireless communication in a narrow range, it is necessary to perform communication by performing division multiplexing such as frequency selection in order to avoid mutual interference. In addition, since radio waves cannot communicate when their polarization directions are orthogonal, it is necessary for the antennas to have the same polarization direction between the transceivers.

  For example, when considering a contactless data communication system at a close distance of several millimeters to several centimeters, the transmitter / receiver is strongly coupled at a short distance, while a signal is transmitted to a long distance to avoid interference with other systems. It is preferable not to arrive. In addition, it is desirable that the devices that perform data communication do not depend on each other's posture (orientation) when they are brought close to each other, and are not coupled, that is, have no directivity. In addition, in order to perform large-capacity data communication, it is desirable that broadband communication is possible.

  The wireless communication includes a communication method using an electrostatic field or an induction field in addition to the radio wave communication using the radiated electric field. For example, in an existing non-contact communication system mainly used for RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification), an electric field coupling method or an electromagnetic induction method is applied. The static electric field and the induction electric field are inversely proportional to the cube of the distance and the square of the distance with respect to the distance from the source, respectively, so that the electric field strength (radio wave strength) at a distance of 3 meters from the radio equipment is below a predetermined level. Weak wireless is possible, and there is no need to obtain a radio station license. Also, in this type of contactless communication system, the transmission signal attenuates steeply according to the distance. Therefore, when there is no communication partner in the vicinity, a coupling relationship does not occur, so that other communication systems are not disturbed. Further, even when radio waves arrive from a distance, the coupler (coupler) does not receive radio waves, so that it is not necessary to receive interference from other communication systems. In other words, it can be said that contactless / ultra-short-range communication by electric field coupling using an induced electric field or an electrostatic field is suitable for realizing weak wireless.

  A contactless ultra-short-range communication system has several advantages over a normal wireless communication system. For example, when wireless signals are exchanged between devices that are relatively distant from each other, the quality of signals in the wireless section will decrease depending on the presence of surrounding reflectors and the expansion of the communication distance. Therefore, there is no dependence on the surrounding environment, and high quality transmission with a low error rate is possible using a high transmission rate. Also, in the ultra short-range communication system, there is no room for unauthorized devices to intercept transmission data, and it is not necessary to consider prevention of hacking and ensuring confidentiality on the transmission path.

  Further, in radio wave communication, since the antenna needs to have a size that is about one-half or one-fourth of the wavelength λ used, the apparatus inevitably increases in size. On the other hand, there is no such restriction in the ultra short-range communication system using an induced electric field or an electrostatic field.

  For example, by forming a communication auxiliary body set in which RFID tags are positioned between a plurality of communication auxiliary bodies, and arranging RFID tags attached to a plurality of products so as to be sandwiched between the communication auxiliary bodies, RFID There has been proposed an RFID tag system that enables stable reading / writing of information even when tags are overlapped (see, for example, Patent Document 1).

  In addition to the apparatus main body and a mounting means for mounting the apparatus main body on the body, the antenna coil and the data communication means for performing data communication with an external communication device through the antenna coil in a non-contact manner. A data communication device using an induction magnetic field in which an antenna coil and data communication means are arranged in an outer case provided in the upper part of the device body has been proposed (see, for example, Patent Document 2). .

  In addition, an antenna coil for data communication with an external device is mounted on a memory card inserted into the portable information device, and an RFID antenna coil is disposed outside the memory card insertion slot of the portable information device. A proposal has been made on a mobile phone having an RFID that secures a communication distance without impairing portability (see, for example, Patent Document 3).

  A conventional RFID system using an electrostatic field or an induction electric field uses a low frequency signal, and therefore has a low communication speed and is not suitable for a large amount of data transmission. In the case of a communication method using an induction magnetic field by an antenna / coil, if there is a metal plate on the back of the coil, communication cannot be performed, and a large area is required on the plane on which the coil is arranged. There are also implementation issues. Further, the loss in the transmission path is large, and the signal transmission efficiency is not good.

  On the other hand, the present inventors transmit a high-frequency signal by electric field coupling, that is, super transmission that transmits the above UWB communication signal using electric field coupling by an electrostatic field or an induction electric field, or magnetic field coupling by an induction magnetic field. We believe that high-speed data transmission considering confidentiality can be realized by a short-range communication system using a weak electric field that does not require a license as a radio station. In the UWB communication system using an electrostatic field or an induction field, the present inventors consider that a large amount of data such as a moving image or music data for one CD can be transferred in a short time.

JP 2006-60283 A JP 2004-214879 A JP 2005-18671 A

  In radio communication systems using radio fields that radiate electric fields, radio signals can be propagated far away, but in radio frequency radio communication systems, unintended radio waves can interfere with other radio systems, and peripheral information devices Communication may be hindered by external interference radio waves. If a radio wave absorber is placed in the vicinity of the antenna of the wireless device, unnecessary radio waves can be blocked, but the desired radio wave that propagates the desired signal is also absorbed and communication cannot be performed.

  On the other hand, in the case of an electric field coupling type non-contact communication system in which a communication distance is limited to a short distance and coupled by an electrostatic field or an induction electric field, or a magnetic field coupling type non-contact communication system coupled by an induction magnetic field, a coupling electrode Alternatively, if the coil is ideally designed, generation of unnecessary radio waves can be suppressed and reception of external radio waves can be prevented. As described above, high-speed data transmission considering confidentiality can be realized by a very short-range communication system that transmits an UWB communication signal using an electrostatic field, by a weak electric field that does not require a license as a radio station. .

  However, a high-frequency coupler that transmits a high-frequency signal by electric field coupling between the transmitter and the receiver has a high impedance in a no-load state that is not in a coupling relationship with the communication partner. There is a problem that standing waves are generated inside. When the signal line or the ground operates like an antenna due to the standing wave, unnecessary radio waves may be radiated to affect external electronic devices.

  Further, since the impedance of the high frequency coupler does not appear to be 50Ω, the characteristics of the RF filter or the like change, and spurious is generated or the transmission signal is distorted.

  The present invention has been made in view of such technical problems, and its main purpose is to transmit a high-frequency signal between information devices arranged at an extremely short distance by using electric field coupling by an electrostatic field or an induction electric field. An object of the present invention is to provide an excellent communication apparatus capable of performing large-capacity transmission at an extremely short distance.

  A further object of the present invention is to suppress the emission of unnecessary radio waves in a no-load state where there is no communication partner in the vicinity and no electric field coupling, and it is possible to suppress the occurrence of signal distortion and spurious. It is to provide a communication device.

  The present invention has been made in consideration of the above-described problems, and is a communication device that transmits the high-frequency signal by electric field coupling of an electrostatic field or an induction electric field with a high-frequency coupler on the communication partner side, Is composed of a communication circuit section for processing a high-frequency signal for transmitting a signal and a high-frequency coupler for electric field coupling with a communication partner facing each other with a very short distance. The high-frequency coupler includes a coupling electrode, a resonance unit for strengthening electrical coupling between the coupling electrodes, and a load resistor connected to an input terminal of the communication circuit unit.

  Many wireless communication systems typified by wireless LANs use a radiated electric field that is generated when a current is passed through an antenna, so that radio waves are emitted regardless of whether there is a communication partner. In addition, the radiated electric field attenuates gently in inverse proportion to the distance from the antenna, so that the signal reaches a relatively far distance and becomes a source of disturbing radio waves to nearby communication systems, and the antenna on the receiver side also surrounds it. The reception sensitivity decreases due to the effects of interference. In short, in the radio wave communication system, it is difficult to realize wireless communication limited to a communication partner at a short distance.

  On the other hand, a non-contact communication system including a transmitter that generates a high-frequency signal such as UWB that transmits data and a receiver that receives and processes a high-frequency signal using electric field coupling by an electrostatic field or an induction electric field. When there is no communication partner nearby, the connection relationship does not occur. In addition, the electric field strengths of the induction electric field and the electrostatic field are steeply attenuated in inverse proportion to the square and the cube of the distance, respectively. That is, an unnecessary electric field is not generated and the electric field does not reach far, so that it does not disturb other communication systems. Further, even when radio waves arrive from a distance, the coupling electrode does not receive radio waves, so that it is not necessary to receive interference from other communication systems. Therefore, weak radio that does not require a radio station license is possible, and it is not necessary to consider prevention of hacking and ensuring confidentiality on the transmission path. In addition, since it is a broadband communication using high-frequency signals such as UWB, it is possible to perform a large-capacity communication over a very short distance. For example, a large amount of data such as a moving image or music data for one CD can be transmitted at high speed in a short time. Can be transferred.

  Here, in the high frequency circuit, a propagation loss occurs according to the propagation distance with respect to the wavelength. Therefore, when transmitting a high frequency signal such as UWB, it is necessary to suppress the propagation loss sufficiently low.

  Therefore, in the electric field coupling type non-contact communication system using the high frequency signal, the high frequency coupler of the transmitter and the receiver includes a resonance unit and an impedance matching unit. While the electric field coupling is strengthened by the mutual resonance parts, the impedance matching part is adapted to match the impedance between the electrodes of the transmitter and the receiver, that is, the coupling part, and suppress the reflected wave. In other words, the pair of high frequency couplers of the transmitter and the receiver are configured to operate as a band pass filter that passes a desired high frequency band.

  The impedance matching unit and the resonance unit can be configured by a lumped constant circuit in which a series inductor and a parallel inductor are connected to a high-frequency signal transmission path, for example. However, since the lumped constant circuit determines constants such as inductance L and capacitance C based on the center frequency, impedance matching is not achieved in a band outside the assumed center frequency, and the operation as designed is do not do. In other words, it works effectively only in a narrow band. Particularly in the high frequency band, the resonance frequency is influenced by the fine structure of the lumped constant circuit portion and the variation of inductors and capacitors having a small value, so that it is difficult to adjust the frequency. In addition, when the impedance matching part and the resonance part are configured with lumped constants, if a small chip inductor is used as the inductor, there is a loss inside the chip inductor, and the propagation loss between the high frequency couplers becomes large. is there.

  Further, when the coupler is accommodated in the casing of the device, it is assumed that the center frequency is shifted due to the influence of the surrounding metal parts. For this reason, it is necessary to design the coupler in advance so as to effectively operate at a wide frequency. When a plurality of devices having a narrow band are arranged, the band of the entire system is further narrowed, so that it is difficult to simultaneously use a plurality of high-frequency couplers in a broadband communication system.

  In view of this, the high-frequency coupler has a wide bandwidth by configuring a coupling electrode and an impedance matching unit and a resonance unit for impedance matching between the coupling electrodes, instead of a lumped constant circuit to a distributed constant circuit. Can be realized.

  In addition, a high-frequency coupler that transmits a high-frequency signal by electric field coupling between the transmitter and the receiver has a high impedance in a no-load state that is not coupled with the communication partner. There is a problem that standing waves are generated inside. When the signal line or the ground operates like an antenna due to the standing wave, unnecessary radio waves may be radiated to affect external electronic devices.

  Therefore, the communication device according to the present invention has a high-frequency coupler that has a large impedance in the no-load state and can be regarded as the open end, and a reflected wave from the end of the high-frequency coupler that is generated in the no-load state. As a result, it is configured such that impedance matching is achieved on the high frequency coupler side when viewed from the transmission / reception circuit side.

  Therefore, even in a no-load state where the high-frequency couplers are not close to each other, impedance matching is obtained when viewed from the transmission / reception circuit side, and no reflected wave is generated at the terminal electrode, so that a standing wave is generated in the circuit. Can be suppressed. As a result, unnecessary radio wave radiation is suppressed and the influence on external electronic devices is small. In addition, the RF filter and the like operate normally, and signal distortion and spurious can be prevented.

  Here, when close-range wireless communication is performed by bringing high-frequency couplers with load resistors close to each other, almost half of the transmission signal is consumed by the load resistance of the input end on the transmitter side, and further, the reception signal of the reception signal is also received on the receiver side. Almost half is consumed by the load resistance of the input end. For this reason, compared with the case where there is no load resistance, reception power will fall remarkably.

  Therefore, when the communication partner's high-frequency coupler is in close proximity and is in a communication state due to electric field coupling, a load resistor is connected to the input end of the high-frequency coupler. The load resistance may be separated from the end.

  Specifically, the high frequency coupler is configured such that the signal line from the transmission / reception circuit unit is alternatively connected to either the high frequency coupler or the load resistor via the changeover switch.

  Or you may make it comprise so that the input end to which the signal wire | line from a transmission / reception circuit part is connected to a high frequency coupler may be connected to load resistance via a changeover switch.

  When such a configuration is adopted in each high-frequency coupler of each transceiver, the input signal from the transmission circuit unit is consumed by a load resistor when not in a communication state, thereby suppressing generation of unnecessary radio waves, signal distortion, and spurious ( In the communication state, the transmission signal and the reception signal are not wasted due to the load resistance, and the reception power does not decrease, so that more efficient communication can be performed.

  In addition, connection switching of load resistance by a changeover switch can be automatically performed according to the communication state between transmitter / receiver. For example, it is possible to determine whether or not the high frequency coupler of the communication partner is in a close position based on the power intensity of the received signal.

  Alternatively, the transmitter / receiver may be equipped with sensors that detect the mutual positional relationship, and the changeover switch may be operated based on a sensor signal obtained therefrom. Of course, a user who wants to perform data communication may manually operate the changeover switch.

  Here, as one of the design theories for flexibly generating electric field coupling between the transceivers, a configuration in which a plurality of high frequency couplers are arranged in a single transceiver can be considered. Even when a plurality of high-frequency couplers are connected serially or in parallel to one transmission / reception circuit unit, when there is no load, that is, the high-frequency coupler on the communication partner side does not exist in the close position, the high-frequency coupler There is a problem similar to that described above in that the entrance portion of the antenna becomes a high impedance state, a standing wave is generated by reflection of the transmission signal, and it becomes a source of unnecessary radio noise.

  Therefore, even in these cases, the high frequency coupler has a large impedance in the no-load state so that it can be regarded as the open end, and the reflected wave from the end of the high-frequency coupler generated in the no-load state is It is preferable to provide a load resistance for suppressing the load.

  For example, when a plurality of high-frequency couplers are serially arranged with respect to one transmission / reception circuit unit, a load resistor is connected to the input terminal of the high-frequency coupler connected to the terminal, thereby making it possible to determine in a no-load state. Generation of standing waves can be efficiently suppressed.

  In addition, when a plurality of high frequency couplers are arranged in parallel with respect to one transmission / reception circuit unit, by connecting a load resistor to a branch point to each high frequency coupler, Generation | occurrence | production can be suppressed efficiently.

  Of course, even when these high-frequency couplers are arranged, a changeover switch for connecting or disconnecting a load resistor according to the communication state is used to prevent a decrease in received signal during communication and to perform efficient communication. It is preferable to provide.

  According to the present invention, a high-frequency signal can be transmitted between information devices arranged at a very short distance using an electric field coupling by an electrostatic field or an induction electric field, and a large capacity transmission can be performed at a very short distance. A communication device can be provided.

  The communication device according to the present invention has a reflected wave that is impedance-matched when viewed from the transmission / reception circuit side even in a no-load state in which the high-frequency coupler on the communication partner side does not exist in close proximity, that is, no electric field coupling occurs. Therefore, it is possible to suppress standing waves in the circuit. As a result, there is little influence on external electronic devices by suppressing the emission of unnecessary radio waves. Further, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of signal distortion and spurious due to the normal operation of the RF filter and the like.

  Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from more detailed description based on embodiments of the present invention described later and the accompanying drawings.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.

  The present invention relates to a communication system that performs data transmission between information devices using electric field coupling of an electrostatic field or an induction electric field. According to a communication method based on an electrostatic field or an induced electric field, when there is no communication partner nearby, there is no coupling relationship and no radio waves are emitted, so that other communication systems are not disturbed. Further, even when radio waves arrive from a distance, the coupler does not receive radio waves, so that it is not necessary to receive interference from other communication systems.

  In the conventional radio communication using an antenna, the electric field strength of the radiated electric field is inversely proportional to the distance, whereas in the induced electric field, the electric field strength is inversely proportional to the distance squared, and in the static electric field, the electric field strength is inversely proportional to the cube of the distance. Therefore, according to the communication method based on electric field coupling, it is possible to configure a weak radio having a noise level for other radio systems in the vicinity, and it is not necessary to obtain a license from the radio station.

  An electrostatic field that varies with time may be referred to as a “quasi-electrostatic field”. In this specification, however, the electrostatic field is collectively referred to as an “electrostatic field”.

  Conventional communication using an electrostatic field or an induction field uses a low-frequency signal and is not suitable for transmitting a large amount of data. On the other hand, in the communication system according to the present invention, high-capacity transmission is possible by transmitting a high-frequency signal by electric field coupling. Specifically, by applying a communication method using a high frequency and a wide band, such as UWB communication, to electric field coupling, it is possible to realize weak data and large capacity data communication.

  UWB communication uses a very wide frequency band of 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz, and can realize high-capacity wireless data transmission of about 100 Mbps despite a short distance. In addition, UWB communication allows data transmission exceeding 100 Mbps without occupying a transmission band of 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz, and considering the ease of making an RF circuit, 3.1-4. A transmission system using a 9 GHz UWB low band is also actively developed.

  The present inventors consider that a data transmission system using UWB low band is one of effective wireless communication technologies installed in mobile devices. For example, it is possible to realize high-speed data transmission in a short-distance area such as an ultra-high-speed short-range DAN (Device Area Network) including a storage device. According to a UWB communication system using electric field coupling such as an electrostatic field and an induction field, data communication by a weak electric field is possible and, for example, a large amount of data such as a moving image or music data for one CD can be quickly and quickly. I think it can be transferred with.

  FIG. 1 shows a configuration example of a non-contact communication system using electric field coupling by an electrostatic field or an induction electric field. The illustrated communication system includes a transmitter 10 that transmits data and a receiver 20 that receives data. As shown in the figure, when the high-frequency couplers of the transceivers are arranged face to face, the two electrodes operate as one capacitor, and as a whole operate like a band-pass filter, the two high-frequency couplers High-frequency signals can be efficiently transmitted between the two. In the communication system shown in the figure, in order to suitably form a transmission path by electric field coupling, sufficient impedance matching is achieved between the high-frequency couplers of the transmitter and receiver, and it operates effectively in a high frequency band and in a wide band. It is necessary to.

  The transmitter / receiver electrodes 14 and 24 of the transmitter 10 and the receiver 20 are disposed to face each other with a spacing of, for example, about 3 cm, and can be coupled to each other. The transmission circuit unit 11 on the transmitter side generates a high-frequency transmission signal such as a UWB signal based on the transmission data when a transmission request is issued from the host application, and the signal propagates from the transmission electrode 14 to the reception electrode 24. Then, the receiving circuit unit 21 on the receiver 20 side demodulates and decodes the received high-frequency signal and passes the reproduced data to the upper application.

  According to a communication method using a high frequency and a wide band like UWB communication, it is possible to realize ultrahigh-speed data transmission of about 100 Mbps at a short distance. In addition, when UWB communication is performed by electric field coupling instead of radio wave communication, the electric field strength is inversely proportional to the cube of the distance or the square of the distance, so the electric field strength (radio wave strength) at a distance of 3 meters from the radio equipment is By suppressing the frequency to a predetermined level or less, it is possible to obtain a weak radio that does not require a radio station license, and a communication system can be configured at low cost. In addition, when data communication is performed at an extremely short distance by the electric field coupling method, the signal quality is not deteriorated by the reflecting objects present in the vicinity, and it is not necessary to consider the prevention of hacking and ensuring the confidentiality on the transmission line. There are advantages such as.

  On the other hand, since the propagation loss increases according to the propagation distance with respect to the wavelength, it is necessary to sufficiently suppress the propagation loss when a high-frequency signal is propagated by electric field coupling. In a communication system that transmits high-frequency broadband signals such as UWB signals by electric field coupling, even ultra-short-distance communication of about 3 cm is equivalent to about one-half wavelength for the used frequency band of 4 GHz, so it is ignored. It is a length that cannot be done. In particular, the problem of characteristic impedance is more serious in a high-frequency circuit than in a low-frequency circuit, and the influence of impedance mismatch becomes apparent at the coupling point between the electrodes of the transceiver.

In communication using frequencies in the kHz or MHz band, the propagation loss in space is small, so that the transmitter and receiver have a coupler consisting only of electrodes as shown in FIG. 2, and the coupling part is simply a parallel plate capacitor. Even in the case of operating as, it is possible to perform desired data transmission. However, in communication using high frequency in the GHz band, since propagation loss in space is large, it is necessary to suppress signal reflection and improve transmission efficiency. As shown in FIG. 3, even if the high-frequency signal transmission path is adjusted to a predetermined characteristic impedance Z ₀ in each of the transmitter and the receiver, impedance matching is performed at the coupling portion only by coupling with a parallel plate capacitor. I can't take it. For this reason, in the impedance mismatching part in a coupling part, a signal is reflected, a propagation loss arises, and efficiency falls. For example, even if the high-frequency signal transmission line connecting the transmission circuit unit 11 and the transmission electrode 14 is a coaxial line with 50Ω impedance matching, the impedance at the coupling portion between the transmission electrode 14 and the reception electrode 24 is low. If they are mismatched, the signal is reflected to cause a propagation loss.

  Therefore, as shown in FIG. 4, the high-frequency couplers disposed in the transmitter 10 and the receiver 20 are connected to the plate-like electrodes 14 and 24, the series inductors 12 and 22, and the parallel inductors 13 and 23, respectively. Connected to the transmission line. When such a high-frequency coupler is disposed facing each other as shown in FIG. 5, the two electrodes operate as one capacitor and operate like a band-pass filter as a whole. High-frequency signals can be efficiently transmitted between the two. Here, the high-frequency signal transmission line indicates a coaxial cable, a microstrip line, a coplanar line, or the like.

  Here, if the purpose is simply to perform impedance matching between the electrodes of the transmitter 10 and the receiver 20, that is, the coupling portion, to suppress the reflected wave, each coupler is connected as shown in FIG. 6A. It is not necessary to configure the flat electrodes 14 and 24, the series inductors 12 and 22 and the parallel inductors 13 and 23 to be connected to the high-frequency signal transmission path, and each coupler is formed as a flat electrode 14 as shown in FIG. 6B. , 24 and a series inductor may be connected to a high-frequency signal transmission line. That is, even when a series inductor is inserted on the high-frequency signal transmission line, when there is a coupler on the receiver side at a very short distance facing the coupler on the transmitter side, the impedance at the coupling portion becomes continuous. It is possible to design as such.

However, in the configuration example shown in FIG. 6B, there is no change in the characteristic impedance before and after the coupling portion, so the magnitude of the current does not change. On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 6A, when connected to the ground via the parallel inductance before the electrode at the end of the high-frequency signal transmission path, the coupler alone has the characteristic impedance Z ₀ on the near side of the coupler. On the other hand, the characteristic impedance Z _{1 at} the end of the coupler is reduced (that is, Z ₀ > Z ₁ ), so that it has a function as an impedance conversion circuit, and the output current of the coupler with respect to the input current I ₀ to the coupler. I ₁ can be amplified (ie, I ₀ <I ₁ ).

  7A and 7B show a state in which an electric field is induced by electric field coupling between electrodes in each of the couplers with and without the parallel inductance. From this figure, it can be understood that the coupler is provided with a parallel inductor in addition to the series inductor, thereby inducing a larger electric field and causing strong coupling between the electrodes. When a large electric field is induced near the electric field as shown in FIG. 7A, the generated electric field propagates in the front direction of the electrode surface as a longitudinal wave that vibrates in the traveling direction. This electric wave makes it possible to propagate a signal between the electrodes even when the distance between the electrodes is relatively large.

  Therefore, in a communication system that transmits high-frequency signals such as UWB signals by electric field coupling, the essential conditions for a high-frequency coupler are as follows.

(1) There is an electrode for coupling by an electric field.
(2) There is a parallel inductor for coupling with a stronger electric field.
(3) In the frequency band used for communication, the inductor and capacitor constants are set so that impedance matching can be achieved when the coupler is placed face to face.

As shown in FIG. 5, the band-pass filter comprising a pair of high-frequency couplers whose electrodes face each other has its pass frequency f ₀ determined by the inductance of the series inductor and the parallel inductor and the capacitance of the capacitor constituted by the electrodes. can do. FIG. 8 shows an equivalent circuit of a bandpass filter composed of a set of high-frequency couplers. If the characteristic impedance R [Ω], the center frequency f ₀ [Hz], the phase difference between the input signal and the passing signal is α [radian] (π <α <2π), and the capacitance of the capacitor constituted by the electrodes is C / 2. The constants L ₁ and L ₂ of the parallel and series inductances constituting the band pass filter can be obtained by the following equations according to the operating frequency f ₀ .

Further, when the coupler functions as an impedance conversion circuit as a single unit, the equivalent circuit is as shown in FIG. In the illustrated circuit diagram, an impedance conversion circuit that converts the characteristic impedance from R ₁ to R ₂ by selecting the parallel inductance L ₁ and the series inductance L ₂ in accordance with the operating frequency f ₀ so as to satisfy the following equation. Can be configured.

  As described above, in the non-contact communication system shown in FIG. 1, a communication device that performs UWB communication uses the high-frequency coupler shown in FIG. 4 instead of using an antenna in a conventional radio communication device of radio wave communication system. As a result, it is possible to realize ultra-short distance data transmission having unprecedented characteristics.

  As shown in FIG. 5, the two high-frequency couplers whose electrodes face each other with a very short distance operate as a band-pass filter that passes a signal in a desired frequency band, and a single high-frequency coupler. Acts as an impedance conversion circuit that amplifies the current. On the other hand, when the high-frequency coupler is placed alone in free space, the input impedance of the high-frequency coupler does not match the characteristic impedance of the high-frequency signal transmission path, so that the signal entering from the high-frequency signal transmission path is reflected in the high-frequency coupler. Not radiated outside.

  Therefore, in the non-contact communication system shown in FIG. 1, when there is no partner to communicate with on the transmitter side, radio waves do not flow like an antenna, and the partner to communicate with approaches each electrode. Only when a capacitor is formed, high-frequency signals are transmitted by impedance matching as shown in FIG.

Here, consider the electromagnetic field generated in the coupling electrode on the transmitter side. FIG. 10 shows an electromagnetic field generated by a minute dipole. As shown in the figure, the electromagnetic field is roughly divided into an electric field component (transverse wave component) E _θ that vibrates in a direction perpendicular to the propagation direction and an electric field component (longitudinal wave component) E _R that vibrates in a direction parallel to the propagation direction. . In addition, a magnetic field _Hφ is generated around the minute dipole. The following equation represents the electromagnetic field due to a small dipole, but since an arbitrary current distribution can be considered as a continuous collection of such small dipoles, the electromagnetic field induced thereby has similar properties (for example, (See, "Antenna / Radio Wave Propagation" by Yasuto Mushiaki (Corona, pages 16-18)).

As can be seen from the above equation, the transverse wave component of the electric field includes a component that is inversely proportional to the distance (radiated electric field), a component that is inversely proportional to the square of the distance (induced electric field), and a component that is inversely proportional to the cube of the distance (electrostatic field). ). Further, the longitudinal wave component of the electric field is composed of only a component inversely proportional to the square of the distance (inductive electric field) and a component inversely proportional to the cube of the distance (electrostatic field), and does not include the component of the radiated electromagnetic field. Further, the electric field E _R becomes maximum in the direction in which | cos θ | = 1, that is, in the direction of the arrow in FIG.

In the radio communications are widely used in wireless communication, radio wave emitted from an antenna is a transverse wave E _theta oscillating in the perpendicular direction its traveling direction, the radio wave can not communicate with the direction of polarization is orthogonal. In contrast, electromagnetic waves emitted from the coupling electrode in a communication system utilizing an electrostatic field or an induced electric field, in addition to the transverse wave E _theta, including longitudinal wave E _R which oscillates in the traveling direction. The longitudinal wave E _R is also called “surface wave”. Incidentally, a surface wave can also propagate through the inside of a medium such as a conductor, a dielectric material, or a magnetic material.

  Of the transmission waves using an electromagnetic field, those having a phase velocity v smaller than the light velocity c are called slow waves, and those having a larger phase velocity v are called fast waves. The surface wave corresponds to the former slow wave.

In a non-contact communication system, a signal can be transmitted via any component of a radiated electric field, an electrostatic field, and an induced electric field. However, a radiated electric field that is inversely proportional to distance can cause interference to other systems that are relatively far away. Therefore, to suppress the component of the radiation field, in other words, while suppressing the transverse wave E _theta comprising the components of the radiation field, the non-contact communication is preferred utilizing longitudinal wave E _R not containing component of the radiation field.

From the viewpoint described above, the high frequency coupler according to the present embodiment is devised as follows. First, it can be seen from the above-described three equations showing the electromagnetic field that E _θ = 0 and the E _R component takes a maximum value when θ = 0 °. That is, E _θ is maximized in a direction perpendicular to the direction of current flow, and E _R is maximized in a direction parallel to the direction of current flow. Therefore, to maximize E _R perpendicular front direction with respect to the electrode surface, it is desirable to increase the vertical direction of the current component to the electrode. On the other hand, when the feeding point is offset from the center of the electrode, the current component in the direction parallel to the electrode increases due to this offset. Then, the front direction of the E _theta component of the electrode according to the current component is increased. Therefore, in the high-frequency coupler according to the present embodiment, the feeding point provided no offset from the center position of the electrode is the E _R component is set to be maximum.

Of course, not only the radiated electric field but also the static electric field and the induced electric field are generated in the conventional antenna, and the electric field coupling occurs when the transmitting and receiving antennas are brought close to each other. However, most of the energy is emitted as the radiated electric field, which is efficient for contactless communication. In addition, there are concerns about the adverse effects of unnecessary radio waves on nearby electronic devices. In contrast, the high-frequency coupler shown in Fig. 4, so as to increase the transmission efficiency create a stronger electric field E _R at a predetermined frequency, the electrode and the resonance unit for coupling is formed. In addition, by using a wave absorber made of magnetic loss material in the vicinity of the coupling electrode, it is possible to reduce the effects of unnecessary radio waves and external interference waves while stabilizing the electric field coupling between the transmitter and receiver at a short distance. suppress.

When the high-frequency coupler shown in FIG. 4 is used alone on the transmitter side, a longitudinal wave electric field component E _R is generated on the surface of the coupling electrode, but the transverse wave component E _θ including the radiation electric field is changed to E _R. Since it is relatively small, almost no radio waves are emitted. That is, no disturbing wave to other neighboring systems is generated. Also, most of the signal input to the high frequency coupler is reflected by the electrode and returns to the input end.

On the other hand, when one set of high-frequency couplers is used, that is, when the high-frequency couplers are arranged at a short distance between the transceivers, the coupling electrodes are coupled mainly by a quasi-electrostatic field component to form one capacitor. It works like a bandpass filter and is in a state where impedance matching is achieved. Therefore, most of the signal / power is transmitted to the other party in the passing frequency band, and the reflection to the input end is small. The “short distance” here is defined by the wavelength λ, and corresponds to the distance d between the coupling electrodes being d << λ / 2π. For example, when the use frequency f ₀ is 4 GHz, the distance between the electrodes is 10 mm or less.

Also, when placing the EFC medium distance between the transmitter and the receiver are on the periphery of the coupling electrode of the transmitter, the electrostatic field is attenuated, the longitudinal wave electric field E _R mainly composed of an induced electric field is generated . Longitudinal wave electric field E _R is received by the coupling electrode of the receiver, the signal is transmitted. However, in comparison with the case where both couplers are arranged at a short distance, in the high frequency coupler on the transmitter side, the ratio of the input signal reflected by the electrode and returning to the input end becomes higher. The “medium distance” here is defined by the wavelength λ, the distance d between the coupling electrodes is about 1 to several times larger than λ / 2π, and the distance between the electrodes is 10 to 40 mm when the use frequency f ₀ is 4 GHz. At the time.

As described above, in the high-frequency coupler shown in FIG. 4, the operating frequency f ₀ of the impedance matching unit is determined by the constants L ₁ and L ₂ of the parallel inductor and the series inductor. It is a general circuit manufacturing method to configure these series inductors 12 and 22 and parallel inductors 13 and 23 with circuit elements that are regarded as lumped constant circuits. However, it is known that a lumped constant circuit has a narrower band than a distributed constant circuit in a high-frequency circuit, and the inductor constant becomes small when the frequency is high, so that there is a problem that the resonance frequency shifts due to variations in the constant.

  Therefore, in the present invention, the high frequency coupler is configured by replacing the lumped constant circuit from the lumped constant circuit and the distributed constant circuit in the impedance matching section and the resonance section, thereby realizing a wide band. FIG. 11 shows a configuration example of a high-frequency coupler using a distributed constant circuit for the impedance matching unit and the resonance unit.

  In the illustrated example, a high-frequency coupler is disposed on a printed circuit board 101 having a ground conductor 102 formed on the lower surface and a printed pattern formed on the upper surface. Instead of a parallel inductor and a series inductor, a microstrip line or a coplanar waveguide, that is, a stub 103 is formed as an impedance matching unit and a resonance unit of a high frequency coupler, and a transmission / reception circuit is connected via a signal line pattern 104. The module 105 is connected. The stub 103 is connected to the ground 102 on the lower surface via a through hole 106 penetrating the printed circuit board 101 at the tip, and is short-circuited, and is connected to the coupling electrode 108 via a metal wire 107 near the center of the stub 103. Is done.

  The “stub” in the technical field of electronics is a general term for electric wires with one end connected and the other end not connected or connected to the ground, and is used for adjustment, measurement, impedance matching, filters, etc. Provided on the way.

  The length of the stub 103 is about a half wavelength of the high frequency signal, and the signal line 104 and the stub 103 are formed by a microstrip line, a coplanar line, or the like on the printed circuit board 101. When the length of the stub 103 is a half wavelength and the tip is short-circuited, the voltage amplitude of the standing wave generated in the stub 103 becomes 0 at the tip of the stub, and from the center of the stub, that is, from the tip of the stub 103. It is maximum at a quarter wavelength (see FIG. 12). By connecting the coupling electrode 108 with the metal wire 107 at the center of the stub 103 having the maximum voltage amplitude, a high-frequency coupler with good propagation efficiency can be made.

  Since the impedance matching section is composed of a stub 103, that is, a distributed constant circuit composed of a microstrip line or a coplanar waveguide on the printed circuit board 101, uniform characteristics can be obtained over a wide band. Therefore, the communication system shown in FIG. On the other hand, it is possible to apply a frequency spread modulation scheme such as DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) and OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). The stub 103 is a microstrip line or a coplanar waveguide on the printed circuit board 101, and since its direct current resistance is small, there is little loss even for a high-frequency signal, and propagation loss between high-frequency couplers can be reduced.

  Since the size of the stub 103 constituting the distributed constant circuit is as large as about a half wavelength of a high-frequency signal, the dimensional error due to manufacturing tolerances is very small compared to the overall length, resulting in variations in characteristics. Hateful.

  FIG. 13 shows a comparison of frequency characteristics of the high-frequency coupler when the impedance matching unit is composed of a lumped constant circuit and a distributed constant circuit. However, the high-frequency coupler in which the impedance matching unit is configured by a lumped constant circuit, as shown in FIG. 14, a coupling electrode is disposed at the tip of the signal line pattern on the printed circuit board via a metal wire, and the signal line It is assumed that a parallel inductor component is mounted at the tip of the pattern, and the other end of the parallel inductor is connected to a ground conductor through a through hole in the printed circuit board. Moreover, as shown in FIG. 15, the high frequency coupler which comprised the impedance matching part with the distributed constant circuit has a metal wire in the center of the stub formed on the printed circuit board and having a length of a half wavelength. It is assumed that a coupling electrode is provided and the stub is connected to the ground conductor at the tip thereof through a through hole in the printed circuit board. It is assumed that each high frequency coupler is adjusted so that the operating frequency is around 3.8 GHz. 14 and 15, a high frequency signal is transmitted from the port 1 to the port 2 by the microstrip line, and each high frequency coupler is disposed in the middle of the microstrip line. The frequency characteristic is measured as a transfer characteristic from port 1 to port 2 and the result is shown in FIG.

Since the high-frequency coupler can be regarded as an open end when it is not coupled with other high-frequency couplers, the high-frequency signal input from the port 1 is not supplied to the high-frequency coupler but is transmitted to the port 2 as it is. Therefore, in the vicinity of 3.8 GHz, which is the operating frequency of the high frequency coupler, the propagation loss S ₂₁ representing the signal intensity transmitted from the port 1 to the port 2 is a large value in either high frequency coupler. However, in the case of the high frequency coupler shown in FIG. 14, the value of S ₂₁ is greatly reduced at a frequency deviating back and forth from the operating frequency. On the other hand, it can be seen that the high frequency coupler shown in FIG. 15 maintains good characteristics with a large value of S ₂₁ over a wide frequency band centered on the operating frequency. That is, it can be said that the high-frequency coupler operates effectively in a wide band by configuring the impedance matching unit with a distributed constant circuit.

  In the vicinity of the center of the stub 103, the coupling electrode 108 is connected via the metal wire 107, and it is preferable that the metal wire is connected at the approximate center of the coupling electrode 108. This is because, by connecting a high-frequency transmission line to the center of the coupling electrode, current flows evenly in the electrode, and unnecessary radio waves are not emitted in the direction substantially perpendicular to the electrode surface in front of the electrode (see FIG. 16A). For example, if a high-frequency transmission line is connected at a position offset from the center of the coupling electrode, an unequal current flows in the termination electrode and operates like a microstrip antenna, radiating unnecessary radio waves. (See FIG. 16B).

  Also, in the field of radio wave communication, as shown in FIG. 17, a “capacitance loaded type” antenna is widely known in which a metal is attached to the tip of an antenna element to provide a capacitance, and the height of the antenna is shortened. At first glance, the structure is similar to the coupler shown in FIG. Here, the difference between the coupler used in the transceiver in this embodiment and the capacity loaded antenna will be described.

The capacitively loaded antenna shown in FIG. 17 radiates radio waves in the directions B ₁ and B ₂ around the radiating element of the antenna, but the A direction is a null point that does not radiate radio waves. When the electric field generated around the antenna is examined in detail, the radiation electric field attenuated in inverse proportion to the distance from the antenna, the induced electric field attenuated in inverse proportion to the square of the distance from the antenna, and the distance from the antenna 3 An electrostatic field that decays in inverse proportion to the power is generated. Since the induced electric field and the electrostatic field are attenuated more rapidly depending on the distance than the radiated electric field, only the radiated electric field is discussed in a normal wireless system, and the induced electric field and the electrostatic field are often ignored. Therefore, even the capacitively loaded antenna shown in FIG. 17 generates an induced electric field and an electrostatic field in the direction A, but since it attenuates quickly in the air, it is actively used in radio communication. Absent.

  Up to this point, the configuration of a high-frequency coupler used in a transceiver has been described in an electric field coupling type non-contact communication system in which a communication distance is limited to a short distance and coupling is performed by an electrostatic field or an induction electric field. If the coupling electrode or coil is designed ideally, generation of unnecessary radio waves can be suppressed and reception of external radio waves can be prevented. This is also true for a magnetic field coupling type non-contact communication system coupled by an induction magnetic field.

  However, a high-frequency coupler that transmits a high-frequency signal by electric field coupling between the transmitter and the receiver has a high impedance in a no-load state that is not in a coupling relationship with the communication partner. There is a problem that standing waves are generated inside. When the signal line or the ground operates like an antenna due to the standing wave, unnecessary radio waves may be radiated to affect external electronic devices.

  FIG. 11 shows a high-frequency coupler in which an impedance matching portion and a resonance portion are formed by stubs to achieve a wide band. When the high frequency coupler is in a load state, that is, when the high frequency coupler on the communication counterpart side is in a close position, impedance matching is achieved as described above, and the transmission signal is efficiently radiated. On the other hand, when there is no load, that is, when the high frequency coupler on the communication partner side does not exist in the close position, the entrance portion of the high frequency coupler (the start point of the pattern to be a stub shown by the point A in FIG. 11) is Since it is in a high impedance state, the transmission signal flowing in from the circuit part is reflected at this entrance part and returns to the transmission circuit side.

  As shown in FIG. 18, when a wave traveling in the circuit and a wave reflected in the opposite direction exist simultaneously, a standing wave is generated. In general, it is known that standing waves become a source of unnecessary radio noise. Also, the RF filter (not shown) in the transmission / reception circuit is usually designed so that its performance can be exhibited when both the input and output sides are 50 Ω, that is, when impedance matching is achieved and there is no reflected wave. However, if there is a reflected wave, normal operation is hindered, and spurious may occur or the signal may be distorted.

  Therefore, the communication device according to the present invention has a high-frequency coupler that has a large impedance in an unloaded state, in addition to configuring the impedance matching section and the resonance section of the high-frequency coupler by a distributed constant circuit to increase the bandwidth. It can be regarded as the end, and has a load resistance to suppress the reflected wave from the end of the high-frequency coupler that occurs in the no-load state. As a result, the high-frequency coupler side when viewed from the transmission / reception circuit side The impedance matching is configured.

  In such a case, impedance matching is achieved when viewed from the transmission / reception circuit side even in a no-load state where the high-frequency couplers are not close to each other, and no reflected wave is generated at the terminal electrode. The wave can be suppressed. As a result, unnecessary radio wave radiation is suppressed and the influence on external electronic devices is small. Further, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of signal distortion and spurious due to the normal operation of the RF filter and the like.

  FIG. 19 shows the configuration of an equivalent circuit of a high-frequency coupler having a load resistor connected to the input end. As shown in the figure, when a load resistor is connected to the input end of the high frequency coupler, when the high frequency coupler on the communication partner side is not in a close position, the terminal is simply grounded via the load resistor. Since the signal flowing in through the line is consumed by the load resistance, no reflected wave is generated.

  At this time, when viewed from the transmission / reception circuit side, the high-frequency coupler is matched to 50Ω, so that the transmission signal is not reflected by the high-frequency coupler, and unnecessary radio waves are generated from standing waves in the circuit. This can prevent the characteristics of the RF filter and the like from deviating from the design.

  Here, consider a case where a pair of high-frequency couplers having the circuit configuration shown in FIG. 19 are arranged to face each other and non-contact communication by electric field coupling is performed.

  When short-range wireless communication is performed by bringing high-frequency couplers with load resistors close to each other, almost half of the transmitted signal is consumed by the load resistance at the input end on the transmitter side, and almost half of the received signal is also received on the receiver side. It is consumed by the load resistance at the input end. For this reason, there is a problem that the received power is significantly reduced as compared with the case where there is no load resistance.

  For example, in a system operation mode in which the transmission output is narrowed down to perform communication limited to a short distance, the same communication distance as before can be achieved by reducing the amount of transmission output to compensate for the decrease in received power. It is also possible to ensure. However, this is not an efficient communication.

  Therefore, when the communication partner's high-frequency coupler is in close proximity and is in a communication state due to electric field coupling, a load resistor is connected to the input end of the high-frequency coupler. It can be considered that the load resistance is separated from the end. When such a configuration is adopted in each high-frequency coupler of each transceiver, the input signal from the transmission circuit unit is consumed by a load resistor when not in a communication state, thereby suppressing generation of unnecessary radio waves, signal distortion, and spurious ( In the communication state, the transmission signal and the reception signal are not wasted due to the load resistance, and the reception power does not decrease, so that more efficient communication can be performed.

  FIG. 20 shows a configuration example of a high frequency coupler in which a signal line from the transmission / reception circuit unit is selectively connected to either the high frequency coupler or the load resistor via a changeover switch. In such a case, the signal line is connected to the high frequency coupler by the changeover switch when the communication partner high frequency coupler is in a close position and is in a communication state, and otherwise it is connected to the load resistor.

  FIG. 21 shows a configuration example of a high frequency coupler in which an input terminal to which a signal line from a transmission / reception circuit unit is connected to a high frequency coupler is connected to a load resistor via a changeover switch. In such a case, when the high-frequency coupler of the communication partner is in a close position and in communication, the input terminal of the high-frequency coupler is disconnected from the load resistance by the changeover switch, otherwise the load resistance is connected to the input terminal. .

  20 and FIG. 21, when the high-frequency coupler on the communication partner side is in a close position and is in a communication state by electric field coupling, a load resistor is connected to the input terminal of the high-frequency coupler. However, the load resistance can be disconnected from the input terminal when the communication state by the electric field coupling is removed.

  When the configuration shown in FIG. 20 or FIG. 21 is adopted in each high-frequency coupler of each transmitter / receiver, unnecessary radio waves and signal distortion are generated by consuming the input signal from the transmission circuit unit with a load resistor when not in a communication state. While suppressing the occurrence of spurious (same as above), the transmission signal and the reception signal are not wasted by the load resistance in the communication state, and the reception power does not decrease, so that more efficient communication can be performed.

  In the configuration shown in FIG. 21, the connection switching of the load resistance by the changeover switch can be automatically performed according to the communication state between the transceivers. For example, it is possible to determine whether or not the high frequency coupler of the communication partner is in a close position based on the power intensity of the received signal.

  20 and 21, the transmitter / receiver is equipped with sensors for detecting the mutual positional relationship, and the changeover switch is operated based on the sensor signal obtained therefrom. Good. Of course, a user who wants to perform data communication may manually operate the changeover switch.

  Here, in the communication method using the electric field coupling by the electrostatic field or the induction electric field, in order to generate the electric field coupling between the coupling electrodes, it is necessary to delicately align the coupling electrodes between the transceivers. However, it is often difficult for the user to know in which part of the device the coupling electrode is arranged and which part should be contacted, and thus there is a possibility that the maximum communication speed cannot be obtained. As a solution to this type of problem, a configuration in which a plurality of high frequency couplers are arranged in a single transceiver can be considered.

  In the case of radio wave communication, if multiple transmission antennas are provided in parallel, the transmission power is distributed to each antenna and the output of each antenna is reduced, so antennas that do not contribute to communication waste transmission power. End up. On the other hand, in the communication system using electric field coupling, only those having a coupling relationship with other high-frequency couplers can transmit high-frequency signals, and other high-frequency couplers can be designed to be regarded as almost open ends. . That is, even if a plurality of high-frequency couplers are arranged in an array, for example, the problem that a high-frequency coupler that does not perform electric field coupling with the high-frequency coupler on the communication partner side wastes transmission power is not serious.

  FIG. 22 shows a state in which a plurality of high-frequency couplers shown in FIG. 11 are arranged on a printed board. One end of the stub of each high-frequency coupler is connected in parallel to one transmission / reception circuit module via a signal line.

  Of the three high frequency couplers 1 to 3 shown in the figure, only those having a coupling relationship with other high frequency couplers transmit high frequency signals, and the other high frequency couplers have open ends. For example, when only the high-frequency coupler 2 in the figure is in a coupling relationship with a high-frequency coupler (not shown) on the communication partner side, the output signal from the transmission / reception circuit module is not supplied to the high-frequency coupler 1 and high-frequency coupling is performed. The signal is transmitted to the high frequency coupler on the communication partner side through the device 2.

  Further, a part of the output signal from the transmission / reception circuit section passes through the high-frequency coupler 2 and further propagates through the signal line to reach the high-frequency coupler 3, and then is reflected in front of the high-frequency coupler 3 to be again high-frequency coupled. Is supplied to the vessel 2. Here, in order to prevent interference between the original signal and the signal reflected and returned, the length of the signal line connecting the high frequency couplers is an integral multiple of a half wavelength, or a transmission / reception circuit. It is desirable that the difference in the length of the signal line between the module and each high frequency coupler is an integral multiple of a half wavelength. As a result, the signal from the transmission / reception circuit module is supplied to only the high-frequency couplers that are coupled to other high-frequency couplers, as compared with the case where the signal from the transmitter / receiver circuit module is divided into a plurality of parts and supplied to the respective high-frequency couplers. As a result, signals can be transmitted selectively and effectively.

  Further, instead of arranging the high-frequency couplers in a serial form as shown in FIG. 22, the signal lines are branched in parallel from one input end to a plurality of high-frequency couplers as shown in FIG. A high frequency coupler can also be arranged. In the arrangement example shown in FIG. 23, the length of the signal line connecting the branch point to each high frequency coupler is set to an integral multiple of one-half wavelength, so that the transmission / reception circuit module and each high frequency coupler are connected. Since the difference in length of the signal line is an integral multiple of one-half wavelength, it is possible to suppress interference between the original signal supplied to the electrostatically coupled high-frequency coupler and the reflected wave.

  As shown in FIGS. 22 and 23, even when a plurality of high-frequency couplers are connected in serial or parallel to one transmission / reception circuit unit, similarly to the above, there is no load, that is, high-frequency coupling on the communication partner side. When the detector is not in close proximity, the entrance of the high-frequency coupler is in a high impedance state, and a standing wave is generated by reflection of the transmission signal, causing unnecessary radio noise, or causing signal distortion and spurious. There is a problem that becomes a factor of. Therefore, even in these cases, the high frequency coupler has a large impedance in the no-load state so that it can be regarded as the open end, and the reflected wave from the end of the high-frequency coupler generated in the no-load state is It is preferable to provide a load resistance for suppressing the load.

  As shown in FIG. 22, when a plurality of high-frequency couplers are serially arranged for one transmission / reception circuit unit, a load resistor is connected to the input terminal of the high-frequency coupler connected to the end. In addition, it is possible to efficiently suppress the occurrence of standing waves in the no-load state. FIG. 24 shows the configuration of the equivalent circuit.

  As shown in FIG. 23, when a plurality of high frequency couplers are arranged in parallel with respect to one transmission / reception circuit unit, by connecting a load resistor to a branch point to each high frequency coupler, Generation of a standing wave in a no-load state can be efficiently suppressed. FIG. 25 shows the configuration of the equivalent circuit.

  Of course, even when these high-frequency couplers are arranged, a changeover switch for connecting or disconnecting a load resistor according to the communication state is used to prevent a decrease in received signal during communication and to perform efficient communication. It is preferable to provide.

So far, a mechanism for transmitting signals between a pair of high frequency couplers in the electric field coupling type non-contact communication system shown in FIG. 1 has been described. Here, when a signal is transmitted between two devices, energy transfer is inevitably involved. Therefore, this type of communication system can be applied to power transmission. As described above, the electric field E _R generated by the EFC antenna of the transmitter is the air propagates as a surface wave, power can be taken out by rectifying and stabilizing a signal received by the EFC at the receiver .

  FIG. 26 shows a configuration example when a communication system using a high-frequency coupler is applied to power transmission.

  In the illustrated system, a charger connected to an AC power source and a wireless communication device are brought close to each other, so that power is transmitted and charged to the wireless communication device in a non-contact manner via a high-frequency coupler built in them. However, the high frequency coupler is used only for power transmission.

  When the receiving high-frequency coupler is not near the transmitting high-frequency coupler, most of the power input to the transmitting high-frequency coupler is consumed by the load resistance. Can be suppressed.

  Moreover, although the example which performs charge to a radio | wireless communication apparatus was given in the figure, you may make it perform the non-contact electric power transmission not only to a radio | wireless machine but the music player or a digital camera, for example.

  FIG. 27 shows another configuration example in which a communication system using a high-frequency coupler is applied to power transmission. The illustrated system is configured to use a high-frequency coupler and a surface wave transmission line for both power transmission and communication.

  The timing for performing communication and power transmission is switched by a communication / transmission (reception) switching signal sent from the transmission circuit unit. For example, communication and power transmission may be switched at a predetermined cycle. At this time, the power transmission output can be kept optimal by adding the charging state to the communication signal and feeding back to the charger side. For example, when charging is completed, the information may be sent to the charger side, and the power transmission output may be set to zero.

  In the system shown in the figure, the charger is connected to an AC power supply. However, for example, the battery can be used to distribute power from another mobile phone to a mobile phone with a low battery. It may be used.

  The present invention has been described in detail above with reference to specific embodiments. However, it is obvious that those skilled in the art can make modifications and substitutions of the embodiment without departing from the gist of the present invention.

  In the present specification, the embodiment applied to a communication system in which a UWB signal is data-transmitted by electric field coupling in a cableless manner has been mainly described, but the gist of the present invention is not limited to this. For example, the present invention can be similarly applied to a communication system that uses a high-frequency signal other than the UWB communication method and a communication system that performs data transmission by electric field coupling using a relatively low frequency signal.

  In the present specification, the embodiment in which the present invention is applied to a system that performs data communication between a pair of high-frequency couplers has been mainly described. However, when a signal is transmitted between two devices, it is inevitable. It is naturally possible to apply this type of communication system to power transmission because it involves energy transfer.

  In short, the present invention has been disclosed in the form of exemplification, and the description of the present specification should not be interpreted in a limited manner. In order to determine the gist of the present invention, the claims should be taken into consideration.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a non-contact communication system using electric field coupling by an electrostatic field or an induction electric field. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a configuration example in which a transmitter and a receiver include a coupler composed only of electrodes in a communication using frequencies in the kHz or MHz band, and the coupling portion simply operates as a parallel plate capacitor. . FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a state in which a propagation loss occurs due to reflection of a signal in an impedance mismatching portion in a coupling portion in communication using a high frequency in the GHz band. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an equivalent circuit of a high-frequency coupling circuit in which an impedance matching unit and a resonance unit are configured by a lumped constant circuit. FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a state in which the electrodes of the high-frequency coupler illustrated in FIG. 4 are arranged to face each other. FIG. 6A is a diagram for explaining the characteristics of the high-frequency coupler shown in FIG. 4 alone. FIG. 6B is a diagram for explaining the characteristics of the high-frequency coupler shown in FIG. 4 alone. FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating a state in which the high frequency coupler induces an electric field by the function as an impedance converter. FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating a state in which the high frequency coupler induces an electric field by the function as an impedance converter. FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an equivalent circuit of a bandpass filter configured by arranging the two high-frequency couplers shown in FIG. 4 to face each other. FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an equivalent circuit of an impedance conversion circuit configured as a single high-frequency coupler. FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an electromagnetic field generated by a minute dipole. FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a high-frequency coupler using a distributed constant circuit for the impedance matching unit and the resonance unit. FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating a state in which a standing wave is generated in the stub 103. FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a comparison of the frequency characteristics of the high-frequency coupler when the impedance matching unit is composed of a lumped constant circuit and a distributed constant circuit. FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating a high-frequency coupler in which an impedance matching unit is configured by a lumped constant circuit. FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating a high-frequency coupler in which an impedance matching unit is configured by a distributed constant circuit. FIG. 16A is a diagram illustrating a state in which a high-frequency transmission line is connected to the center of the coupling electrode. FIG. 16B is a diagram illustrating a state in which a high-frequency transmission line is connected to a position having an offset from the center of the coupling electrode, and an unequal current flows in the conclusion electrode. FIG. 17 is a diagram showing a configuration example of a “capacitance loaded type” antenna in which a metal is attached to the tip of the antenna element to give a capacitance, and the height of the antenna is shortened. FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating a state in which a standing wave is generated when a wave traveling in the circuit and a wave reflected in the opposite direction exist simultaneously. FIG. 19 is a diagram showing a configuration of an equivalent circuit of a high-frequency coupler having a load resistor connected to the input end. FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a high-frequency coupler in which a signal line from a transmission / reception circuit unit is selectively connected to either a high-frequency coupler or a load resistor via a changeover switch. FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a high-frequency coupler in which an input terminal to which a signal line from a transmission / reception circuit unit is connected to a high-frequency coupler is connected to a load resistor via a changeover switch. FIG. 22 is a diagram showing a state in which a plurality of high-frequency couplers shown in FIG. 11 are arranged on a printed board. FIG. 23 is a diagram showing a state in which a plurality of high-frequency couplers shown in FIG. 11 are arranged on a printed board. 24 is a diagram showing an equivalent circuit when a load resistor is connected to the high frequency coupler shown in FIG. FIG. 25 is a diagram showing an equivalent circuit when a load resistor is connected to the high frequency coupler shown in FIG. FIG. 26 is a diagram showing a configuration example when the communication system using the high frequency coupler shown in FIG. 1 is applied to power transmission. FIG. 27 is a diagram showing another configuration example in which the communication system using the high-frequency coupler shown in FIG. 1 is applied to power transmission.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 101 ... Printed circuit board 102 ... Ground 103 ... Stub 104 ... Signal line 105 ... Transmission / reception circuit 106 ... Through hole 107 ... Metal wire 108 ... Coupling electrode 109 ... Spacer 110 ... Through hole 111, 112 ... Microstrip line or coplanar waveguide

Claims (11)

A communication circuit unit for processing a high-frequency signal for transmitting data;
A coupling electrode connected to one end of the transmission path for the high-frequency signal and storing charges; a ground disposed opposite to the coupling electrode and storing a mirror image charge for the charges; and the coupling electrode loaded on the transmission path A resonating portion for increasing the current flowing into the electrode, and forming a minute dipole consisting of a line segment connecting the center of the charge and the center of the mirror image charge stored in the ground, from the coupling electrode to the direction of the minute dipole. A high-frequency coupler including a load resistor connected to an input end of the communication circuit unit and an electric field in a direction in which the angle θ is approximately 0 degrees ;
Comprising
Transmitting the high-frequency signal toward a communication partner-side high-frequency coupler disposed so that an angle θ formed with the direction of a minute dipole formed by the high-frequency coupler is approximately 0 degrees ;
A communication device. The high-frequency signal is a UWB signal that uses an ultra-wideband.
The communication apparatus according to claim 1. The resonating unit constitutes a band-pass filter that passes a desired high-frequency band with a communication partner high-frequency coupler,
The communication apparatus according to claim 1. The resonating part is composed of a distributed constant circuit,
The communication apparatus according to claim 1. Further comprising a changeover switch for connecting or disconnecting the load resistor;
The communication apparatus according to claim 1. The changeover switch selectively connects either the high-frequency coupler or the load resistor to the communication circuit unit.
The communication apparatus according to claim 5. The changeover switch connects or disconnects the load resistor to an input terminal of the high-frequency coupler.
The communication apparatus according to claim 5. Control means for operating the changeover switch according to whether or not the high frequency coupler of the communication partner is in a close position,
The communication apparatus according to claim 5. A plurality of high frequency couplers are serially connected to the communication circuit unit,
The load resistance is connected to the input end of a high-frequency coupler connected to the end.
The communication apparatus according to claim 1. A plurality of high frequency couplers are connected in parallel to the communication circuit unit,
The load resistor is connected to a branch point to each high frequency coupler,
The communication apparatus according to claim 1. Rectifying the high-frequency signal transmitted between the high-frequency couplers, further comprising power generation means for generating power,
The communication apparatus according to claim 1.