JP4008885B2 - フルオロ置換シクロアルカノインドール及びそのプロスタグランジンd2受容体拮抗薬としての使用 - Google Patents
フルオロ置換シクロアルカノインドール及びそのプロスタグランジンd2受容体拮抗薬としての使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4008885B2 JP4008885B2 JP2003562082A JP2003562082A JP4008885B2 JP 4008885 B2 JP4008885 B2 JP 4008885B2 JP 2003562082 A JP2003562082 A JP 2003562082A JP 2003562082 A JP2003562082 A JP 2003562082A JP 4008885 B2 JP4008885 B2 JP 4008885B2
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Description
式(I)の化合物は、1つ以上の不斉中心を含んでおり、従って、ラセミ化合物及びラセミ混合物、単一のエナンチオマー、ジアステレオマー混合物及び個々のジアステレオマーとして存在し得る。本発明は、式(I)の化合物のそのような全ての異性体形態を包含するものである。
用語「製薬上許容される塩」は、無機塩基及び有機塩基などの製薬上許容される非毒性の塩基から調製される塩を意味する。無機塩基から誘導される塩には、アルミニウム塩、アンモニウム塩、カルシウム塩、銅塩、第二鉄塩、第一鉄塩、リチウム塩、マグネシウム塩、第二マンガン塩、第一マンガン塩、カリウム塩、ナトリウム塩及び亜鉛塩などがある。特に好ましいものは、アンモニウム塩、カルシウム塩、マグネシウム塩、カリウム塩及びナトリウム塩である。製薬上許容される非毒性の有機塩基から誘導される塩には、1級、2級及び3級アミン類、天然置換アミン類を包含する置換アミン類、環状アミン類及び塩基性イオン交換樹脂の塩などがあり、例えば、アルギニン、ベタイン、カフェイン、コリン、N,N'-ジベンジルエチレンジアミン、ジエチルアミン、2-ジエチルアミノエタノール、2-ジメチルアミノエタノール、エタノールアミン、エチレンジアミン、N-エチルモルホリン、N-エチルピペリジン、グルカミン、グルコサミン、ヒスチジン、ヒドラバミン、イソプロピルアミン、リシン、メチルグルカミン、モルホリン、ピペラジン、ピペリジン、ポリアミン樹脂類、プロカイン、プリン類、テオブロミン、トリエチルアミン、トリメチルアミン、トリプロピルアミン及びトロメタミンの塩などがある。
式(I)の化合物は、プロスタグランジンD2の拮抗薬である。式(I)の化合物はプロスタグランジンD2受容体と相互作用する能力を有することから、哺乳動物、特にヒト患者においてプロスタグランジンによって引き起こされる望ましくない症状を予防又は改善する上で有用である。プロスタグランジンD2の作用に対するこの拮抗作用は、本発明化合物及びその医薬組成物が、哺乳動物、特にヒトにおける、呼吸状態、アレルギー状態、疼痛、炎症状態、粘液分泌障害、骨障害、睡眠障害、生殖障害、血液凝固障害、視覚の問題、並びに、免疫疾患及び自己免疫疾患を治療、予防又は改善するのに有用であることを示している。さらに、そのような化合物は、細胞悪性トランスフォーメーション及び転移腫瘍増殖を阻害することができ、従って、癌の治療に用いることができる。さらにまた、式(I)の化合物は、糖尿病性網膜症及び腫瘍血管新生において生じ得るものなどのプロスタグランジンD2介在増殖性疾患の治療及び/又は予防ににおいても有用であり得る。式(I)の化合物は、さらにまた、収縮性プロスタノイドに拮抗するか又は弛緩性プロスタノイドと類似の作用を行うことで、プロスタノイド誘発平滑筋収縮も阻害することができ、従って、月経困難症、早産および好酸球関連障害の治療に用いることができる。
式(I)の化合物の予防用量又は治療用量の大きさは、当然のことながら、治療される状態の性質及び重症度、並びに、式(I)の特定の化合物及びそれの投与経路に応じて変わる。さらにまた、それは、個々の患者の年齢、体重、全身の健康状態、性別、食事、投与時刻、排泄速度、薬剤の組合せ及び応答に応じても変わる。一般に、一日用量は、哺乳動物の体重1kg当たり約0.001mg〜約100mg、好ましくは、哺乳動物の体重1kg当たり約0.01mg〜約10mgである。他方、場合によっては、これらの範囲外の用量を用いる必要がある場合がある。
本発明の別の態様は、製薬上許容される担体と一緒に式(I)の化合物を含有する医薬組成物を提供する。医薬組成物における場合のような用語「組成物」は、活性成分と、担体を構成する不活性成分(製薬上許容される賦形剤)を含有する生成物を包含すると共に、任意の2種以上の成分の組み合わせ、複合体形成又は凝集から直接的又は間接的に生じる任意の生成物、1種以上の成分の解離から直接的又は間接的に生じる任意の生成物、又は、1種以上の成分の別のタイプの反応若しくは相互作用によって直接又は間接に生じる任意の生成物を包含するものである。従って、本発明の医薬組成物は、式(I)の化合物、別の活性成分及び製薬上許容される賦形剤を混合することで製造される任意の組成物を包含する。
プロスタグランジン介在疾患を治療及び予防するために、式(I)の化合物は、別の治療薬と併用投与することができる。従って、別の態様において、本発明は、治療上有効量の式(I)の化合物及び1種以上の別の治療薬を含有するプロスタグランジンD2介在疾患を治療するための医薬組成物を提供する。式(I)の化合物との併用療法に適する治療剤としては、(1)プロスタグランジン受容体拮抗薬; (2)コルチコステロイド、例えば、トリアムシノロンアセトニドなど; (3)β-作動薬、例えば、サルメテロール、ホルモテロール、テルブタリン、メタプロテレノール、アルブテロールなど; (4)ロイコトリエン調節剤、例えば、ロイコトリエン拮抗薬など、又は、リポオキシゲナーゼ阻害薬、例えば、モンテルカスト、ザフィルルカスト、プランルカスト又はジロイトンなど; (5)抗ヒスタミン薬(ヒスタミンH1拮抗薬)、例えば、ブロモフェニラミン、クロルフェニラミン、デキスクロルフェニラミン、トリプロリジン、クレマスチン、ジフェンヒドラミン、ジフェニルピラリン、トリペレナミン、ヒドロキシジン、メトジラジン、プロメタジン、トリメプラジン、アザタジン、シプロヘプタジン、アンタゾリン、フェニラミン、ピリラミン、アステミゾール、ノルアステミゾール、テルフェナジン、ロラタジン、セチリジン、レボセチリジン(levocetirizine)、フェキソフェナジン、デスロラタジンなど; (6)充血除去薬、例えば、フェニレフリン、フェニルプロパノールアミン、プソイドフェドリン、オキシメタゾリン、エピネフリン、ナファゾリン、キシロメタゾリン、プロピルヘキセドリン又は左旋性-デソキシエフェドリンなど; (7)鎮咳薬、例えば、コデイン、ヒドロコドン、カラミフェン、カルベタペンタン又はデキストロメトルファン(dextramethorphan)など; (8)プロスタグランジンF作働薬を包含する別のプロスタグランジンリガンド、例えば、ラタノプロスト、ミソプロストール、エンプロスチル、リオプロスチル(rioprostil)、オルノプロストール(ornoprostol)又はロサプロストール(rosaprostol)など; (9)利尿薬; (10)非ステロイド系抗炎症薬(NSAID)、例えば、プロピオン酸誘導体(アルミノプロフェン、ベノキサプロフェン、ブクロキシ酸(bucloxic acid)、カルプロフェン、フェンブフェン、フェノプロフェン、フルプロフェン(fluprofen)、フルルビプロフェン、イブプロフェン、インドプロフェン、ケトプロフェン、ミロプロフェン(miroprofen)、ナプロキセン、オキサプロジン、ピルプロフェン、プラノプロフェン、スプロフェン、チアプロフェン酸及びチオキサプロフェン(tioxaprofen))、酢酸誘導体(インドメタシン、アセメタシン、アルクロフェナク、クリダナク、ジクロフェナク、フェンクロフェナク、フェンクロジン酸(fenclozic acid)、フェンチアザク、フロフェナック(furofenac)、イブフェナック、イソキセパック(isoxepac)、オキシピナク(oxpinac)、スリンダク、チオピナク(tiopinac)、トルメチン、ジドメタシン(zidometacin)及びゾメピラク)、フェナム酸誘導体(フルフェナム酸、メクロフェナム酸、メフェナム酸、ニフルム酸及びトルフェナム酸)、ビフェニルカルボン酸誘導体(ジフルニサル及びフルフェニサル(flufenisal))、オキシカム類(イソキシカム、ピロキシカム、スドキシカム(sudoxicam)及びテノキシカン)、サリチレート類(アセチルサリチル酸、スルファサラジン)及びピラゾロン類(アパゾン、ベズピペリロン(bezpiperylon)、フェプラゾン、モフェブタゾン、オキシフェンブタゾン、フェニルブタゾン)など; (11)シクロオキシゲナーゼ-2(COX-2)阻害薬、例えば、セレコキシブ及びロフェコキシブ、エトリコキシブ及びバルデコキシブなど; (12)ホスホジエステラーゼIV型(PDE-IV)の阻害薬、例えば、アリフロ、ロフルミラストなど; (13)ケモカイン受容体、特にCCR-1、CCR-2及びCCR-3の拮抗薬; (14)コレステロール低下薬、例えば、HMG−CoAレダクターゼ阻害薬(ロバスタチン、シンバスタチン、プラバスタチン、フルバスタチン、アトルバスタチン及び他のスタチン類)、金属イオン封鎖薬(コレスチラミン及びコレスチポール)、ニコチン酸、フェノフィブリン酸誘導体(ゲムフィブロジル、クロフィブレート、フェノフィブレート及びベンザフィブレート(benzafibrate))、及び、プロブコールなど; (15)抗糖尿病薬、例えば、インスリン、スルホニル尿素類、ビグアニド類(メトホルミン)、α-グルコシダーゼ阻害薬(アカルボース)及びグリタゾン類(トログリタゾン、ピオグリタゾン、エングリタゾン、ロシグリタゾンなど)など; (16)インターフェロン-β(インターフェロンβ-1a, インターフェロンβ-1b)の調製物; (17)抗コリン作用薬、例えば、ムスカリン拮抗薬(臭化イプラトロピウム及び臭化チオトロピウム)など、及び、選択的ムスカリンM3拮抗薬; (18)ステロイド類、例えば、ベクロメタゾン、メチルプレドニソロン、ベタメタゾン、プレドニゾン、デキサメタゾン及びヒドロコルチゾンなど; (19)片頭痛の治療に一般的に使用されるトリプタン類、例えば、スミトリプタン(sumitriptan)及びリザトリプタンなど; (20)アレンドロネート及び別の骨粗鬆症治療薬; (21)別の化合物、例えば、5-アミノサリチル酸及びそのプロドラッグ、代謝拮抗薬、例えば、アザチオプリン及び6-メルカプトプリンなど、細胞傷害性癌化学療法薬、ブラディキニン(BK2又はBK1)拮抗薬、TP受容体拮抗薬、例えば、セラトロダストなど、ニューロキニン拮抗薬(NK1/NK2)、VLA-4拮抗薬(例えば、米国特許第5,510,332号、国際公開第97/03094号、国際公開第97/02289号、国際公開第96/40781号、国際公開第96/22966号、国際公開第96/20216号、国際公開第96/01644号、国際公開第96/06108号、国際公開第95/15973号及び国際公開第96/31206号に記載のものなど)などを挙げることができる。
Ac アセチル
AcOH 酢酸
DDQ 2,3-ジクロロ-5,6-ジシアノ-1,4-ベンゾキノン
DMF ジメチルホルムアミド
eq. 当量
Et エチル
EtOAc 酢酸エチル
EtOH エタノール
HPLC 高速液体クロマトグラフィー
IPA イソプロピルアルコール
IPAc 酢酸イソプロピル
Me メチル
MeOH メタノール
MHz メガヘルツ
MTBE メチルt-ブチルエーテル
NMP N-メチル-2-ピロリジノン
NMR 核磁気共鳴
THF テトラヒドロフラン
TLC 薄層クロマトグラフィー
合成方法
本発明の式(I)の化合物は、反応図式1〜反応図式5に概略を記載した合成経路に従い、本明細書に記載した方法により調製することができる。
以下のアッセイを用いて式(I)の化合物についての試験を行って、そのインビトロ及びインビボにおけるプロスタノイド拮抗薬活性又は作動薬活性、及び、その選択性を測定することができる。示されるプロスタグランジン受容体活性は、DP、EP1、EP2、EP3、EP4、FP、IP及びTPである。
全長コード配列に対応するプロスタノイド受容体cDNAを、哺乳動物発現ベクターの適切な部位にサブクローニングし、HEK293(ebna)細胞にトランスフェクションする。個々のcDNAを発現するHEK293(ebna)細胞を選抜下に増殖させ、2〜3週間の増殖後に、クローニングリング法を用いて個々のコロニーを単離し、次に、クローン細胞系に拡大する。
HEK293(ebna)細胞を培養状態に維持し、回収し、プロテアーゼ阻害薬存在下での細胞溶解後に分画遠心を行うことにより膜を調製し、それを受容体結合アッセイに使用する。プロスタノイド受容体結合アッセイは、1mMのEDTA、10mMの二価カチオン及び適切な放射性リガンドを含有している10mMのMES/KOH(pH6.0)(EP類、FP及びTP)又は10mMのHEPES/KOH(pH7.4)(DP及びIP)で行う。膜タンパク質を加えることで反応を開始させる。リガンドをジメチルスルホキシドに入れて加え、ジメチルスルホキシドは全てのインキュベーションにおいて1容量%で一定に維持する。1μMの対応するする非放射性プロスタノイドの存在下に、非特異的結合を測定する。インキュベーションを室温又は30℃で60分間行い、急速濾過によって停止する。全体の結合から非特異的結合を引くことで、特異的結合を計算する。各リガンド濃度での残留特異的結合を計算し、リガンド濃度の関数として表して、リガンド親和性を求めるためのS字型濃度−応答曲線を得る。
細胞内cAMP蓄積の刺激(HEK293(ebna)細胞におけるEP2、EP4、DP及びIP)若しくは阻害(ヒト赤白血病(HEL)細胞におけるEP3)又は細胞内カルシウムの移動性(アポエクオリンで安定的にトランスフェクションされたHEK293(ebna)細胞におけるEP1、FP及びTP)を測定する全細胞第二メッセンジャーアッセイを行って、受容体リガンドが作動薬であるか又は拮抗薬であるかを決定する。cAMPアッセイの場合、細胞を回収し、25mMのHEPES(pH7.4)を含有しているHBSSに再懸濁させる。インキュベーション液には100μMのRO−20174(Biomolから入手可能な、ホスホジエステラーゼIV型阻害薬)を含有させ、EP3阻害アッセイの場合に限り、15μMのフォルスコリンも含有させてcAMP産生を刺激する。サンプルを37℃で10分間インキュベーションし、反応を停止させ、次いで、cAMPレベルを測定する。カルシウム移動性アッセイの場合、細胞に補因子還元型グルタチオン及びセレンテラジンを加え、細胞を回収し、ハムF12培地に再懸濁させる。カルシウムが細胞内発光タンパク質エクオリンに結合することによって誘発される発光をモニタリングすることで、カルシウム動員を測定する。リガンドをジメチルスルホキシドに入れて加え、ジメチルスルホキシドは全てのインキュベーションにおいて1体積%で一定に維持する。作動薬の場合、第二メッセンジャー応答をリガンド濃度の関数として表し、プロスタノイド標準と比較したEC50値及び最大応答の両方を計算する。拮抗薬の場合、シルド(Schild)分析によって、リガンドの作動薬応答を阻害する能力を求め、KBと勾配値の両方を計算する。
動物の準備:健常な成体ヒツジ(18〜50kg)を用いる。動物の選択は、豚蛔虫(Ascaris suum)抽出物の皮内注射に対する自然陽性皮膚反応に基づいて行う。
動物の準備:健常な成体雄カニクイザル(4〜10kg)を用いる。動物の選択は、豚蛔虫(Ascaris suum)抽出物の皮内注射に対する自然陽性皮膚反応に基づいて行う。各実験に先だって、試験用に選択したサルを、飲料水は自由に摂取させながら一晩絶食させる。翌朝、動物をケタミン(筋肉注射 10〜15mg/kg)で鎮静化させてから、飼育ケージから出す。動物を加熱した台(36℃)に乗せ、ボーラス用量(静脈内注射 5〜12mg/kg)のプロポフォールを注射する。動物にカフ付き気管内チューブ(内径4〜6mm)を挿管し、プロポフォールの連続静脈注入(25〜30mg/kg/時間)によって麻酔を維持する。生命徴候(心拍数、血圧、呼吸速度、体温)を、実験を通してモニタリングする。
この試験手順では、エーロゾル曝露チャンバー内の椅子に訓練されたリスザルを座らせる。対照として、呼吸パラメータの肺力学測定値を約30分間記録して、その日における各サルの正常対照値を確定する。経口投与の場合、1%メトセル溶液(メチルセルロース, 65HG, 400cps)に化合物を溶解又は懸濁させ、体重1kg当たり1mLの容積で投与する。化合物のエーロゾル投与の場合、DeVilbiss超音波ネブライザーを用いる。サルに対してPGD2又は豚蛔虫抗原の1:25希釈液のエーロゾル投与でチャレンジを行う前に、前処理期間を5分〜4時間で変える。
動物の準備:平均体重35kg(範囲18〜50kg)の成体ヒツジを用いる。使用する全ての動物は、2種類の基準、即ち、(a)豚蛔虫抽出物の1:1000希釈液又は1:10000希釈液に対する自然皮膚反応(natural cutaneous reaction)を有すること(Greer Diagnostics, Lenois, NC);及び、(b)急性気管支収縮及び遅発性気管支閉塞(late bronchial obstruction)の両方で、豚蛔虫の吸入チャレンジに対して応答した経歴があること(W.M. Abraham et al., Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 128, 839-44 (1983))という基準を満足するものである。
− 式(I)の最終生成物は、全て、NMR、TLC及び元素分析又は質量分析によって分析し;
− 中間体は、NMR及びTLCによって分析し;
− ほとんどの化合物は、シリカゲルフラッシュクロマトグラフィー、再結晶及び/又はスイッシュ(swish)(溶媒中での懸濁とそれに続く固体の濾過)によって精製し;
− 反応経過は、薄層クロマトグラフィー(TLC)によって追跡して、反応時間は例示のみを目的として示してあり;
− エナンチオマー過剰率は、キラルカラム(キラルパック(ChiralPak)AD;250×4.6mm)を用いる順相HPLCで測定した。
2-(2-オキソシクロペンチル)酢酸エチル:Acros/Fisher Scientific;
4-フルオロ-2-ヨードアニリン:Beugelmans, R.;Chbani, M. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1995, 132, 306-313。
(−)-[4-(4-クロロベンジル)-7-フルオロ-5-(メタンスルホニル)-1,2,3,4-テトラヒドロシクロペンタ[b]インドール-3-イル]酢酸
1H NMR(アセトン-d6)δ 9.76(br s, 1H), 7.34(dd, 1H), 7.03(d, 1H), 6.78(td, 1H), 4.14(q, 2H), 3.57(m, 1H), 2.85-2.55(m, 5H), 2.15(m, 1H), 1.22(t, 3H)。
1H NMR(アセトン-d6)δ 10.90(br s, 1H), 9.77(br s, 1H), 7.34(dd, 1H), 7.04(dd, 1H), 6.79(td, 1H), 3.56(m, 1H), 2.90-2.50(m, 5H), 2.16(m, 1H);
MS(-APCI) m/z 232.2(M-H)-。
1H NMR(アセトン-d6)δ 10.77(br s, 1H), 9.84(br s, 1H), 7.09(m, 2H), 3.60(m, 1H), 2.95-2.65(m, 4H), 2.56(dd, 1H), 2.19(m, 1H)。
1H NMR(アセトン-d6)δ 10.70(br s, 1H), 7.31(d, 2H), 7.18(d, 1H), 7.06(d, 1H), 6.92(d, 2H), 5.90(d, 1H), 5.74(d, 1H), 3.61(m, 1H), 3.00-2.70(m, 3H), 2.65(dd, 1H), 2.39(dd, 1H), 2.26(m, 1H);
MS(-APCI) m/z 436.3, 434.5(M-H)-。
ee=98%;保持時間=9.4分[キラルパックADカラム:250×4.6mm, ヘキサン/2-プロパノール/酢酸(75:25:0.1)];[α]D 21=+39.2°(c 1.0, MeOH)。
ステップ5で得た酸(15.4g)を先ずジアゾメタンでエステル化した。このようにして形成されたエステルをN-メチルピロリジノン中で16.3gのメタンスルフィン酸ナトリウム塩及び30.2gのCuI(I)と混合することにより、スルホニル化を行った。得られた懸濁液をN2流下で脱ガスし、150℃に加熱し、3時間撹拌し、次いで、室温まで冷却した。反応をクエンチするために、500mLの酢酸エチル及び500mLのヘキサンを添加し、得られた混合物をSiO2のパッドで濾過してEtOAcで溶離させた。有機相を濃縮した。得られた粗油状物をEtOAcに溶解させ、水で3回洗浄し、ブラインで1回洗浄し、無水Na2SO4で脱水し、濾過し、濃縮した。得られた粗物質を、100%トルエンからEtOAc中の50%トルエンまでの勾配で溶離させるフラッシュクロマトグラフィーでさらに精製して、14gのスルホン化エステルを得た。これを、ステップ2に記載した手順を用いて加水分解した。2種類の連続的な再結晶化(酢酸イソプロピル/ヘプタンによる再結晶、次いで、CH2Cl2/ヘキサンによる再結晶)に付した後、標題化合物(9.8g)を白色の固体として得た。
1H NMR(500MHz アセトン-d6)δ 10.73(br s, 1H), 7.57(d, 2H, J=8.8Hz), 7.31(m, 1H), 7.29(m, 1H), 6.84(d, 2H, J=8.8Hz), 6.29(d, 1H, JAB=17.8Hz), 5.79(d, 1H, JAB=17.8Hz), 3.43(m, 1H), 2.98(s, 3H), 2.94(m, 1H), 2.85-2.65(m, 3H), 2.42(dd, 1H, J1=16.1Hz, J2=10.3Hz), 2.27(m, 1H);
13C NMR(125MHz アセトン-d6)δ 173.0, 156.5(d, JCF=237Hz), 153.9, 139.2, 133.7, 133.3, 130.0(d, JCF=8.9Hz), 129.6, 128.2, 127.5(d, JCF=7.6Hz), 122.2(d, JCF=4.2Hz), 112.3(d, JCF=29.4Hz), 111.0(d, JCF=22.6Hz), 50.8, 44.7, 38.6, 36.6, 36.5, 23.3;
MS(-APCI) m/z 436.1, 434.1(M-H)-;
ee=97%;保持時間=15.3分[キラルセルODカラム:250×4.6mm, ヘキサン/2-プロパノール/エタノール/酢酸(90:5:5:0.2)];[α]D 21=−29.3°(c 1.0, MeOH);
Mp 175.0℃。
1H NMR(500MHz DMSO-d6)δ 7.63(dd, 1H, J1=8.5Hz, J2=2.6Hz), 7.47(dd, 1H, J1=9.7Hz, J2=2.6Hz), 7.33(d, 2H, J=8.4Hz), 6.70(d, 2H, J=8.4Hz), 6.06(d, 1H, JAB=17.9Hz), 5.76(d, 1H, JAB=17.9Hz), 3.29(m, 1H), 3.08(s, 3H), 2.80(m, 1H), 2.69(m, 1H), 2.55(m, 1H), 2.18(m, 2H), 1.93(dd, 1H, J1=14.4Hz, J2=9.7Hz)。
(+/−)-[5-ブロモ-4-(4-クロロベンジル)-7-フルオロ-1,2,3,4-テトラヒドロシクロペンタ[b]インドール-3-イル]酢酸(実施例1, ステップ4)についての別法
ステップ1:(+/−)-7-フルオロ-1,2,3,4-テトラヒドロシクロペンタ[b]インドール-3-イル)酢酸ジシクロヘキシルアミン(DCHA)塩
(2-オキソシクロペンチル)酢酸エチル(1.5当量)及び硫酸(0.02当量)と一緒に、キシレン中の2-ブロモ-4-フルオロアニリンの0.526M溶液を20時間加熱還流した。ディーン・スターク装置を用いて、共沸蒸留により水を除去した。反応の後、NMRを行い、20時間後に80〜85%が所望のイミン中間体に変換されているのが一般に観察された。反応混合物を1Mの重炭酸ナトリウム(0.2容積)で15分間洗浄し、有機フラクションを蒸発させた。残留したシロップ状物を真空下(0.5mmHg)に蒸留した。残留キシレンを30℃で蒸留し、次いで、余分なケトン及び未反応アニリンを50-110℃の範囲で回収し、イミンを110〜180℃のフラクション中に純度83%の淡褐色の澄んだ液体として回収した。
アッセイ:94 A%;
1H NMR(500mHz, CDC13):δ 9.24(s, 1H), 7.16-7.08(m, 2H), 6.82(t, 1H), 6.2(br, 2H), 3.6-3.5(m, 1H), 3.04-2.97(m, 2H), 2.88-2.70(m, 3H), 2.66(dd, 1H), 2.45-2.37(m, 1H), 2.13-2.05(m, 2.05), 1.83(d, 4H), 1.67(d, 2H), 1.55-1.43(m, 4H), 1.33-1.11(m, 6H)。
ジクロロメタン(0.241M溶液)中の上記ステップ1で得たDCHA塩のスラリーを−20℃〜−15℃に冷却した。ピリジン(2当量)を一度に添加し、得られたスラリーに温度を−20℃〜−15℃に維持しながら30〜45分間かけて臭素(2.5当量)を滴下して加えた。(臭素を約1/3添加した時点で、反応混合物は粘性になり、効率的な撹拌が必要であった。最終的に、臭素を約1/2添加した時点で、混合物は再度「非粘性(loose)」になった)。臭素の添加が完了した後、反応混合物を−15℃でさらに1時間熟成させた。次いで、酢酸(3.04当量)を5分間かけて添加し、亜鉛粉末(3.04当量)を少量ずつ添加した。(亜鉛の一部を−15℃で添加し、得られた混合物を約5分間熟成させて、発熱が治まるようにした(約−15℃〜−10℃))。この操作を繰り返して、約30分間かけて亜鉛を約5回添加した。もはや発熱が観察されなくなった時、残りの亜鉛を素早く添加した。全ての操作に約30〜45分間かかった。
ステップ2で得たブロモ酸をジメチルアセトアミド(0.416M溶液)に溶解させ、炭酸セシウム(2.5当量)を一度に添加した。得られたスラリーに4-クロロベンジルクロリド(2.5当量)を一度に添加し、バッチを50℃に20時間加熱した。バッチを室温まで冷却し、水酸化ナトリウム5N(4.00当量)を5分間かけて添加した(温度は+40℃まで上昇する)。反応物を50℃で約3時間熟成させ、室温まで冷却し、L抽出器の中に移した。溶液を酢酸イソプロピル(IPAc, 2容積)で希釈し、+15℃に冷却した。その溶液を5N HClでpH〜2に酸性化した。層を分離し、有機層を水(2×2容積)で洗浄した。IPAc溶液を濃縮し、IPA(0.8容積)に移して、生成物を結晶化させた。水(8L)を2時間かけて添加し、バッチを濾過して、標題化合物を88%の単離された収率で得た。該バッチは、+40℃のオーブン中で24時間乾燥させることができる。
(+/−)-{4-[1-(4-クロロフェニル)エチル]-7-フルオロ-5-メタンスルホニル-1,2,3,4-テトラヒドロ-シクロペンタ[b]インドール-3-イル}酢酸
ジアステレオマーB: 1H NMR(アセトン-d6)δ 10.70(br s, 1H), 7.66(dd, 1H), 7.56(dd, 1H), 7.32(d, 2H), 6.95(d, 2H), 6.91(q, 1H), 3.39(s, 3H), 3.05-3.00(m,1H), 2.90-2.75(m, 2H), 2.70(dd, 1H), 2.44(dd, 1H), 2.43-2.34(m, 1H), 2.21(dd, 1H), 2.11(d, 3H);
MS(-APCI) m/z 448.0(M-H)-。
(+/−)-4-[1-(4-クロロフェニル)エチル]-7-フルオロ-5-メタン-スルホニル-1,2,3,4-テトラヒドロ-シクロペンタ[b]インドール-3-イル}酢酸の別法による合成
実施例1ステップ3の酸のメチルエステル6.52g(これは、対応する酸をテトラヒドロフラン中でジアゾメタンでエステル化することにより調製した)を160mLのNMPに溶解させた溶液に、10.2gのメタンスルフィン酸ナトリウム塩及び19gのCuIを順次添加した。得られた懸濁液をN2硫下で脱ガスし、150℃に加熱し、4時間激しく撹拌した。次いで、反応混合物を室温まで冷却し、500mLの酢酸エチルと500mLのヘキサンで希釈した。得られた混合物をシリカゲルのパッドで濾過し、EtOAcでさらに溶離させた。濾液を約300mLの容積になるまで濃縮し、水及びブラインで洗浄した。有機相を分離し、無水Na2SO4で脱水し、濾過し、濃縮した。得られた粗物質を30% EtOAc/ヘキサンで溶離させるシリカゲルフラッシュクロマトグラフィーでさらに精製して、4.7gのスルホン化物質を得た。これを200mLのジクロロメタンに溶解させた。得られた溶液に、3.39gの4-クロロフェニルメチルカルビノール及び5.68gのトリフェニルホスフィンを添加した後、4.99gのジ-t-ブチルアゾジカルボキシレートを少量ずつ添加した。反応混合物を室温で3時間撹拌し、次いで、濃縮した。残渣をシリカゲルかラムに入れ、5%EtOAc/ヘキサンで溶離させて、標題化合物のメチルエステル5.1gを、1H NMR分析によりジアステレオマーの約1:1の混合物として得た。実施例2に記載した加水分解及び精製ステップを行った後で、標題の酸を得た。
(+/−)-[9-(4-クロロベンジル)-6-フルオロ-8-メタンスルホニル-2,3,4,9-テトラヒドロ-1H-カルバゾール-1-イル]酢酸
1H NMR(アセトン-d6)δ 9.97(br s, 1H), 7.34(dd, 1H), 7.13(dd, 1H), 7.09(dd, 1H), 4.16(q, 2H), 3.43-3.35(m, 5H), 3.05-2.88(m, 1H), 2.76-2.53(m, 3H), 2.10-2.00(m, 1H), 1.96-1.87(m, 1H), 1.82-1.72(m, H), 1.72-1.64(m, 1H), 1.23(t, 3H)。
1H NMR(アセトン-d6)δ 7.32(d, 2H), 7.24(dd, 1H), 7.13(dd, 1H), 6.86(d, 2H), 6.00 and 5.65(AB q, 2H), 4.15-4.05(m,2H), 3.44-3.35(m, 1H), 2.88-2.76(m, 1H), 2.65-2.52(m, 3H), 2.00-1.80(m, 4H), 1.22(t, 3H)。
8mLのNMP中の478mgのステップ2で調製したエステルの溶液に、510mgのメタンスルフィン酸ナトリウム塩及び950mgのCuI(I)を順次添加した。得られた混合物をN2流下で脱ガスし、次いで、激しく撹拌しながら140℃で8時間加熱した。反応混合物を室温まで冷却し、最少量のEtOAc/ヘキサン(1:1混合物)で希釈した。得られた混合物をシリカゲルのパッドで濾過し、EtOAcでさらに溶離させた。濾液を約50mLまで濃縮し、水及びブラインで洗浄した。有機相を収集し、無水硫酸ナトリウムで脱水し、濾過し、蒸発させた。残渣をシリカゲルフラッシュクロマトグラフィー(30%EtOAc/ヘキサン)で精製して、320mgの所望のスルホン化物質を得た。これを、5mLのTHFプラス5mLのメタノールに溶解させた。得られた溶液に5mLの2N NaOHを添加し、得られた混合物を室温で6時間撹拌した。反応混合物を1M HCl水溶液で中和し、EtOAcで抽出した。有機相を分離し、それを、無水硫酸ナトリウムで脱水し、濾過し、蒸発させた。残渣を、激しく撹拌しながら、ヘキサンと一緒に0.5時間還流した。得られた混合物を激しく撹拌しながら室温まで冷却し、濾過して、278mgの所望の酸を得た。
1H NMR(500MHz アセトン-d6)δ 10.73(br s, 1H), 7.57(d, 1H), 7.56(d, 1H), 7.29(d, 1H), 6.67(d, 2H,), 6.47 and 5.61(AB q, 2H), 3.27-3.21(m, 1H), 2.98(s, 3H), 2.85(dd, 1H), 2.76-2.55(m, 3H), 2.00-1.84(m, 3H), 1.82-1.73(m, 1H);
MS(-APCI) m/z 448.0(M-H)-。
[4-(4-クロロベンジル)-7-フルオロ-5-メタンスルホニル-1-オキソ-1,2,3,4-テトラヒドロシクロペンタ[b]インドール-3-イル]酢酸
4mLのNMP中のステップ1で得た臭化物(200mg)を、320mgのCuI及び175mgのCH3SO2Naで処理した。約1分間反応混合物に窒素を通気し、次いで、該混合物を130℃で6時間加熱した。この時点で、反応混合物を室温まで冷却し、EtOAcで希釈し、シリカゲルのパッドで濾過し、残渣を追加のEtOAcですすぎ洗いした。有機層を水で洗浄し、ブラインで洗浄し、無水MgSO4で脱水し、濃縮した。得られた油状物を、50%EtOAc/ヘキサンで溶離させるフラッシュクロマトグラフィーで精製して、54mgの対応するメチルスルホンをオフホワイトの固体として得た。
1H NMR(500MHz, アセトン-d6)δ 11.0(br, 1H), 7.85(m, 1H), 7.80(m, 1H), 7.38(d, J=8Hz, 2H), 7.04(d, J=8Hz, 2H), 6.42(d, JAB=18Hz, 1H), 6.08(d, JAB=18Hz, 1H), 3.78(m, 1H), 3.28(m, 1H), 3.10(m, 1H), 3.05(s, 3H), 2.65(m, 2H);
MS(-APCI) m/z 448. 2(M-H)-。
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