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JP3823344B2 - Electrophotographic photosensitive member, electrophotographic apparatus and apparatus unit - Google Patents

Electrophotographic photosensitive member, electrophotographic apparatus and apparatus unit Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3823344B2
JP3823344B2 JP20089995A JP20089995A JP3823344B2 JP 3823344 B2 JP3823344 B2 JP 3823344B2 JP 20089995 A JP20089995 A JP 20089995A JP 20089995 A JP20089995 A JP 20089995A JP 3823344 B2 JP3823344 B2 JP 3823344B2
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Prior art keywords
photosensitive member
layer
image forming
unit
electrophotographic
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JP20089995A
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JPH0950144A (en
Inventor
明彦 伊丹
知草 福本
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Konica Minolta Inc
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Konica Minolta Inc
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Description

【0001】
【産業上の利用分野】
本発明は、優れた耐久性と感度を有する電子写真感光体に関し、また前記感光体を有する電子写真装置及び装置ユニットに関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
一般に電子写真法により画像形成を行うには、感光体表面に帯電、像露光及び現像を施してトナー像を形成し、該トナー像を転写材上に転写、定着して画像を得ると共に、転写後の感光体は残留トナーのクリーニング及び除電が行われて長期に亘り繰り返し使用される。
【0003】
従って前記感光体としては、帯電電位、感度、暗減衰及び残留電位特性等の電子写真性能は勿論、繰り返し使用時の耐刷性、耐摩耗性、耐湿性等の物性や、コロナ放電時に発生するオゾンや像露光への耐性においても良好であることが要求される。
【0004】
他方、従来電子写真感光体としては、アモルファスシリコン、セレン、硫化カドミウム等を用いた無機光導電性感光体が多く用いられてきたが、近年低コストで毒性がなく、かつ加工性に優れていて、目的に応じて選択の自由度が大きい有機光導電性感光体(以下単に有機感光体またはOPCと称する)が主流となっている。
【0005】
これらの電子写真感光体の繰り返し使用による疲労劣化は、帯電、露光、現像、感光体上に形成されたトナー像の転写材上への転写、分離及び転写後の感光体上の残留トナーのクリーニングの各工程によるとされる。摺擦による感光層表面の摩擦、損傷及び感光体表面への帯電、像露光、除電等の各工程における感光層の分解、変質等がその原因と推定されている。
【0006】
従って前記感光体の疲労劣化を防止するには感光層表面の改良が重要課題となる。特に有機感光体の感光層は無機感光体に比して軟質であり、かつ光導電性物質が有機物質であるため感光体の繰り返し使用時の疲労劣化が大であり、前記感光層表面の改良がより重要となる。
【0007】
特開昭56−117245号、同63−91666号及び特開平1−205171号の各公報には感光体の保護層にシリカ粒子を含有せしめ、感光体表面の機械的強度を大とし、耐久性を向上せしめることができることが記載されている。又、特開昭57−176057号、同61−117558号又は特開平3−155558号等の各公報には前記シリカ粒子をシランカップリング剤等で処理して成る疎水性シリカ粒子を感光体の最表面保護層に含有せしめ、感光体の機械的強度を大ならしめると共に潤滑性を付与してより高耐久性の感光体が得られることが記載されている。
【0008】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明の目的は感度等の電子写真特性を損なうことなく、耐摩耗性や耐傷性が改良された感光体を提供することにある。
【0009】
また、前記感光体と共にクリーニング手段として用いられるクリーニングブレードを組み合わせて用いても繰り返しの像形成の過程での感光体の摩耗、損傷がなく高耐久性であり、終始高濃度、鮮明な画像が安定して得られる電子写真感光体及びそれを使用した電子写真装置を提供することにある。
【0010】
更に又、本発明の他の目的は組み込まれる感光体が高耐久性とされることから、該感光体の交換を行うことなく繰り返し安定して像形成が可能であり、若し感光体以外の像形成手段に欠陥を生じたとしても速やかにかつ容易に交換可能であり、長期に亘り高画質の画像が安定して得られる装置ユニットを提供することにある。
【0011】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明の前記の諸目的は、下記構成によって達成される。
【0012】
〔1〕 導電性支持体上に少なくとも電荷発生層、電荷輸送層をこの順で積層して有し、電荷輸送層は複数層により形成され、その表面層にはシリカ微粒子を含有する電子写真感光体において、該表面層が上記一般式〔3〕の構成のケイ素を含むポリカーボネート共重合体の少なくともいずれかを含有し、帯電、像露光、現像、転写及びブレードクリーニング工程を含む画像形成プロセスを5000回経た後のクリーニングブレードに対する感光体表面の動摩擦係数が、画像形成プロセスを経る前の動摩擦係数と下記関係にあることを特徴とする電子写真感光体。
1.1≦μ 5000 /μ S ≦4.2
μ 5000 :画像形成プロセス5000回経た後の動摩擦係数
μ S :画像形成プロセスを経る前の動摩擦係数
但し、μ S =0.01〜1.0
【化C】
(式中、A、Bは置換基を持つ炭素原子、酸素又は硫黄原子で、炭素原子の置換基は互いに結合し環を形成してもよい。Xはアルキレン、アリーレンである。
1 〜R 3 は水素又はハロゲン原子、アルキル基あるいはフェニル基を表す。又、m、nは正の整数である。)
【0013】
〔2〕 〔1〕記載の電子写真感光体、静電潜像形成手段、現像手役、転写手段及びブレードクリーニング手段を有することを特徴とする電子写真装置。
【0014】
〔3〕 〔1〕記載の電子写真感光体と像形成手段を有する装置ユニットにおいて、電子写真感光体と前記像形成手段としての帯電手段、現像手段、転写手段及びブレードクリーニング手段の少なくとも1つが一体的に支持され、装置本体に着脱自在に装着されていることを特徴とする装置ユニット。
【0019】
前記装置ユニットの好ましい実施態様としては、前記クリーニング手段として弾性クリーニングブレードが用いられ、少なくとも該クリーニングブレードと前記感光体とが一体的に支持され、かつ装置本体に着脱自在とされる。
【0020】
前記したごとく、感光体の最表面層に高硬度の無機微粒子を含有させることにより、感光体表面の機械的強度を向上させ、その結果、繰り返し使用後の膜厚減耗や傷欠陥を低減できる。
【0021】
しかしながら、高硬度粒子の添加により感光体表面の機械的強度は向上したものの、感光体表面の粗さが増加することにより、クリーニング性が劣化し、クリーニングブレードの耐久性が悪くなるという問題が発生した。
【0022】
発明者らが鋭意検討した結果、感光層の表面とクリーニングブレードとの動摩擦係数の関係が上記の関係を満たすとき、摩擦を軽減でき、その結果クリーニング性も向上でき、かつクリーニングブレードの耐久性も向上することができた。
【0023】
ここで、クリーニングブレードに対する感光体表面の動摩擦係数(μ)は感光体をシート状に作製し、HEIDON社製の表面試験装置(型式HEIDON−14)により測定される。これはブレードを一定の荷重(g)で感光体に押し当て、感光体面と平行に動いている時に加わる力(g)を測定する。動摩擦係数はブレードが動いている時の〔感光体に加わる力(g)〕/〔ブレードに加えた荷重(g)〕で得られる。使用ブレードは電子写真装置に組込むものを用いるが、例えば北辰工業社製ウレタンブレード(ゴム硬度67)であり、5mm×30mm×2mmにカットし、荷重10gをかけてトレイル方向、角度30°にて測定した。尚、クリーニングブレード固定装置の概略断面図を図1に示す。
【0024】
本発明においては、感光体を電子写真装置に装着前と、5000回画像形成後に装置より取り外して動摩擦係数を測定し前記関係にあるかどうかを調べた。
【0025】
動摩擦係数を上記の関係に保つための最上層のバインダ樹脂としては、ケイ素を含有したポリカーボネートからなる共重合体が好ましく、ブロック重合体でもグラフト重合体であってもよい。
【0026】
好ましい化合物としては、前記一般式〔1〕、〔2〕または〔3〕で示されるが、一般式〔1〕〜〔3〕で表される化合物として具体的化合物例を以下に示す。
【0027】
【化3】
【0028】
【化4】
【0029】
【化5】
【0030】
前記バインダ樹脂の重量平均分子量は10,000〜150,000が好ましく、更に好ましくは20,000〜150,000である。
【0031】
又、本発明においてモース硬度5以上の無機粒子、好ましくは体積平均粒径が0.05〜2.0μmの無機粒子を感光体の表面層に含有させる。無機粒子としてはアミナ、シリカ、酸化チタン、酸化ジルコニウムなどが挙げられ、特にシリカが好ましい。添加量としては樹脂に対し0.1〜100重量%、さらに好ましくは1〜50重量%が良い。
【0032】
本発明の電子写真感光体は、望ましくは有機の電荷発生物質(CGM)と電荷輸送物質(CTM)とが含有される有機感光体である。該有機感光体の層構成を図2に示す。
【0033】
図2(イ)は導電性支持体1上に中間層2を介して電荷発生物質(CGM)と電荷輸送物質(CTM)を共に含有する単層構成の感光層6を有する感光体であり、図2(ロ)は導電性支持体1上に中間層2を介して電荷輸送物質(CTM)を主成分として含有する電荷輸送層(CTL)3と電荷発生物質(CGM)を主成分として含有する電荷発生層(CGL)4とをこの順に積層して成る感光層6を有する感光体であり、図2(ハ)は導電性支持体1上に中間層を介して電荷発生層(CGL)4と電荷輸送層(CTL)3とをこの順に積層して成る感光層6を有する感光体である。
【0034】
又、図2(ニ)、(ホ)、(ヘ)はそれぞれ図1(イ)、(ロ)、(ハ)の感光層の上にさらに最表面感光層5を積層した構成を示す。上記(イ)、(ロ)、(ハ)、(ニ)、(ホ)、(ヘ)の各図は有機感光体の代表的な構成を示したものであり、本発明はこれらの層構成に限定されるものではない。例えばこれらの図で示された中間層2は必要でなければ設けなくてもよい。
【0035】
上記層構成の中、最表面感光層に電荷輸送物質(CTM)を含有させる、いわゆるCTL2層構造の層構成とする事がより好ましい。これら最表面層中に電荷輸送物質(CTM)を含有させる事により電子写真感光体のくり返し使用による残留電位の上昇や、感度の低下を防ぐ事ができる。
【0036】
前記図2(イ)〜(ヘ)の各感光体の感光層6に含有される電荷発生物質(CGM)としては、例えばフタロシアニン顔料、多環キノン顔料、アゾ顔料、ペリレン顔料、インジゴ顔料、キナクリドン顔料、アズレニウム顔料、スクワリリウム染料、シアニン染料、ピリリウム染料、チオピリリウム染料、キサンテン色素、トリフェニルメタン色素、スチリル色素等が挙げられ、これらの電荷発生物質(CGM)は単独で又は適当なバインダ樹脂と共に層形成が行われる。
【0037】
前記感光層6に含有される電荷輸送物質(CTM)としては、例えばオキサゾール誘導体、オキサジアゾール誘導体、チアゾール誘導体、チアジアゾール誘導体、トリアゾール誘導体、イミダゾール誘導体、イミダゾロン誘導体、イミダゾリン誘導体、ビスイミダゾリジン誘導体、スチリル化合物、ヒドラゾン化合物、ベンジジン化合物、ピラゾリン誘導体、スチルベン化合物、アミン誘導体、オキサゾロン誘導体、ベンゾチアゾール誘導体、ベンズイミダゾール誘導体、キナゾリン誘導体、ベンゾフラン誘導体、アクリジン誘導体、フェナジン誘導体、アミノスチルベン誘導体、ポリ−N−ビニルカルバゾール、ポリ−1−ビニルピレン、ポリ−9−ビニルアントラセン等が挙げられ、これらの電荷輸送物質(CTM)は本発明の低摩擦係数のバインダ樹脂と共に層形成が行われる。
【0038】
これらの中で特に好ましい電荷輸送物質(CTM)としては下記一般式で示される化合物のものがあげられる。
【0039】
【化6】
【0040】
(式中、Ar1、Ar2、Ar4は置換、無置換の芳香族炭化水素基または複素環基を表し、Ar3は置換、無置換の2価の芳香族炭化水素基または複素環基を表し、R2は水素原子又は置換、無置換の芳香族炭化水素基もしくは複素環基を表す。nは1もしくは2である。Ar4とR2は互いに結合して環を形成してもよい。)
【0041】
【化7】
【0042】
(式中、R4、R5は置換、無置換の芳香族炭化水素基、複素環基またはアルキル基を表し、互いに連結して環を形成してもよい。R3は水素原子または置換、無置換の芳香族炭化水素基、複素環基もしくはアルキル基を表し、Ar5は置換、無置換の芳香族炭化水素基または複素環基を表す。mは0若しくは1である。)
【0043】
【化8】
【0044】
(式中、Yは置換、無置換のフェニル基、ナフチル基、ピレニル基、フルオレニル基、カルバゾリル基、ジフェニル基又は4,4′−アルキリデンジフェニル基を表し、Ar6、Ar7は置換、無置換の芳香族炭化水素基または複素環基を表す。lは1〜3の整数を表す。)
【0045】
【化9】
【0046】
(式中、Ar8、Ar9、Ar10、Ar11は置換、無置換の芳香族炭化水素基または複素環基を表す。)
これらの中、本発明の感光体に好ましく用いられる具体的化合物例を以下に例示する。
【0047】
【化10】
【0048】
【化11】
【0049】
【化12】
【0050】
【化13】
【0051】
【化14】
【0052】
【化15】
【0053】
前記積層構成の場合の最表面層以外の電荷発生層(CGL)、電荷輸送層(CTL)に含有されるバインダ樹脂としては、ポリエステル樹脂、ポリスチレン樹脂、メタクリル樹脂、アクリル樹脂、ポリ塩化ビニル樹脂、ポリ塩化ビニリデン樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂、ポリビニルブチラール樹脂、ポリビニルアセテート樹脂、スチレン−ブタジエン樹脂、塩化ビニリデン−アクリロニトリル共重合体樹脂、塩化ビニル−無水マレイン酸共重合体樹脂、ウレタン樹脂、シリコーン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、シリコーン−アルキッド樹脂、フェノール樹脂、ポリシラン樹脂、ポリビニルカルバゾール等が挙げられる。
【0054】
前記各層を形成する際に用いられる溶媒又は分散媒としては、n−ブチルアミン、ジエチルアミン、エチレンジアミン、イソプロパノールアミン、トリエタノールアミン、トリエチレンジアミン、N,N−ジメチルホルムアミド、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、メチルイソプロピルケトン、シクロヘキサノン、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン、クロロホルム、ジクロロメタン、1,2−ジクロロエタン、1,2−ジクロロプロパン、1,1,2−トリクロロエタン、1,1,1−トリクロロエタン、トリクロロエチレン、テトラクロロエタン、テトラヒドロフラン、ジオキサン、メタノール、エタノール、イソプロピナール、酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル、ジメチルスルホキシド、メチルセロソルブ等が挙げられる。本発明はこれらに限定されるものではないが、ケトン系溶媒を用いた場合に感度、繰り返し使用時の電位変化等が更に良好となる。また、これらの溶媒は単独あるいは2種以上の混合溶媒として用いることもできる。
【0055】
本発明に於いて電荷発生層中の電荷発生物質とバインダ樹脂との割合は重量比で1:5〜5:1、特には1:2〜3:1が好ましい。また電荷発生層の膜厚は5μm以下が好ましく、特には0.05〜2μmが好ましい。
【0056】
又、電荷輸送層の前記の電荷輸送物質とバインダ樹脂を適当な溶剤に溶解し、その溶液を塗布乾燥することによって形成される。電荷輸送物質とバインダ樹脂との混合割合は重量比で3:1〜1:3が好ましく、特には2:1〜1:2が好ましい。
【0057】
また、電荷輸送層の膜厚は5〜50μm、特には10〜40μmが好ましい。
【0058】
感光体が単一層型の場合、上述したような電荷発生物質と電荷輸送物質をバインダ樹脂に分散および溶解した溶液を塗布乾燥することによって得ることができる。
【0059】
本発明の最表面感光層を形成する場合、該感光層は本発明の熱硬化樹脂及び無機粒子を溶媒と共に溶解、分散させ、前記した感光層上に塗布することにより形成する。この場合、層中の樹脂とCTMの比は3:1〜1:3が好ましい。特に2:1〜1:2であり、最表面感光層の膜厚は0.2〜10μmが好ましい。0.2μ未満では本発明の効果が得られにくい。又10μmを越えると感光層中の無機粒子による光散乱により画像の解像力が劣化する。又感度の低下、残留電位の上昇等も伴う事がある。特に好ましい範囲は0.4〜5μmである。
【0060】
次に、本発明の電子写真感光体の導電性支持体としては、
1)アルミニウム板、ステンレス板などの金属板、
2)紙あるいはプラスチックフィルムなどの支持体上に、アルミニウム、パラジウム、金などの金属薄層をラミネートもしくは蒸着によって設けたもの、
3)紙あるいはプラスチックフィルムなどの支持体上に、導電性ポリマー、酸化インジウム、酸化錫などの導電性化合物の層を塗布もしくは蒸着によって設けたもの
等が挙げられる。
【0061】
次に本発明の電子写真感光体を製造するための塗布加工方法としては、浸漬塗布、スプレー塗布、円形量規制型塗布等の塗布加工法が用いられるが、感光層の表面層側の塗布加工は下層の膜を極力溶解させないため、又均一塗布加工を達成するためスプレー塗布又は円形量規制型塗布等の塗布加工方法を用いるのが好ましい。なお前記スプレー塗布については例えば特開平3−90250号及び特開平3−269238号公報に詳細に記載され、前記円形量規制型塗布については例えば特開昭58−189061号公報に詳細に記載されている。
【0062】
なお前記スプレー塗布及び円形量規制型塗布によれば、前記浸漬塗布等に比して塗布液の無駄な消費がなく、下層を溶解、損傷することがなく、かつ均一塗布が達成される等の利点を有する。
【0063】
本発明においては前記したごとく導電性支持体と感光層の間に、バリヤー機能と接着樹脂を兼備した中間層を設けることもできる。
【0064】
中間層用の材料としては、カゼイン、ポリビニルアルコール、ニトロセルロース、エチレン−アクリル酸共重合体、ポリビニルブチラール、フェノール樹脂ポリアミド類(ナイロン6、ナイロン66、ナイロン610、共重合ナイロン、アルコキシメチル化ナイロン等)、ポリウレタン、ゼラチン及び酸化アルミニウム等が挙げられる。中間層の膜厚は、0.1〜10μmが好ましく、特には0.1〜5μmが好ましい。
【0065】
本発明においては、更に、支持体と中間層との間に支持体の表面欠陥を補うための被覆を施すことや、特に画像入力がレーザー光の場合には問題となる干渉縞の発生を防止することなどを目的とした導電層を設けることができる。この導電層は、カーボンブラック、金属粒子又は金属酸化物粒子等の導電性粉体を適当な結着剤樹脂中に分散した溶液を塗布乾燥して形成することができる。導電層の膜厚は5〜40μmが好ましく、特には10〜30μmが好ましい。
【0066】
また、支持体の形状はドラム状でもシート状でもベルト状でもよく、適用する電子写真装置に適した形状であることが好ましい。
【0067】
本発明の電子写真感光体は、複写機、レーザープリンター、LEDプリンター、液晶シャッター式プリンター等の電子写真装置一般に適用し得るものであるが、更には電子写真技術を応用したディスプレイ、記録、軽印刷、製版、ファクシミリ等の装置にも広く適用し得るものである。
【0068】
図3に本発明の電子写真感光体を有する電子写真装置の概略断面図を示す。
【0069】
図3において10は像担持体である感光体ドラムで、有機感光層をドラム上に塗布し接地されて時計方向に駆動回転される。12はスコロトロン帯電器で、感光体ドラム10周面に対し一様な帯電をコロナ放電によって与えられる。この帯電器12による帯電に先だって、前画像形成での感光体の履歴をなくすために発光ダイオード等を用いた11による露光を行って感光体周面の除電をしてもよい。
【0070】
感光体への一様帯電ののち像露光手段13により画像信号に基づいた像露光が行われる。この図の像露光手段13は図示しないレーザダイオードを発光光源とし回転するポリゴンミラー131、fθレンズ等を経て反射ミラー132により光路を曲げられ感光体ドラム上の走査がなされ、静電潜像が形成される。
【0071】
その静電潜像は次いで現像器14で現像される。感光体ドラム10周縁にはイエロー(Y)、マゼンタ(M)、シアン(C)、黒色(K)等のトナーとキャリアとから成る現像剤をそれぞれ内蔵した現像器14が設けられていて、先ず1色目の現像がマグネットを内蔵し現像剤を保持して回転する現像スリーブ141によって行われる。現像剤はフェライトをコアとしてそのまわりに絶縁性樹脂をコーティングしたキャリアと、ポリエステルを主材料として色に応じた顔料と荷電制御剤、シリカ、酸化チタン等を加えたトナーとからなるもので、現像剤は層形成手段によって現像スリーブ141上に100〜600μmの層厚に規制されて現像域へと搬送され、現像が行われる。この時通常は感光体ドラム10と現像スリーブ141の間に直流或いは交流バイアス電位をかけて現像が行われる。
【0072】
カラー画像形成に於いては、1色目の顕像化が終った後2色目の画像形成行程にはいり、再びスコロトロン帯電器12による一様帯電が行われ、2色目の潜像が像露光手段13によって形成される。3色目、4色目についても2色目と同様の画像形成行程が行われ、感光体ドラム10周面上には4色の顕像が形成される。
【0073】
一方モノクロの電子写真装置では現像器14は黒トナー1種で構成され、1回の現像で画像を形成することができる。
【0074】
記録紙Pは画像形成後、転写のタイミングの整った時点で給紙ローラ17の回転作動により転写域へと給紙される。
【0075】
転写域においては転写のタイミングに同期して感光体ドラム10の周面に転写ローラ18が圧接され、給紙された記録紙Pを挟着して多色像が一括して転写される。
【0076】
次いで記録紙Pはほぼ同時に圧接状態とされた分離ブラシ19によって除電され感光体ドラム10の周面により分離して定着装置20に搬送され、熱ローラ201と圧着ローラ202の加熱、加圧によってトナーを溶着したのち排紙ローラ21を介して装置外部に排出される。なお前記の転写ローラ18および分離ブラシ19は記録紙Pの通過後感光体ドラム10の周面より退避離間して次なるトナー像の形成に備える。
【0077】
一方記録紙Pを分離した後の感光体ドラム10は、クリーニング装置22のブレード221の圧接により残留トナーを除去・清掃し、再び11による除電と帯電器12による帯電を受けて次なる画像形成のプロセスに入る。なお感光体上にカラー画像を重ね合わせる場合には前記のブレード221は感光体面のクリーニング後直ちに移動して感光体ドラム10の周面より退避する。
【0078】
尚30は電子写真感光体、帯電手段、及びクリーニング手段を一体化して着脱可能にした装着ユニットである。
【0079】
電子写真装置として、上述の感光体や現像手段、クリーニング手段等の構成要素のうち、複数のものを装置ユニットとして一体に結合して構成し、このユニットを装置本体に対して着脱自在に構成することが好ましい。例えば帯電手段、現像手段及びクリーニング手段の少なくとも1つを感光体とともに一体に支持してユニットを形成し、装置本体に着脱自在の単一ユニットとし、装置本体のレールなどの案内手段を用いて着脱自在の構成したものである。このとき上記の装置ユニットの方に帯電手段及び/または現像手段を伴って構成しても良い。
【0080】
像露光手段は、電子写真装置を複写機やプリンターとして使用する場合には、原稿からの反射光や透過光を感光体に照射すること、或いはセンサーで原稿を読み取り信号化し、この信号に従ってレーザービームの走査、LEDアレイの駆動、または液晶シャッターアレイの駆動を行い感光体に光を照射する手段である。
【0081】
尚、ファクシミリのプリンターとして使用する場合には、像露光手段13は受信データをプリントするための露光手段になる。
【0082】
【実施例】
以下、実施例を挙げて本発明を詳細に説明するが、本発明の態様はこれに限定されない。
【0083】
実施例1
参考例用感光体1の作製>
直径80mmのアルミニウムドラム上に共重合タイプのポリアミド樹脂「アミランCM−8000」(東レ社製)1.5重量部をメタノール90容量部とブタノール10容量部との混合溶媒中に溶解してなる塗布液を浸潰塗布して膜厚0.3μmの中間層を形成した。次にポリビニールブチラール樹脂「エスレックBL−S」(積水化学社製)0.8重量部をメチルエチルケトン80重量部と、シクロヘキサノン20重量部との混合溶媒中に溶解し、得られた溶液中に下記構造式で示される電荷発生物質(CGM−1)4重量部(CGM/バインダの量比が5.0)を混合、分散してなる塗布液を前記中間層上に浸漬塗布して乾燥後の膜厚0.2μmの電荷発生層を形成した。
【0084】
【化16】
【0085】
次いでバインダとしてポリカーボネート樹脂「ユーピロンZ300」(三菱ガス化学社製)15重量部と電荷輸送物質としての例示化合物(T−2)を10重量部、ヒンダードフェノール系酸化防止剤「イルガノックス1010」(チバガイギー社製)0.25重量部をメチレンクロライド100容量部に溶解してなる塗布液を前記電荷発生層上に浸漬塗布して乾燥後の膜厚が25μmの第一の電荷輸送層を形成した。
【0086】
次いでバインダとしてシロキサン−ポリカーボネート共重合体(1−1)1.5重量部と表1の無機粒子0.6重量部と電荷輪送物質としての例示化合物(T−2)1重量部、ヒンダードフェノール系酸化防止剤「イルガノックス1010」0.025重量部を1,2−ジクロロエタン100容量部に溶解、分散してなる塗布液を前記第一の電荷輪送層上に円形量規制型塗布機を用いて塗布して、乾燥後の膜厚がlμmの第二の電荷輸送層を形成し、表1に示す参考例用感光体1を得た。この感光体の動摩擦係数は0.7であった。
【0087】
参考例用感光体2〜8、実施例用感光体9〜12及び比較例用感光体1、2の作製>
参考例用感光体1の第二の電荷輸送層のバインダ樹脂の種類と動摩擦係数を表1のように変化させた他は参考例用感光体1と同様にして参考例用感光体2〜8、実施例用感光体9〜12、比較例用感光体1、2を得た。
【0088】
【表1】
【0089】
参考例用感光体2〜8、実施例用感光体9〜12及び比較例用感光体1、2>
以上のようにして得た感光体を該感光体とクリーニング手段とが一体的にユニット化されている、帯電、像露光、現像、転写、除電及びクリーニングの各工程を有するアナログ複写機「Konica U−BIX4145」(コニカ社製)に装着して、常温常湿下(20℃、60%RH)で各感光体毎に像形成テストを行い、5000回コピー後の動摩擦係数の測定を行った。
【0090】
1)画像評価
前記感光体を順次前記複写機に装着し、中間調を有する原稿を用いて10万回の実写コピーを行った。帯電器はスコロトロン帯電器が用いられ、グリッド制御により前記感光体上には−750Vの一定帯電条件で像形成が行われた。
【0091】
前記10万回の像形成テストを行い、クリーニング不良による地カブリの発生の有無、クリーニングブレードのめくれによるスジ故障の有無及び画像の鮮明度等を目視により観察し、その結果を表2に示した。
【0092】
2)電位変動量の測定
前記10万回の像形成テスト前後の黒紙電位(Vb)と白紙電位(Vw)を測定し、その差ΔVb及びΔVwから画出し前後の各感光体の電位変動量を求め、その結果を表2に示した。なお測定用原稿として反射濃度1.3のベタ黒領域と反射濃度0.0のベタ白領域を半々に有する原稿を用い、前記スコロトロン帯電器による−750Vの帯電後、前記原稿からの像露光により形成された静電潜像を現像器の位置に配置された電位計により測定して、前記黒紙電位(Vb)及び白紙電位(Vw)を測定するようにした。
【0093】
【表2】
【0094】
表2より実施例用の各感光体を用いた実施例では繰り返し像形成の過程で黒紙電位及び白紙電位等の電位変動及び地カブリ、スジ故障等のない鮮明な画像が得られるが、比較例用の感光体を用いた各比較例では繰り返し像形成の過程でカブリやスジ故障が発生し、良好な画像が得られないことがわかる。
【0106】
【発明の効果】
本発明により、繰り返し像形成の過程で黒紙電位及び白紙電位等の電位変動及び地カブリ、スジ故障等のない鮮明な画像が得られる
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】動摩擦係数を測定するためのブレード固定装置の断面図。
【図2】本発明の感光体の層構成を示す断面図。
【図3】本発明の電子写真装置の概略断面図。
【符号の説明】
1 導電性支持体
2 中間層
3 電荷輸送層
4 電荷発生層
5 再表面感光層
6 感光層
10 感光体ドラム(像担持体)
11 露光除電器
12 スコロトロン帯電器
13 像露光手段
131 ポリゴンミラー
132 反射ミラー
14 現像器
141 現像スリーブ
17 給紙ローラ
18 転写ローラ
19 分離ブラシ
20 定着装置
201 熱ローラ
202 圧着ローラ
21 排紙ローラ
22 クリーニング装置
221 ブレード
30 像保持部材(カートリッジ)
40 ウレタンゴムブレード
41 支柱
42 ホルダー支柱アーム
43 上部ホルダー
44 下部ホルダー
45 固定ビス
46 サンプル
P 記録紙
[0001]
[Industrial application fields]
The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member having excellent durability and sensitivity, and to an electrophotographic apparatus and an apparatus unit having the photosensitive member.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In general, when an image is formed by electrophotography, the surface of a photoconductor is charged, image exposed and developed to form a toner image, and the toner image is transferred and fixed on a transfer material to obtain an image. The subsequent photoreceptor is repeatedly used for a long time after the residual toner is cleaned and discharged.
[0003]
Therefore, the photoconductor is not only electrophotographic performance such as charging potential, sensitivity, dark decay and residual potential characteristics, but also physical properties such as printing durability, abrasion resistance and moisture resistance during repeated use, and occurs during corona discharge. Good resistance to ozone and image exposure is also required.
[0004]
On the other hand, as conventional electrophotographic photoreceptors, inorganic photoconductive photoreceptors using amorphous silicon, selenium, cadmium sulfide and the like have been used in many cases. However, in recent years, they are low-cost, non-toxic and excellent in processability. Organic photoconductive photoconductors (hereinafter simply referred to as organic photoconductors or OPCs) that have a high degree of freedom of selection depending on the purpose have become mainstream.
[0005]
Fatigue deterioration due to repeated use of these electrophotographic photoreceptors is caused by charging, exposure, development, transfer of toner images formed on the photoreceptor onto transfer materials, separation, and cleaning of residual toner on the photoreceptor after transfer. According to each process. The causes are presumed to be friction and damage on the surface of the photosensitive layer due to rubbing, decomposition of the photosensitive layer in each step such as charging to the surface of the photosensitive member, image exposure, static elimination, and alteration.
[0006]
Therefore, improvement of the surface of the photosensitive layer is an important issue in preventing fatigue deterioration of the photoreceptor. In particular, the photosensitive layer of the organic photoreceptor is softer than the inorganic photoreceptor, and the photoconductive substance is an organic substance, so the fatigue deterioration during repeated use of the photoreceptor is great, and the surface of the photosensitive layer is improved. Becomes more important.
[0007]
In JP-A-56-117245, JP-A-63-91666 and JP-A-1-205171, silica particles are contained in the protective layer of the photosensitive member to increase the mechanical strength of the surface of the photosensitive member, and durability. It is described that can be improved. JP-A-57-176057, JP-A-61-117558, or JP-A-3-155558 discloses hydrophobic silica particles obtained by treating the silica particles with a silane coupling agent or the like. It is described that it can be contained in the outermost surface protective layer to increase the mechanical strength of the photoreceptor and to provide lubricity, thereby obtaining a more durable photoreceptor.
[0008]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a photoreceptor having improved wear resistance and scratch resistance without impairing electrophotographic characteristics such as sensitivity.
[0009]
In addition, even if a cleaning blade used as a cleaning means is used in combination with the photosensitive member, the photosensitive member is not worn or damaged in the process of repeated image formation and is highly durable, and a high density and clear image is stable from start to finish. It is an object of the present invention to provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor obtained in this manner and an electrophotographic apparatus using the same.
[0010]
Furthermore, another object of the present invention is that the incorporated photoconductor is highly durable, so that it is possible to repeatedly and stably form an image without replacing the photoconductor. An object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus unit that can be replaced quickly and easily even if a defect occurs in an image forming means, and can stably obtain a high-quality image over a long period of time.
[0011]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The above-mentioned objects of the present invention are achieved by the following configurations.
[0012]
[1] conductive substrate in at least a charge generating layer having laminated a charge transport layer in this order, the charge transport layer is formed by a plurality layers, electrons on the surface layer containing silica mosquitoes fine particles In the photographic photoreceptor, the surface layer contains at least one of the polycarbonate-containing polycarbonate copolymer having the structure of the general formula [ 3], and includes an electrification, image exposure, development, transfer, and blade cleaning steps. An electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the dynamic friction coefficient of the surface of the photosensitive member with respect to the cleaning blade after 5,000 times has the following relationship with the dynamic friction coefficient before the image forming process.
1.1 ≦ μ 5000 / μ S ≦ 4.2
μ 5000 : Dynamic friction coefficient after 5000 times of image forming process
μ S : Dynamic friction coefficient before going through image forming process
However, μ S = 0.01 to 1.0
[C]
(In the formula, A and B are a carbon atom, oxygen or sulfur atom having a substituent, and the substituents of the carbon atom may be bonded to each other to form a ring. X is alkylene or arylene.
R 1 to R 3 represent hydrogen or a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a phenyl group. M and n are positive integers. )
[0013]
[2] An electrophotographic apparatus comprising the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to [1], an electrostatic latent image forming unit, a developing hand, a transfer unit, and a blade cleaning unit.
[0014]
[3] In the apparatus unit having the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the image forming unit according to [1], at least one of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the charging unit, the developing unit, the transfer unit, and the blade cleaning unit as the image forming unit is integrated. A device unit characterized in that it is supported and is detachably attached to the device body.
[0019]
As a preferred embodiment of the apparatus unit, an elastic cleaning blade is used as the cleaning means, and at least the cleaning blade and the photoconductor are integrally supported and are detachable from the apparatus main body.
[0020]
As described above, by adding high-hardness inorganic fine particles to the outermost surface layer of the photoconductor, the mechanical strength of the surface of the photoconductor is improved, and as a result, film thickness wear and scratch defects after repeated use can be reduced.
[0021]
However, although the mechanical strength of the photoreceptor surface is improved by the addition of high-hardness particles, the problem is that the roughness of the photoreceptor surface increases, so that the cleaning property is deteriorated and the durability of the cleaning blade is deteriorated. did.
[0022]
As a result of intensive studies by the inventors, when the relationship of the dynamic friction coefficient between the surface of the photosensitive layer and the cleaning blade satisfies the above relationship, the friction can be reduced, and as a result, the cleaning property can be improved, and the durability of the cleaning blade is also improved. I was able to improve.
[0023]
Here, the dynamic friction coefficient (μ) of the surface of the photoreceptor with respect to the cleaning blade is measured by a surface test apparatus (model HEIDON-14) manufactured by HEIDON manufactured by preparing the photoreceptor in a sheet shape. This measures the force (g) applied when the blade is pressed against the photosensitive member with a constant load (g) and moved parallel to the surface of the photosensitive member. The dynamic friction coefficient is obtained by [force applied to the photosensitive member (g)] / [load applied to the blade (g)] when the blade is moving. The blade used is incorporated in the electrophotographic apparatus. For example, it is a urethane blade (rubber hardness 67) manufactured by Hokushin Kogyo Co., Ltd., cut to 5 mm × 30 mm × 2 mm, applied with a load of 10 g, at a trail direction at an angle of 30 °. It was measured. A schematic cross-sectional view of the cleaning blade fixing device is shown in FIG.
[0024]
In the present invention, the photosensitive member was removed from the apparatus before being mounted on the electrophotographic apparatus and after image formation 5000 times, and the coefficient of dynamic friction was measured to determine whether or not the above relationship was satisfied.
[0025]
As the uppermost binder resin for maintaining the dynamic friction coefficient in the above relationship, a copolymer made of polycarbonate containing silicon is preferable, and may be a block polymer or a graft polymer.
[0026]
Preferable compounds are represented by the general formula [1], [2] or [3]. Specific examples of the compounds represented by the general formulas [1] to [3] are shown below.
[0027]
[Chemical 3]
[0028]
[Formula 4]
[0029]
[Chemical formula 5]
[0030]
The binder resin preferably has a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 to 150,000, more preferably 20,000 to 150,000.
[0031]
The Mohs hardness of 5 or more inorganic particles in the present invention, Ru preferably is an inorganic particles having a volume average particle diameter of 0.05~2.0μm the surface layer of the photosensitive member. Examples of inorganic particles include amina, silica, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, and the like, and silica is particularly preferable. The addition amount is 0.1 to 100% by weight, more preferably 1 to 50% by weight, based on the resin.
[0032]
The electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention is preferably an organic photoreceptor containing an organic charge generating material (CGM) and a charge transport material (CTM). The layer structure of the organic photoreceptor is shown in FIG.
[0033]
FIG. 2 (a) shows a photoreceptor having a single-layered photosensitive layer 6 containing both a charge generating substance (CGM) and a charge transporting substance (CTM) on an electroconductive support 1 via an intermediate layer 2. FIG. 2 (b) shows the charge transport layer (CTL) 3 containing the charge transport material (CTM) as the main component and the charge generation material (CGM) as the main components on the conductive support 1 through the intermediate layer 2. 2 is a photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer 6 formed by laminating a charge generating layer (CGL) 4 in this order, and FIG. 2C shows the charge generating layer (CGL) on the conductive support 1 through an intermediate layer. 4 and a photosensitive layer 6 having a charge transport layer (CTL) 3 laminated in this order.
[0034]
2 (D), (E), and (F) show a structure in which the outermost photosensitive layer 5 is further laminated on the photosensitive layers shown in FIGS. 1 (A), (B), and (C), respectively. The above drawings (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f) show typical configurations of organic photoreceptors, and the present invention includes these layer configurations. It is not limited to. For example, the intermediate layer 2 shown in these drawings may be omitted if not necessary.
[0035]
Among the above layer configurations, it is more preferable to use a so-called CTL two-layer structure in which the outermost photosensitive layer contains a charge transport material (CTM). Inclusion of a charge transport material (CTM) in these outermost surface layers can prevent an increase in residual potential and a decrease in sensitivity due to repeated use of the electrophotographic photosensitive member.
[0036]
Examples of the charge generation material (CGM) contained in the photosensitive layer 6 of each of the photoreceptors shown in FIGS. 2A to 2F include, for example, phthalocyanine pigments, polycyclic quinone pigments, azo pigments, perylene pigments, indigo pigments, and quinacridone. Pigments, azulenium pigments, squarylium dyes, cyanine dyes, pyrylium dyes, thiopyrylium dyes, xanthene dyes, triphenylmethane dyes, styryl dyes, and the like. Formation takes place.
[0037]
Examples of the charge transport material (CTM) contained in the photosensitive layer 6 include oxazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, thiazole derivatives, thiadiazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, imidazolone derivatives, imidazoline derivatives, bisimidazolidine derivatives, and styryl. Compound, hydrazone compound, benzidine compound, pyrazoline derivative, stilbene compound, amine derivative, oxazolone derivative, benzothiazole derivative, benzimidazole derivative, quinazoline derivative, benzofuran derivative, acridine derivative, phenazine derivative, aminostilbene derivative, poly-N-vinylcarbazole , Poly-1-vinylpyrene, poly-9-vinylanthracene, etc., and these charge transport materials (CTM) Layer formation is performed with the binder resin.
[0038]
Among these, particularly preferred charge transport materials (CTM) include compounds represented by the following general formula.
[0039]
[Chemical 6]
[0040]
(In the formula, Ar 1 , Ar 2 and Ar 4 represent a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group or heterocyclic group, and Ar 3 represents a substituted or unsubstituted divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group or heterocyclic group. R 2 represents a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group or a heterocyclic group, n is 1 or 2. Ar 4 and R 2 may be bonded to each other to form a ring. Good.)
[0041]
[Chemical 7]
[0042]
(Wherein R 4 and R 5 represent a substituted, unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, heterocyclic group or alkyl group, and may be linked to each other to form a ring. R 3 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituted group; An unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, a heterocyclic group or an alkyl group is represented, Ar 5 represents a substituted, unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group or a heterocyclic group, and m is 0 or 1.)
[0043]
[Chemical 8]
[0044]
(In the formula, Y represents a substituted, unsubstituted phenyl group, naphthyl group, pyrenyl group, fluorenyl group, carbazolyl group, diphenyl group, or 4,4'-alkylidene diphenyl group, and Ar 6 and Ar 7 are substituted and unsubstituted. An aromatic hydrocarbon group or a heterocyclic group in which 1 represents an integer of 1 to 3)
[0045]
[Chemical 9]
[0046]
(In the formula, Ar 8 , Ar 9 , Ar 10 , Ar 11 represent a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group or heterocyclic group.)
Of these, specific examples of compounds preferably used in the photoreceptor of the present invention are illustrated below.
[0047]
[Chemical Formula 10]
[0048]
Embedded image
[0049]
Embedded image
[0050]
Embedded image
[0051]
Embedded image
[0052]
Embedded image
[0053]
As the binder resin contained in the charge generation layer (CGL) and the charge transport layer (CTL) other than the outermost surface layer in the case of the laminated structure, polyester resin, polystyrene resin, methacrylic resin, acrylic resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, Polyvinylidene chloride resin, polycarbonate resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, polyvinyl acetate resin, styrene-butadiene resin, vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile copolymer resin, vinyl chloride-maleic anhydride copolymer resin, urethane resin, silicone resin, epoxy resin, Silicone-alkyd resin, phenol resin, polysilane resin, polyvinyl carbazole and the like can be mentioned.
[0054]
Solvents or dispersion media used in forming each layer include n-butylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, isopropanolamine, triethanolamine, triethylenediamine, N, N-dimethylformamide, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone, cyclohexanone. , Benzene, toluene, xylene, chloroform, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethane, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, methanol , Ethanol, isopropylina, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, methyl cellosolve and the like. Although this invention is not limited to these, When a ketone solvent is used, a sensitivity, the electric potential change at the time of repeated use, etc. become still better. These solvents can be used alone or as a mixed solvent of two or more.
[0055]
In the present invention, the ratio of the charge generation material to the binder resin in the charge generation layer is preferably 1: 5 to 5: 1, particularly 1: 2 to 3: 1 in terms of weight ratio. The thickness of the charge generation layer is preferably 5 μm or less, particularly preferably 0.05 to 2 μm.
[0056]
Alternatively, the charge transport material and binder resin of the charge transport layer are dissolved in an appropriate solvent, and the solution is applied and dried. The mixing ratio between the charge transport material and the binder resin is preferably 3: 1 to 1: 3, and particularly preferably 2: 1 to 1: 2.
[0057]
The thickness of the charge transport layer is preferably 5 to 50 μm, particularly 10 to 40 μm.
[0058]
When the photoreceptor is of a single layer type, it can be obtained by applying and drying a solution in which the charge generating material and the charge transporting material as described above are dispersed and dissolved in a binder resin.
[0059]
When the outermost photosensitive layer of the present invention is formed, the photosensitive layer is formed by dissolving and dispersing the thermosetting resin and inorganic particles of the present invention together with a solvent and applying the solution onto the above-described photosensitive layer. In this case, the ratio of resin to CTM in the layer is preferably 3: 1 to 1: 3. In particular, it is 2: 1 to 1: 2, and the film thickness of the outermost photosensitive layer is preferably 0.2 to 10 μm. If it is less than 0.2 μm, it is difficult to obtain the effects of the present invention. On the other hand, if it exceeds 10 μm, the resolution of the image deteriorates due to light scattering by the inorganic particles in the photosensitive layer. In addition, the sensitivity may decrease and the residual potential may increase. A particularly preferable range is 0.4 to 5 μm.
[0060]
Next, as the conductive support of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention,
1) Metal plate such as aluminum plate and stainless steel plate,
2) A thin metal layer such as aluminum, palladium or gold provided on a support such as paper or plastic film by lamination or vapor deposition,
3) What provided the layer of conductive compounds, such as a conductive polymer, an indium oxide, a tin oxide, by application | coating or vapor deposition on support | carriers, such as paper or a plastic film, etc. are mentioned.
[0061]
Next, as a coating processing method for producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention, a coating processing method such as dip coating, spray coating, circular amount regulation type coating or the like is used, but coating processing on the surface layer side of the photosensitive layer is used. In order to prevent the lower layer film from being dissolved as much as possible, and in order to achieve uniform coating processing, it is preferable to use a coating processing method such as spray coating or circular amount regulation type coating. The spray coating is described in detail in, for example, JP-A-3-90250 and JP-A-3-269238, and the circular amount-regulating coating is described in detail in, for example, JP-A-58-189061. Yes.
[0062]
In addition, according to the spray coating and the circular amount regulation type coating, there is no wasteful consumption of the coating solution compared to the dip coating, the lower layer is not dissolved and damaged, and uniform coating is achieved. Have advantages.
[0063]
In the present invention, as described above, an intermediate layer having both a barrier function and an adhesive resin can be provided between the conductive support and the photosensitive layer.
[0064]
Examples of the material for the intermediate layer include casein, polyvinyl alcohol, nitrocellulose, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, polyvinyl butyral, phenol resin polyamides (nylon 6, nylon 66, nylon 610, copolymer nylon, alkoxymethylated nylon, etc. ), Polyurethane, gelatin, aluminum oxide and the like. The film thickness of the intermediate layer is preferably from 0.1 to 10 μm, particularly preferably from 0.1 to 5 μm.
[0065]
In the present invention, a coating for compensating for surface defects of the support is further provided between the support and the intermediate layer, and interference fringes that are problematic when the image input is laser light are prevented. A conductive layer for the purpose of, for example, can be provided. This conductive layer can be formed by applying and drying a solution in which conductive powder such as carbon black, metal particles, or metal oxide particles is dispersed in an appropriate binder resin. The thickness of the conductive layer is preferably 5 to 40 μm, particularly preferably 10 to 30 μm.
[0066]
The support may be in the form of a drum, a sheet or a belt, and is preferably a shape suitable for the electrophotographic apparatus to be applied.
[0067]
The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention can be applied to general electrophotographic apparatuses such as copying machines, laser printers, LED printers, and liquid crystal shutter printers, and further displays, recordings, and light printings using electrophotographic technology. It can also be widely applied to apparatuses such as plate making and facsimile.
[0068]
FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view of an electrophotographic apparatus having the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.
[0069]
In FIG. 3, reference numeral 10 denotes a photosensitive drum as an image carrier, which is coated with an organic photosensitive layer on the drum, grounded, and rotated clockwise. Reference numeral 12 denotes a scorotron charger, which gives a uniform charge to the circumferential surface of the photosensitive drum 10 by corona discharge. Prior to the charging by the charger 12, in order to eliminate the history of the photosensitive member in the previous image formation, the peripheral surface of the photosensitive member may be discharged by performing the exposure using a light emitting diode or the like.
[0070]
After the photoreceptor is uniformly charged, the image exposure unit 13 performs image exposure based on the image signal. The image exposure means 13 in this figure is scanned on the photosensitive drum by bending the optical path by a reflecting mirror 132 through a polygon mirror 131 rotating with a laser diode (not shown) as a light source, an fθ lens, etc., and an electrostatic latent image is formed. Is done.
[0071]
The electrostatic latent image is then developed by the developing device 14. On the periphery of the photosensitive drum 10, there are provided developing devices 14 each containing a developer composed of toner such as yellow (Y), magenta (M), cyan (C), and black (K) and a carrier. The development of the first color is performed by a developing sleeve 141 that contains a magnet and rotates while holding the developer. The developer consists of a carrier with a ferrite core and an insulating resin coating around it, and a toner containing polyester as a main material and a pigment according to the color and a charge control agent, silica, titanium oxide, etc. The agent is regulated to a layer thickness of 100 to 600 μm on the developing sleeve 141 by the layer forming means and conveyed to the developing zone for development. At this time, development is usually performed by applying a direct current or alternating current bias potential between the photosensitive drum 10 and the developing sleeve 141.
[0072]
In the color image formation, after the first color visualization is completed, the second color image formation process is started, and uniform charging is performed again by the scorotron charger 12, and the second color latent image is converted into the image exposure means 13. Formed by. For the third and fourth colors, the same image forming process as that for the second color is performed, and a four-color visible image is formed on the circumferential surface of the photosensitive drum 10.
[0073]
On the other hand, in the monochrome electrophotographic apparatus, the developing device 14 is composed of one type of black toner, and an image can be formed by one development.
[0074]
The recording paper P is fed to the transfer area by the rotation operation of the paper feed roller 17 at the time when the transfer timing is ready after image formation.
[0075]
In the transfer area, the transfer roller 18 is pressed against the peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 10 in synchronism with the transfer timing, and the fed recording paper P is sandwiched to transfer the multicolor images all at once.
[0076]
Next, the recording paper P is neutralized by the separation brush 19 brought into a pressure contact state almost simultaneously, separated by the peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 10 and conveyed to the fixing device 20, and the toner is heated and pressed by the heat roller 201 and the pressure roller 202. Are then discharged to the outside of the apparatus via the paper discharge roller 21. The transfer roller 18 and the separation brush 19 are retracted away from the peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 10 after the recording paper P has passed to prepare for the next toner image formation.
[0077]
On the other hand, the photosensitive drum 10 from which the recording paper P has been separated removes and cleans residual toner by the pressure contact of the blade 221 of the cleaning device 22, and is again subjected to charge removal by 11 and charging by the charger 12 to form the next image. Enter the process. When superposing a color image on the photoconductor, the blade 221 moves immediately after cleaning the photoconductor surface and retracts from the peripheral surface of the photoconductor drum 10.
[0078]
Reference numeral 30 denotes a mounting unit in which the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the charging unit, and the cleaning unit are integrated and detachable.
[0079]
As an electrophotographic apparatus, a plurality of constituent elements such as the above-described photosensitive member, developing means, and cleaning means are integrally coupled as an apparatus unit, and this unit is configured to be detachable from the apparatus main body. It is preferable. For example, a unit is formed by integrally supporting at least one of a charging unit, a developing unit, and a cleaning unit together with a photosensitive member to form a single unit that can be attached to and detached from the apparatus main body, and is attached or detached using a guide means such as a rail of the apparatus main body. It is a free configuration. At this time, the apparatus unit may be configured with a charging unit and / or a developing unit.
[0080]
When the electrophotographic apparatus is used as a copying machine or a printer, the image exposure means irradiates the photosensitive member with reflected light or transmitted light from the original, or reads the original with a sensor and converts it into a laser beam. Is a means for irradiating light to the photosensitive member by scanning the light source, driving the LED array or driving the liquid crystal shutter array.
[0081]
When used as a facsimile printer, the image exposure means 13 becomes an exposure means for printing received data.
[0082]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example is given and this invention is demonstrated in detail, the aspect of this invention is not limited to this.
[0083]
Example 1
<Preparation of photoconductor 1 for reference example>
Coating obtained by dissolving 1.5 parts by weight of a copolymer type polyamide resin “Amilan CM-8000” (manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) in a mixed solvent of 90 parts by volume of methanol and 10 parts by volume of butanol on an aluminum drum having a diameter of 80 mm. The liquid was dip-coated to form an intermediate layer having a thickness of 0.3 μm. Next, 0.8 parts by weight of polyvinyl butyral resin “S-LEC BL-S” (manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) was dissolved in a mixed solvent of 80 parts by weight of methyl ethyl ketone and 20 parts by weight of cyclohexanone. A coating solution obtained by mixing and dispersing 4 parts by weight of the charge generation material (CGM-1) represented by the structural formula (CGM / binder amount ratio is 5.0) is dip-coated on the intermediate layer and dried. A charge generation layer having a thickness of 0.2 μm was formed.
[0084]
Embedded image
[0085]
Next, 15 parts by weight of polycarbonate resin “Iupilon Z300” (Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co., Ltd.) as a binder, 10 parts by weight of exemplary compound (T-2) as a charge transport material, hindered phenolic antioxidant “Irganox 1010” ( Ciba Geigy Co., Ltd.) A coating solution prepared by dissolving 0.25 parts by weight in 100 parts by volume of methylene chloride was dip coated on the charge generation layer to form a first charge transport layer having a thickness of 25 μm after drying. .
[0086]
Next, 1.5 parts by weight of a siloxane-polycarbonate copolymer (1-1) as a binder, 0.6 parts by weight of inorganic particles in Table 1, and 1 part by weight of an exemplary compound (T-2) as a charge transfer material, hindered A coating solution prepared by dissolving and dispersing 0.025 parts by weight of a phenolic antioxidant “Irganox 1010” in 100 parts by volume of 1,2-dichloroethane is applied to the circular charge control type coating machine on the first charge transfer layer. Was applied to form a second charge transport layer having a dried film thickness of 1 μm, and a photoreceptor 1 for reference example shown in Table 1 was obtained. The coefficient of dynamic friction of this photoconductor was 0.7.
[0087]
< Preparation of Reference Photoconductors 2 to 8, Example Photoconductors 9 to 12 and Comparative Photoconductors 1 and 2>
Second charge transport layer binder resin of the type and kinetic friction other is varied in the same manner as the photosensitive member 1 for Reference Example Reference Example photoconductor 2-8 as the coefficient table 1 of Reference Example photoconductor 1 Example photoconductors 9 to 12 and comparative photoconductors 1 and 2 were obtained.
[0088]
[Table 1]
[0089]
< Photoconductors for Reference Examples 2 to 8, Photoconductors for Examples 9 to 12 and Photoconductors 1 and 2 for Comparative Examples>
The photocopier obtained as described above is an analog copying machine "Konica U having a charging unit, an image exposing unit, a developing unit, a transferring unit, a static eliminating unit, and a cleaning unit, in which the photoconductor unit and the cleaning unit are integrally formed. -BIX4145 "(manufactured by Konica) was subjected to an image formation test for each photoconductor under normal temperature and normal humidity (20 ° C., 60% RH), and the dynamic friction coefficient after 5000 copies was measured.
[0090]
1) Image evaluation The photoconductor was sequentially mounted on the copying machine, and actual copying was performed 100,000 times using a halftone original. A scorotron charger was used as the charger, and image formation was performed on the photoconductor under a constant charging condition of -750 V by grid control.
[0091]
The image formation test was conducted 100,000 times, and the presence or absence of background fogging due to poor cleaning, the presence or absence of streak failure due to turning over of the cleaning blade and the sharpness of the image were visually observed, and the results are shown in Table 2. .
[0092]
2) Measurement of potential fluctuation amount The black paper potential (Vb) and the white paper potential (Vw) before and after the 100,000 image formation tests are measured, and the potential fluctuation of each photoconductor before and after image output from the difference ΔVb and ΔVw. The amount was determined and the results are shown in Table 2. A document having a solid black area having a reflection density of 1.3 and a solid white area having a reflection density of 0.050 is used as a measurement document. After charging at −750 V by the scorotron charger, image exposure from the document is performed. The formed electrostatic latent image was measured by an electrometer arranged at the position of the developing device, and the black paper potential (Vb) and the white paper potential (Vw) were measured.
[0093]
[Table 2]
[0094]
From Table 2, in the examples using the respective photoreceptors for the examples, a clear image without potential fluctuations such as black paper potential and blank paper potential and ground fogging, streak failure, etc. is obtained in the process of repeated image formation. In each of the comparative examples using the photoconductors for the examples, it can be seen that fog and streak failures occur in the process of repeated image formation, and a good image cannot be obtained.
[0106]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, a clear image free from potential fluctuations such as black paper potential and white paper potential, ground fogging, and streak failure can be obtained in the process of repeated image formation.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a blade fixing device for measuring a dynamic friction coefficient.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing the layer structure of the photoreceptor of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view of the electrophotographic apparatus of the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Conductive support body 2 Intermediate | middle layer 3 Charge transport layer 4 Charge generation layer 5 Resurface photosensitive layer 6 Photosensitive layer 10 Photosensitive drum (image carrier)
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 11 Exposure static eliminator 12 Scorotron charger 13 Image exposure means 131 Polygon mirror 132 Reflection mirror 14 Developer 141 Development sleeve 17 Paper feed roller 18 Transfer roller 19 Separation brush 20 Fixing device 201 Heat roller 202 Pressure roller 21 Paper discharge roller 22 Cleaning device 221 Blade 30 Image holding member (cartridge)
40 Urethane rubber blade 41 Strut 42 Holder strut arm 43 Upper holder 44 Lower holder 45 Fixing screw 46 Sample P Recording paper

Claims (3)

導電性支持体上に少なくとも電荷発生層、電荷輸送層をこの順で積層して有し、電荷輸送層は複数層により形成され、その表面層にはシリカ微粒子を含有する電子写真感光体において、該表面層が下記一般式〔3〕の構成のケイ素を含むポリカーボネート共重合体の少なくともいずれかを含有し、帯電、像露光、現像、転写及びブレードクリーニング工程を含む画像形成プロセスを5000回経た後のクリーニングブレードに対する感光体表面の動摩擦係数が、画像形成プロセスを経る前の動摩擦係数と下記関係にあることを特徴とする電子写真感光体。
1.1≦μ5000/μS≦4.2
μ5000:画像形成プロセス5000回経た後の動摩擦係数
μS :画像形成プロセスを経る前の動摩擦係数
但し、μS=0.01〜1.0
(式中、A、Bは置換基を持つ炭素原子、酸素又は硫黄原子で、炭素原子の置換基は互いに結合し環を形成してもよい。Xはアルキレン、アリーレンである。
1 3 は水素又はハロゲン原子、アルキル基あるいはフェニル基を表す。又、m、nは正の整数である。)
At least a charge generation layer on a conductive support, a by laminating a charge transporting layer in this order, the charge transport layer is formed by a plurality layers, the electrophotographic photosensitive member on the surface layer containing silica mosquitoes fine particles The surface layer contains at least one of the polycarbonate-containing polycarbonate copolymers having the structure represented by the following general formula [ 3], and the image forming process including charging, image exposure, development, transfer and blade cleaning steps is performed 5000 times. An electrophotographic photosensitive member characterized in that the dynamic friction coefficient of the surface of the photosensitive member with respect to the cleaning blade after passing has the following relationship with the dynamic friction coefficient before passing through the image forming process.
1.1 ≦ μ 5000 / μ S ≦ 4.2
μ 5000 : Coefficient of dynamic friction after 5000 times of image forming process μ S : Coefficient of dynamic friction before passing through image forming process where μ S = 0.01 to 1.0
(In the formula, A and B are a carbon atom, oxygen or sulfur atom having a substituent, and the substituents of the carbon atom may be bonded to each other to form a ring. X is alkylene or arylene.
R 1 to R 3 represent hydrogen or a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a phenyl group. M and n are positive integers. )
請求項1記載の電子写真感光体、静電潜像形成手段、現像手役、転写手段及びブレードクリーニング手段を有することを特徴とする電子写真装置。  An electrophotographic apparatus comprising the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, an electrostatic latent image forming unit, a developing hand, a transfer unit, and a blade cleaning unit. 請求項1記載の電子写真感光体と像形成手段を有する装置ユニットにおいて、電子写真感光体と前記像形成手段としての帯電手段、現像手段、転写手段及びブレードクリーニング手段の少なくとも1つが一体的に支持され、装置本体に着脱自在に装着されていることを特徴とする装置ユニット。  2. The apparatus unit having an electrophotographic photosensitive member and image forming means according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the charging means, developing means, transfer means and blade cleaning means as the image forming means is integrally supported. The apparatus unit is detachably attached to the apparatus body.
JP20089995A 1995-08-07 1995-08-07 Electrophotographic photosensitive member, electrophotographic apparatus and apparatus unit Expired - Fee Related JP3823344B2 (en)

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JP4498200B2 (en) * 2005-04-18 2010-07-07 キヤノン株式会社 Image forming apparatus
WO2011007426A1 (en) * 2009-07-15 2011-01-20 株式会社メニコン Material for contact lens
WO2011007427A1 (en) * 2009-07-15 2011-01-20 株式会社メニコン Process for production of polycarbonate material having excellent solubility and affinity, and material for contact lens comprising the same
JP2019066708A (en) * 2017-10-03 2019-04-25 コニカミノルタ株式会社 Image forming apparatus

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