JP2018004967A - Image forming apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To reduce the occurrence of fixing unevenness.SOLUTION: An image forming apparatus comprises: image holding bodies 1; charging means 2; electrostatic charge latent image forming means 3; developing means 4 that each develop an electrostatic latent image formed on a surface of the image holding body 1 with a developer containing toner to form a toner image; transfer means; and fixing means 28. The toner contains a binder resin containing a crystalline polyester resin, and has a maximum value of tangent loss (tanδ) of 2 or more and 2.5 or less within a range where the complex elastic modulus measured at an angular frequency of 6.28 rad/sec and an amount of distortion of 0.3% is 1×10Pa or more and 1×10Pa or less. The fixing means 28 each include a fixing belt including a substrate and a metal heat generating layer generating heat by electromagnetic induction and a pressure member, and fix the toner image while sandwiching a recording medium at a contact part of the fixing belt and pressure member.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

  The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus.

  In the formation of an image by electrophotography, after the entire surface of the photosensitive member is charged, an electrostatic latent image is formed on the surface of the photosensitive member by exposure with a laser beam corresponding to the image information. The image is developed with a developer containing toner to form a toner image, and finally this toner image is transferred and fixed on the surface of the recording medium.

For example, Patent Document 1 states that “an electrophotographic toner fixed in an electrophotographic fixing device having a thermal conductivity of 1 W / (m · K) or more on the surface of the fixing member, wherein the electrophotographic toner includes: An electrophotographic image having a core-shell structure containing a binder resin and a colorant and having a core-shell structure containing a crystalline resin as a binder resin, or an island having a sea-island structure containing a crystalline resin as a binder resin; Toner 1) has a resistance value of 5.0 × 10 ¹² Ω · cm or more, 2) a melting point of the crystalline resin + dynamic complex viscosity at 50 ° C. of 3 × 10 ³ Pa · s or more, 3) An electrophotographic toner is disclosed, wherein the crystalline resin has a dynamic complex viscosity of 1 × 10 ⁵ Pa · s or less at a melting point + 10 ° C. ”

  Patent Document 2 states that “a nip portion is formed by a paper feeding portion that supplies paper, an image forming portion that forms a toner image on the paper, and a clamping member that clamps the paper. A fixing unit that fixes a toner image on the sheet, a conveyance unit that conveys the sheet along a conveyance path that passes through the image forming unit and the fixing unit, and a control unit that controls the operation of the image forming apparatus. The image forming apparatus includes: a moving unit that moves the clamping member along a sheet width direction orthogonal to a sheet conveyance direction; and an actuator that can release the clamping pressure of the clamping member of the fixing unit. The control unit performs control to move the clamping member by the moving unit after releasing the clamping pressure of the clamping member by the actuator when a certain execution condition is satisfied. To "image forming apparatus is disclosed.

JP 2005-266546 A Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2015-052644

In an image forming apparatus, a contact portion between the fixing belt and the pressure member is recorded by an electromagnetic induction heating type fixing means having a fixing belt that generates heat by electromagnetic induction and a pressure member that contacts the outer peripheral surface of the fixing belt. When the toner image is fixed by being sandwiched between the two, fixing unevenness may occur.
The problem of the present invention is that the maximum tangent loss is obtained when the complex elastic modulus measured at an angular frequency of 6.28 rad / sec and a strain amount of 0.3% is 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa to 1 × 10 ⁸ Pa. An object of the present invention is to provide an image forming apparatus in which the occurrence of uneven fixing is suppressed in the electromagnetic induction heating type fixing means as compared with the case of using toner having a value (tan δ _P1 ) of less than 2.

  The above problem is solved by the following means.

The invention according to claim 1
An image carrier,
Charging means for charging the surface of the image carrier;
An electrostatic latent image forming means for forming an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the charged image carrier;
The electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the image carrier is developed as a toner image with an electrostatic latent image developer, and the electrostatic latent image developer contains a binder resin containing a crystalline polyester resin, In the range where the complex elastic modulus measured at an angular frequency of 6.28 rad / sec and a strain of 0.3% is 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa or more and 1 × 10 ⁸ Pa or less, the maximum value of the tangent loss (tan δ _P1 ) is Developing means for containing an electrostatic latent image developer having a toner of 2 or more and 2.5 or less;
Transfer means for transferring the toner image formed on the surface of the image carrier to the surface of the recording medium;
A tubular base material, a fixing belt having a metal heating layer disposed on the outer periphery of the base material and generating heat by electromagnetic induction, a pressing member that presses the fixing belt in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the fixing belt, and An electromagnetic induction heating means for generating heat by electromagnetic induction on the metal heating layer of the fixing belt, the recording medium having the toner image transferred on the surface thereof is sandwiched between contact portions of the fixing belt and the pressure member; Fixing means for fixing the toner image;
An image forming apparatus.

The invention according to claim 2
The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the toner has a maximum value (tan δ _P1 ) of the tangent loss of 2 or more and 2.3 or less.

The invention according to claim 3
The toner has a maximum tangent loss value in a range where the complex elastic modulus measured at an angular frequency of 6.28 rad / sec and a strain amount of 0.3% is 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa to 1 × 10 ⁷ Pa. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein tan δ _P <b> 2) is 2 or more and 2.3 or less.

The invention according to claim 4
The image forming apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the toner has a maximum tangent loss value (tan δ _P2 ) of 2 or more and 2.2 or less.

The invention according to claim 5
The toner has a dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* _-30 ) of 3 × 10 ⁷ Pa · s or more at a melting temperature of −30 ° C. of the crystalline polyester resin, and a melting temperature of the crystalline polyester resin of −10. 5. The image formation according to claim 1, wherein the dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₁₀ ) at 1 ° C. is 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa · s or more and 5 × 10 ⁷ Pa · s or less. Device.

The invention according to claim 6
6. The toner has a dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₁₀ ) of 2 × 10 ⁶ Pa · s or more and 3 × 10 ⁷ Pa · s or less at a melting temperature of −10 ° C. of the crystalline polyester resin. The image forming apparatus described in the above.

The invention according to claim 7 provides:
6. The toner has a dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₁₀ ) of 4 × 10 ⁶ Pa · s or more and 2 × 10 ⁷ Pa · s or less at a melting temperature of −10 ° C. of the crystalline polyester resin. An image forming apparatus according to claim 6.

The invention according to claim 8 provides:
8. The toner according to claim 5, wherein the toner has a dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₃₀ ) of 1 × 10 ⁸ Pa · s or more at a melting temperature of −30 ° C. of the crystalline polyester resin. The image forming apparatus described in the item.

The invention according to claim 9 is:
9. The toner according to claim 5, wherein the toner has a dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₃₀ ) of 5 × 10 ⁸ Pa · s or more at a melting temperature of −30 ° C. of the crystalline polyester resin. The image forming apparatus described in the item.

The invention according to claim 10 is:
10. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a unit that shifts at least one of the fixing belt and the pressure member in the fixing unit in a direction intersecting a conveyance direction of the recording medium. .

According to the invention according to claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, the complex elastic modulus measured at an angular frequency of 6.28 rad / sec and a strain amount of 0.3% is obtained. In the range of 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa or more and 1 × 10 ⁸ Pa or less, the unevenness of fixing caused by the electromagnetic induction heating type fixing means is compared with the case where the maximum tangent loss (tan δ _P1 ) is less than 2. An image forming apparatus in which generation is suppressed is provided.

According to the invention of claim 10, in a range where the complex elastic modulus measured at an angular frequency of 6.28 rad / sec and a strain amount of 0.3% is 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa to 1 × 10 ⁸ Pa, Compared to the case of using toner having a maximum tangent loss (tan δ _P1 ) of less than 2, a fixing belt having a fixing belt that generates heat by electromagnetic induction and a pressure member that contacts the outer peripheral surface of the fixing belt, a fixing belt, An image forming apparatus is provided in which occurrence of uneven fixing is suppressed in an image forming apparatus provided with a means for shifting at least one of the pressure members in a direction intersecting the conveyance direction of the recording medium.

1 is a schematic configuration diagram illustrating an example of an image forming apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram illustrating an example of a fixing device in an image forming apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a layer configuration of a fixing belt used in a fixing unit of the image forming apparatus according to the exemplary embodiment. FIG. FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram for explaining an operation of shifting a fixing device (a fixing belt and a pressure roll) in a direction intersecting a recording paper conveyance direction.

  Hereinafter, an embodiment which is an example of the present invention will be described in detail.

[Image forming apparatus]
The image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment includes an image carrier, a charging unit that charges the surface of the image carrier, and an electrostatic latent image forming unit that forms an electrostatic latent image on the charged surface of the image carrier. And an electrostatic latent image developer having toner (hereinafter also referred to as “developer”), and developing the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the image carrier with the electrostatic latent image developer. Developing means for forming a toner image, transfer means for transferring the toner image formed on the surface of the image carrier to the surface of the recording medium, and fixing for fixing the toner image transferred on the surface of the recording medium Means.

The toner contains a binder resin including a crystalline polyester resin, and has a complex elastic modulus of 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa or more and 1 × 10 ⁸ measured at an angular frequency of 6.28 rad / sec and a strain amount of 0.3%. In the range of Pa or less, the maximum value of tangent loss (tan δ _P1 ) is 2 or more and 2.5 or less.

  The fixing unit includes a tubular base, a fixing belt disposed on the outer periphery of the base and having a metal heating layer that generates heat by electromagnetic induction, and presses the fixing belt in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the fixing belt. A pressure member, and electromagnetic induction heating means for generating heat by electromagnetic induction in the metal heating layer of the fixing belt. Then, the toner image is fixed by sandwiching the recording medium having the toner image transferred on the surface thereof at a contact portion between the fixing belt and the pressure member.

According to the image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment, due to the above-described configuration, fixing unevenness caused by an electromagnetic induction heating type fixing unit having a fixing belt that generates heat by electromagnetic induction and a pressure member that contacts an outer peripheral surface of the fixing belt. Occurrence is suppressed.
The reason for this effect is not clear, but is presumed as follows.

  2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, an image forming apparatus includes a fixing belt that generates heat by electromagnetic induction, and a pressing member that presses the fixing belt in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the fixing belt, and a toner image is transferred to the surface. An electromagnetic induction heating type fixing means is used in which a medium is sandwiched and fixed by a contact portion between the fixing belt and a pressure member. However, when an electromagnetic induction heating type fixing belt is used, it is not easy to equalize the pressure in the nip portion of the fixing belt and the pressure member (hereinafter also referred to as “nip pressure”) in the member axial direction. A portion where the nip pressure is higher and a portion where the nip pressure is lower in the axial direction is likely to occur, and as a result, there is a difference in the degree of fixing, which may cause uneven fixing.

  This fixing unevenness is more likely to occur when the image forming apparatus includes a device (hereinafter also referred to as a “moving device”) that shifts at least one of the fixing belt and the pressure member in a direction intersecting the conveyance direction of the recording medium. It becomes easy to do.

First, when the toner image is repeatedly fixed on the recording medium by the electromagnetic induction heating type fixing means, the recording medium repeatedly repeats the same position of the contact portion (hereinafter also referred to as “nip part”) of the fixing belt and the pressure member in the fixing means. Therefore, scratches (hereinafter also referred to as “paper passing scratches”) may occur on the outer peripheral surfaces of the fixing belt and the pressure member due to contact with the end of the recording medium.
Therefore, a device (moving device) that shifts at least one of the fixing belt and the pressure member in the fixing unit in a direction intersecting the conveyance direction of the recording medium is used for the purpose of suppressing the occurrence of the sheet passing scratch. The moving device shifts at least one of the fixing belt and the pressure member of the fixing unit in a direction intersecting the conveyance direction of the recording medium, thereby shifting the position of the recording medium passing through the nip portion of the fixing belt and the pressure member. That is, at the time of fixing, the contact position between the outer peripheral surface of the fixing belt and the pressure member and the end portion of the recording medium can be changed. For this reason, the occurrence of a paper passing flaw on the outer peripheral surfaces of the fixing belt and the pressure member is suppressed.

  On the other hand, in the image forming apparatus including the moving device, the fixing belt and the pressure member in the fixing unit are wider than the recording medium in order to realize fixing even when the fixing belt and the pressure member are shifted in a direction intersecting the conveyance direction of the recording medium. (That is, a member whose axial length is longer than that of the recording medium). For this reason, compared with the case where a moving device is not provided, the pressure (nip pressure) at the nip portion of the fixing belt and the pressure member is more likely to fluctuate and become non-uniform in the member axial direction. For this reason, the difference in the degree of fixing between the portion where the nip pressure is higher and the portion where the nip pressure is lower is further increased, and fixing unevenness is likely to occur.

On the other hand, the image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment has a configuration in which a fixing unit having an electromagnetic induction heating unit and a toner having the above characteristics are combined.
In the toner of the present embodiment, the maximum value of the tangent loss (tan δ _P1 ) is 2 or more is an indication that the elasticity is dominant in the viscoelasticity of the toner, that is, the toner is difficult to soften. It is.
In the image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment, by forming an image using the toner having the above characteristics, the occurrence of fixing unevenness caused by the electromagnetic induction heating type fixing unit is suppressed.
The reason is not clear, but it is thought to be due to the following reasons.
In the fixing unit having the electromagnetic induction heat generating unit, as described above, there may be a location where the nip pressure is higher and a location where the nip pressure is higher in the axial direction (member axial direction) of the fixing belt and the pressure member. That is, the nip pressure may be non-uniform. Also, the temperature may become non-uniform.
When the nip pressure or temperature becomes non-uniform in the member axial direction, when the toner is pressurized and heated at the nip portion, toner that is excessively melted and toner that is not sufficiently melted are likely to be generated. As a result, the toner is easily fixed non-uniformly, and as a result, uneven fixing tends to occur.
Therefore, in the present embodiment, a toner having the maximum value of the tangent loss (tan δ _P1 ) in a specific range, that is, a toner that is not easily softened is applied as the toner.
Such a toner is a toner which is difficult to be melted even when pressed and heated at the nip portion, and thus is difficult to melt (a toner having a low melting speed). By using the toner having the above characteristics, even when a portion where the nip pressure is higher than the surrounding or a portion where the nip temperature is high is generated in the nip portion, the toner is suppressed from being excessively melted in the portion. That is, the difference in the degree of toner melting (melting speed) due to the difference in pressure and temperature applied at the nip portion in the member axial direction is reduced.
Therefore, according to this embodiment, even when the nip pressure or the temperature becomes nonuniform when the toner is fixed, the toner is easily fixed in a nearly uniform state in the member axial direction. As a result, occurrence of fixing unevenness is suppressed.

As described above, in the image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment, by using the toner having the maximum value of the tangent loss (tan δ _P1 ) in a specific range, the fixing belt that generates heat by electromagnetic induction and the fixing belt Occurrence of fixing unevenness caused by electromagnetic induction heating type fixing means having a pressure member in contact with the outer peripheral surface is suppressed, and further, at least one of the fixing belt and the pressure member is set in a direction intersecting the conveyance direction of the recording medium. Fixing unevenness that occurs when a moving device for shifting is provided is also suppressed.

  Note that when an image forming apparatus including the above-described moving device is employed, the occurrence of paper passing scratches is also suppressed.

Here, in the image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment, a charging step for charging the surface of the image carrier, an electrostatic latent image forming step for forming an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the charged image carrier, and the tangent A developing step of developing the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the image holding member with a developer having toner having a maximum loss (tan δ _P1 ) in a specific range to form a toner image; and the image holding member A transfer step of transferring the toner image formed on the surface of the recording medium to the surface of the recording medium, a tubular base, a fixing belt having a metal heating layer disposed on the outer periphery of the base and generating heat by electromagnetic induction, and the above The recording medium in which the metal heating layer of the fixing belt is heated by electromagnetic induction to a pressing member that presses the fixing belt in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the fixing belt, and the toner image is transferred to the surface. The fixing belt and pressure An image forming method (an image forming method according to the present embodiment) including a fixing step of fixing the toner image by being sandwiched between contact portions with a member.

  Further, in the image forming apparatus including the moving device, an image forming method including a step of shifting at least one of the fixing belt and the pressure member in a direction intersecting with the conveyance direction of the recording medium is performed.

The image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment is a direct transfer type apparatus that directly transfers a toner image formed on the surface of the image carrier to a recording medium; an intermediate transfer of the toner image formed on the surface of the image carrier. An intermediate transfer system device that primarily transfers the toner image transferred onto the surface of the body and then transfers the toner image transferred onto the surface of the intermediate transfer body onto the surface of the recording medium; after transferring the toner image, the surface of the image carrier before charging A known image forming apparatus such as an apparatus provided with a cleaning device for cleaning; a device provided with a static eliminator that irradiates the surface of the image holding member with a neutralizing light before charging after the toner image is transferred is applied.
In the case of an intermediate transfer type device, the transfer device includes, for example, an intermediate transfer body on which a toner image is transferred to the surface, and a primary transfer that primarily transfers the toner image formed on the surface of the image holding body to the surface of the intermediate transfer body. A configuration including an apparatus and a secondary transfer apparatus that secondary-transfers the toner image transferred onto the surface of the intermediate transfer member onto the surface of the recording medium is applied.

  Hereinafter, an example of an image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment will be described with reference to the drawings. In addition, the main part shown to a figure is demonstrated and the description is abbreviate | omitted about others.

FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram illustrating an image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment.
The image forming apparatus shown in FIG. 1 is a first to first electrophotographic method that outputs yellow (Y), magenta (M), cyan (C), and black (K) images based on color-separated image data. Fourth image forming units 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K are provided. These image forming units (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as “units”) 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K are arranged in parallel at a predetermined distance from each other in the horizontal direction. The units 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K may be process cartridges that are detachable from the image forming apparatus.

Above each of the units 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K, an intermediate transfer member 20 as an intermediate transfer member is provided through each unit. The intermediate transfer body 20 is provided by being wound around a driving roll 22 and a support roll 24 that are in contact with the inner surface of the intermediate transfer body 20 that are spaced apart from each other in the left to right direction in the drawing. The vehicle travels in the direction toward the unit 10K. The support roll 24 is applied with a force in a direction away from the drive roll 22 by a spring or the like (not shown), and tension is applied to the intermediate transfer member 20 wound around the support roll 24. An intermediate transfer member cleaning device 30 is provided on the side of the image carrier of the intermediate transfer member 20 so as to face the drive roll 22.
Each of the developing devices 4Y, 4M, 4C, and 4K of the units 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K has four colors of yellow, magenta, cyan, and black contained in the toner cartridges 8Y, 8M, 8C, and 8K. Toner including toner is supplied.

  Since the first to fourth units 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K have the same configuration, here, the first unit that forms a yellow image disposed on the upstream side in the running direction of the intermediate transfer member. 10Y will be described as a representative. It should be noted that reference numerals with magenta (M), cyan (C), and black (K) are attached to the same parts as those of the first unit 10Y instead of yellow (Y). Description of the units 10M, 10C, and 10K will be omitted.

The first unit 10Y includes a photoreceptor 1Y that functions as an image holding member. Around the photoreceptor 1Y, a charging device 2Y for charging the surface of the photoreceptor 1Y to a predetermined potential, and the charged surface is exposed by light 3Y based on the color-separated image signal to form an electrostatic latent image. The electrostatic latent image forming device 3 to be formed, the developing device 4Y for supplying the charged toner to the electrostatic latent image to develop the electrostatic latent image, and the primary transfer device 5Y for transferring the developed toner image onto the intermediate transfer member 20 , And a photoreceptor cleaning device 6Y for removing toner remaining on the surface of the photoreceptor 1Y after the primary transfer.
The primary transfer device 5Y is disposed inside the intermediate transfer member 20 and is provided at a position facing the photoreceptor 1Y. Further, a bias power source (not shown) for applying a primary transfer bias is connected to each of the primary transfer devices 5Y, 5M, 5C, and 5K. Each bias power source varies the transfer bias applied to each primary transfer device.

Hereinafter, an example of an operation of forming a yellow image in the first unit 10Y will be described.
First, prior to the operation, the surface of the photoreceptor 1Y is charged by the charging device 2Y.
Light 3Y is output from the electrostatic latent image forming device 3 to the surface of the charged photoreceptor 1Y in accordance with yellow image data. The light 3Y is irradiated onto the surface of the photoreceptor 1Y, whereby an electrostatic latent image having a yellow image pattern is formed on the surface of the photoreceptor 1Y.
The electrostatic latent image formed on the photoreceptor 1Y is rotated to a predetermined development position as the photoreceptor 1Y travels. At this development position, the electrostatic latent image on the photoreceptor 1Y is converted into a visible image (developed image) as a toner image by the developing device 4Y. Specifically, when the surface of the photoreceptor 1Y passes through the developing device 4Y, yellow toner is electrostatically attached to the electrostatic latent image that has been neutralized on the surface of the photoreceptor 1Y, and the latent image becomes yellow. Developed with toner. The photoreceptor 1Y on which the yellow toner image is formed continues to run at a predetermined speed, and the toner image developed on the photoreceptor 1Y is conveyed to a predetermined primary transfer position.

  When the yellow toner image on the photoreceptor 1Y is conveyed to the primary transfer, a primary transfer bias is applied to the primary transfer device 5Y, and an electrostatic force from the photoreceptor 1Y toward the primary transfer device 5Y acts on the toner image. As a result, the toner image on the photoreceptor 1 </ b> Y is transferred onto the intermediate transfer body 20. On the other hand, the toner remaining on the photoreceptor 1Y is removed and collected by the photoreceptor cleaning device 6Y.

  In this way, the intermediate transfer body 20 onto which the yellow toner image has been transferred by the first unit 10Y is sequentially conveyed through the second to fourth units 10M, 10C, and 10K, and the toner images of the respective colors are superimposed and transferred in a multiple manner. The

  Next, the intermediate transfer member 20 on which the four color toner images are transferred in multiple passes through the first to fourth units is held between the intermediate transfer member 20, the support roll 24 in contact with the inner surface of the intermediate transfer member 20, and the intermediate transfer member 20. The secondary transfer unit is composed of a secondary transfer device 26 arranged on the surface side. On the other hand, a recording paper (recording medium) P is fed at a predetermined timing into a gap where the secondary transfer device 26 and the intermediate transfer body 20 are in contact via a supply mechanism, and a secondary transfer bias is applied to the support roll 24. Applied. The transfer bias applied at this time has the same polarity as the polarity of the toner, and an electrostatic force from the intermediate transfer member 20 toward the recording paper P is applied to the toner image, and the toner image on the intermediate transfer member 20 is transferred to the recording paper. Transferred onto P.

  Here, the recording paper P is taken out by the take-out roll (pickup roll) 31 from the state accommodated in the recording paper storage container, and conveyed by the conveyance roll pair 32, and then the alignment roll pair (registration roll pair) 34. The sheet is fed to the secondary transfer unit at a predetermined timing.

  Thereafter, the recording paper P is sent to the fixing device 28, and the toner image is fixed on the recording paper P, thereby forming a fixed image.

  The recording paper P on which the fixing of the color image is completed is carried out toward the discharge unit by the discharge roll pair 36, and a series of color image forming operations is completed.

  On the other hand, in the case of duplex printing, the recording paper P is reversely conveyed (switched back) by the discharge roll pair 36, and again through the conveyance path 38 for duplex printing constituted by the conveyance roll pairs 40, 41, 42. It is conveyed to a pair of alignment rolls and fed to the secondary transfer unit. Then, after the toner image is transferred to the back side of the recording paper P, the recording paper P is sent to the fixing device 28 and the toner image is fixed on the recording paper P to form a fixed image. Thereafter, the recording paper P on which the fixing of the color image is completed is carried out toward the discharge unit by the discharge roll pair 36.

  The image forming apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 includes a control device 50 that controls the operation of each device (or each unit of each device). Various operations of the image forming apparatus shown in FIG. 1 are controlled by the control device 50. That is, various operations of the image forming apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 are performed by a control program executed in the control device 50.

  Hereinafter, details of a typical configuration of the image forming apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 will be described. Note that the description of “Y, M, C, K” is omitted.

(Photoconductor)
The photoreceptor 1 includes, for example, a conductive substrate, an undercoat layer formed on the conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer. This photosensitive layer may have a two-layer structure of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer. The photosensitive layer may be an organic photosensitive layer or an inorganic photosensitive layer. The photoreceptor 1 may have a configuration in which a protective layer is provided on the photosensitive layer.

(Charging device)
The charging device 2 is provided, for example, in contact or non-contact with the surface of the photosensitive member 1 and includes a charging member that charges the surface of the photosensitive member 1 and a power source that applies a charging voltage to the charging member, although not shown. The power source is electrically connected to the charging member.

  Examples of the charging member of the charging device 2 include a contact-type charger using a conductive charging roller, a charging brush, a charging film, a charging rubber blade, a charging tube, and the like. As the charging member, for example, a non-contact type roller charger, a known charger such as a scorotron charger using a corona discharge, or a corotron charger may be used.

(Electrostatic latent image forming device)
Examples of the electrostatic latent image forming apparatus 3 include optical system devices that expose the surface of the photoreceptor 1 with light such as semiconductor laser light, LED light, and liquid crystal shutter light in a predetermined image-like manner. The wavelength of the light source is set within the spectral sensitivity region of the photoreceptor 1. As the wavelength of the semiconductor, near infrared having an oscillation wavelength near 780 nm is the mainstream. However, the present invention is not limited to this wavelength, and an oscillation wavelength laser in the 600 nm range or a laser having an oscillation wavelength of 400 nm to 450 nm as a blue laser may be used. In addition, a surface-emitting type laser light source that can output a multi-beam is also effective for color image formation.

(Developer)
The developing device 4 is provided, for example, on the downstream side in the rotation direction of the photosensitive member 1 from the irradiation position of the light 3 by the electrostatic latent image forming device 3. In the developing device 4, an accommodating portion (not shown) that accommodates the developer is provided. In this accommodating portion, an electrostatic latent image developer containing toner whose maximum tangent loss (tan δ _P1 ) is in a specific range is accommodated.

  For example, although not shown, the developing device 4 includes a developing member that develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the photoreceptor 1 with the developer containing the toner, a power source that applies a developing voltage to the developing member, It has. The developing member is electrically connected to a power source, for example.

  The developing member of the developing device 4 is selected according to the type of developer, and examples thereof include a developing roll having a developing sleeve in which a magnet is built.

In the developing device 4, for example, a developing voltage is applied to the developing member, and the developing member to which the developing voltage is applied is charged to a developing potential corresponding to the developing voltage. The developing member charged to the developing potential holds, for example, the developer contained in the developing device 4 on the surface, and supplies the toner contained in the developer from the developing device 4 to the surface of the photoreceptor 1. To do.
For example, the toner supplied onto the photoreceptor 1 adheres to the electrostatic latent image on the photoreceptor 1 by electrostatic force. Specifically, for example, by the potential difference in the region where the photosensitive member 1 and the developing member of the developing device 4 face each other, that is, the potential difference between the surface potential of the photosensitive member 1 and the developing potential of the developing member of the developing device 4 in the region. The toner contained in the developer is supplied to the area where the electrostatic latent image is formed on the photoreceptor. If the developer contains a carrier, the carrier returns to the developing device 4 while being held by the developing member.

(Primary transfer device)
The primary transfer device 5 is provided, for example, on the downstream side in the rotation direction of the photosensitive member 1 from the position where the developing device 4 is disposed. Although not shown, the primary transfer device 5 includes, for example, a transfer member that transfers a toner image formed on the surface of the photosensitive member 1 to the intermediate transfer member 20, and a power source that applies a transfer voltage to the transfer member. . The transfer member has, for example, a cylindrical shape, and is provided with the intermediate transfer member 20 interposed between the transfer member and the photosensitive member 1. The transfer member is electrically connected to a power source, for example.

  As the transfer member of the primary transfer device 5, for example, a contact transfer charger using a belt, a roller, a film, a rubber blade, etc., a scorotron transfer charger using corona discharge, or a corotron transfer charger, etc. are known per se. A non-contact type transfer charger is exemplified.

(Intermediate transfer member)
As the intermediate transfer member 20, a belt-like member (intermediate transfer belt) containing semiconductive conductive polyimide, polyamideimide, polycarbonate, polyarylate, polyester, rubber or the like is used. Further, the form of the intermediate transfer member 20 may be a drum-shaped member other than the belt-shaped member.

(Secondary transfer device)
Although not shown, the secondary transfer device 26 includes, for example, a transfer member that transfers the toner image formed on the surface of the intermediate transfer body 20 to the recording paper P, and a power source that applies a transfer voltage to the transfer member. Yes. The transfer member has, for example, a cylindrical shape, and is provided with the recording paper P sandwiched between it and the intermediate transfer body 20. The transfer member is electrically connected to a power source, for example.

  As the transfer member of the secondary transfer device 26, for example, a contact transfer charger using a belt, a roller, a film, a rubber blade or the like, a scorotron transfer charger using corona discharge, or a corotron transfer charger is known per se. Non-contact type transfer charger.

(Photoconductor cleaning device)
The photoconductor cleaning device 6 is provided downstream of the primary transfer device 5 in the rotation direction of the photoconductor 1. The photoreceptor cleaning device 6 cleans residual toner adhering to the photoreceptor 1 after transferring the toner image onto the recording paper P. The photoconductor cleaning device 6 cleans deposits such as paper dust in addition to residual toner.

  The photoconductor cleaning device 6 may be a blade type device having a blade that contacts the surface of the photoconductor 1 and cleans residual toner. In addition, the photosensitive member cleaning device 6 may be a known cleaning device such as a brush type device.

(Fixing device)
For example, as shown in FIG. 2, the fixing device 28 is an electromagnetic induction heating type fixing device. A fixing belt 62 having a metal heating layer and a pressure roll 64 (a pressure member) And an electromagnetic induction unit 66 (an example of electromagnetic induction heating means). In addition, a pressing pad 68 and a pad support member 70 that supports the pressing pad 68 are disposed inside the fixing belt 62. In FIG. 2, T1 indicates a toner image before fixing, and T2 indicates a fixed image.

Here, the configuration of the fixing belt 62 will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 3 is a schematic configuration diagram illustrating an example of a fixing belt used in the present embodiment. The fixing belt 62 shown in FIG. 3 is an endless belt having a layer configuration in which a metal heating layer, an elastic layer 62E, and a release layer 62F are sequentially laminated on the outer peripheral surface of a tubular base material 62A. The metal heating layer is formed by laminating a base metal layer 62B, an electromagnetic induction metal layer 62C that self-heats by electromagnetic induction, and a metal protective layer 62D in this order.

[Substrate 62A]
The base material 62A is preferably a layer that maintains a high strength with little change in physical properties even when the adjacent metal heat generating layer generates heat. For this reason, it is preferable that the base material 62A is mainly composed of a heat-resistant resin (for example, 50% or more is contained in a mass ratio).

Examples of the heat-resistant resin that can constitute the base material 62A include high-heat-resistant and high-strength resins such as liquid crystal materials such as polyimide, aromatic polyamide, and thermotropic liquid crystal polymer. Examples include terephthalate, polyethersulfone, polyetherketone, polysulfone, and polyimideamide. Among these, polyimide is desirable.
Moreover, you may improve the heat insulation effect further by adding the filler with a heat insulation effect in a heat resistant resin, or making a heat resistant resin foam.

  The thickness of the base material 62A is preferably in the range of 10 μm or more and 200 μm or less, more preferably in the range of 30 μm or more and 100 μm or less, from the viewpoint of achieving both rigidity and flexibility for realizing long-term repeated circumferential conveyance of the fixing belt. desirable.

The tensile strength of the base material 62A preferably satisfies 200 MPa or more (more preferably 250 MPa or more). The tensile strength of a base material can be adjusted with the kind of resin, the kind of filler, and addition amount.
In addition, the tensile strength (MPa) of the base material is obtained by cutting the base material into a strip shape having a width of 5 mm and installing the base material in a tensile tester Model 1605N (manufactured by Aiko Engineering Co., Ltd.) and pulling at a constant speed of 10 mm / sec. Measured with tensile strength at break (MPa).

[Base metal layer 62B]
The base metal layer 62B is a layer formed in advance in order to form the electromagnetic induction metal layer 62C on the outer peripheral surface of the base material 62A by an electrolytic plating method, and is provided as necessary.

  Examples of the method for forming the base metal layer 62B on the outer peripheral surface of the base material 62A include an electroless plating method, a sputtering method, a vapor deposition method, and the like. From the viewpoint of easiness of film formation, a chemical plating method (electroless plating method). Of these, general electroless nickel plating layers, electroless copper plating layers, and the like are preferable.

  In addition, before the base metal layer 62B is formed on the outer peripheral surface of the base material 62A by the electroless plating method, the surface roughness of the outer peripheral surface of the base material 62A is roughened in advance so that the metal particles easily adhere (roughness). Surface treatment) may be performed. Examples of the roughening treatment include a method of roughening the surface of the substrate 62A by sandblasting using alumina abrasive grains, cutting, sandpaper polishing, or the like.

  The thickness of the base metal layer 62B is desirably in the range of 0.1 μm to 5 μm, and more desirably in the range of 0.3 μm to 3 μm.

  The thickness of each layer constituting the fixing belt in the present embodiment is determined by accelerating voltage of a scanning electron microscope (“JSM6700F” manufactured by JEOL Ltd.) by preparing a cross section in the circumferential direction and axial direction of the fixing belt cylindrical body. It is the value which measured the film thickness from the observation image in 2.0 kV and 5000 times.

[Electromagnetic induction metal layer 62C]
The electromagnetic induction metal layer 62C is a heat generation layer having a function of generating heat by an eddy current generated in this layer when a magnetic field is applied, and is configured of a metal that generates an electromagnetic induction effect.
As a metal that generates electromagnetic induction, for example, a single metal such as nickel, iron, copper, gold, silver, aluminum, chromium, tin, zinc, or an alloy containing two or more kinds of metals may be selected. . In consideration of cost, heat generation performance, and workability, copper, nickel, aluminum, iron, and chromium are suitable. In particular, copper or an alloy containing copper as a main component (for example, 50% or more in mass ratio) is included. Is desirable.

  The electromagnetic induction metal layer 62C is formed by performing a known method, for example, electrolytic plating.

  The optimum thickness of the electromagnetic induction metal layer 62C differs depending on the metal material. For example, when copper is used for the electromagnetic induction metal layer 62C, the thickness of the electromagnetic induction metal layer 62C is used from the viewpoint of efficiently generating heat. Is preferably in the range of 3 μm to 50 μm, more preferably in the range of 3 μm to 30 μm, and still more preferably in the range of 5 μm to 20 μm.

[Metal protective layer 62D]
The metal protective layer 62D is provided on the outer peripheral surface side of the electromagnetic induction metal layer 62C in order to improve film strength, suppress cracks due to repeated deformation, oxidative deterioration due to repeated heating for a long time, etc., and maintain heat generation characteristics. Is preferably provided in contact with the electromagnetic induction metal layer 62C.

  The metal protective layer 62D is a thin film with high breaking strength, high durability and high oxidation resistance, and is preferably an oxidation resistant metal. Specifically, for example, it may be configured to contain copper or nickel, and is particularly an oxidation-resistant metal from the viewpoint of suppressing the occurrence of cracks due to repeated deformation and oxidative deterioration due to repeated heating. It is desirable to include nickel (or a nickel alloy).

  The optimum thickness of the metal protective layer 62D varies depending on the material. For example, when the metal protective layer is formed of nickel, flexibility is obtained while suppressing the occurrence of cracks due to insufficient breaking strength. From the viewpoint of suppressing the warm-up time without increasing the heat capacity of the film itself, it is preferably in the range of 2 μm to 20 μm, more preferably in the range of 2 μm to 15 μm, and in the range of 5 μm to 10 μm. More preferably.

The metal protective layer 62D is preferably formed by an electrolytic plating method in consideration of workability in a thin film, and among them, electrolytic nickel plating having high strength is more preferable.
When forming by an electroplating method, first, a plating solution containing metal ions such as nickel ions is prepared, and a base material 62A having a base metal layer 62B and an electromagnetic induction metal layer 62C is immersed in this plating solution to perform electrolytic plating. Then, an electrolytic plating layer having a required thickness is formed.

[Adhesive layer]
An adhesive layer may be interposed between the layer constituting the outermost surface of the metal heating layer (the metal protective layer 62D in FIG. 3) and the elastic layer 62E from the viewpoint of improving the adhesion between the two layers. .

  As the adhesive used for the adhesive layer, an adhesive having little change in physical properties even in the state where the adjacent metal heating layer generates heat and excellent in heat transfer to the outer peripheral surface side is preferable. Specific examples include silane coupling agent-based adhesives, silicone-based adhesives, epoxy resin-based adhesives, and urethane resin-based adhesives.

  The thickness of the adhesive layer is preferably 0.1 μm or more and 1 μm or less, and more preferably 0.2 μm or more and 0.5 μm or less.

[Elastic layer 62E]
The elastic layer 62E follows the unevenness of the toner image on the recording medium and is a layer that plays a role of bringing the surface of the fixing belt into close contact with the toner image. In particular, when a multicolor image is formed, the elastic layer 62E provides an image in which the color development deterioration and the gloss unevenness due to the heating unevenness of the recording medium and the toner image are suppressed. Further, since the elastic layer 62E is deformed in the contact area with the pressure member and a contact width can be obtained even with a low load, heat is transferred to the toner image even if the process speed (recording medium conveyance speed) is increased. Even when fixing is performed and a black-and-white image is formed, high speed is realized.

The elastic layer 62E is preferably made of an elastic material that can be restored to its original shape even when deformed by applying an external force of 100 Pa, for example.
In the present embodiment, silicone rubber is preferably used as the elastic material for the elastic layer 62E. Examples of the silicone rubber include RTV silicone rubber, HTV silicone rubber, and liquid silicone rubber. Specifically, polydimethyl silicone rubber (MQ), methyl vinyl silicone rubber (VMQ), methyl phenyl silicone rubber (PMQ). ), Fluorosilicone rubber (FVMQ) and the like.
Examples of the commercially available product include liquid silicone rubber SE6744 manufactured by Toray Dow Corning Silicone.

The elastic layer 62E may use another material as an elastic material. For example, heat-resistant rubber such as fluorine rubber can be used. Examples of the fluororubber include vinylidene fluoride rubber, tetrafluoroethylene / propylene rubber, tetrafluoroethylene / perfluoromethyl vinyl ether rubber, phosphazene rubber, and fluoropolyether.
Examples of commercially available products include Viton B-202 manufactured by DuPont Dow elastmers.

Various additives may be blended in the elastic layer.
For example, it is preferable to add a filler from the viewpoint of improving the thermal conductivity of the elastic layer 62E.

  Examples of additives include softeners (paraffins, etc.), processing aids (stearic acid, etc.), anti-aging agents (amines, etc.), and vulcanizing agents (sulfur, metal oxides, peroxides, etc.). And functional fillers (such as alumina).

  The thickness of the elastic layer 62E is, for example, preferably 30 μm or more and 600 μm or less, and preferably 100 μm or more and 500 μm or less.

[Release layer 62F]
The release layer 62 </ b> F is a layer that plays a role of preventing the toner image in a molten state from adhering to the surface (outer peripheral surface) on the side in contact with the recording medium. The release layer 62F is provided as necessary.

  The release layer 62F is preferably configured to include a low surface energy material such as a fluorine-based compound as a main component. Examples of the fluorine compound include fluororubber, polytetrafluoroethylene (hereinafter referred to as “PTFE”), perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer (hereinafter referred to as “PFA”), ethylene tetrafluoride ethylene hexafluoride propylene copolymer. A fluororesin such as a polymer (hereinafter referred to as “FEP”) is exemplified, but it is not particularly limited.

  The thickness of the release layer 62F is desirably in the range of 10 μm to 100 μm, and more desirably in the range of 20 μm to 50 μm. When the thickness of the release layer 62F is 10 μm or more, wear of the release layer 62F due to repeated friction at the edge of the recording medium such as paper is suppressed. Further, when the thickness of the release layer 62F is 100 μm or less, the surface flexibility is maintained, the granularity of the fixed image is maintained, and the warm-up time is shortened.

A known method may be applied to form the elastic layer 62E and the release layer 62F. For example, the elastic layer 62E and the release layer 62F may be sequentially formed on the metal heating layer by a coating method.
When the elastic layer 62E and the release layer 62F are formed on the metal heat generating layer by a coating method, an appropriate layer is appropriately applied to the surface of the metal heat generating layer or the surface of the elastic layer 62E before applying these layers. It is desirable to perform pretreatment with a primer material. By performing this pretreatment, the adhesion between the layers is further improved.

  In addition, when the elastic layer 62E and the release layer 62F are laminated on the metal heating layer by a coating method, the elastic layer 62E and the release layer 62F are formed through a process of heat-treating the coated film formed. Is done. The heat treatment of the coating film may be performed in an inert gas (nitrogen gas, argon gas, etc.) atmosphere.

  The release layer 62F is prepared by preparing a tube-like release layer in advance, for example, by forming an adhesive layer on the inner surface of the tube and then covering the outer periphery of the elastic layer 62E. May be.

Next, another configuration of the fixing device 28 will be described.
The pressure roll 64 is supported by the housing 60 so as to be rotatable in the arrow R direction by a drive source (not shown). In FIG. 2, the pressure roll 64 having a roll shape is shown as the pressure member, but the pressure member may be a belt-shaped member. However, a roll-like member is preferable from the viewpoint of increasing the nip pressure at the transfer nip more easily and improving the fixability.

The fixing belt 62 and the pressure roll 64 are in contact with each other so that the recording paper P can be inserted therethrough. As the pressure roll 64 rotates in the arrow R direction, the fixing belt 62 can be driven to rotate. On the inner peripheral surface side of the fixing belt 62, a pressing pad 68 is disposed in contact with the inner peripheral surface, and further on the outer peripheral surface (outer peripheral surface of the fixing belt 62) side of the portion in contact with the pressing pad 68. The pressure roll 64 is disposed in contact with the outer peripheral surface, and a contact portion through which the recording paper P can be inserted is formed.
Here, the pressure roll 64 is supported by an elastic body 72 (for example, a spring) while being pressed against the pressing pad 68 via the fixing belt 62. The pressure roll 64 is connected to a driving member 74 (for example, an actuator that is driven to extend and contract) that moves away from the fixing belt 62 against the pressing force of the elastic body 72.

On the other hand, an electromagnetic induction portion 66 is provided on the outer peripheral surface side of the fixing belt 62 opposite to the pressing pad 68 with respect to the pad support member 70 at a predetermined interval with respect to the outer peripheral surface.
The electromagnetic induction unit 66 has an electromagnetic induction coil 66 </ b> A that is spaced apart from the outer peripheral surface of the fixing belt 62. The electromagnetic induction coil 66A is fixed by a coil support member 66B provided on the opposite side of the outer peripheral surface of the fixing belt 62 with respect to the electromagnetic induction coil 66A. The electromagnetic induction coil 66A is connected to a power source (not shown), and generates a magnetic field that intersects (for example, intersects with) the outer peripheral surface of the fixing belt 62 in the electromagnetic induction coil 66A when an alternating current flows through the electromagnetic induction coil 66A. Can do. The magnetic field changes the direction of the magnetic field so that an eddy current can be generated in the metal heating layer of the fixing belt 62 by an excitation circuit (not shown).

  The housing 60 is supported via a guide member (for example, a slide guide) so as to be movable along a direction (for example, the axial direction of the pressure roll 64) that intersects the conveyance direction of the recording paper P. ing.

  The casing 60 is connected to a device (moving device) 80 for shifting the fixing device 28 (that is, the fixing belt 62 and the pressure roll 64) in a direction intersecting the conveyance direction of the recording paper P.

(Moving device)
The moving device 80 includes, for example, a rotation motor, and an operation conversion mechanism that converts the rotation torque of the rotation motor into a straight-ahead operation in a direction intersecting the conveyance direction of the recording paper P, although not shown. By the operation of the operation conversion mechanism, the fixing device 28 acts on the housing 60, and the fixing device 28 (that is, the fixing belt 62 and the pressure roll 64) is shifted in a direction intersecting the conveyance direction of the recording paper P.
Examples of the operation conversion mechanism include a ball screw mechanism and a pinion-rack mechanism. Examples of the rotary motor include motors (servo motors, stepping motors, and the like) that can be operated with a target operation amount.
In addition, as a motor of the moving device 80, a motor (such as a linear motor) that performs a straight operation may be employed. In this case, a motion conversion mechanism is not necessary.

(Operation of fixing device and moving device)
The operation of the fixing device and the moving device will be described. This operation is performed under the control of the control device 50.

First, the fixing operation by the fixing device 28 will be described.
First, the pressure roll 64 is rotated in the direction of arrow R, and the fixing belt 62 is driven to rotate as the pressure roll 64 rotates. Next, a magnetic field is generated by the electromagnetic induction coil 66 </ b> A, and the magnetic field is exposed to the rotating fixing belt 62. At this time, an eddy current is generated in the metal heat generating layer in the fixing belt 62 by the electromagnetic induction coil 66A and generates heat. As a result, the outer peripheral surface of the fixing belt 62 is heated to a temperature capable of fixing (for example, 150 ° C. or more and 200 ° C. or less).

  A predetermined region of the outer peripheral surface of the fixing belt 62 is heated by the above method, and the heated region moves to a contact portion with the pressure roll 64 as the fixing belt 62 rotates. On the other hand, the recording paper P on which the toner image is formed is conveyed. When the recording paper P passes through the contact portion, the toner image is heated by being brought into contact with the heated area of the fixing belt 62 and fixed on the surface of the recording paper P. The region of the fixing belt 62 where the surface temperature of the outer peripheral surface has been lowered after the fixing process at the contact portion is moved to a location heated by the electromagnetic induction coil 66A as the fixing belt 62 rotates, and the next fixing process is performed. It is heated again in preparation.

Next, the operation of the moving device 80 will be described.
First, from the state where the pressure roll 64 is pressed against the fixing belt 62 (specifically, the state where the pressure roll 64 is pressed against the pressure pad 68 via the fixing belt 62: see FIG. 4A). Then, the drive member 74 is driven, and the pressure roll 64 is retracted against the pressing force of the elastic body 72 in a direction away from the fixing belt 62 (see FIG. 4B). Thereby, the press by the pressure roll 64 is cancelled | released.

  Next, the moving device 80 is driven, and the fixing device (that is, the fixing belt 62 and the pressure roll 64) crosses the conveyance direction of the recording paper P (specifically, for example, along the axial direction of the pressure roll 64). (Refer to FIG. 4C). The displacement direction (one or the other direction in the direction intersecting the conveyance direction of the recording paper P) and the displacement amount of the fixing device 28 are the type of the recording paper P, the nip portion passage amount, or the nip portion passage time (fixing time). Is set in a predetermined deviation direction and deviation amount range.

  Next, the moving device 80 is driven, the retraction of the pressure roll 64 from the fixing belt 62 is released, and the pressure roll 64 is pressed against the fixing belt 62 by the pressing force of the elastic body 72 (specifically, In this state, the pressure roll 64 is returned to the state in which it is pressed against the pressing pad 68 via the fixing belt 62 (see FIG. 4D).

  4A to 4D, P1 indicates a passing position of the recording paper P at the nip portion between the fixing belt 62 and the pressure roll 64.

  By the series of operations of the moving device 80, the passing position of the recording paper P passing through the nip portion between the fixing belt 62 and the pressure roll is changed. As a result, the occurrence of scratches on the outer peripheral surface of the fixing belt 62 and the pressure roll caused by contact with the end of the recording paper P is suppressed.

Here, the time when the operation of the moving device 80 is performed (the time when the operation of shifting the fixing device 28 is performed) is, for example, any one of the following (A) to (C) or a combination thereof.
(A) The recording paper P is periodically passed every time the passage time of the recording paper P at the nip portion between the fixing belt 62 and the pressure roll 64 reaches the predetermined passage time.
(B) Performed periodically each time the amount of recording paper P passing through the nip between the fixing belt 62 and the pressure roll 64 reaches a predetermined amount.
(C) Performed while image formation is stopped (for example, during an initial setting operation such as an operation of acquiring image density or gradation correction data).

  Although the description has been given of the form in which the entire fixing device 28 is shifted by the moving device 80, the present invention is not limited to this, and a form in which the portion having at least the fixing belt 62 and the pressure roll 64 is shifted may be used. One of the belt 62 and the pressure roll 64 may be shifted.

(Control device)
The control device 50 is configured as a computer that controls the entire device and performs various calculations. Specifically, although not shown, the control device is a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a ROM (Read Only Memory) storing various programs, and a RAM (Random Access) used as a work area when executing the programs. Memory), a nonvolatile memory for storing various information, and an input / output interface (I / O). Each of the CPU, ROM, RAM, nonvolatile memory, and I / O is connected via a bus.

The image forming apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 includes an image forming unit, an operation display unit, an image processing unit, an image memory, a storage unit, a communication unit, and the like, although not illustrated, in addition to the control device 50. The operation display unit, the image processing unit, the image memory, the image forming unit, the storage unit, and the communication unit are connected to the I / O of the control device 50. The control device 50 exchanges information with each of the image forming unit, the operation display unit, the image processing unit, the image memory, the image forming unit, the storage unit, and the communication unit, and controls each unit.
The image forming unit is described as the main configuration of the image forming apparatus 10. That is, the image forming unit includes the photosensitive member 1, the charging device 2, the electrostatic latent image forming device 3, the developing device 4, the primary transfer device 5, the driving roll 22 of the intermediate transfer member 20, the secondary transfer device 26, and the fixing device 28. Each of the moving devices 80 is connected to the control device 50. The control device 50 exchanges information with each of these devices and controls each device.

(Electrostatic latent image developing toner)
In the image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment, the developer accommodated in the developing unit includes the following electrostatic latent image developing toner (hereinafter also referred to as toner).
The toner according to the exemplary embodiment includes a binder resin including a crystalline polyester resin, a complex elastic modulus measured at an angular frequency of 6.28 rad / sec and a strain amount of 0.3% is 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa or more. In the range where x10 ⁸ Pa or less, the maximum value of tangent loss (tan δ _P1 ) is 2 or more and 2.5 or less.

-Maximum value of tangent loss (tan δ _P1 and tan δ _P2 )-
The toner according to the exemplary embodiment has a tangent loss in a range where the complex elastic modulus measured with an angular frequency of 6.28 rad / sec and a strain amount of 0.3% is 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa to 1 × 10 ⁸ Pa. The maximum value (tan δ _P1 ) is 2 or more and 2.5 or less. Note that the maximum value of the tangent loss (tan δ _P1 ) is preferably 2 or more and 2.3 or less.
When the maximum value of the tangent loss (tan δ _P1 ) is 2 or more, occurrence of fixing unevenness caused by the electromagnetic induction heating type fixing means is suppressed.
On the other hand, since the maximum value of the tangent loss (tan δ _P1 ) is 2.5 or less, it is possible to suppress the viscosity from being excessively increased, and thus it is possible to suppress the offset.

In the toner according to the present exemplary embodiment, the tangent loss is within a range in which the complex elastic modulus measured with an angular frequency of 6.28 rad / sec and a strain amount of 0.3% is 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa to 1 × 10 ⁷ Pa. preferably the maximum value of (tan [delta _P2) is 2 to 2.3, and further preferably 2 or more and 2.2 or less.
When the maximum value of the tangent loss (tan δ _P2 ) is 2 or more, the occurrence of uneven fixing that occurs in the electromagnetic induction heating type fixing means is suppressed.
On the other hand, since the maximum value of the tangent loss (tan δ _P2 ) is 2.3 or less, it is possible to suppress the viscosity from being excessively increased, and thus it is possible to suppress the offset.

-Measuring method of tangent loss Here, calculation of the value of tangent loss is calculated | required from the dynamic viscoelasticity measured by the sine wave vibration method. For measurement of dynamic viscoelasticity, an ARES measuring apparatus manufactured by Rheometric Scientific is used. The measurement of dynamic viscoelasticity is carried out by setting the toner molded into a tablet shape on a parallel plate having a diameter of 8 mm, setting the normal force to 0, and then applying sine wave vibration at a vibration frequency of 6.28 rad / sec. The measurement starts at 60 ° C and continues to 150 ° C. The measurement time interval is 30 seconds, the temperature rise is 1 ° C./min, the strain is 0.3%, the complex elastic modulus and the tangent loss are obtained, and the complex elastic modulus is 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa or more and 1 × 10 ⁸ Pa. The maximum value of tangent loss (tan δ _P1 ) in the following range and the maximum value of tangent loss (tan δ _P2 ) in the range of the complex modulus of 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa to 1 × 10 ⁷ Pa are obtained.

- the maximum value of the loss tangent (tan [delta _P1 and tan [delta _P2) the maximum value of loss tangent in the control method toner (tan [delta _P1) and the maximum value of the tangent loss (tan [delta _P2) describes a method of controlling the above range. The control method is not particularly limited. However, when a toner is obtained by the aggregation and coalescence method described later, stearyl stearate, palmitic acid palmitate, behenyl behenate, and montan are formed when forming the aggregated particles. Esters composed of higher alcohols having 12 to 30 carbon atoms such as stearyl acid and higher fatty acids having 12 to 30 carbon atoms; 12 to carbon atoms such as butyl stearate, isobutyl behenate, propyl montanate, 2-ethylhexyl oleate, etc. Esters consisting of 30 higher fatty acids and lower monoalcohols; montanic acid monoethylene glycol ester, ethylene glycol distearate, monostearic acid glyceride, monobehenic acid glyceride, tripalmitic acid glyceride, pentaerythritol monobehenate, pentaerythritol Esters composed of higher fatty acids having 12 to 30 carbon atoms and polyhydric alcohols such as diol dilinoleate, pentaerythritol trioleate, pentaerythritol tetrastearate; diethylene glycol monobehenate, diethylene glycol dibehenate, dipropylene glycol monostearate, distearin Esters consisting of higher fatty acids having 12 to 30 carbon atoms and polyhydric alcohol multimers such as acid diglyceride, tetrastearic acid triglyceride, hexabehenic acid tetraglyceride, decastearic acid decaglyceride; glycerin monoacetomonostearate, glycerin monoacetate Mono- or multimers (short-chain functional groups) of higher fatty acids having 12 to 30 carbon atoms and polyhydric alcohols such as monolinoleate and diglycerin monoacetodistearate Sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan dibehenate, sorbitan higher fatty acid esters such as sorbitan trioleate; cholesterol higher fatty acid esters such as cholesteryl stearate, cholesteryl oleate, cholesteryl linoleate And a method of adjusting the amount of the ester compound such as a polymer in a mixed dispersion in which a resin particle dispersion or the like is mixed.
An ester compound such as stearyl stearate adheres to the surface of the resin particles when forming the aggregated particles, lowers the apparent glass transition temperature of the surface, improves the stability of the aggregated particles, and adheres to the resin surface. It acts to improve the responsiveness of the particles to heat. For this reason, it is considered that the maximum value of the tangent loss under the above conditions (tan δ _P1 and tan δ _P2 ) is increased.
The ester compound may be added to the mixed dispersion at the time of forming aggregated particles after forming an ester compound dispersion previously dispersed in the dispersion.

Further, when forming the aggregated particles, a metal oxide such as water glass, silica, alumina, titania, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, tricalcium phosphate, cerium oxide is included in the mixed dispersion, and the amount thereof There is also a method of adjusting.
Metal oxides such as water glass tend to exist at an appropriate distance in the resin particles when forming the aggregated particles, so that they act to lower the viscosity of the resin molecules when heated during fixing. To do. For this reason, the maximum value (tan δ _P1 and tan δ _P2 ) of the tangent loss under the above conditions is increased.

  In the resin particle dispersion used in the aggregation and coalescence method, the crystalline resin containing the crystalline polyester resin and the amorphous resin are both dispersed in the dispersion medium, and then the crystalline resin and the amorphous resin are dispersed. It is preferable to use a dispersion liquid in which crystalline resin-amorphous resin mixed particles are dispersed, obtained by phase inversion emulsification of the dispersion medium contained together. Since the phase inversion emulsification is performed after the crystalline resin and the amorphous resin are dispersed in the dispersion medium, the crystalline resin and the amorphous resin are dispersed in separate dispersion media. Compared with the case of mixing and emulsifying the phase inversion, the mixed crystalline resin-amorphous resin mixed particles can be obtained.

In addition, the maximum value of the tangent loss (tan δ _P1 and tan δ _P2 ) is also adjusted by adjusting the ratio of the crystalline resin to the amorphous resin, the molecular weight of the crystalline resin or the amorphous resin, and the degree of crosslinking. The

-Dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* _-30 and η ^* _-10 )-
The toner in the present embodiment has a dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₃₀ ) of 3 × 10 ⁷ Pa · s or more under the condition of the melting temperature of the crystalline polyester resin contained in the toner of −30 ° C., and The dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₁₀ ) of the crystalline polyester resin at a melting temperature of −10 ° C. is preferably in the range of 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa · s to 5 × 10 ⁷ Pa · s. .
The dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* _-30 ) of the crystalline polyester resin at a melting temperature of −30 ° C. can be regarded as the dynamic complex viscosity of the toner before melting, that is, in the solid state, whereas the crystalline polyester The dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₁₀ ) at a melting temperature of −10 ° C. of the resin can be regarded as the dynamic complex viscosity of the toner in a state where the resin starts to melt. Further, in the toner, the dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₃₀ ) in the solid state is in the range of the above lower limit value or more, but the dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₁₀ ) in a state where the toner starts to melt further. ) Within the above range is an indicator that the toner is difficult to melt with respect to the melting characteristics of the toner.
Since the dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₃₀ and η ^* ₋₁₀ ) of the crystalline polyester resin is in the above range, even if the toner is pressed and heated at the nip portion, it becomes more difficult to be softened. It becomes difficult to melt. That is, the toner melting rate tends to be slow. As a result, even when the nip pressure or temperature becomes non-uniform when the toner is fixed, the degree of melting of the toner (melting speed) due to the difference in pressure and temperature applied at the nip portion in the member axial direction. The difference is further reduced. As a result, occurrence of fixing unevenness is more easily suppressed.

The dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₃₀ ) of the toner at a melting temperature of −30 ° C. of the crystalline polyester resin is 3 × 10 ⁷ Pa · s or more, so that the crystalline polyester resin can be applied to other resins. It is possible to reduce the compatibility and to suppress a partial decrease in the glass transition temperature of the resin. Therefore, it is preferable in that the difference in adhesion of the external additive on the toner surface hardly appears and, for example, the occurrence of uneven transfer can be suppressed.
Further, the dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₁₀ ) of the toner at a melting temperature of −10 ° C. of the crystalline polyester resin is 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa · s or more, so that the temperature of the toner is close to the melting temperature. However, since it becomes difficult to melt (that is, the melting speed becomes slow), even when a portion having a higher temperature than the surroundings is generated in the nip portion, it is easy to suppress the toner from being excessively melted in the portion. As a result, the difference in the degree of melting of the toner (melting speed) due to the difference in pressure and temperature applied at the nip portion in the member axial direction can be further reduced.
On the other hand, the dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₁₀ ) at the melting temperature of −10 ° C. of the crystalline polyester resin is 5 × 10 ⁷ Pa · s or less, so that the fixing temperature of the whole toner is appropriately lowered. At the same time, the gloss of the surface is appropriately controlled. This is preferable because the difference in gloss caused by the difference in the amount of toner can be suppressed.

The dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₁₀ ) at the melting temperature of −10 ° C. of the crystalline polyester resin is preferably in the range of 2 × 10 ⁶ Pa · s to 3 × 10 ⁷ Pa · s, The range of 4 × 10 ⁶ Pa · s to 2 × 10 ⁷ Pa · s is more preferable.
Further, the dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* _-30 ) at the melting temperature of −30 ° C. of the crystalline polyester resin is preferably in the range of 1 × 10 ⁸ Pa · s or more, and is 5 × 10 ⁸ Pa · s or more. A range is more preferred.

Measurement method of dynamic complex viscosity Dynamic rheometer is used to measure the dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ), and the temperature is raised under the condition of a frequency of 1 rad / sec. The temperature rise of the crystalline polyester resin contained in the toner From the melting temperature, heating is performed at a heating rate of 1 ° C / min, and the dynamic complex viscosity is measured every 1 ° C. The measurement distortion is 20% or less, and 8 mmφ and 25 mmφ parallel plates are used properly according to the measurement torque.

_-Control method of dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* _-30 and η ^* _-10 ) The dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* _-30 ) and dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* _-10 ) of the toner are controlled in the above range. There is no particular limitation as to the method, but in the case of a toner having a core-shell structure, for example, the ratio of the binder resin in the core part and the shell part, the molecular weight of the binder resin, particularly the core part And a method by adjusting the molecular weight of the crystalline resin to be prepared. In addition, the acid value of the crystalline resin, the presence / absence of addition of a flocculant used in the agglomeration and coalescence process when the toner is made, or a method based on the kind of preparation thereof may also be mentioned.
In addition, from the viewpoint of controlling the dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* _-30 and η ^* _-10 ), a method for containing an ester compound such as stearyl stearate and adjusting the amount thereof, and a metal such as water glass described above It is also preferable to employ a method of containing an oxide and adjusting the amount thereof.
Furthermore, from the viewpoint of controlling the dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* _-30 and η ^* _-10 ), as a resin particle dispersion used in the aggregation and coalescence method, a crystalline resin and an amorphous resin containing a crystalline polyester resin are used. It is also preferable to use a dispersion liquid in which crystalline resin-amorphous resin mixed particles are dispersed, which are obtained by dispersing both in a dispersion medium and then phase inversion emulsification.

  Hereinafter, the components of the toner in this embodiment will be described.

  The toner according to the exemplary embodiment includes toner particles and, if necessary, an external additive.

(Toner particles)
The toner particles include, for example, a binder resin and, if necessary, a colorant, a release agent, and other additives. The binder resin contains at least a crystalline polyester resin.

-Binder resin-
Examples of the binder resin include styrenes (eg, styrene, parachlorostyrene, α-methylstyrene, etc.), (meth) acrylic acid esters (eg, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, acrylic acid). n-butyl, lauryl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, etc.), ethylenically unsaturated nitriles (for example, acrylonitrile, Methacrylonitrile, etc.), vinyl ethers (eg, vinyl methyl ether, vinyl isobutyl ether, etc.), vinyl ketones (vinyl methyl ketone, vinyl ethyl ketone, vinyl isopropenyl ketone, etc.), olefins (eg, ethylene, propylene, etc.) Emissions, a homopolymer of a monomer such as butadiene) and the like, or a vinyl-based resin composed of these monomers with two or more combinations copolymer.
As the binder resin, for example, epoxy resin, polyester resin, polyurethane resin, polyamide resin, cellulose resin, polyether resin, non-vinyl resin such as modified rosin, a mixture of these with the vinyl resin, or these Examples also include a graft polymer obtained by polymerizing a vinyl monomer in the coexistence.
These binder resins may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

A polyester resin is suitable as the binder resin.
Examples of the polyester resin include known amorphous polyester resins. A polyester resin may use a crystalline polyester resin together with an amorphous polyester resin. However, the crystalline polyester resin is preferably used in the range of 2 mass% to 40 mass% (preferably 2 mass% to 20 mass%) with respect to the total binder resin.

The “crystallinity” of the resin means that it has a clear endothermic peak in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) rather than a stepwise endothermic amount change. Specifically, the temperature rise rate is 10 (° C. / Min) indicates that the half-value width of the endothermic peak is 10 ° C. or less.
On the other hand, “amorphous” of the resin means that the half width exceeds 10 ° C., shows a stepwise endothermic change, or does not show a clear endothermic peak.

-Amorphous polyester resin As an amorphous polyester resin, the condensation polymer of polyhydric carboxylic acid and polyhydric alcohol is mentioned, for example. In addition, as an amorphous polyester resin, a commercial item may be used and what was synthesize | combined may be used.

Examples of the polyvalent carboxylic acid include aliphatic dicarboxylic acids (eg, oxalic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, citraconic acid, itaconic acid, glutaconic acid, succinic acid, alkenyl succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, etc.) Alicyclic dicarboxylic acids (for example, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid), aromatic dicarboxylic acids (for example, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, phthalic acid, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, etc.), their anhydrides, or lower (for example, having 1 or more carbon atoms) 5 or less) alkyl esters. Among these, as polyvalent carboxylic acid, aromatic dicarboxylic acid is preferable, for example.
The polyvalent carboxylic acid may be used in combination with a dicarboxylic acid or a trivalent or higher carboxylic acid having a crosslinked structure or a branched structure. Examples of the trivalent or higher carboxylic acid include trimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid, anhydrides thereof, and lower (for example, having 1 to 5 carbon atoms) alkyl esters.
Polyvalent carboxylic acid may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.

Examples of the polyhydric alcohol include aliphatic diols (for example, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butanediol, hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, etc.), alicyclic diols (for example, cyclohexanediol, cyclohexanedimethanol, Hydrogenated bisphenol A, etc.) and aromatic diols (for example, ethylene oxide adducts of bisphenol A, propylene oxide adducts of bisphenol A, etc.). Among these, as the polyhydric alcohol, for example, aromatic diols and alicyclic diols are preferable, and aromatic diols are more preferable.
As the polyhydric alcohol, a trihydric or higher polyhydric alcohol having a crosslinked structure or a branched structure may be used together with the diol. Examples of the trihydric or higher polyhydric alcohol include glycerin, trimethylolpropane, and pentaerythritol.
A polyhydric alcohol may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.

The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the amorphous polyester resin is preferably 50 ° C. or higher and 80 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 50 ° C. or higher and 65 ° C. or lower.
The glass transition temperature is determined from a DSC curve obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and more specifically described in the method for determining the glass transition temperature in JIS K 7121-1987 “Method for Measuring Plastic Transition Temperature”. Of “extrapolated glass transition start temperature”.

The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the amorphous polyester resin is preferably from 5,000 to 1,000,000, and more preferably from 7,000 to 500,000.
The number average molecular weight (Mn) of the amorphous polyester resin is preferably 2000 or more and 100,000 or less.
The molecular weight distribution Mw / Mn of the amorphous polyester resin is preferably 1.5 or more and 100 or less, and more preferably 2 or more and 60 or less.
The weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The molecular weight measurement by GPC is performed with a THF solvent using a Tosoh GPC / HLC-8120GPC as a measuring device and a Tosoh column / TSKgel SuperHM-M (15 cm). The weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are calculated using a molecular weight calibration curve prepared from a monodisperse polystyrene standard sample from this measurement result.

The amorphous polyester resin can be obtained by a known production method. Specifically, for example, the polymerization temperature is set to 180 ° C. or higher and 230 ° C. or lower, the pressure in the reaction system is reduced as necessary, and the reaction is performed while removing water and alcohol generated during the condensation.
In addition, when the monomer of the raw material is not dissolved or compatible at the reaction temperature, a solvent having a high boiling point may be added and dissolved as a solubilizing agent. In this case, the polycondensation reaction is performed while distilling off the solubilizer. If a monomer with poor compatibility is present in the copolymerization reaction, the monomer with poor compatibility and the monomer and the acid or alcohol to be polycondensed are condensed in advance and then polymerized together with the main component. It is good to condense.

Crystalline polyester resin Examples of the crystalline polyester resin include a polycondensate of a polyvalent carboxylic acid and a polyhydric alcohol. In addition, as a crystalline polyester resin, a commercial item may be used and what was synthesize | combined may be used.
Here, since the crystalline polyester resin easily forms a crystal structure, a polycondensate using a polymerizable monomer having a linear aliphatic group is preferable to a polymerizable monomer having an aromatic group.

Examples of the polyvalent carboxylic acid include aliphatic dicarboxylic acids (for example, oxalic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, 1,9-nonanedicarboxylic acid, 1,10-decanedicarboxylic acid. Acid, 1,12-dodecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,14-tetradecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,18-octadecanedicarboxylic acid, etc.), aromatic dicarboxylic acid (eg phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid) Dibasic acids such as acids), anhydrides thereof, or lower (for example, having 1 to 5 carbon atoms) alkyl esters.
The polyvalent carboxylic acid may be used in combination with a dicarboxylic acid or a trivalent or higher carboxylic acid having a crosslinked structure or a branched structure. Examples of the trivalent carboxylic acid include aromatic carboxylic acids (for example, 1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-naphthalenetricarboxylic acid, etc.), these Examples thereof include anhydrides and lower (for example, having 1 to 5 carbon atoms) alkyl esters thereof.
As the polyvalent carboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid having a sulfonic acid group or a dicarboxylic acid having an ethylenic double bond may be used in combination with these dicarboxylic acids.
Polyvalent carboxylic acid may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.

Examples of the polyhydric alcohol include aliphatic diols (for example, linear aliphatic diols having a main chain portion having 7 to 20 carbon atoms). Examples of the aliphatic diol include ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8- Octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1,11-undecanediol, 1,12-dodecanediol, 1,13-tridecanediol, 1,14-tetradecanediol, 1,18- Examples include octadecanediol and 1,14-eicosandecanediol. Among these, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, and 1,10-decanediol are preferable as the aliphatic diol.
The polyhydric alcohol may be used in combination with a diol and a trivalent or higher alcohol having a crosslinked structure or a branched structure. Examples of the trivalent or higher alcohol include glycerin, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol and the like.
A polyhydric alcohol may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.

  Here, the polyhydric alcohol may have an aliphatic diol content of 80 mol% or more, and preferably 90 mol% or more.

The melting temperature of the crystalline polyester resin is preferably 50 ° C. or higher and 100 ° C. or lower, more preferably 55 ° C. or higher and 90 ° C. or lower, and further preferably 60 ° C. or higher and 85 ° C. or lower.
The melting temperature is determined from the “melting peak temperature” described in the method for determining the melting temperature of JIS K7121-1987 “Method for measuring the transition temperature of plastic” from the DSC curve obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

  The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the crystalline polyester resin is preferably 6,000 or more and 35,000 or less.

  The crystalline polyester resin can be obtained by, for example, a well-known manufacturing method, similarly to the amorphous polyester resin.

  The content of the binder resin is, for example, preferably 40% by mass to 95% by mass, more preferably 50% by mass to 90% by mass, and more preferably 60% by mass to 85% by mass with respect to the entire toner particles. Further preferred.

-Colorant-
Examples of the colorant include carbon black, chrome yellow, hansa yellow, benzidine yellow, sren yellow, quinoline yellow, pigment yellow, permanent orange GTR, pyrazolone orange, vulcan orange, watch young red, permanent red, brilliant carmine 3B, and brilliant. Carmine 6B, Dupont Oil Red, Pyrazolone Red, Resol Red, Rhodamine B Lake, Lake Red C, Pigment Red, Rose Bengal, Aniline Blue, Ultramarine Blue, Calco Oil Blue, Methylene Blue Chloride, Phthalocyanine Blue, Pigment Blue, Phthalocyanine Green, Various pigments such as malachite green oxalate, or acridine, xanthene, , Benzoquinone, azine, anthraquinone, thioindico, dioxazine, thiazine, azomethine, indico, phthalocyanine, aniline black, polymethine, triphenylmethane, diphenylmethane, thiazole, and other dyes Etc.
A colorant may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

  As the colorant, a surface-treated colorant may be used as necessary, or it may be used in combination with a dispersant. A plurality of colorants may be used in combination.

  The content of the colorant is, for example, preferably 1% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less, and more preferably 3% by mass or more and 15% by mass or less with respect to the entire toner particles.

-Release agent-
Examples of mold release agents include hydrocarbon waxes; natural waxes such as carnauba wax, rice wax, and candelilla wax; synthetic or mineral / petroleum waxes such as montan wax; and ester waxes such as fatty acid esters and montanic acid esters. And so on. The release agent is not limited to this.

The melting temperature of the release agent is preferably 50 ° C. or higher and 110 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 60 ° C. or higher and 100 ° C. or lower.
Note that the melting temperature is obtained from the DSC curve obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to “melting peak temperature” described in JIS K 7121-1987 “Method for measuring the melting temperature of plastics”. .

  The content of the release agent is, for example, preferably 1% by mass to 20% by mass and more preferably 5% by mass to 15% by mass with respect to the entire toner particles.

-Other additives-
Examples of other additives include known additives such as a magnetic material, a charge control agent, and inorganic powder. These additives are contained in the toner particles as internal additives.

-Toner particle characteristics-
The toner particles may be toner particles having a single layer structure, or toner particles having a so-called core / shell structure composed of a core (core particle) and a coating layer (shell layer) covering the core. May be.
Here, the core / shell structure toner particles include, for example, a core portion including a binder resin and, if necessary, other additives such as a colorant and a release agent, and a binder resin. It is good to be comprised with the comprised coating layer.

  The volume average particle diameter (D50v) of the toner particles is preferably 2 μm or more and 10 μm or less, and more preferably 4 μm or more and 8 μm or less.

In addition, various average particle diameters and various particle size distribution indexes of toner particles are measured using Coulter Multisizer II (manufactured by Beckman Coulter, Inc.), and an electrolytic solution is measured using ISOTON-II (manufactured by Beckman Coulter, Inc.). The
In the measurement, 0.5 mg to 50 mg of a measurement sample is added as a dispersant to 2 ml of a 5% aqueous solution of a surfactant (preferably sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate). This is added to 100 ml or more and 150 ml or less of the electrolytic solution.
The electrolyte in which the sample is suspended is dispersed for 1 minute with an ultrasonic disperser, and the particle size distribution of particles having a particle size in the range of 2 μm to 60 μm is measured using a 100 μm aperture with a Coulter Multisizer II. taking measurement. The number of particles to be sampled is 50,000.
For the particle size range (channel) divided based on the measured particle size distribution, the cumulative distribution is drawn from the smaller diameter side to the volume and number, respectively, and the particle size to be 16% is the volume particle size D16v, the number particle size D16p, a particle size that is 50% cumulative is defined as a volume average particle size D50v, a cumulative number average particle size D50p, and a particle size that is 84% cumulative is defined as a volume particle size D84v and a number particle size D84p.
Using these, the volume particle size distribution index (GSDv) is calculated as (D84v / D16v) ^1/2 and the number particle size distribution index (GSDp) is calculated as (D84p / D16p) ^1/2 .

  The average circularity of the toner particles is preferably from 0.94 to 1.00, more preferably from 0.95 to 0.98.

The average circularity of the toner particles is obtained by (circle equivalent perimeter) / (perimeter) [(perimeter of a circle having the same projection area as the particle image) / (perimeter of the particle projected image)]. Specifically, it is a value measured by the following method.
First, the toner particles to be measured are collected by suction, a flat flow is formed, a flash image is instantaneously emitted, a particle image is captured as a still image, and the particle image is analyzed (Sysmex). FPIA-2100) manufactured by the company. The number of samplings for obtaining the average circularity is 3500.
When the toner has an external additive, the toner (developer) to be measured is dispersed in water containing a surfactant and then subjected to ultrasonic treatment to obtain toner particles from which the external additive has been removed. .

(External additive)
Examples of the external additive include inorganic particles. As the inorganic particles, SiO ₂ , TiO ₂ , Al ₂ O ₃ , CuO, ZnO, SnO ₂ , CeO ₂ , Fe ₂ O ₃ , MgO, BaO, CaO, K ₂ O, Na ₂ O, ZrO ₂ , CaO. _{SiO 2, K 2 O · (} TiO 2) n, Al 2 O 3 · 2SiO 2, CaCO 3, MgCO 3, BaSO 4, MgSO 4 , and the like.

The surface of the inorganic particles as an external additive is preferably subjected to a hydrophobic treatment. The hydrophobic treatment is performed, for example, by immersing inorganic particles in a hydrophobic treatment agent. The hydrophobizing agent is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include silane coupling agents, silicone oils, titanate coupling agents, and aluminum coupling agents. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.
The amount of the hydrophobizing agent is usually 1 part by mass or more and 10 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the inorganic particles, for example.

  Examples of external additives include resin particles (resin particles such as polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and melamine resin), cleaning activators (for example, metal salts of higher fatty acids typified by zinc stearate, fluorine-based high molecular weight substances). Particle) and the like.

  The external addition amount of the external additive is, for example, preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 2.0% by mass or less with respect to the toner particles.

(Toner production method)
Next, a toner manufacturing method in the present embodiment will be described.
The toner in this embodiment can be obtained by externally adding an external additive to the toner particles after the toner particles are manufactured.

The toner particles may be produced by any of a dry production method (for example, a kneading and pulverizing method) and a wet production method (for example, an aggregation coalescence method, a suspension polymerization method, a dissolution suspension method, etc.). The production method of the toner particles is not particularly limited, and a known production method is adopted.
Among these, it is preferable to obtain toner particles by an aggregation and coalescence method.

Further, from the viewpoint of controlling the maximum value of the tangent loss (tan δ _P1 and tan δ _P2 ) and the dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* _-30 and η ^* _-10 ) in the toner within the above range, the aggregation and coalescence method. As a resin particle dispersion used in the above, a crystalline resin containing a crystalline polyester resin and an amorphous resin are both dispersed in a dispersion medium, and then the dispersion medium containing both the crystalline resin and the amorphous resin is phase-inverted. It is preferable to use a dispersion liquid in which crystalline resin-amorphous resin mixed particles obtained by emulsification are dispersed.
Further, in the case of obtaining a toner by the aggregation coalescence method, when forming aggregated particles, a method of adjusting the amount of the above-mentioned ester compound such as stearyl stearate, the above-mentioned metal oxide such as water glass, etc. It is also preferable to adopt a method of containing and adjusting the amount.

Specifically, for example, when toner particles are produced by an aggregation coalescence method,
A step of preparing a resin particle dispersion in which resin particles to be a binder resin are dispersed (resin particle dispersion preparation step), and a resin particle dispersion (after mixing other particle dispersions as necessary) In the dispersion), the resin particles (other particles as necessary) are aggregated to form aggregated particles (aggregated particle formation step), and the aggregated particle dispersion in which the aggregated particles are dispersed is heated. Then, toner particles are manufactured through a process of fusing and coalescing the aggregated particles to form toner particles (fusing and coalescing process).

Details of each step will be described below.
In the following description, a method of obtaining toner particles containing a colorant and a release agent will be described. However, the colorant and the release agent are used as necessary. Of course, you may use other additives other than a coloring agent and a mold release agent.

-Preparation step of resin particle dispersion-
First, together with a resin particle dispersion in which resin particles serving as a binder resin are dispersed, for example, a colorant particle dispersion in which colorant particles are dispersed and a release agent particle dispersion in which release agent particles are dispersed are prepared. To do.

  Here, the resin particle dispersion is prepared, for example, by dispersing resin particles in a dispersion medium using a surfactant.

Examples of the dispersion medium used for the resin particle dispersion include an aqueous medium.
Examples of the aqueous medium include water such as distilled water and ion exchange water, and alcohols. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

Examples of the surfactant include anionic surfactants such as sulfate ester, sulfonate, phosphate, and soap; cationic surfactants such as amine salt type and quaternary ammonium salt type; polyethylene glycol And nonionic surfactants such as polyphenols, alkylphenol ethylene oxide adducts, and polyhydric alcohols. Among these, an anionic surfactant and a cationic surfactant are particularly mentioned. The nonionic surfactant may be used in combination with an anionic surfactant or a cationic surfactant.
Surfactant may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

Examples of the method for dispersing the resin particles in the dispersion medium in the resin particle dispersion include a general dispersion method such as a rotary shear homogenizer, a ball mill having media, a sand mill, and a dyno mill. Depending on the type of resin particles, the resin particles may be dispersed in the resin particle dispersion using, for example, a phase inversion emulsification method.
The phase inversion emulsification method is a method in which a resin to be dispersed is dissolved in a hydrophobic organic solvent in which the resin is soluble, and a base is added to the organic continuous phase (O phase) to neutralize the aqueous medium. (W phase) is added to convert the resin from W / O to O / W (so-called phase inversion) to form a discontinuous phase and disperse the resin in an aqueous medium in the form of particles. It is.

  When using the phase inversion emulsification method, the crystalline resin and the amorphous resin are both dispersed in the dispersion medium, and then the dispersion medium containing both the crystalline resin and the amorphous resin is phase-inverted and emulsified. It is preferable to obtain a dispersion in which the obtained crystalline resin-amorphous resin mixed particles are dispersed.

The volume average particle size of the resin particles dispersed in the resin particle dispersion is, for example, preferably 0.01 μm to 1 μm, more preferably 0.08 μm to 0.8 μm, and further preferably 0.1 μm to 0.6 μm. preferable.
In addition, the volume average particle diameter of the resin particles is based on the particle size range (channel) divided by using the particle size distribution obtained by measurement with a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring apparatus (for example, LA-700 manufactured by Horiba, Ltd.). The cumulative distribution is subtracted from the small particle diameter side with respect to the volume, and the particle diameter that becomes 50% cumulative with respect to all particles is measured as the volume average particle diameter D50v. The volume average particle size of particles in other dispersions is also measured in the same manner.

  As content of the resin particle contained in a resin particle dispersion liquid, 5 to 50 mass% is preferable, for example, and 10 to 40 mass% is more preferable.

  For example, a colorant particle dispersion and a release agent particle dispersion are also prepared in the same manner as the resin particle dispersion. In other words, regarding the volume average particle diameter of the particles in the resin particle dispersion, the dispersion medium, the dispersion method, and the content of the particles, the colorant particles dispersed in the colorant particle dispersion and the release agent particle dispersion The same applies to the release agent particles to be dispersed.

-Aggregated particle formation process-
Next, the colorant particle dispersion and the release agent particle dispersion are mixed together with the resin particle dispersion.
Then, in the mixed dispersion, resin particles, colorant particles, and release agent particles are hetero-aggregated to have resin particles, colorant particles, and release agent particles having a diameter close to the diameter of the target toner particles. Aggregated particles are formed.

  In the agglomerated particle forming step, it is preferable to further include the above-described ester compound such as stearyl stearate and metal oxide such as water glass in the mixed dispersion in which the resin particle dispersion or the like is mixed.

Specifically, for example, the flocculant is added to the mixed dispersion, and the pH of the mixed dispersion is adjusted to acidic (for example, the pH is 2 or more and 5 or less), and a dispersion stabilizer is added as necessary. The resin particles are heated to a glass transition temperature (specifically, for example, the glass transition temperature of the resin particles −30 ° C. or more and the glass transition temperature −10 ° C. or less), and the particles dispersed in the mixed dispersion liquid are aggregated. , Forming aggregated particles.
In the agglomerated particle forming step, for example, the aggregating agent is added at room temperature (for example, 25 ° C.) while stirring the mixed dispersion with a rotary shearing homogenizer, and the pH of the mixed dispersion is acidic (for example, the pH is 2 or more and 5 or less). ), And after adding a dispersion stabilizer as necessary, the heating may be performed.

Examples of the flocculant include a surfactant having a polarity opposite to that of the surfactant used as the dispersant added to the mixed dispersion, an inorganic metal salt, and a divalent or higher-valent metal complex. In particular, when a metal complex is used as the flocculant, the amount of the surfactant used is reduced, and the charging characteristics are improved.
If necessary, an additive that forms a complex or a similar bond with the metal ion of the flocculant may be used. As this additive, a chelating agent is preferably used.

Examples of inorganic metal salts include metal salts such as calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, barium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, aluminum chloride, and aluminum sulfate, and inorganic substances such as polyaluminum chloride, polyaluminum hydroxide, and calcium polysulfide. Examples thereof include metal salt polymers.
A water-soluble chelating agent may be used as the chelating agent. Examples of the chelating agent include oxycarboxylic acids such as tartaric acid, citric acid, and gluconic acid, iminodiacid (IDA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and the like.
As addition amount of a chelating agent, 0.01 mass part or more and 5.0 mass part or less are preferable with respect to 100 mass parts of resin particles, for example, and 0.1 mass part or more and less than 3.0 mass parts are more preferable.

-Fusion / unification process-
Next, the aggregated particle dispersion in which the aggregated particles are dispersed is heated to, for example, a glass transition temperature or higher of the resin particles (for example, a temperature of 10 to 30 ° C. higher than the glass transition temperature of the resin particles). Are fused and united to form toner particles.

Through the above steps, toner particles are obtained.
In addition, after obtaining the aggregated particle dispersion liquid in which the aggregated particles are dispersed, the aggregated particle dispersion liquid and the resin particle dispersion liquid in which the resin particles are dispersed are further mixed, and the resin particles are further added to the surface of the aggregated particles. A process of aggregating to adhere to form second aggregated particles, and heating the second aggregated particle dispersion in which the second aggregated particles are dispersed to fuse and coalesce the second aggregated particles. The toner particles may be manufactured through a step of forming toner particles having a core / shell structure.

Here, after completion of the fusion / unification process, toner particles formed in the solution are dried through a known washing process, solid-liquid separation process, and drying process to obtain toner particles.
In the washing step, it is preferable to sufficiently carry out substitution washing with ion-exchanged water from the viewpoint of chargeability. The solid-liquid separation step is not particularly limited, but suction filtration, pressure filtration, etc. are preferably performed from the viewpoint of productivity. In addition, the drying process is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of productivity, freeze drying, air jet drying, fluidized drying, vibration fluidized drying, or the like is preferably performed.

  The toner in this embodiment is produced, for example, by adding an external additive to the obtained dry toner particles and mixing them. Mixing may be performed by, for example, a V blender, a Henschel mixer, a Laedige mixer, or the like. Further, if necessary, coarse toner particles may be removed using a vibration sieving machine, a wind sieving machine, or the like.

<Electrostatic latent image developer>
The electrostatic latent image developer in this embodiment contains at least the toner in this embodiment.
The electrostatic latent image developer in this embodiment may be a one-component developer containing only the toner in this embodiment, or a two-component developer mixed with the toner and a carrier.

There is no restriction | limiting in particular as a carrier, A well-known carrier is mentioned. As a carrier, for example, a coated carrier in which the surface of a core made of magnetic powder is coated with a coating resin; a magnetic powder dispersion type carrier in which magnetic powder is dispersed and mixed in a matrix resin; a porous magnetic powder is impregnated with a resin Resin impregnated type carriers; and the like.
The magnetic powder-dispersed carrier and the resin-impregnated carrier may be a carrier in which the constituent particles of the carrier are used as a core material and this is coated with a coating resin.

  Examples of the magnetic powder include magnetic metals such as iron, nickel, and cobalt, and magnetic oxides such as ferrite and magnetite.

Examples of the coating resin and the matrix resin include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl ether, polyvinyl ketone, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, styrene-acrylic acid ester. Examples thereof include a straight silicone resin comprising a copolymer, an organosiloxane bond, or a modified product thereof, a fluororesin, a polyester, a polycarbonate, a phenol resin, and an epoxy resin.
The coating resin and matrix resin may contain other additives such as conductive particles.
Examples of the conductive particles include particles of metals such as gold, silver, and copper, carbon black, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, barium sulfate, aluminum borate, and potassium titanate.

Here, in order to coat the surface of the core material with the coating resin, a method of coating with a coating layer forming solution obtained by dissolving the coating resin and, if necessary, various additives in an appropriate solvent may be mentioned. The solvent is not particularly limited, and may be selected in consideration of the coating resin to be used, coating suitability, and the like.
Specific resin coating methods include a dipping method in which the core material is immersed in the coating layer forming solution, a spray method in which the coating layer forming solution is sprayed on the surface of the core material, and a state in which the core material is suspended by flowing air. Examples thereof include a fluidized bed method in which a coating layer forming solution is sprayed, a kneader coater method in which a carrier core material and a coating layer forming solution are mixed in a kneader coater, and the solvent is removed.

  The mixing ratio (mass ratio) of the toner and the carrier in the two-component developer is preferably toner: carrier = 1: 100 to 30: 100, and more preferably 3: 100 to 20: 100.

  The image forming apparatus according to this embodiment has been described above with reference to the drawings, but the embodiment is not limited thereto.

  Hereinafter, although an Example and a comparative example are given and this embodiment is described in detail in detail, this embodiment is not limited to these Examples at all.

-Production of Toner 1-
(Preparation of crystalline resin (A))
First, in a three-necked flask, 100 parts by mass of dimethyl sebacate, 67.8 parts by mass of hexanediol, and 0.10 parts by mass of dibutyltin oxide are removed out of the system under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was carried out at 185 ° C. for 5 hours, the temperature was raised to 220 ° C. while gradually reducing the pressure, and the reaction was carried out for 6 hours, followed by cooling. Thus, a crystalline resin (A) having a weight average molecular weight of 33700 was prepared.

  In addition, the melting temperature of this crystalline resin (A) is described in the method for determining the melting temperature in JIS K7121-1987 “Method for measuring transition temperature of plastic” from the DSC curve obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was 71 degreeC when calculated | required by the "melting peak temperature".

(Preparation of amorphous resin (1))
In a three-necked flask, 60 parts by mass of dimethyl terephthalate, 82 parts by mass of dimethyl fumarate, 34 parts by mass of dodecenyl succinic anhydride, 137 parts by mass of bisphenol A ethylene oxide adduct, and 191 parts by mass of bisphenol A propylene oxide adduct Then, 0.3 parts by mass of dibutyltin oxide was reacted for 3 hours at 180 ° C. while removing water generated by the reaction out of the system under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the temperature was gradually reduced to 240 ° C. while gradually reducing the pressure. The mixture was allowed to react for 2 hours and then cooled. Thus, an amorphous resin (1) having a weight average molecular weight of 17,100 was prepared.

(Preparation of colorant dispersion)
Furthermore, 50 parts by mass of a cyan pigment (copper phthalocyanine, CIPigment blue 15: 3, manufactured by Dainichi Seika Co., Ltd.), 5 parts by mass of a nonionic surfactant Nonipol 400 (manufactured by Kao Corporation), and 200 parts by mass of ion-exchanged water The mixture was mixed and dispersed for 1 hour using a high-pressure impact disperser Ultimateizer (manufactured by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd., HJP30006) to adjust the water content. Thus, a colorant dispersion was prepared.

(Preparation of release agent dispersion)
60 parts by weight of paraffin wax (Nippon Seiwa Co., Ltd .: HNP9, melting temperature 77 ° C.), 4 parts by weight of an anionic surfactant (Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd .: Neogen RK), and 200 parts by weight of ion-exchanged water The mixture was heated to 120 ° C. and dispersed using a homogenizer (manufactured by IKA: Ultra Tarrax T50), and then 120 ° C., 350 kg / cm ² , 1 with a Menton Gorin high-pressure homogenizer (Gorin). Dispersed with time. Thus, a release agent dispersion liquid in which the release agent having a volume average particle size of 250 nm was dispersed and the water content was adjusted so that the release agent concentration in the dispersion liquid was 20% by mass was prepared.

(Preparation of ester compound dispersion)
100 parts by mass of stearyl stearate (manufactured by NOF Corporation), 55 parts by mass of methyl ethyl ketone, and 23 parts by mass of n-propyl alcohol were placed in a three-necked flask, and the resin was dissolved while stirring. Then, the mixture was dispersed with a homogenizer (manufactured by IKA, Ultra Turrax T50), and then the solvent was removed. The volume average diameter was 195 nm. Ion exchange water was added thereto to prepare an ester compound dispersion having a solid concentration of 25% by mass.

(Preparation of crystalline resin-amorphous resin mixed particle dispersion (A1))
10 parts by weight of crystalline resin (A), 90 parts by weight of amorphous resin (1), 50 parts by weight of methyl ethyl ketone, and 15 parts by weight of isopropyl alcohol are placed in a three-necked flask and heated to 60 ° C. while stirring. After dissolving the resin, 25 parts by mass of a 10% by mass aqueous ammonia solution was added, and 400 parts by mass of ion-exchanged water was gradually added to carry out phase inversion emulsification, and then the pressure was reduced and the solvent was removed. A crystalline resin-amorphous resin mixed particle dispersion (A1) having a solid content concentration of 25% by mass in which a crystalline resin-amorphous resin mixed particle having a diameter of 158 nm was dispersed was prepared.

(Preparation of crystalline resin-amorphous resin mixed particle dispersion (A2))
The crystalline resin-amorphous resin mixed particle dispersion (A1) and the amorphous resin (A) are changed to 15 parts by mass and the amount of the amorphous resin (1) is changed to 85 parts by mass. Similarly, a crystalline resin-amorphous resin mixed particle dispersion (A2) having a solid content concentration of 25% by mass in which a crystalline resin-amorphous resin mixed particle having a volume average particle size of 155 nm is dispersed is prepared. did.

(Preparation of amorphous resin dispersion (A3))
The crystalline resin-amorphous resin mixed particle dispersion (A1) and the amorphous resin (A) are changed except that the amount of the crystalline resin (A) is changed to 0 parts by mass and the amount of the amorphous resin (1) is changed to 100 parts by mass. Similarly, an amorphous resin particle dispersion (A3) having a solid content concentration of 25% by mass in which crystalline resin-amorphous resin mixed particles having a volume average particle diameter of 175 nm were dispersed was prepared.

(Preparation of Toner 1)
720 parts by weight of crystalline resin-amorphous resin mixed particle dispersion (A1), 50 parts by weight of colorant dispersion, 70 parts by weight of release agent dispersion, 0.9 part of ester compound dispersion, and water 2.5 parts of glass (Snowtex (registered trademark) OS manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and 1.5 parts by mass of a cationic surfactant (manufactured by Kao Corporation: Sanizol B50) are contained in a round stainless steel flask, After adjusting the pH to 3.8 by adding 0.1 N sulfuric acid, 30 parts by mass of a nitric acid aqueous solution having a polyaluminum chloride concentration of 10% by mass as a flocculant was added, and then a homogenizer (manufactured by IKA, Dispersion at 30 ° C. using Ultra Turrax T50). After heating to 40 ° C. at 1 ° C./min in a heating oil bath and holding at 40 ° C. for 30 minutes, 160 parts by mass of the amorphous resin particle dispersion (A3) was added to this dispersion, Hold for another hour.
Thereafter, 0.1N sodium hydroxide was added to adjust the pH to 7.0, and then the mixture was heated to 95 ° C. at 1 ° C./min and maintained for 5 hours while continuing stirring, and then 20 ° C./min. This was cooled to 20 ° C., filtered, washed with ion-exchanged water, and then dried using a vacuum dryer to obtain toner 1 having a volume average particle diameter of 6.1 μm.

The following physical properties of this toner 1 were measured. The results are shown in Table 1 below.
Maximum value of tangent loss (tan δ _P1 ) in a range where the complex elastic modulus measured at an angular frequency of 6.28 rad / sec and a strain amount of 0.3% is 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa to 1 × 10 ⁸ Pa.
Maximum value of tangent loss (tan δ _P2 ) in a range where the complex elastic modulus measured at an angular frequency of 6.28 rad / sec and a strain amount of 0.3% is 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa to 1 × 10 ⁷ Pa.
Dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₃₀ ) under the condition of the melting temperature of −30 ° C. of the crystalline polyester resin contained in the toner
Dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₁₀ ) under the condition of the melting temperature of −10 ° C. of the crystalline polyester resin contained in the toner

In addition, for all the toners shown in Table 1, 1.2 parts by mass of commercially available fumed silica RX50 (manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) as an external additive with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner, Henschel mixer (manufactured by Mitsui Miike Seisakusho) Was added at a peripheral speed of 30 m / s for 5 minutes. Thereafter, 8 parts by mass of toner further added with an external additive and 100 parts by mass of a carrier were mixed to prepare a two-component developer.
The carrier is 100 parts by mass of ferrite particles (volume average particle size: 50 μm), 14 parts by mass of toluene, and a styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer (component ratio: styrene / methyl methacrylate = 90/10, weight average molecular weight Mw). = 80,000) First, a coating liquid in which the above components excluding ferrite particles were dispersed by stirring for 10 minutes with a stirrer was prepared, and then this coating liquid and ferrite particles were vacuum degassed kneader ( And then stirred at 60 ° C. for 30 minutes, further depressurized while heating, degassed, dried, and then sieved at 105 μm.

-Production of Toner 2-
Toner 2 was prepared in the same manner as Toner 1 except that the ester compound dispersion used in preparation of Toner 1 was changed from 0.9 part to 2.7 parts.

-Production of Toner 3-
Toner 3 was prepared in the same manner as Toner 1 except that the ester compound dispersion used in preparation of Toner 1 was changed from 0.9 parts to 2.7 parts and water glass from 2.5 parts to 5.0 parts. Produced.

-Production of Toner 4-
The crystalline resin-amorphous resin mixed particle dispersion (A1) used in the preparation of the toner 1 is changed to a crystalline resin-amorphous resin mixed particle dispersion (A2), and the ester compound dispersion from 0.9 parts. Toner 4 was prepared in the same manner as Toner 1 except that the water glass was changed from 2.5 parts to 5.0 parts to 2.7 parts.

-Production of Toner 5-
Toner 5 was prepared in the same manner as toner 4 except that the ester compound dispersion used in preparation of toner 4 was changed from 2.7 parts to 9 parts.

-Production of Toner 6-
Toner 6 was prepared in the same manner as toner 4 except that the ester compound dispersion used in preparation of toner 4 was changed from 2.7 parts to 9 parts and water glass was changed from 5.0 parts to 15.0 parts. .

<Various measurements>
The tangent loss values of the toners 1 to 6 obtained above were calculated from dynamic viscoelasticity measured by a sine wave vibration method. For the measurement of dynamic viscoelasticity, an ARES measuring device manufactured by Rheometric Scientific was used, and for measurement of dynamic viscoelasticity, the toner molded into a tablet shape was set on a parallel plate of 8 mm diameter, and normal force was applied. After setting to 0, sinusoidal vibration was applied at a vibration frequency of 6.28 rad / sec. The measurement started from 60 ° C and continued to 150 ° C. The measurement time interval is 30 seconds, the temperature rise is 1 ° C./min, the strain is 0.3%, the complex elastic modulus and the tangent loss are obtained, and the complex elastic modulus is 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa or more and 1 × 10 ⁸ Pa. The maximum value of tangent loss (tan δ _P1 ) in the following range and the maximum value of tangent loss (tan δ _P2 ) in the range of complex elastic modulus of 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa to 1 × 10 ⁷ Pa were determined.

  The volume average particle size was measured using Coulter Multisizer II (manufactured by Beckman Coulter) and ISOTON-II (manufactured by Beckman Coulter) as the electrolyte. As a dispersant, 10 mg of a measurement sample was added to 2 ml of a 5% by weight aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and a sample was prepared by adding the measurement sample to 100 ml of the electrolyte solution. The electrolyte solution in which the measurement sample was suspended was added using an ultrasonic disperser. The dispersion treatment was performed for 1 minute, and the particle size distribution of particles having a particle size in the range of 2 μm to 60 μm was measured by the Coulter Multisizer II using an aperture having an aperture diameter of 100 μm. The number of particles to be sampled is 50,000. A cumulative distribution of the measured particle size distribution was drawn from the small diameter side with respect to the divided particle size range (channel) from the small diameter side, and the particle size (D50v) at which accumulation was 50% was defined as the volume average particle size of the measurement sample.

<Evaluation>
The developer obtained in each example was filled in a developing device of an evaluation device “DocuCentreIV C3370 (manufactured by Fuji Xerox)”.
This evaluation device is equipped with an electromagnetic induction heating type fixing device. In addition, the evaluation device sets the fixing belt width of the fixing device to 460 mm, the width of the pressure roll (axial length) to 480 mm, and sets the electromagnetic induction heating type fixing device in a direction intersecting the recording paper conveyance direction (additional). (Along the axial direction of the pressure roll), the recording paper passing position in the nip was modified to be changeable. In addition, this fixing device was remodeled so that it can be driven by an external drive motor to control the temperature.
And the following evaluation was performed using this evaluation apparatus. The results are shown in Table 1.

[Evaluation of fixing unevenness]
The developer was put in a developing device, and replenishment toner (the same toner as that contained in the developer) was put in a toner cartridge. Continuing, on a cardboard (Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd., product name: Ncolor209 gsm), there are 20 images including a total of 9 square images with a horizontal width of 20 mm, a vertical length of 20 mm, and an image density Cin of 100%, 3 points each in the vertical and horizontal directions of the paper. The sheet was output, and the glossiness (75 ° gloss) of 11 sheets in total, 1st sheet to 10th sheet and 20th sheet, was evaluated with an evaluation device (GM-26D manufactured by Murakami Color Research Laboratory Co., Ltd.). Nine standard deviations were calculated, and the worst value (largest value) of the 11 standard deviations evaluated was evaluated as fixing unevenness. The evaluation criteria are as follows, and up to B is acceptable.

-Evaluation criteria (fixing unevenness)-
A: Fixing unevenness ≦ 10
B: 10 <fixing unevenness ≦ 20
C: Fixing unevenness> 20

[Evaluation of fixability]
The fixing property was evaluated by the following tape peeling test method using the image of the fixing unevenness evaluation. The Status A density of the fixed toner image on the sheet of 1 cm ² square was measured, then the peeling tape onto the fixed toner image on the paper (trade name "Scotch main loading Tape" (manufactured by Sumitomo 3M Co., Ltd.)) into After adhesive The tape was peeled, and the status A density on the peeled paper was measured. Thereafter, when the image print density on the paper before peeling is 100, the image print density on the paper after peeling is expressed as a percentage, and this is evaluated as a toner fixing rate. In addition, the spectrophotometer 938 Spectrodensitometer (made by X-Rite) was used for the measurement of color density. The evaluation criteria are as follows, and up to B is acceptable.

―Evaluation criteria (fixability) ―
A: Fixing rate ≧ 90%
B: 80% ≦ fixing rate <90%
C: Fixing rate <80%

  From the above results, it can be seen that in this embodiment, better fixability is ensured while suppressing occurrence of fixing unevenness as compared with the comparative example.

1Y, 1M, 1C, 1K photoconductor (an example of an image carrier)
2Y, 2M, 2C, 2K Charging device 3 Electrostatic latent image forming devices 3Y, 3M, 3C, 3K Light 4Y, 4M, 4C, 4K Developing devices 5Y, 5M, 5C, 5K Primary transfer devices 6Y, 6M, 6C, 6K Photoconductor cleaning devices 8Y, 8M, 8C, and 8K Toner cartridges 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K Image forming unit 20 Intermediate transfer member 22 Drive roll 24 Support roll 26 Secondary transfer device 28 Fixing device 30 Intermediate transfer member cleaning device 50 Control device 60 Housing 62 Fixing belt 62A Base material 62B Underlying metal layer 62C Electromagnetic induction metal layer 62D Metal protective layer 62E Elastic layer 62F Release layer 64 Pressure roll 66 Electromagnetic induction part 66A Electromagnetic induction coil 66B Coil support member 68 Press pad 70 Pad Support member 72 Elastic body 74 Drive member 80 Moving device P Recording paper (an example of a recording medium)

Claims (10)

An image carrier,
Charging means for charging the surface of the image carrier;
An electrostatic latent image forming means for forming an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the charged image carrier;
The electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the image carrier is developed as a toner image with an electrostatic latent image developer, and the electrostatic latent image developer contains a binder resin containing a crystalline polyester resin, In the range where the complex elastic modulus measured at an angular frequency of 6.28 rad / sec and a strain of 0.3% is 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa or more and 1 × 10 ⁸ Pa or less, the maximum value of the tangent loss (tan δ _P1 ) is Developing means for containing an electrostatic latent image developer having a toner of 2 or more and 2.5 or less;
Transfer means for transferring the toner image formed on the surface of the image carrier to the surface of the recording medium;
A tubular base material, a fixing belt having a metal heating layer disposed on the outer periphery of the base material and generating heat by electromagnetic induction, a pressing member that presses the fixing belt in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the fixing belt, and An electromagnetic induction heating means for generating heat by electromagnetic induction on the metal heating layer of the fixing belt, the recording medium having the toner image transferred on the surface thereof is sandwiched between contact portions of the fixing belt and the pressure member; Fixing means for fixing the toner image;
An image forming apparatus comprising: The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the toner has a maximum value (tan δ _P1 ) of the tangent loss of 2 or more and 2.3 or less. The toner has a maximum tangent loss value in a range where the complex elastic modulus measured at an angular frequency of 6.28 rad / sec and a strain amount of 0.3% is 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa to 1 × 10 ⁷ Pa. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein tan δ _P2 ) is 2 or more and 2.3 or less. The image forming apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the toner has a maximum value (tan δ _P2 ) of the tangent loss of 2 or more and 2.2 or less. The toner has a dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* _-30 ) of 3 × 10 ⁷ Pa · s or more at a melting temperature of −30 ° C. of the crystalline polyester resin, and a melting temperature of the crystalline polyester resin of −10. 5. The image formation according to claim 1, wherein the dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₁₀ ) at 1 ° C. is 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa · s or more and 5 × 10 ⁷ Pa · s or less. apparatus. 6. The toner has a dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₁₀ ) of 2 × 10 ⁶ Pa · s or more and 3 × 10 ⁷ Pa · s or less at a melting temperature of −10 ° C. of the crystalline polyester resin. The image forming apparatus described in 1. 6. The toner has a dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₁₀ ) of 4 × 10 ⁶ Pa · s or more and 2 × 10 ⁷ Pa · s or less at a melting temperature of −10 ° C. of the crystalline polyester resin. Alternatively, the image forming apparatus according to claim 6. 8. The toner according to claim 5, wherein the toner has a dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₃₀ ) of 1 × 10 ⁸ Pa · s or more at a melting temperature of −30 ° C. of the crystalline polyester resin. The image forming apparatus described in the item. 9. The toner according to claim 5, wherein the toner has a dynamic complex viscosity (η ^* ₋₃₀ ) of 5 × 10 ⁸ Pa · s or more at a melting temperature of −30 ° C. of the crystalline polyester resin. The image forming apparatus described in the item.   The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a unit that shifts at least one of the fixing belt and the pressure member in the fixing unit in a direction intersecting a conveyance direction of the recording medium.