JP2011172943A - Optimized ball bat - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a ball bat that exhibits improved performance, flexure, and feel characteristics even when the bat hits a ball in regions located away from a sweet spot. <P>SOLUTION: A barrel 102 of the ball bat 100 includes an inner wall 104 separated from an outer wall 106 by an interface shear control zone (ISCZ) 108 or layer, such as an elastomeric layer, a friction joint, a bond-inhibiting layer, or another suitable shear-controlling zone or layer. Each of the inner and outer walls 104, 106 typically includes one or more plies 110 of one or more fiber-reinforced composite materials. Additionally, or alternatively, one or both of the inner and outer walls 104, 106 may include a metallic material, such as aluminum. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT

Description

  This application is filed with US patent application Ser. No. 10 / 903,493 filed Jul. 29, 2004, No. 11 / 034,993 filed Jan. 12, 2005, and No. 11 / filed Mar. 11, 2005. No. 078,782, No. 11 / 152,036 filed Jun. 14, 2005, and applications not yet assigned July 22, 2005.

  Baseball and softball bat manufacturers continue to attempt to develop ball bats that exhibit high durability, improved performance characteristics, improved flexibility, and improved feel. Hollow bats having a single wall structure and recently a multi-wall structure have been developed.

  Single wall bats generally include a single tubular spring within the barrel. Multi-wall barrels typically include two or more tubular springs or similar structures in the barrel section that are constructed of the same or different material compositions. Tubular springs in these multi-wall bats are usually in contact with each other to form a friction joint, joined together by welding or bonding adhesives, or separated from each other to form a friction-free joint. Is it? When the tubular spring is bonded using a structural adhesive or other structural bonding material, the barrel is substantially a single wall structure.

  Hollow bats usually exhibit a phenomenon known as the “trampoline effect”, which is substantially related to the rebound velocity of the ball leaving the bat barrel as a result of the dynamic coupling of the bat and the ball. It is generally preferred to construct a ball bat having a high “trampoline effect” so as to provide a high rebound rate for the ball that the bat has thrown upon contact.

  Multi-wall bats have been developed with the goal of increasing the amount of deflection beyond the acceptable barrel deflection possible in typical single-wall and hard wood designs. These multiple wall structures generally provide additional barrel deflection without increasing stress beyond the material limits of the barrel material. Thus, multi-wall barrels typically transfer energy back to the ball more efficiently. In general, multiwall bats achieve high performance by reducing barrel stiffness through separation of the shear interface between the barrel layers. Low barrel stiffness reduces especially inefficient ball deformation and increases barrel deformation. The barrel deformation is more efficient in returning the collision energy to the ball, thus leading to improved performance.

  An example of a multi-wall ball bat 100 is shown in FIG. The barrel 102 of the ball bat 100 includes an inner wall 104 that is separated from an outer wall 106, which may be an interfacial shear control region (ISCZ) 108, or an elastomer layer, a friction joint, a bond inhibition layer, or other Separated by layers, such as suitable shear control regions or layers. Each of the inner and outer walls 104, 106 typically includes one or more plies 110 made of one or more fiber reinforced composite materials. Additionally or alternatively, one or both of the inner and outer walls 104, 106 comprise a metallic material such as aluminum.

  One point where multi-wall bats differ from single-wall bats is that there is no transmission of shear energy through the ISCZ within the multi-wall barrel, i.e. through the region between the barrel walls separating the shear interface between these walls. As a result of the strain energy balance, this shear energy that creates shear deformation in the single-wall barrel is converted into bending energy in the multi-wall barrel. Multi-walled bat walls typically exhibit lower strain energy loss than single-wall designs because bending deformation is more efficient than shear deformation in energy transfer. Thus, a multi-wall barrel is generally preferred over a single-wall barrel to produce efficient impact dynamics of the ball bat, or to produce a “trampoline effect” which is a more efficient dynamic coupling.

  For example, FIG. 2 shows a graphical comparison of the relative performance characteristics of a typical wooden bat barrel, a typical single wall bat barrel, and a typical double wall bat barrel. As FIG. 2 shows, typically double wall bats have better performance over the entire length of the barrel than single wall and wooden bats. Although double wall bats generally produce good results over the length of the barrel, these results become lower as collisions occur away from the “sweet spot” of the barrel.

  The sweet spot is a collision position in the barrel where the energy transfer from the bat to the ball is maximized, and the energy transfer to the player's hand is minimized. The sweet spot is generally located at the intersection of the hitting center (COP) of the bat and the superposition of the first three vibration axial basic modes of the bat. This position, which is usually about 4 to 8 inches from the free end of the bat (shown as 6 inches from the free end of the barrel in FIG. 2 is merely exemplary), is when the bat is vibrating in the basic bending mode Does not move. As a result, when the ball collides with the sweet spot, the vibration energy loss of the bat is minimal, and the player who swings the bat feels little or no vibration.

  If the ball collides with the position of the bat that is not in the vicinity of the primary vibration node or COP, the bat will deform into fundamental and harmonic mode shapes. The magnitude of this deformation is a linear function of the excited mode and the distance from the vibration node and COP to the collision position. If the acceleration of the bat to the mode shape is significantly high and at a certain frequency, the bat vibrates and generates a shock wave.

  The shock wave travels at high speed, and depending on its energy, it can numb the athlete's hand. Numbness usually results from a bat handle slip due to rotation of the rigid body, resulting from a collision away from the COP and / or from a mode vibration due to a collision away from the primary vibration node of the ball bat. This type of collision is usually referred to as an “off-center hit”, where the “sweet spot” of the bat barrel is usually located approximately in the middle of the bat barrel length, where the COP and the first primary vibration node are close to each other. Because it does. Numbness resulting from off-center hits is uncomfortable and painful for athletes and is therefore undesirable. In order to minimize numbness and improve the “feel” of the bat, shock waves resulting from off-center strikes must be absorbed or attenuated before reaching the bat handle.

  In addition, the barrel area between the sweet spot and the free end of the barrel, and between the sweet spot and the taper or transition (or more) of the bat, especially the optimal performance characteristics as occurs at the sweet spot. Is not due to the energy loss resulting from the action of vibration and rotational inertia. In fact, as shown in FIG. 2, in a typical ball bat, the performance of the barrel decreases significantly as the impact location moves away from the sweet spot. As a result, in order to achieve optimal results and avoid numbing bat vibrations, players need to make accurate contact with the pitched ball, which is generally very difficult.

  Another important factor in bat design is the position of the bat's “kick point”. The kick point is the point of maximum curvature in the ball bat due to inertia that occurs during rotation of the bat. A bat with a low kick point (i.e., a bat where bending occurs just above the hand) can expel high energy, but tends to lag, resulting in poor overall bat performance. On the other hand, bats with high kick points (ie bats where bending occurs near the barrel) often lack enough recoil energy to be effective, because the diameter of a normal bat at this location is relatively large And as a result, this area of such a bat is very stiff.

  Accordingly, there is a need for a ball bat that exhibits improved performance, improved flexibility, and improved feel, especially for the case where the ball hits the ball bat away from the sweet spot. Furthermore, there is a need for an improved single wall bat.

  The ball bat exhibits improved performance, improved flexibility, or improved tactile characteristics as a result of material selection and lamination adjustment. The ball bat may be a single wall or a multi-wall composite ball bat, optionally comprising metal or other suitable material.

  In the first configuration, the performance and / or feel of the bat is improved in a region located away from the sweet spot of the barrel as a result of the strategic placement of the interfacial shear control region (ISCZ) within the bat barrel. Additionally or in addition, the ISCZ can be strategically placed within the butt handle and / or the butt taper to improve compliance and overall performance of these parts.

  In an additional or further form, the ball bat comprises multiple layers of one or more composite materials. One or more global impact attenuation (ISA) regions having significantly lower axial stiffness than one or more neighboring regions in the bat are provided to attenuate shock waves resulting from “off-center” strikes. The When the shock wave enters the ISA region, the shock wave is absorbed or attenuated. The ISA region may be incorporated into the ball bat transition region, handle, and / or barrel to provide vibration suppression, impact damping, stiffness control, improved flexibility, and / or improved feel.

  In an additional or further form, the ball bat exhibits improved performance in regions located away from the sweet spot of the bat barrel, which occurs as a result of discrete thin film conditioning in these regions. In general, in the areas of the bat barrel away from the sweet spot, one or more layers or thin films will increase the radial compliance of the bat barrel in these areas, i.e. reduce the radial stiffness. Therefore, the layer or thin film functions more like the sweet spot of the barrel through an improvement in the barrel mechanism. Additionally or additionally, the bat handle and / or one or more membranes in the taper of the bat may be adjusted to increase (or decrease) radial compliance in these regions.

  In an additional or further form, in the composite ball bat, one or more cushioning elements are placed primarily at or near one or more vibration bells of the ball bat to provide vibration damping and bat “feel”. Provide improvements. The cushioning element may be composed of a viscoelastic material and / or an elastomeric material and / or other vibration damping material, installed in the ball bat barrel, handle and / or taper or transition region May be.

  In an additional or further form, a concentrated bending region is provided in the ball bat transition (and / or in the barrel and / or in the handle). The concentrated bending region includes a radially outer region having a buffer material having an axial elastic modulus lower than an axial elastic modulus of a surrounding structural material in the ball bat, and a longitudinal neighboring structure in the ball bat. A radially inner structure region having an outer diameter smaller than the outer diameter of the region.

  Other features and advantages of the invention are described below. The features of the invention described above can be used separately or together or in various combinations of one or more features. The invention also exists in the form of sub-combinations of the features described above.

It is a fragmentary sectional view of a multiple wall ball bat. FIG. 6 is a graph comparing the relative performance characteristics of a typical wooden barrel, a typical single wall bat barrel, and a typical double wall bat barrel. It is a side view of a ball bat. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of zones 1 to 3 of the bat barrel shown in FIG. 3 according to four separate “multi-wall” embodiments. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of zones 1 to 3 of the bat barrel shown in FIG. 3 according to four separate “multi-wall” embodiments. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of zones 1 to 3 of the bat barrel shown in FIG. 3 according to four separate “multi-wall” embodiments. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of zones 1 to 3 of the bat barrel shown in FIG. 3 according to four separate “multi-wall” embodiments. FIG. 6 is a graph comparing the relative performance characteristics of a typical double wall bat barrel and a bat barrel that utilizes multiple interfacial shear control regions to create a “multi-wall” bat. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of zones 1-3 of the bat barrel shown in FIG. 3 according to two alternative embodiments. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of zones 1-3 of the bat barrel shown in FIG. 3 according to two alternative embodiments. It is a partial side sectional view of a ball bat which comprises an ISA field located in a taper part of a ball bat. FIG. 6 is a partial side cross-sectional view of a ball bat with an ISA region located within the ball bat handle and extending into a tapered portion. FIG. 6 is a partial side cross-sectional view of a ball bat that includes a sandwich structure ISA region located within the handle of the ball bat and extending into a tapered portion. FIG. 2 is a partial side cross-sectional view of a ball bat having multiple ISA regions located within the ball bat barrel. 6 is a table showing the axial and radial Young's moduli when the graphite ply and the S glass ply are oriented at various angles with respect to the longitudinal axis of the ball bat. FIG. 6 is a graph conceptually showing the amount of radial compliance required in each region of a typical bat barrel in order to optimize the performance of the bat barrel. It is sectional drawing of at least one part of the zones 1-3 of the bat barrel shown in FIG. FIG. 5 is a graph comparing the relative performance characteristics of a typical double wall barrel and an optimized bat barrel using discrete thin film conditioning. It is a side view of a ball bat. It is a fragmentary sectional view of the section X of FIG. FIG. 21 is an enlarged view of section Y of FIG. 20 according to one embodiment. FIG. 21 is an enlarged view of section Y of FIG. 20 according to another embodiment. FIG. 21 is an enlarged view of section Y of FIG. 20 according to another embodiment. It is a side view of the ball bat which shows the notional position of the belly of the dominant vibration of a ball bat concerning one embodiment. It is a partial side sectional view of a ball bat which has a concentrated bending region. FIG. 6 is a partial cross-sectional side view of one possible configuration of a concentrated bending region.

  In the drawings, like reference numerals designate like parts throughout the several views.

  Hereinafter, various embodiments of the present invention will be described. The following description provides specific details to enable a thorough understanding and explanation of these embodiments. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the invention may be practiced without many of these details. In addition, some well-known structural or functional details may not be shown or described in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the important description of the various embodiments.

  The terminology used in the following description is used in connection with the detailed description of specific specific embodiments of the present invention, but should be construed broadly and reasonably. Certain terms may be emphasized below, but if the terminology is to be interpreted restrictively, it should be clearly and specifically defined in this detailed description section. And

  As shown in FIG. 3, a baseball or softball bat 10 (hereinafter referred to as “ball bat” or “bat”) includes a handle 12, a barrel 14, and a transition region or taper 16 that couples the handle 12 to the barrel 14. And. The free end of the handle 12 has a grip end 18 or similar structure. Barrel 14 is preferably closed by a suitable cap, plug, or other end closure 20. The inside of the bat 10 is preferably hollow, and this makes it easy to make the bat 10 relatively light, so that when the ball player swings the bat 10, a considerable bat speed can be produced.

  The ball bat 10 preferably has a total length of 20 to 40 inches, more preferably 26 to 34 inches. The overall outer diameter of the barrel is preferably 2.0 to 3.0 inches, and more preferably 2.25 to 2.75 inches. Typical bats have a diameter of 2.25, 2.625, or 2.75 inches. Bats having various combinations of these total lengths and barrel diameters, as well as any suitable dimensions are contemplated herein. The specific preferred combination of bat dimensions is generally determined by the user of the bat 10 and can vary greatly from user to user.

  The bat barrel 14 may be a single wall structure or a multi-wall structure. If a multi-wall structure, the barrel walls can be separated by one or more interfacial shear control zones (ISCZ), as described in detail in US patent application Ser. No. 10 / 903,493. Any ISCZ used preferably has a radial thickness of about 0.001 to 0.010 inches, more preferably 0.004 to 0.006 inches. Any other suitable size ISCZ may alternatively be used.

  ISCZ is a bond-inhibiting layer, friction joint, slide joint, elastomer joint, interface between two different materials (eg aluminum and composite), or any other suitable for separating the barrel into “multiple walls” Elements or means. When a bond-inhibiting layer is used, it is preferably made of a fluoropolymer material, for example, Teflon (registered trademark) (polyfluorinated ethylene), FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene), ETFE (ethylene tetrafluoro). Other suitable materials such as ethylene), PCTFE (polychlorotrifluoroethylene), or PVF (polyvinyl fluoride), and / or PMP (polymethylpentene), nylon (polyamide), cellophane, and the like.

  In one embodiment, one or more ISCZs are integrated or embedded with a layer of barrel material so that the barrel 14 acts as an integral multi-wall structure. In this case, it is preferred that the barrel layer at at least one end of the barrel is mixed to form an integral multi-wall structure. The entire ball bat 10 may be formed as an “integrated type”. The one-piece bat design generally includes a barrel 14, a taper 16, and a handle 12 of the bat 10 that do not have a gap, insert, jacket, or coupling structure that acts to make the barrel wall considerably thicker. It is related. In such a design, it is preferred that the laminate layer be integrated with the barrel structure so that the characteristic laminate layer acts in unison under load conditions. To achieve this unitary design, the layers of the bat 10 are preferably straightened together, so that the layers are made of a series of continuous tubes (inserts or jackets) at the end of each tube. Make sure that the wall thickness is not different.

  Fusing the barrel wall as a unitary structure around one or more ISCZs to constrain the end of the leaf spring provides a stable and durable assembly, particularly at the end of the barrel 14 This is effective when a collision occurs. Combining multiple laminate layers ensures that the system acts as a unitized structure and eliminates layers that function independently of other layers. By redispersing the stress at the end of the barrel, the local stress is reduced and the durability of the bat is improved. In another multi-wall embodiment, the bat and / or barrel layer is not fused at either end.

  Each of the one or more barrel walls is preferably constituted by one or more composite plies 25. The composite material comprising the ply is preferably fiber reinforced, such as glass, graphite, boron, carbon, aramid (eg Kevlar®), ceramic, metal fibers, and / or any other It comprises a suitable structural fiber material, preferably in the form of an epoxy or other suitable form. Each composite ply preferably has a thickness of about 0.002 to 0.060 inches, more preferably 0.003 to 0.008 inches. Any other suitable thickness ply may be used instead.

  In one embodiment, the bat barrel 14 may have a hybrid metal composite structure. For example, the barrel includes one or more walls comprised of a composite material and one or more walls comprised of a metallic material. Alternatively, the composite material and the metal material may be scattered in a specific barrel wall. If the barrel includes a metal part such as an aluminum part or a composite part, the area of the composite part may be adjusted to optimize the barrel, as will be described in detail below. In another embodiment, nanotubes such as high strength carbon nanotube composite structures may alternatively or additionally be used in the barrel structure.

  Increasing the number of walls in the bat barrel increases the deflection allowed in the bat barrel and also converts shear energy into bending energy through strategic placement of one or more ISCZs. As a result, the trampoline effect of the bat is improved. However, existing multi-wall bats cannot achieve optimal results over the entire length of the barrel because the performance of the barrel naturally degrades as the collision occurs away from the sweet spot.

  For purposes of this description, as shown in FIGS. 3-7, 16, and 17, bat barrel 14 is divided into three conceptual regions or zones. The first region 21, or “zone 1”, extends from the tapered portion 16 of the ball bat 10 to a position close to the “sweet spot” (described above) of the bat barrel 14. The second region 22, or “Zone 2”, extends approximately from the free end of the bat barrel 14 to a position near the sweet spot. The third region 24, or “zone 3”, extends between the first and second zones 21, 22 and comprises the sweet spot of the barrel 14.

  The actual dimensions and location of these zones may vary and the total number of zones may also vary. Furthermore, individual zones may have different lengths and occupy different areas. For example, the zone 1 may extend into the tapered portion 16 of the ball bat 10, an infinite number of zones may be defined along the entire length (or more) of the barrel, and the zone 3 may be narrower than the zone 2. Other configurations are possible. Accordingly, the specific zones 1 to 3 shown are merely used for ease of explanation.

  To enhance barrel performance in zones 1 and / or 2, another “multi-wall” approach created by strategic placement of ISCZ in one or both of these zones may be utilized. In one embodiment of the barrel shown in FIG. 4, the first ISCZ 30 is installed in the zone 3 of the bat barrel 14. The first ISCZ 30 is preferably installed at or near the neutral axis of the bat barrel 14 where the shear stress in the barrel 14 is maximized. In this way, an optimum amount of shear stress can be converted into bending stress. Alternatively, the first ISCZ 30 may be installed at any other radial location within zone 3 of the bat barrel 14. If the barrel 14 is composed of a homogeneous isotropic layer, the neutral axis is located approximately at the midpoint in the radial direction of the barrel wall. If multiple composite materials are used for the barrel 14 and / or if the material is not evenly distributed, the neutral axis may be in another radial position, which is easy Can be determined.

  For ease of explanation, the composite barrel material used in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 4-7 will be a homogeneous isotropic layer, and therefore the neutral axis of the barrel 14 is in the radial direction of the barrel wall. It is located at the midpoint of. However, in practice, any suitable composite and / or metal material combination may be used to construct the barrel 14, in which case the neutral axis may be located elsewhere in the barrel 14. In addition, once the ISCZ is added to the barrel 14, the ISCZ divides the barrel 14 into two barrel “walls”, each as described in detail in US patent application Ser. No. 10 / 712,251. It will have a neutral axis.

  Returning to the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, zone 1 comprises two ISCZs 32, 34 and zone 2 comprises two ISCZs 36, 38. Each ISCZ 32, 34, 36, 38 may be installed at about one-third of the radial barrel thickness, or otherwise. By installing two ISCZs in each of zones 1 and 2 of the bat barrel 14, these regions function as a substantially three-walled structure, and thus in a zone 3 that is substantially a double-walled structure. Compared with high flexibility. As a result, the flexibility and trampoline effect of the barrels of zones 1 and 2 are increased compared to zone 3, which causes zones 1 and 2 to be closer to the performance of zone 3 of bat barrel 14. Thus, if the ball hits the barrel 14 in either zone 1 or zone 2, the barrel 14 produces a trampoline effect that is closer to the trampoline effect produced by the sweet spot of the ball bat.

  In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, ISCZs 32, 34, 36, 38 are oriented to be continuous with the first ISCZ 30 in zone 3. Further, the ISCZs 32, 34 in zone 1 are substantially symmetric to the ISCZs 36, 38 in zone 3. One or more of the ISCZs 32, 34, 36, 38 may not be contiguous with the first ISCZ 30, and the ISCZs 32, 34 in zone 1 may be asymmetric to the ISCZs 36, 38 in zone 3, as will be described further below. .

  In the barrel embodiment shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, more ISCZ is installed in zone 1 than in zone 2 of bat barrel 14. Such an arrangement is preferred because of the effect of rotational inertia. During a typical bat swing, the rotational inertia created in zone 1 is less than the rotational inertia created in zone 2, which is closer to bat handle 12 than zone 2 is. Because. Therefore, the bat performance is usually inferior in zone 1 than in zone 2. To counteract this performance difference, the embodiment shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 is provided with more ISCZ in zone 1 than in zone 2, and the barrel flexibility in zone 1 is greater than in zone 2. Also greatly increase.

  In the barrel embodiment shown in FIG. 5, a continuous ISCZ 40 passes through zones 1, 2, and 3 at approximately the radial midpoint of the barrel wall. Two separate discontinuous ISCZs 42, 44 are installed in zone 1 between ISCZ 40 and the central axis of bat barrel 14, while an additional discontinuous ISCZ 46 is connected to ISCZ 40 and bat in zone 1. It is installed between the outer surface of the barrel 14. Thus, zone 1 comprises a total of four ISCZs, so that barrel 14 functions substantially like a five-wall structure within zone 1. Zone 2 includes one discontinuous ISCZ 48 located between ISCZ 40 and the central axis of butt barrel 14, and another discontinuous ISCZ 50 is located between ISCZ 40 and the outer surface of bat barrel 14. Is located. Zone 2 therefore comprises a total of three ISCZs, so that the barrel 14 functions substantially like a four-wall structure in zone 2.

  In the barrel embodiment shown in FIG. 6, zone 3 comprises a single ISCZ 60 located approximately at the radial center of the barrel wall. Zone 1 comprises two ISCZs 62, 64 located between the radial midpoint of the barrel wall and the outer surface, and further between the radial midpoint of the barrel wall and the central axis of the barrel 14. One ISCZ66 located in Thus, zone 1 comprises a total of three ISCZs, so that barrel 14 functions substantially like a four-wall structure within zone 1. Zone 2 includes one ISCZ 68 located between the radial midpoint of the barrel wall and the outer surface, and is further located between the radial midpoint of the barrel wall and the central axis of the barrel 14. One ISCZ 70 is provided. Zone 2 thus comprises a total of two ISCZs, so that the barrel 14 functions in the zone 2 substantially like a three-wall structure. The three ISCZs 62, 64, and 66 in the zone 1 and the two ISCZs 68 and 70 in the zone 2 are all continuous with the ISCZ 60 in the zone 3.

  The barrel embodiment shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 represents the degree of design freedom contemplated herein. For example, one or more ISCZ in Zone 1 and Zone 2 may be continuous or discontinuous with one or more ISCZ in Zone 3, and one or more in any of Zones 1-3 The ISCZ may be installed between the radial midpoint of the barrel wall and the outer surface, which may be installed at or near the radial midpoint of the barrel wall, or It may be installed between the radial midpoint of the barrel wall and the central axis of the bat barrel 14, or other configurations may be used. Furthermore, zones 1 and 2 may comprise the same or different number of ISCZs as the other.

  Importantly, the end of the ISCZ does not have to be the point where the two zones meet. Indeed, ICSZ may overlap or may belong to one or more zones, and the zones may be shorter or longer than those depicted in the drawings. In addition, a greater or lesser number of zones may be specified. Indeed, “zones” are used for illustrative purposes only and do not provide any kind of physical or theoretical boundary. Thus, in order to achieve the desired performance characteristics of the barrel and ball bat, the ISCZ can be placed in a variety of positions within the bat barrel 14 (as well as within the taper 16 and handle 12) according to a myriad of designs. May be installed.

  To this end, in some embodiments, to provide improved barrel flexibility and trampoline effects in the region, more ISCZs than the number of ISCZs located in the barrel region with the sweet spot are sweetened. Desirably present in at least one barrel region located away from the spot. Further, in some embodiments, to compensate for the difference in rotational inertia effects in the region, more ISCZ than in the region between the sweet spot and the free end of the barrel, It is preferably provided in the barrel area between the sweet spot. However, any suitable number of ISCZs may be installed in the area of any barrel (and other parts of the ball bat) and any suitable configuration is possible, depending on the specific ball bat design goals. It is recognized that it can be done.

  FIG. 7 shows another barrel embodiment, where the bat barrel 14 includes a metal outer region 80 and a composite inner region 82. The metal outer region 80 is preferably separated from the composite inner region 82 by a suitable ISCZ 86, such as a binding inhibition layer. Alternatively, the unbonded interface itself between the metal outer region 80 and the composite inner region may form an ISCZ.

  The metal outer region 80 preferably comprises aluminum and / or another suitable metal material. The composite inner region 82 preferably comprises at least one ISCZ 84 in Zone 1 and Zone 2 of the barrel 14 and provides high barrel flexibility for these regions. This hybrid metal / composite structure provides high durability due to the presence of the metal outer region 80, and by placing one or more ISCZs within a particular zone of the composite inner region 82, the barrel of the region. It also provides the advantage of improved flexibility. In another embodiment, the barrel 14 comprises a composite outer region and a metal inner region.

  FIG. 8 shows a typical double wall bat barrel (the double wall barrel curve in the graph of FIG. 8 is the same as the double wall barrel curve shown in the graph of FIG. A graphical comparison of relative performance characteristics is shown for a “multi-wall” bat barrel incorporating additional ISCZ in Zone 1 and Zone 2. As FIG. 8 shows, installing additional ISCZ in zones 1 and 2 of the bat barrel 14 generally improves performance over the entire length of the barrel 14 compared to a typical double wall bat. .

  FIGS. 9 and 10 show another embodiment, where a single continuous ISCZ passes through zone 1, zone 3 and zone 2 of the bat barrel to form a substantially double-walled bat barrel. However, the single continuous ISCZ of these embodiments intersects with multiple plies in each of zones 1, 2, and 3, i.e., the thickness of each barrel wall varies throughout the length of the barrel. Thus, the bat barrel does not function like a typical double wall barrel with a single continuous ISCZ that runs the entire length of the barrel at substantially the same radial location.

  FIG. 9 shows a bat barrel with a single continuous ISCZ 90 that passes closer to the outer surface of the barrel 14 in Zone 3 than in Zones 1 and 2. FIG. 10 shows a bat barrel with a single continuous “step” ISCZ 92, which passes closer to the outer surface of the barrel 14 in zone 2 than in zone 3 and in zone 3 than in zone 1. Also passes close to the outer surface of the barrel 14. The continuous ISCZ need not be symmetric and may be arranged opposite to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, or may be oriented in any other suitable manner. By changing the position of a single continuous ISCZ throughout the bat barrel, the sweet spot of the barrel is improved and / or corrected. In another embodiment, a continuous ISCZ may intersect multiple plies in a smaller number of zones or barrel regions, and the barrel wall thickness will differ only within those regions.

  The ISCZ is installed in the bat handle 12 and / or the taper 16 of the ball bat 10 (to provide high deformation for hitting off the barrel) to provide high flexibility in these areas. It can be further considered. The use of ICSZ in the butt handle 12 provides high handle compliance because, in contrast to shear deformation, efficient energy transfer results from bending deformation. Furthermore, separating the handle 12 using one or more ICSZs provides more interface for dissipating vibrational energy and improves the “feel” of the bat 10.

  When one or more ISCZs are positioned near the tapered portion 16 of the handle 12, the ball bat 10 is faster to the axial position than when the ISCZ is positioned near the grip position of the user of the handle 12. “Snapback” is shown during swing. This fast snapback is generally preferred for athletes who are skilled in producing fast swing speeds. Placing the ISCZ near the grip position of the handle 12 tends to detract from operability from skilled players because the bat 10 is too slow to return to the axial position at the time of the ball collision or immediately before. is there.

  However, for novice players, it is preferable to install the ISCZ on the bat handle 12 close to the user's grip position, because under-skilled players tend to “push” the bat through the strike zone, As a result, it is prevented that the bat 10 deviates significantly from the axial position and “bends”. For those skilled in the art, the specific placement of the ISCZ on the handle 12 generally includes the flexibility within the remaining bat handle 12, the weight of the bat barrel 14, the skill level of the target player, and the materials used for the handle 12. It will be understood that it depends on

  FIGS. 11-15 illustrate embodiments in which the ball bat 10 is provided with one or more global impact attenuation (“ISA”) regions. Referring to FIG. 11, the ISA region 130 is located in the transition region or the tapered portion 16 of the ball bat 10. The ISA region 130 (and other ISA regions in the embodiments described below) comprises one or more high buffer materials and / or low modulus materials, which are vibrational energy from shock waves entering the ISA region 130. It is effective in dissipating or attenuating. The one or more materials that make up the ISA region 130 have a substantially lower longitudinal or axial Young's modulus than the adjacent material located above and / or below the longitudinal direction of the ISA region 130 in the bat structure. It is preferable to have. As a result, assuming that the cross-sectional thickness is relatively uniform, the ISA region 130 is a material located above and / or below the longitudinal direction of the ISA region 130 (ie, the material of the barrel 14 and handle 12 in FIG. 11). 2 has a lower axial rigidity (structural axial rigidity = axial Young's modulus × material cross-sectional ratio).

  The ISA region 130 is 15 to 85%, or 30 to 70%, or 40 to 60% of the axial Young's modulus of the adjacent material located above and / or below the longitudinal direction of the ISA region 130 in the bat structure, Alternatively, it is preferably composed of one or more materials having an axial Young's modulus of 50%. The ISA region 130 may be composed of, for example, a material having an axial Young's modulus of about 3 to 7 msi, or 4 to 6 msi, and an adjacent region of the bat structure may have an axial Young's modulus of about 8 to 12 msi, or 10 msi. You may have.

  As shown in the table of FIG. 15, the axial Young's modulus of a ply of a specific material (graphite and S glass, which is a kind of glass fiber, are shown in the table as an example) is the longitudinal direction of the ball bat 10. Varies with the orientation of the ply relative to the axis 135. Thus, the specific material selected for ISA region 130 varies depending on the orientation of the material layer within the bat structure.

  In order to meet the parameters summarized in the above examples, for example, the ISA region 130 may include one or more composite layers or plies with S-glass reinforcing fibers, each ply being substantially Are oriented at an angle of 10 ° to 20 ° from the longitudinal axis of the ball bat (the axial Young's modulus of each ply is approximately 4.21 to 5.87 msi). Similarly, the ISA region 130 may comprise one or more composite layers or plies comprising graphite reinforcing fibers, each ply being substantially 25 ° to 35 ° from the longitudinal axis of the ball bat. Oriented at an angle of ° (the axial Young's modulus of each ply is approximately 4.02 to 6.47 msi).

  Other possible ISA domain materials include aramids (eg, Kevlar®, Spectra®, etc.), PBO (Zylon®), UHMWPE (ultra high molecular weight polyethylene), and / or various Included are composite layers or plies with reinforcing fibers made from any suitable material that has a relatively low axial Young's modulus in the orientation of the ply and / or otherwise has high damping properties However, it is not limited to this. A viscoelastic material such as elastomer rubber may be used for the ISA region 130. The ISA region 130 preferably further comprises a reinforced resin, such as a thermosetting resin, a thermoplastic resin, and / or an injection resin, or other suitable resin.

  By arranging the ISA region 130 in the transition region of the ball bat 10 or in the tapered portion 16, vibration energy can be attenuated in the bat structure without affecting the performance characteristics of the barrel. The low modulus, high attenuation ISA layer functions as a dissipative barrier against shock waves resulting from off-center strikes and traveling from the barrel 14 toward the handle 12 of the ball bat 10. The ISA region 130 attenuates or absorbs the shock wave and substantially or completely prevents the shock wave from reaching the bat handle 12 and the batter's hand. As a result, numbness is substantially reduced or eliminated.

  Referring to FIG. 12, in another embodiment, an ISA region 140 is installed in the region of the ball bat 10 where the handle 12 meets the taper 16, so that the ISA region 140 is 12 and the tapered portion 16. The placement of the ISA region 140 in this part is advantageous because of its relatively low cross-sectional area, and the low cross-sectional ratio contributes to the relatively low axial stiffness of this part, and therefore in the ISA region 140. The vibration operation of the ISA region 140 for dissipating the energy of the incoming shock wave is promoted.

  Referring to FIG. 13, in another embodiment, the ISA region 150 is formed as a sandwich structure with an insert 155, the insert 155 being composed of one or more high buffer materials, and a fiber reinforced composite material. Surrounded by one or more plies. The insert 155 is preferably viscoelastic or elastomeric rubber, urethane, and / or foam material, or any other material that effectively damps vibration energy. By providing such an insertion portion 155 in the ISA region 150, the efficiency and durability of the ISA region 150 can be improved. In particular, the fibers in the surrounding ISA region have low compressive strength or low strain energy recovery. It is effective when it has sex. Sandwich ISA region 150 may be located in handle 12, taper 16, and / or any other suitable region of the bat structure. In FIG. 14, the sandwich ISA region 150 is located in the region within the ball bat 10 where the handle 12 joins the tapered portion 16, but this is merely exemplary.

  Referring to FIG. 14, in another embodiment, two (or more) ISA regions 160, 170 are used to separate the striking portion of the bat barrel 14 from the handle 12 and end closure 20 of the ball bat 10. May be used for Since the end closing portion 20 of the ball bat 10 is usually more rigid than the adjacent barrel portion, the end closing portion 20 can provide sufficient durability to the open end of the bat barrel 14. Forging the end of the butt barrel, rolling the barrel edge to form a complete or nearly complete closure, and / or filling the barrel with urethane or a similar semi-rigid material, This is a typical method used to stiffen the end of the bat barrel 14.

  However, hardening of the end closure 20 may increase the vibration response of the ball bat 10, and at the same time may not allow sufficient barrel movement to effectively dissipate vibration energy. Strike of the bat 10 by installing the first ISA region 170 adjacent to the end closure 20 of the bat 10 and installing the second ISA region 160 on or adjacent to the tapered portion 16 (or handle 12) of the bat 10 Induced vibration is separated from both the handle 12 and the end closure 20, and little or no vibration energy travels to the butt handle 12 (and batter's hand) or the relatively hard end closure 20. . As a result, numbness is substantially reduced or eliminated.

  In any of the ISA embodiments described above, the ISA region used may occupy the entire radial thickness of the bat wall in a single wall barrel design (eg, as shown in FIGS. 11-14), or Only a part of the radial thickness may be occupied. In a multi-wall barrel design, only one of the bat walls or more than one of the bat walls may have an ISA region. Furthermore, any ISA region used for a multi-wall barrel can occupy all or a portion of the radial thickness of one or more bat walls. Shock waves are generally well attenuated when one or more ISA regions occupy the entire radial wall thickness, but any suitable portion of the radial wall thickness occupies one or more ISA regions May be.

  The constituent layer orientation of one or more ISA regions can also be changed to achieve a desired level of vibration damping. The table of FIG. 15 shows how the axial Young's modulus of a ply of a particular material (graphite and S glass are shown as an example), i.e. the axial stiffness of the ply, Indicates whether it can be modified by changing the orientation. In this way, by changing the plies of one or more ISA areas, it is possible to adjust the ISA areas to meet the demands of various players. For example, manipulating the axial stiffness of one or more entire ISA regions within the ball bat 10 provides more elastic contraction force for less skilled players and less elastic contraction force for skilled players May be. Alternatively, ISA areas may be installed in specific areas of the ball bat 10 to provide high deflection in these areas.

  16-18 illustrate the optimization of bat performance by increasing axial compliance in at least one barrel region located away from the sweet spot. In typical existing single wall metal bats, material strength and isotropic behavior have limited the extent to which the bat stiffness can be varied along the bat longitudinal axis. A decrease in the rigidity of the bat barrel in either the cap or the taper portion near the end of the barrel has generally reduced the durability of the bat because the material strength is insufficient. However, the anisotropic strength of the composite material allows the bat designer to independently change the hoop and axial stiffness of the bat barrel along the longitudinal axis of the bat. A multi-wall composite bat may even provide a significant reduction in barrel stiffness than a single-wall design, and therefore a multi-wall composite bat is generally preferred. However, it is also possible to strengthen the single-wall barrel using the following techniques.

  It is well known that the performance of a normal ball bat decreases when a collision occurs away from the sweet spot of the bat barrel. In general, the performance of a ball bat decreases as the ball hits the bat away from the sweet spot. Further, it is well known that the rotational inertia generated from a bat swing is greater at the free end of the bat than at the taper of the bat. This rotational inertia contributes to the overall performance of the bat. Thus, the performance of the barrel without discrete thin film adjustment or other strengthening means is generally better in zone 2 than in zone 1 of the ball bat.

  Therefore, in order to optimize the performance of the barrel over its entire length, the performance of zone 2 of bat barrel 14, and particularly the performance of zone 1, must be improved. Increasing the radial compliance of zones 1 and 2, i.e. reducing the radial stiffness, is one way to improve the performance of these regions of the bat barrel 14. By increasing the radial compliance in zones 1 and 2 with respect to zone 3, the area of the butt barrel 14 between the taper and the sweet spot and between the free end and the sweet spot It becomes possible to have a function close to a sweet spot.

  FIG. 16 shows in the zones 1 and 2 of the bat barrel 14 to optimize the performance of the barrel over the entire length, ie, to bring the performance of zones 1 and 2 closer to the performance of zone 3 (and sweet spot) of the barrel 14. 6 is a graph conceptually showing the amount of radial compliance required for the test. As shown in FIG. 16, more radial compliance, i.e., lower radial stiffness, is required in zone 1 than in zone 2, which, as described above, is less in zone 2 than in zone 1. This is because a larger rotational inertia occurs.

  In the exemplary embodiment, to optimize the performance of the bat barrel 14, i.e., to substantially equalize the performance in all three barrel zones, the radial stiffness in zone 1 is set to the radius in zone 3. The radial stiffness in the zone 2 is generally adjusted to be 5% to 75% of the directional stiffness, and the radial stiffness in the zone 2 is generally adjusted to be 10% to 90% of the radial stiffness in the zone 3. In one preferred embodiment, the radial stiffness in zone 3 is adjusted to be about 3000 pounds / inch, the radial stiffness in zone 1 is adjusted to be 1000 pounds / inch or less, and zone 2 The inner radial stiffness is adjusted to 2000 pounds / inch or less, as will be described in detail below.

  The radial stiffness in each region may, of course, be higher or lower than these ranges, and not all regions need to be adjusted to meet the compliance curve shown in FIG. Although a bat barrel that meets the compliance curve is ideally optimal, radial compliance is increased (decreased) only in one region, or in two regions, or in all three regions. The bat barrel may be designed and the radial compliance in any particular region may be adjusted in a wider or narrower range than that outlined in the exemplary embodiment described above.

  FIG. 17 is an exemplary cross-sectional view of at least a portion of the barrel layers of zones 1-3, according to one embodiment. Barrel 14 may comprise any suitable number of composite layers and / or layers of other materials and may be divided into any suitable number of walls, for example via one or more ISCZs. Moreover, the barrel 14 may comprise one single wall without ISCZ. In addition, one or more zones may be divided into two or more walls, while one or more other zones may comprise only a single wall. Of course, any ISCZ present may end anywhere, or it may extend over (or beyond) the entire length of the barrel 14 and need not necessarily end at the point where the two conceptual zones meet. Absent. In fact, any ISCZ may overlap two or more zones, and may end between zones or within a single zone, as described in detail in US patent application Ser. No. 10 / 903,493. Good.

  Increased radial compliance, or decreased radial stiffness, can be achieved in one or more barrel regions via one or more methods. In one embodiment, to increase radial compliance in one or more regions of the bat barrel 14, the individual composite layers or plies of the bat barrel 14 may be at various angles with respect to the longitudinal axis of the ball bat 10. Can be oriented. In general, the closer the ply is oriented closer to the longitudinal axis of the ball bat 10, the greater the axial compliance and the less the axial stiffness. Thus, as the angular orientation of the ply measured from the longitudinal axis of the bat increases, the radial compliance of that ply decreases, i.e., 90 from the longitudinal axis of the ball bat 10 (eg, as shown in FIG. 15). The radial stiffness is greatest when the ply is oriented every time.

  Therefore, the composite ply extending over the entire length of the barrel 14 is oriented at a small angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the ball bat, for example in zone 1 rather than in zone 2 and in zone 2 rather than in zone 3. Thus, the ply compliance may be optimized. For example, layer 1 of FIG. 17 (which is oriented substantially at zero degrees with respect to the longitudinal axis of the bat, for the purpose of ease of illustration) can be applied to zone 1 with respect to the longitudinal axis of the bat. May be oriented within ± 10 ° within, ± 20 ° within zone 2, and ± 60 ° within zone 3. This is, of course, just one of a myriad of possible layer orientation combinations.

  In this example, the axial stiffness of layer 1 is lower in zone 1 than in zone 2 and lower in zone 2 than in zone 3 (layer 1 is made of a uniform material and has a uniform thickness. It is assumed that they are doing). Thus, increasing the radial compliance for zone 3 in zone 2 and further increasing in zone 1 will bring the performance in zones 1 and 2 closer to the performance in zone 3 (ie, the compliance shown in FIG. 16). Substantially fill the curve).

  In general, it is desirable to optimize the entire butt barrel 14, but it may be desirable to optimize only certain areas. Thus, in the region of the bat barrel 14 that requires high compliance, the concept that the ply can be oriented at a smaller angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the bat 10 can generally be followed, but improves overall barrel compliance. It is not necessary to orient all individual plies in this way. Indeed, if the ply angular orientation relative to the longitudinal axis of the ball bat 10 in the barrel region that requires high radial compliance is generally less than the low compliance or the angular orientation in the region that does not require compliance. The relative overall radial compliance of the bat barrel 14 is generally higher (assuming that the barrel layer is composed of a uniform material, has a uniform thickness, etc.).

  In another embodiment, the thickness of one or more barrel walls in one or more regions of the barrel is reduced relative to other barrel walls to reduce radial stiffness in the reduced thickness region. May be. For example, the barrel wall thickness in zone 1 and / or zone 2 may be reduced compared to the corresponding barrel wall thickness in zone 3. By reducing the barrel wall thickness in one or both of these regions, the radial stiffness of these regions can be reduced compared to the radial stiffness in zone 3 of the bat barrel 14.

  Similar to the layer orientation embodiment described above, the barrel wall thickness can be greatly reduced in Zone 1 rather than in Zone 2 and the radial stiffness can be greatly reduced in Zone 1 rather than in Zone 2 ( (Assuming uniform barrel material, layer orientation, etc.). As a result, radial compliance in zones 1 and 2 can be increased according to the compliance curve shown in FIG. 16 to optimize barrel performance.

  In another embodiment, different materials with different radial stiffness characteristics may be placed in different barrel regions to optimize the barrel stiffness of the entire barrel 14. For example, a material having a lower radial stiffness (in a particular orientation) than material located in other regions of the bat barrel 14 may be part of the zone 14 and / or zone 2 of the barrel 14 (or required). (If part of zone 3) may reduce the radial stiffness in these regions relative to other regions in barrel 14. As with the above-described embodiment, it is generally desirable to reduce the radial stiffness much more in zone 1 than in zone 2. Thus, to better optimize the bat barrel according to the radial compliance curve shown in FIG. 16, more material with a lower radial stiffness in a given layer orientation is installed in zone 1 than in zone 2 of bat barrel 14. It is preferred that

  Similarly, a material having a higher radial stiffness (in a particular orientation) than material located in other regions of the bat barrel 14 may be placed in a portion of the zone 3 of the barrel 14 It is also possible to increase the radial stiffness within the region relative to the region. In general, any configuration in which low radial stiffness material is used in areas where high radial compliance is desired, and / or any material in which high radial stiffness is used in areas where low radial compliance is desired Configurations are contemplated here (eg, to meet the safety standards of the Baseball Association).

  In other embodiments, any combination of the barrel optimization methods described above may be utilized to optimize the performance of the bat barrel 14. For example, one or more layers in Zone 1 and / or Zone 2 may be oriented at a lower angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of ball bat 10 than in Zone 3, and Zone 1 and / or Alternatively, the thickness of one or more barrel walls in zone 2 may be less than the thickness of the barrel wall in zone 3. Further, one or more materials located within a portion of zone 1 and / or zone 2 may have a lower radial stiffness and / or higher radial direction than a material located within zone 3 One or more rigid materials may be placed in the zone 3. Any conceivable combination of these features, or any other method that increases radial compliance at points away from the bat sweet spot, may be utilized to optimize barrel performance.

  For ease of explanation, the barrel region that exhibits increased radial compliance through any of the above methods or through any other suitable method will be referred to hereinafter as the “radial compliance region”. Radial compliance regions may be provided in the tapered portion 16 and / or handle 12 of the ball bat 10 to provide high radial compliance and flexibility in these regions.

  Installation of one or more radial compliance regions within the taber portion 16 of the ball bat 10 provides high bat deformation for strikes off the barrel. Adding one or more radial compliance regions within the tapered portion 16 of the ball bat 10 generally improves the performance of the bat 10 when a ball collision occurs at the tapered portion 16, as described above. As described above, this is the same as the improvement in the zones 1 and 2 of the bat barrel 14.

  The placement of one or more radial / axial compliance regions within the bat handle 12 generally improves the “feel” of the bat 10, which provides multiple interfaces for dissipating vibrational energy through damping. It is to be done. The bat handle 12 further stores and releases energy in the form of bending and shear deformation. Thus, high energy transfer is achieved when acceleration is applied (ie during bat swing) by allowing the handle 12 to be greatly deformed through selective placement of radial compliance regions. Can do. Similar to the method used to adjust the “dynamically coupled” barrel 14 described above, the handle 12 may be adjusted to the swing style of a particular player.

  Some players may actually prefer a high radial stiffness region, i.e., a region with low radial compliance, in the bat handle 12 near the tapered portion 16 of the ball bat 10. Providing a high radial stiffness in the vicinity of the taper 16 allows the bat 10 to “snap back” to the axial position faster during a swing than if a low radial stiffness was provided in that region. . This fast snapback is generally preferred by highly skilled players who produce high swing speeds. Accordingly, the installation of a radial compliance region in the handle 12 near the taper 16 tends to take control away from a highly skilled player, which causes the bat 10 to return to its axial position at or just before the ball hits. This is because it is too late.

  However, it may be preferable for a novice player or a player to produce a low swing speed to provide a radial compliance region adjacent to the tapered portion 16 of the ball bat 10. An under-skilled player tends to “push” the bat through the strike zone, so that the result is that the bat 10 “bends” significantly outside the axial position. In addition, it is generally desirable to locate the radial compliance area near the user's grip position within the bat handle 12 to improve the feel of the bat 10 during the swing. Accordingly, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the optimal placement of the radial compliance region within the bat handle 12 generally depends on the flexibility of the remaining handle 12, the weight of the bat barrel 14, the technical level of the intended user, and the handle 12. It will be recognized that it depends on the material used.

  In this way, a radial compliance region can be provided in the barrel 14, the tapered portion 16 and / or the handle 12 of the ball bat 10 to improve overall performance and feel of the ball bat 10. . Similarly, for athletes producing high swing speeds, in areas that do not require high radial compliance, for example, in the area at or near the sweet spot of the bat barrel 14, and / or taper Radial compliance can also be reduced in the region of handle 12 near 16. A reduction in radial compliance within a particular area of barrel 14 may be desired, for example, to meet baseball association safety standards, or other safety regulations.

  FIG. 18 shows the relative performance of the typical double wall bat barrel described above (the double wall barrel curve in the graph of FIG. 18 is the same as the double wall barrel curve shown in the graph of FIG. 2). A graphical comparison of the properties and optimized butt barrel 14 with radial compliance regions in zones 1 and 2 of the bat barrel 14 is shown. As FIG. 18 shows, increasing radial compliance in zones 1 and 2 of the bat barrel 14 generally improves performance over the entire length of the barrel 14 compared to a typical double wall bat.

  Importantly, the end of any radial compliance region does not have to be a point where two zones meet in particular. Indeed, the radial compliance regions may overlap or may belong to one or more zones, and the zones may be shorter or longer than those depicted in the drawings. In addition, a greater or lesser number of zones may be specified. Indeed, “zones” are used for illustration only and do not provide any kind of physical or theoretical boundary. Thus, according to a myriad of designs, the radial compliance region can be installed, oriented and / or created in a wide range within the bat barrel 14 (and further within the taper 16 and handle 12) to provide the desired barrel and ball bat. The overall performance characteristics may be achieved.

  To this end, the embodiments shown in FIGS. 16-18 generally have increased radial compliance in at least one barrel region away from the barrel sweet spot in order to optimize the performance of the bat. A ball bat is shown. Further, in one embodiment, to compensate for the different effects of rotational inertia in the region, within the barrel region between the butt taper and the sweet spot, the barrel region between the sweet spot and the free end of the barrel. It is preferable to increase the radial compliance much more than inside. However, depending on the specific ball bat design goals, radial compliance in any region of the barrel (and / or other part of the ball bat) may be increased (or decreased), allowing any suitable configuration It is recognized that

  19-22 show a ball bat with constrained layer cushioning. FIG. 20 shows the interior of one embodiment of the bat barrel 14 with one or more vibration damping elements, or cushions 230, incorporated into the composite layer 232 of the bat barrel 14. The one or more cushions 230 may be composed of any suitable vibration damping or cushioning material, i.e., any material having an axial modulus that is lower than the axial modulus of the adjacent or surrounding material in the ball bat. May be. In one embodiment, the one or more cushions 230 are from 0.01 to 50%, or from 0.02 to 25%, or from 0.05 to the axial modulus of the neighboring or surrounding material in the ball bat 10. It may have an axial modulus of 10%, or 0.10 to 5.0%, or 0.50 to 2.5%, or 0.75 to 1.25%. However, any material having a lower modulus of elasticity than the adjacent or surrounding material in the ball bat 10 may be used.

  In one embodiment, the one or more cushions 230 are comprised of one or more viscoelastic materials and / or elastomeric materials, such as elastomeric rubber, silicone, gel foam, or other similar materials. The The buffer 230 may alternatively or additionally be constituted by any other suitable buffer material, such as PBO (polybenzoxazole), UHMWPE (ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, eg, Dyneema®). ), Fiberglass, dacron (registered trademark) ("polyethylene terephthalate" -PET or PETE), nylon (registered trademark) (polyamide), certran (registered trademark), Pentex (registered trademark), Zylon (registered trademark), Vectran (Registered trademark) and / or aramid, but not limited thereto, which are effective in dissipating or attenuating vibrational energy as compared to neighboring or surrounding materials in the ball bat 10. Is.

  Thus, depending on the one or more materials used to form the constituent layers of the ball bat 10, a wide range of cushioning materials (related to neighboring or surrounding constituent materials) can be used for the ball bat 10. For example, a soft rubber cushioning material has an axial modulus of about 10,000 psi, while a “buffer” material such as aramid has an axial modulus of about 12,000,000 psi. The buffering effect of aramid is significantly lower than that of normal soft rubber, but it still has a considerable buffering effect on the surrounding or neighboring bat material having a higher axial elastic modulus, High durability can be provided compared to the material. Therefore, a material having a relatively high axial elastic modulus, such as aramid, may be used in some ball bat structures as an effective buffer.

  Each buffer 230 may form part of one or more composite layers in the ball bat 10 or may be provided as a separate layer. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 21A, each buffer 230 may optionally be sandwiched between adjacent composite layers. Each buffer 230 is preferably bonded, fixed, attached, or fused to the surrounding composite material in the ball bat 10. The composite material at one or both ends of the ball bat 10 and / or the composite material at a position adjacent to one or both ends of the buffer 230 is also continuous between the bat structure and the buffer 230. It can be fused or mixed to provide a load path.

  In the embodiment shown in FIG. 21A, by way of example only, the buffer 230 is located substantially on the middle surface of the barrel wall where the shear stress is highest. The one or more cushions 230 may alternatively or additionally be located anywhere within the radial thickness of the barrel wall that comprises the bat barrel 14, or anywhere within other areas of the ball bat 10. May be installed. FIG. 21B shows an embodiment in which the buffer 230 is installed inside the barrel wall, for example. In this embodiment, at least one inner layer made of a composite material preferably encloses the buffer 230 in the barrel structure and preferably extends at least 1 inch or more beyond each end of the buffer 230. In other embodiments, one or more cushions 230 may additionally or alternatively be similarly disposed on the exterior of one or more barrel walls, or other bat areas.

  FIG. 21C shows an embodiment in which a number of cushions 230 are arranged in series in a single layer inside the barrel wall. In another embodiment, multiple cushions 230 are additionally or alternatively installed in parallel, i.e., approximately the same length of the ball bat 10 at different radial locations within the barrel 14 or other bat region. Can be placed in position. If the ball bat 10 is equipped with multiple wall barrels 14 and / or one or more ISCZ, the buffer 230 may be installed at any suitable location on the one or more barrel walls, Locations include locations between adjacent barrel walls and / or relative to one or both sides of the ISCZ. Thus, as will be further described below, one or more buffers 230 may be placed at any location within the barrel 14, transition region 16, and / or handle 12 of the ball bat 10 to achieve the desired response. May be installed.

  The one or more buffer portions 230 each have any suitable length and / or thickness. For example, the buffer 230 is 0.25 to 5.00 inches long (more if necessary) and 0.004 to 0.100 inches thick (or any suitable thickness). In one embodiment, each buffer has a thickness of 0.008 to 0.020 inches. The buffer 230 may have any conceivable size and can theoretically extend almost the entire length of the ball bat 10, but without substantially adding weight to the ball bat 10 or significantly reducing durability. To selectively damp vibrations, it is preferable to incorporate one or more discrete dampening portions of small dimensions at one or more strategic locations.

  FIG. 22 illustrates one embodiment of a 34 inch ball bat 10 that includes the position of the belly of the dominant vibration of the ball bat 10. An antinode is a point where the amplitude is the maximum in a standing wave. Therefore, in the collision condition, the vibration antinode of the ball bat 10 is located in the region of the maximum deflection in the ball bat 10 (specific to the mode shape of the vibrating bat). The vibration antinode used here generally relates to the bending mode and / or the hoop mode of the ball bat 10. The position of one or more of these vibration antinodes can be readily determined by one skilled in the art, but will vary depending on the overall size and configuration of the ball bat 10. Accordingly, the specific belly position shown in FIG. 22 is merely an example.

  In one embodiment, one or more vibration dampers 230 are placed on one or more vibration bellies in the ball bat 10 and optionally one or more vibration bellies in the ball bat 10 are substantially It is installed as the center, and the amplitude of vibration generated at these positions by the off-center hit is reduced. In addition, one or more shock absorbers 230 can be installed adjacent to or substantially in the vicinity of one or more vibration antinodes, because the flexibility of the bat region near the antinode is relatively high. It is. The terms and phrases used herein to describe the position of the buffer, such as “substantially there”, “in there, or near”, are generally ideally placed in the position of the belly. However, it means that it is also possible to create a buffering action by placing a buffer part in the vicinity of the abdomen alternatively or additionally. Accordingly, such terms are intended to mean that the buffer may be placed directly on the belly or placed in close proximity to the belly.

  One or more shock absorbers 230 absorb significant shear strain energy and dissipate it to the environment in the form of thermal energy, thereby reducing the amplitude of the collision reaction forces and modal vibrations. The buffer 230 made of a viscoelastic material dissipates energy at a lower rate (due to hysteresis) than a typical elastic material, for example, so that the collision energy dissipation occurs relatively slowly, and the initial collision impulse Provides high buffer.

  One of the suitable positions of the buffer 230 is the antinode of the first bending mode (that is, the fundamental wave) of the ball bat 10 or the vicinity thereof, which is indicated by “1” in FIG. The antinode of the first bending mode shows the maximum deformation and the highest strain energy among all the first modes. Accordingly, by installing one or more shock absorbers 230 at or near the belly of the first bending mode, i.e., approximately 19 to 21 inches from the cap end of the ball bat 10 shown in FIG. Large amounts of vibrational energy resulting from off-center strikes are dissipated and otherwise attenuated.

  In order to suppress the second and / or third bending mode, the one or more buffer portions 230 may be connected to the second and / or third bending mode of the ball bat 10 (deformation as indicated by the antinode of the first bending mode). Although not shown, it may be placed on or near the belly of (which contributes to the vibration action), which are indicated by the numbers “2” and “3” in FIG. 22, respectively. To suppress the second bending mode of the ball bat 10 shown in FIG. 22, for example, one or more shock absorbers 230 may be about 8 to 10 inches and / or 26 from the cap end of the ball bat 10. It may be arranged at a position of 28 inches.

  In another embodiment, the shock absorber 230 is additionally or alternatively disposed on or near the belly of the basic or first hoop mode of the ball bat 10, which is indicated by the letter “A” in FIG. This belly, located approximately 4 to 8 inches from the cap end of the ball bat 10 shown in FIG. 22, is located substantially at the intersection of the COP and the first and second harmonic bending nodes (ie, the ball bat (If it is located in the “sweet spot”), minimal vibrations occur at this position, if any. Therefore, only minimal vibration damping (if any) is required at this position to prevent numbness. However, by adding one or more buffers 230 at or near the location of this “sweet spot”, the perceived sweet spot size will generally increase, providing a better feel to the batter.

  In order to minimize vibrations in the ball bat 10, a number of cushions 230 may be installed at or near any anti-node combination position of the entire bat structure. Each buffer unit 230 is preferably discontinuous, separated from the other buffer units 230, and is mainly installed at or near a single belly. However, it is also conceivable that one or more individual buffer parts 230 overlap two or more bellies.

  For example, it is also possible to arrange a single buffer portion 230 so as to overlap the belly “1” of the first bending mode and the belly “3” of the third bending mode installed in the transition region of the ball bat. (For example, about 19 to 22 inches from the cap end of the ball bat 10 shown in FIG. 22). However, in order to minimize the overall weight and maintain sufficient durability of the bat structure, substantially all of the buffer 230 is separated and at or near a single vibration belly, It is generally preferable to arrange strategically. As described above, a plurality of buffer portions may be installed in parallel, that is, at different radial positions at or near a specific antinode position.

  23 and 24 show a ball bat that includes one or more concentrated bending regions. FIG. 23 illustrates one embodiment of a ball bat 10 having a concentrated bending region 330. The concentrated bend region 330 includes a radially inner region 330 having one or more of the structural composite materials as described above and one or more “having a lower axial elastic modulus than the neighboring structural composite material in the ball bat 10. A radially outer region 333 having a “non-structural” material. Preferably, most or all of the concentrated bending region 330 is located within the ball bat transition region 16, but alternatively or additionally, partially or fully within the handle 12 and / or barrel 14 of the ball bat 10. You may install in. Further, one or more concentrated bending regions 330 may be provided in the ball bat 10.

  The structural radially inner region 331 of the concentrated bending region 330 may be continuous with the neighboring structural material 335 in the ball bat 10 and may be a separate region with a starting and / or ending position. . The thickness of the radially inner region 331 may be substantially equal to the thickness of the structural material or layer 335 in the neighboring region that includes the handle, barrel, and / or transition (ie, the structural “tube”). Has a relatively uniform thickness throughout the ball bat 10) and the thickness of the radially inner region 331 may be different compared to one or more other structural regions in the ball bat 10.

By providing a “recessed” concentrated bend region 330, the outer diameter and inner diameter of the structural layer or material in the radially inner region 331 or the structural “tube” is reduced compared to the neighboring region in the ball bat 10. To do. The structural axial bending stiffness (EI) of the material region at a specific longitudinal position of the ball bat 10 is a function of the material region outer diameter D ₀ , material thickness (D ₀ -D _i ), and material axial elastic modulus E. And is determined by the following equation.
Bending rigidity of tube structure = EI =

In the drawing, reference signs D ₀ , D ₀ ′, D _i , and D _i ′ indicate positions within the ball bat 10 at which the respective diameters are measured. For example, D ₀ is a position where the outer diameter of the ball bat 10 is measured. _Di is a position where the inner diameter of the wall or tube of the ball bat 10 is measured in any region other than the concentrated bending region 330. Thus, D ₀ and D _i are typically different between and / or within the handle 12, transition 16 and / or barrel 14. D ₀ ′ and D _i ′ are positions of the ball bat 10 at which the outer diameter and inner diameter of the radially inner region 331 of the concentrated bending region 330 are measured.

By reducing the outer diameter D ₀ ′ of the structural material in the radially inner region 331 of the concentrated bending region 330, the axial stiffness of the structure “tube” at that position compared to the neighboring region in the ball bat 10. Is significantly reduced. The concentrated bending region 330 generally matches the “kick point” of the ball bat 10. The kick point is a point of maximum curvature in the ball bat 10 due to inertia that occurs during the rotation of the bat 10.

One possible position of the concentrated bending region 330 is in the vicinity of the antinode of the primary fundamental vibration of the ball bat 10 in the transition portion 16. Generally, this position is at or near the position at the end of the handle 12 where the outer diameter (D ₀ ) of the bat begins to increase. This area is susceptible to maximum axial deflection during the swing, so it uses the natural tendency of the bat 10 to bend in this particular area and adjusts to the specific swing style of the player can do. Some advantages at this position are that the outer diameter (D ₀ ) of a typical ball bat 10 is not so great that the cross-sectional stiffness at this position is significantly increased, and the inertial load during bat swing acceleration is There is sufficient barrel mass ahead of this part to bend the bat. Further, since the collision of the ball with this position is rare, even if the bat at this position is made flexible in the axial direction, it can be said that the durability of the bat is not significantly adversely affected.

For example, for certain homogeneous materials such as aluminum (E = 10 ⁶ psi), a bend in a wall or structural tube having an outer diameter D _{0 of} 1.50 inches and a thickness (D ₀ -D _i ) of 0.10 inches The stiffness is about 235% greater (ie 2.35 times stiffer) than a wall or tube of the same thickness having an outer diameter D ₀ ′ of 1.15 inches. Thus, bending a 1.50 inch diameter tube with the same deflection as a 1.15 inch diameter tube requires about 2.35 times the load. In other words, for a fixed energy swing, the 1.15 inch diameter structural region of the ball bat 10 refracts and bounces about 235% greater potential energy than the 1.50 inch diameter structural region (actual difference). Depends on the material properties of the radially outer region 333 of the concentrated bent region 330).

Accordingly, by making a slight change to the local diameter (D ₀ ′) of the structural material in the radially inner region 331 of the concentrated bending region 330, the local axial stiffness and flexibility of the ball bat 10 are significantly reduced. Or may be changed. In order to achieve the desired effect of these diameter changes in the structural material, the radially outer region 333 of the concentrated bend region 330 is axially aligned with one or more neighboring structural materials 335 in the ball bat 10. It is preferably composed of one or more materials having an axial elastic modulus lower than the elastic modulus.

  These low axial modulus materials, referred to herein as “buffer materials”, are one or more having a relatively low axial modulus, such as elastomer rubber, silicone, gel foam, or other similar materials. It may comprise a viscoelastic or elastomeric material. Any other material having a lower modulus of elasticity than the neighboring structural material 335 in the ball bat may alternatively or additionally be used in the radially outer region 333, including PBO (polybenzoxazole) , UHMWPE (ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, eg, Dyneema®), fiberglass, dacron® (“polyethylene terephthalate” —PET or PETE), nylon® (polyamide), certran® ), Pentex (R), Zylon (R), Vectran (R), and / or Aramid, but are not limited to these.

  Thus, depending on the one or more materials used to form the structural layer 335 of the ball bat 10, a wide variety of cushioning materials (relative to neighboring or surrounding structural material 335) can be applied in the radial direction of the concentrated bending region 330. It can be used in the outer region 333. For example, a soft rubber cushioning material has an axial modulus of about 10,000 psi, while a “buffer” material such as aramid has an axial modulus of about 12,000,000 psi. Although the axial modulus of aramid is significantly greater than that of normal soft rubber materials, aramids still have a significant amount of relative or nearby structural bat materials that have higher axial modulus. It has a buffering action and can provide high durability compared to soft materials. Therefore, a material having a relatively high axial elastic modulus such as aramid may be used for some ball bat structures as an effective buffer.

FIG. 24 shows one possible configuration of concentrated bending region 330, but any other shape or configuration suitable for providing reduced axial stiffness within concentrated bending region 330 may be used. The radially outer region 333 of the concentrated bending region 330 preferably has a depth (approximately equal to D ₀ -D ₀ ′) of about 0.060 to 0.250 inches, or 0.080 to 0.120 inches. . Any other depth may be used instead. If an ISCZ or similar region is provided in the ball bat 10 (eg, in a multi-wall bat), the radial region 333 may have a depth that extends to the ISCZ (or through an opening in the ISCZ).

  The base of the radially outer region 333 preferably has a length of 0.20 to 1.50 inches, or 0.40 to 0.80 inches, corresponding to the outer surface of the radially outer region 333 (corresponding to the outer surface of the ball bat 10). The outer surface preferably has a length of about 0.25 to 2.50 inches, or 0.50 to 1.50 inches. The radially outer region 333 may have any other suitable dimensions, and may or may not have a tapered end region 334 (eg, as shown in FIG. 24).

In one embodiment, the depth of the radially outer region 333 is 60% to 150%, or 80% to 120% of the thickness of the radially inner region 331. Additionally or alternatively, the outer diameter D ₀ ′ of the radially inner region 331 is 60% to 95%, or 70% to 85% of the outer diameter D ₀ of a neighboring longitudinal region in the ball bat 10. is there. Additionally or alternatively, the concentrated flex region 330 may be 10% to 90%, or 30% to 70%, or 40% to 60% axial stiffness of the longitudinal stiffness in the vicinity of the ball bat. Is adjusted to have This reduced axial stiffness is a result of the material in the radially outer region 333 having a lower axial modulus of elasticity than the neighboring region in the ball bat 10 and / or the radially inner region 331 is less than the ball bat 10. As a result of having a smaller outer diameter D ₀ ′ and / or thickness (D ₀ ′ −D _i ′) than the inner longitudinal region. One or more of these relative ratios can vary beyond the limits described herein, depending on the specific bat design instructions.

  The location, shape, and configuration of one or more concentrated bending regions 330 may vary based on the specific ball bat 10 configuration requirements. By installing the concentrated bending region 330 in the transition section 16, for example, the bat's bendability can be increased and vibration energy can be damped from the bat structure, resulting in the dynamic properties of the barrel. Will improve. The axial stiffness and position of the concentrated flex region 330 may be adjusted to provide specific recoil for different striking styles (eg, push style or snap style). The concentrated bend region 330 may be located, for example, near the barrel 14 of a typical baseball bat, and may be located near the handle 12 of a typical fast pitch softball bat.

  In general, a concentrated bend region 330 may be positioned in the taper 16 toward the barrel 14 to provide increased “snapback” during the swing, and “push” the bat during the swing. In order to provide less snapback to the trending player, it may be placed in the taper 16 towards the handle 12. Thus, depending on the requirements of a particular bat design, one or more concentrated bending regions 330 can be placed anywhere within the bat structure.

  The various ball bat embodiments described herein may be constructed in any suitable manner. In one embodiment, the ball bat 10 is constructed by rolling various layers of the bat 10 onto a mandrel or similar structure having a desired bat shape. As described in the above embodiments, any ISCZ, ISA region, radial compliance region, cushioning element, and / or concentrated bending region is preferably strategically created, arranged, installed, and / or Oriented.

  The ends of the material layer are preferably spaced apart or offset from each other so that the ends do not end in the same position prior to curing. Further, when using various layer orientations and / or wall thicknesses, the layers may be shifted, cut, or angled and manipulated to form the desired bat shape. Then, when heat and pressure are applied to cure the bat 10, the various layers fuse into a characteristic “integrated” or integrated structure. In addition, during the heating and curing of the composite material, any buffer 230 and / or buffer material used in the radially outer region 333 of the concentrated bend region 330 will melt with the surrounding composite material so that the entire bat structure is integrated. It is preferable to become a part.

  In other words, all layers of the bat are “co-cured” in a single step, fused at least at one end, or end together, with no gap (at least at one end). Therefore, the barrel 14 is not composed of a series of tubes each having a different wall thickness and ending at the end of the tube. As a result, all layers function consistently under load conditions such as during ball striking. One or both ends of the barrel 14 may thus end together to form an integral barrel 14 with one or more barrel walls (depending on whether ISCZ is used). In another design, neither end of the barrel is fused, creating a multi-part structure.

  Thus, while several embodiments have been shown and described, it will be appreciated that various changes and substitutions may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention should not be limited except by the following claims and their equivalents.

Claims (116)

A ball bat comprising a barrel, a handle, and a tapered portion that couples the barrel to the handle,
A first region in the barrel adjacent to the taper and comprising at least one interfacial shear control region;
A second region in the barrel adjacent to the free end of the barrel and comprising at least one interfacial shear control region;
A third region in the barrel having at least one less interfacial shear control region between the first region and the second region than at least one of the first region and the second region. A ball bat characterized by that.   The ball bat of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first region and the second region comprises at least one interface control region contiguous with at least one interface shear control region in the third region.   The ball bat of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first region and the second region comprises at least one interfacial shear control region that is discontinuous to at least one interfacial shear control region in the third region. .   The ball bat of claim 1, wherein at least one of the interfacial shear control regions in the barrel comprises a binding inhibition layer.   The ball bat of claim 1, wherein at least one of the interfacial shear control regions in the barrel comprises an elastomeric layer. The barrel has a substantially uniform thickness;
The ball bat of claim 1, wherein the third region comprises a single interfacial shear control region located substantially at the radial midpoint of the barrel. The barrel has a substantially uniform thickness;
The ball bat of claim 1, wherein the first region comprises two interfacial shear control regions located substantially at one-third and two-thirds of the barrel thickness.   The ball bat of claim 1, wherein the barrel comprises at least one composite material selected from the group consisting of glass, graphite, boron, carbon, aramid, and ceramic.   The ball bat of claim 1, wherein the barrel comprises a plurality of plies molded with an interfacial shear control region to obtain an integral multi-wall barrel structure. The barrel comprises a metal outer or inner layer and a corresponding composite inner or outer layer;
The ball bat of claim 1, wherein at least one of the interfacial shear control regions is located in a layer of composite material.   The ball bat of claim 1, wherein the first region includes at least one interface control region than the second region.   The ball bat of claim 1, further comprising at least one interfacial shear control region in at least one of the handle and the taper.   The ball bat of claim 12, wherein at least one interfacial shear control region in the handle is located adjacent the taper.   The ball bat of claim 1, wherein the first region in the barrel extends into the tapered portion of the ball bat. A ball bat comprising a barrel, a handle, and a tapered portion that couples the barrel to the handle,
A first region in the barrel adjacent to the tapered portion;
A second region in the barrel adjacent to the free end of the barrel;
A third region in the barrel comprising a barrel sweet spot between the first region and the second region;
Each of the second region and the third region comprises at least one interfacial shear control region;
The ball bat, wherein the first region includes at least one interface shear control region than the third region.   The ball bat of claim 15, wherein the second region comprises at least one more interfacial shear control region than the third region.   The ball bat of claim 15, wherein the first region comprises at least one more interfacial shear control region than the second region.   The ball bat of claim 15, wherein at least one of the first region and the second region comprises at least one interfacial shear control region that is continuous with at least one interfacial shear control region in the third region. .   16. The at least one interface shear control region of claim 15, wherein at least one of the first region and the second region comprises at least one interface shear control region that is discontinuous to at least one interface shear control region in the third region. Ball bat.   The ball bat of claim 15, further comprising at least one interfacial shear control region in at least one of the handle and the taper.   21. The ball bat of claim 20, wherein at least one interfacial shear control region in the handle is located adjacent to the tapered portion.   The ball bat of claim 15, wherein the first region in the barrel extends into the tapered portion of the ball bat. A ball bat comprising a barrel, a handle, and a tapered portion that couples the barrel to the handle,
A first region in the barrel adjacent to the tapered portion;
A second region in the barrel adjacent to the free end of the barrel;
A third region in the barrel between the first region and the second region,
At least one of the first region and the second region comprises at least two interfacial shear control regions;
3. A ball bat, wherein the third region comprises at least one interfacial shear control region. At least one of the first region and the second region is divided into at least three substantially equal thickness barrel walls via at least two interfacial shear control regions;
24. The ball bat of claim 23, wherein the third region is divided into at least two substantially equal thickness walls via at least one interfacial shear control region.   24. The ball bat of claim 23, wherein the first region within the barrel extends into the tapered portion of the ball bat. Barrel,
A handle having at least one interfacial shear control region therein;
A ball bat, comprising: a tapered portion coupling the barrel to the handle; A ball bat comprising a barrel, a handle, and a tapered portion that couples the barrel to the handle,
A first region in the barrel adjacent to the taper and comprising a plurality of layers;
A second region in the barrel adjacent to the free end of the barrel and comprising a plurality of layers;
A third region in the barrel comprising a plurality of layers between the first region and the second region;
A continuous interfacial shear control region that traverses the first region, the third region, and the second region,
A ball bat characterized in that the continuous interfacial shear control region intersects a plurality of layers in at least one of the first region, the third region, and the second region.   28. The ball bat of claim 27, wherein the continuous ISCZ is stepped between at least two of the first region, the third region, and the second region.   28. The ball bat of claim 27, wherein the first region in the barrel extends into the tapered portion of the ball bat. A barrel comprising a first material;
A handle comprising a second material;
A transition portion for coupling the barrel to the handle;
The ball bat characterized in that at least a part of the transition portion includes a third material having lower axial rigidity than the first material and the second material.   The ball bat according to claim 30, wherein the first material and the second material are made of the same material.   The ball bat of claim 30, wherein the third material comprises fiberglass.   The ball of claim 32, wherein the fiberglass material is embodied as a plurality of plies, each of which is oriented at least substantially at an angle of 10 to 20 degrees from the longitudinal axis of the ball bat. bat.   32. The ball bat of claim 30, wherein the third material extends to at least a portion of the ball bat handle. A fourth material embedded in the third material;
The ball bat according to claim 30, wherein the fourth material is made of at least one of elastomer rubber, elastomer urethane, and elastomer foam. The barrel further comprises a fourth material adjacent to the closed end of the barrel;
The ball bat of claim 30, wherein the fourth material has a lower axial stiffness than the first material.   The ball bat according to claim 36, wherein the third material and the fourth material are made of the same material.   31. The ball bat of claim 30, wherein the third material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of graphite, aramid, PBO, and UHMWPE.   31. The ball bat of claim 30, wherein the third material has an axial Young's modulus of 30% to 70% of at least one axial Young's modulus of the first material and the second material.   31. The ball bat of claim 30, wherein the third material has an axial Young's modulus of 40% to 60% of at least one axial Young's modulus of the first material and the second material.   41. The ball bat of claim 40, wherein the third material has an axial Young's modulus of 4 to 6 msi. A first region comprising a first material;
A second region comprising a second material;
A third region that couples the first region to the second region,
A ball bat, wherein the third region comprises a third material having a lower axial Young's modulus than the first material and the second material.   43. The ball bat of claim 42, wherein the third region is located in a section of the ball bat between the ball bat handle and the barrel.   44. The ball bat of claim 43, wherein the third material extends into at least a portion of the ball bat handle.   43. The ball bat of claim 42, wherein the third material is disposed within a portion of the ball bat barrel adjacent to the ball bat taper.   46. The ball bat of claim 45, wherein the third material extends into at least a portion of the ball bat taper. A fourth region in the ball bat located between the first region and the free end of the ball bat,
43. The ball bat of claim 42, wherein the fourth region comprises a material having a lower axial Young's modulus than the first material.   43. The ball bat of claim 42, wherein the third material has an axial Young's modulus that is 40 to 60% of the axial Young's modulus of at least one of the first material and the second material. A ball bat comprising a barrel, a handle, and a tapered portion that couples the barrel to the handle,
A first region in the barrel adjacent to the taper and having a first radial stiffness;
A second region in the barrel adjacent to the free end of the barrel and having a second radial stiffness;
A third region in the barrel having a third radial stiffness greater than at least one of the first radial stiffness and the second radial stiffness between the first region and the second region; A ball bat, characterized by comprising:   50. The ball bat of claim 49, wherein the third radial stiffness is greater than the second radial stiffness and the second radial stiffness is greater than the first radial stiffness. All of the first region, the second region, and the third region comprise the same material,
The plies of material are oriented at different angles with respect to the longitudinal axis of the bat in each of the first region, the second region, and the third region;
50. The ball bat of claim 49, wherein the barrel axial stiffness in each of the first region, the second region, and the third region is different. The plies in the first region are oriented at a smaller angle from the longitudinal axis of the bat than the plies in the second region;
52. The ball bat of claim 51, wherein the plies in the second region are oriented at a smaller angle from the longitudinal axis of the bat than the plies in the third region.   50. The ball bat of claim 49, wherein the thickness of at least one barrel wall is thinner in the first region than in the third region.   54. The ball bat of claim 53, wherein the thickness of at least one barrel wall is thinner in the second region than in the third region. The first radial stiffness is 1000 pounds per inch or less;
50. The ball bat of claim 49, wherein the second radial stiffness is 2000 pounds per inch or less.   50. The ball bat of claim 49, wherein the third radial stiffness is at least three times greater than the first radial stiffness.   50. The ball bat of claim 49, wherein the third radial stiffness is at least 1.5 times greater than the second radial stiffness.   50. The ball bat of claim 49, wherein different materials having different radial stiffness characteristics are disposed in at least two of the first region, the second region, and the third region.   50. The ball bat of claim 49, wherein the barrel comprises at least one composite material selected from the group consisting of glass, graphite, boron, carbon, aramid, and ceramic.   50. The ball bat of claim 49, wherein the first region in the barrel extends into the tapered portion of the ball bat.   50. The ball bat of claim 49, further comprising at least one ISCZ that divides the barrel into at least two walls. A ball bat comprising a barrel, a handle, and a tapered portion that couples the barrel to the handle,
A first region in the barrel adjacent to the taper and having a first radial stiffness;
A second region in the barrel adjacent to the free end of the barrel and having a second radial stiffness;
A third region in the barrel having a sweet spot of the barrel between the first region and the second region and having a third radial stiffness;
A ball bat characterized in that the third radial stiffness is at least 1.5 times greater than the second radial stiffness and at least three times greater than the first radial stiffness.   64. The ball bat of claim 62, wherein the second radial stiffness is greater than the first radial stiffness.   64. The ball bat of claim 63, wherein the second radial stiffness is at least twice as great as the first radial stiffness. All of the first region, the second region, and the third region comprise the same material,
The plies of material are oriented at different angles with respect to the longitudinal axis of the bat in each of the first region, the second region, and the third region;
64. The ball bat of claim 62, wherein the axial stiffness of the barrel in each of the first region, the second region, and the third region is different.   64. The ball bat of claim 62, wherein the thickness of the at least one barrel wall is smaller in the first region than in the third region.   64. The ball bat of claim 62, wherein different materials having different radial stiffness characteristics are disposed in at least two of the first region, the second region, and the third region. A ball bat comprising a barrel, a handle, and a tapered portion that couples the barrel to the handle,
A first zone in the barrel adjacent to the taper and having at least a first radial compliance region;
A second zone in the barrel adjacent to the free end of the barrel and having at least a second radial compliance region;
A ball bat comprising a third zone in the barrel between the first zone and the second zone.   69. The ball bat of claim 68, wherein the first radial compliance region is larger than the second radial compliance region to reduce radial stiffness within the bat.   69. The ball bat of claim 68, further comprising at least a third radial compliance region in at least one of the ball bat taper and the handle.   71. The ball bat of claim 70, wherein the third radial compliance region is located substantially at a user grip location within the ball bat handle. A barrel, a handle, and a tapered portion that couples the barrel to the handle;
A ball bat, wherein the tapered portion has at least one radial compliance region therein.   75. The ball bat of claim 72, further comprising at least one radial compliance region within the handle, substantially at a grip position of the user's handle. A composite ball bat comprising a barrel, a handle, and a transition that couples the barrel to the handle,
At least one shock absorber in at least one of the barrel, handle, and transition region, wherein substantially all of the at least one shock absorber is located substantially in the antinode of the ball bat vibration mode. A composite ball bat characterized by   75. The ball bat of claim 74, wherein the at least one buffer is coupled to a surrounding composite material within the ball bat.   75. The ball bat of claim 74, wherein the at least one buffer is 0.008 to 0.020 inches thick.   75. The ball bat of claim 74, wherein the at least one buffer comprises at least one of a viscoelastic material and an elastomeric material. At least one buffer includes a plurality of discrete buffers,
75. The ball bat of claim 74, wherein substantially all of the at least one discrete cushion is located on a single antinode of substantially the ball bat vibration mode.   75. The ball bat of claim 74, wherein the at least one shock absorber comprises a plurality of shock absorbers disposed substantially in parallel to a vibration mode antinode of the ball bat at a plurality of radial positions.   75. The ball bat of claim 74, wherein the at least one buffer includes a plurality of buffers disposed in series in the longitudinal direction at approximately the same radial position within the ball bat.   75. The ball bat of claim 74, wherein the at least one shock absorber comprises a plurality of shock absorbers positioned on a plurality of antinodes of at least one vibration mode of the ball bat.   75. The ball bat of claim 74, wherein the at least one buffer is located substantially on the belly of the first bending mode of the ball bat.   75. The ball bat of claim 74, wherein the at least one buffer is located substantially on the belly of the first hoop mode of the ball bat. The barrel has at least two walls;
75. The ball bat of claim 74, wherein at least one buffer is located on each of the barrel walls. At least two walls of the barrel are separated by at least one ISCZ;
85. The ball bat of claim 84, wherein the at least one buffer is disposed relative to the at least one ISCZ.   75. The ball bat of claim 74, wherein the composite material in the ball bat is melted at at least one end, forming a continuous load path between the at least one buffer and the composite material.   75. The ball bat of claim 74, wherein the at least one buffer comprises a material having an axial modulus of 0.01 to 50% of the axial modulus of neighboring composite material in the ball bat.   75. The ball bat of claim 74, wherein the at least one buffer comprises a material having an axial modulus of 0.05 to 10% of the axial modulus of neighboring composite material in the ball bat.   75. The ball bat of claim 74, wherein the at least one buffer comprises a material having an axial modulus of 0.10 to 5.0% of the axial modulus of the neighboring composite material in the ball bat. . A discrete first vibration damping element located substantially in the antinode of the first bending mode of the ball bat;
A composite ball bat comprising: a discrete second vibration damping element positioned substantially on the antinode of the first hoop mode of the ball bat.   92. The method further comprises at least one discrete additional vibration damping element, each of the at least one discrete additional vibration damping element being substantially located in one of the antinodes of the second bending mode of the ball bat. Ball bat as described in.   The ball bat of claim 90, wherein at least one of the first vibration damping element and the second vibration damping element is coupled to a surrounding material layer within the ball bat.   The ball bat of claim 90, wherein at least one of the first vibration damping element and the second vibration damping element comprises at least one of a viscoelastic material and an elastomeric material.   93. Each of the first vibration damping element and the second vibration damping element comprises at least one material having an axial modulus that is lower than the axial modulus of a neighboring composite material in the ball bat. Ball bat as described in. At least one discrete primary cushioning element substantially located on the belly of the first bending mode of the ball bat;
A composite ball bat comprising: at least one discrete secondary cushioning element substantially located on one of the antinodes of the second bending mode of the ball bat. At least one discrete secondary cushioning element disposed at least primarily in a second bending mode belly located within the ball bat barrel;
96. The ball bat according to claim 95, further comprising a second buffer portion disposed mainly on a belly of the second bending mode located in the handle of the ball bat. A handle comprising a first structural material;
A barrel comprising a second structural material;
A transition part for connecting the barrel to the handle,
A radially inner region in which at least a portion of the transition has a third structural material;
A radially outer region comprising a cushioning material having an axial elastic modulus lower than an axial elastic modulus of at least one of the first structural material, the second structural material, and the third structural material; A ball bat comprising the ball bat.   98. The ball bat of claim 97, wherein the cushioning material comprises at least one of a viscoelastic material and an elastomeric material.   98. The ball bat of claim 97, wherein the radially outer region has a depth of 0.060 to 0.250 inches.   98. The ball bat of claim 97, wherein the radially outer region has a depth of 0.080 to 0.120 inches.   98. A ball bat according to claim 97, wherein the longitudinal region of the ball bat comprising the cushioning material has an axial stiffness of 30% to 70% of the axial stiffness of the longitudinally neighboring region of the ball bat. .   98. The ball bat of claim 97, wherein the depth of the radially outer region is 80% to 120% of the thickness of the radially inner region.   98. The ball bat of claim 97, wherein the outer diameter of the radially inner region is 70% to 85% of the outer diameter of the longitudinal neighbor structure region within the ball bat.   98. The ball bat of claim 97, wherein the thickness of the first structural material, the second structural material, and the third structural material is substantially constant throughout the handle, barrel, and transition.   98. The ball bat of claim 97, wherein the outer surface of the radially outer region has a length of 0.5 to 1.5 inches.   98. The ball bat of claim 97, wherein the cushioning material extends partially into at least one of the barrel and the handle.   98. The ball bat of claim 97, wherein the first structural material, the second structural material, and the third structural material all comprise the same material. A ball bat comprising a barrel, a handle, and a transition coupling the barrel to the handle, each comprising at least one structural material,
The ball bat has a concentrated bending region in at least one of the barrel, handle, and transition;
A radially outer region having a buffer material with a concentrated flex region having an axial modulus that is lower than an axial modulus of the at least one structural material;
A ball bat comprising: a radially inner structural region having an outer diameter smaller than an outer diameter of a longitudinal neighboring structural region in the ball bat.   109. The ball bat of claim 108, wherein the radially outer region has a depth of 0.080 to 0.120 inches.   109. The ball bat of claim 108, wherein the concentrated bending region has an axial stiffness that is 30% to 70% of the axial stiffness of the ball bat longitudinally neighboring region.   109. The ball bat of claim 108, wherein the depth of the radially outer region is 80% to 120% of the thickness of the radially inner structural region.   109. The ball bat of claim 108, wherein the outer diameter of the radially inner structural region is 70% to 85% of the outer diameter of the longitudinal neighboring structural region within the ball bat.   109. The ball bat of claim 108, wherein most or all of the cushioning material is located within the ball bat transition.   113. The ball bat of claim 112, wherein the cushioning material extends partially into at least one of the ball bat barrel and handle. A ball bat comprising a barrel, a handle, and a transition portion coupling the barrel to the handle,
The ball bat has a concentrated bending area,
A concentrated bending region in at least one of the barrel, handle, and transition includes a buffer and a structure, and is 30% to 70% of the axial stiffness of the longitudinally adjacent region in the ball bat. A ball bat characterized by having axial rigidity. Concentrated bending area
An axially outer region comprising a cushioning material having an axial elastic modulus lower than the axial elastic modulus of the surrounding structural material in the ball bat;
116. The ball bat of claim 115, comprising: an axially inner structural region having an outer diameter that is smaller than an outer diameter of a longitudinal neighboring structural region in the ball bat.

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