JP2005135235A - Crop information management system - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a crop information management system which enables the residual amounts of pesticides used for crops and traceability information about the pesticides to be browsed and retrieved anytime anywhere via the Internet. <P>SOLUTION: A pesticide detector 9 detects the residual amount of a pesticide Z used for crops A. Identification information characteristic of the crops A is temporarily stored in a database server 2c in association with the residual amount of the pesticide Z and the traceability information about the pesticide Z and is stored in a Web server 12 connected to the database server 2c, in such a way that it can be browsed from the outside. The identification information of the crops A is inputted using an information terminal device 14 and sent to the Web server 12 via the Internet 13. The residual amount of the pesticide Z and the traceability information about the pesticide Z, both of which are stored in association with the identification information, are retrieved and read from the Web server 12 and browsed and verified by means of the information terminal device 14. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to a crop information management system that manages traceability information relating to agricultural chemicals used in crops such as agricultural products (including cereals, vegetables, fruits, tea), livestock products, and marine products so that they can be viewed from the outside.

  Conventionally, as a system for managing information on agricultural chemicals used in the above-mentioned agricultural products so that they can be viewed from the outside, for example, agricultural products such as agricultural product names and varieties, producer names, cultivation locations, agricultural chemical names, usage amounts, residual agricultural chemical amounts, etc. A variety of incidental information related to production activities and the identifiers assigned to each production unit of agricultural products are linked to create a database that can be searched from the outside by an information management device, and the identifiers can be read directly by human eyes The displayed label is attached to each agricultural product to be shipped and processed for shipment. On the other hand, if the purchaser who purchased the produce wants to know the supplementary information about the produce, enter the identifier displayed on the label at the information browsing terminal connected to the communication line (Internet), and the produce corresponding to the identifier Supplementary information is retrieved from the database managed by the information management device and displayed on the browser screen of the information browsing terminal. For example, product name and variety of agricultural products, producer name, cultivation place, pesticide name, amount used, amount of residual pesticide There is an agricultural, aquatic and livestock product information retrieval system of Patent Document 1 in which a purchaser can know incidental information regarding production activities such as what kind of agricultural chemicals are used in the cultivation process and what kind of fertilizer is used.

  However, when the above-mentioned incidental information is collected, each producer operates the information transmission terminal and transmits it to the information management apparatus, or the incidental information once stored in the information transmission terminal is collectively stored in the information management apparatus. Although the information transmission terminal is manually input by the producer or the operator, the incident information is misread or mistakenly input, which is likely to occur and is displayed on the information browsing terminal. If there is an error in incidental information (such as the amount of agricultural chemicals used or the amount of residual agricultural chemicals), it will give the purchaser anxiety and distrust, and the reliability of the system and information will be impaired. Have.

JP 2002-297625 A.

  In view of the above problems, the present invention allows the identification information unique to the harvest to be viewed from the outside on a web server connected via the Internet in association with the amount of pesticide residue detected by the pesticide detection device and traceability information about the pesticide. The purpose is to provide a crop information management system that can be browsed and searched for traceability information on pesticide residues and pesticides anytime and anywhere by storing them as much as possible. To do.

  The present invention detects the amount of pesticide residue of the pesticide used in the crop with a pesticide detection device, the identification information unique to the crop, the amount of pesticide residue detected by the pesticide detection device and traceability information about the pesticide, Store the identification information, the amount of residual agricultural chemicals, and traceability information stored in the database server in association with the database server so that they can be viewed from the outside on a web server connected to the database server via the Internet, Amount of residual pesticides stored in the web server in association with the harvest-specific identification information when the harvest-specific identification information is transmitted from the information terminal device connected to the web server via the Internet Crop information management system for transmitting traceability information to the information terminal device Characterized in that it is a beam.

  The above-mentioned harvest can be composed of, for example, agricultural products (including cereals, vegetables, fruits, tea), livestock products, marine products, and the like. In addition, pesticides may be composed of pesticides stipulated in the Food Sanitation Act such as DDT, EPN, acephate, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, dimethoate, bromine, bamitothione, fenitrothion, phentoate, fenvalerate, prothiophos, malathion, methamidophos. it can. Traceability information includes, for example, the name and varieties of agricultural chemicals, the amount used, the amount of residual agricultural chemicals, the time of use, the period of use, the variety and growth of agricultural products, the amount of harvest, the date of harvest, the cultivation history, the name and identification number of the producer, It can be composed of the production area (including the habitat), the environment of the production area, the weather, and the like.

  Further, for example, the pesticide detection apparatus shown in FIG. 6 has the surface penetration where the agricultural chemical Z adheres to the epidermis Aa of the agricultural product A, the epidermis adherence that permeates and adheres to the epidermal cuticle layer Ab, and the internal permeation that penetrates to the internal Ac such as pulp. It can be composed of a chemical detection device and an optical detection device suitable for detecting residual pesticides. For example, a device that detects a sampled crop using a gas chromatography, a high-performance liquid chromatography, a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer, or the like, and a sampled crop that is detected by an immunoassay method. A device that continuously detects in real time online the amount of pesticide wiped off by wiping with respect to the total number of crops using a detector that utilizes light between the infrared region and the terahertz wave region (THz). And an apparatus for continuously detecting (for example, tea leaves, etc.) in online real time with a detector using light between the infrared region and the terahertz wave region with respect to the total number of crops, pesticides disclosed in JP-A-2002-139437 A detection device or the like can be used. And, for example, in the field management by precision farming, at the time of cultivation management, etc., based on traceability information about the pesticides used in the harvest, multiple devices that are optimal for detecting the pesticides used in the harvest are detected. Any one or more of the devices can be selected.

  In addition, the information terminal device can be configured by, for example, a personal computer, a mobile PC, a mobile phone, a game machine having an Internet function, an information reading device (for example, a non-contact information communication device = ID antenna), or the like. That is, when inputting information with a personal computer, for example, an input device such as a keyboard, a mouse, a scanner, an input pen, and a microphone can be used. Further, the database server and the web server can be configured by an information management device such as a personal computer, a control device provided with a CPU, ROM, and RAM, for example.

  In other words, the amount of pesticide residue (including the presence or absence) of the pesticide used in the crop is detected by the pesticide detection device, and the identification information unique to the crop is the residual pesticide amount and traceability information of the pesticide detected by the pesticide detection device. The data is stored in the database server in association with each other, and stored in a web server connected to the database server so that it can be viewed from outside. In addition, the identification information of the harvest is input by the information terminal device, transmitted to the web server via the Internet, and the residual agricultural chemical amount of the agricultural chemical stored in association with the identification information and the traceability information regarding the agricultural chemical are searched from the web server. And read and browse and search on the information terminal device.

  As an embodiment, the crop that has been determined that the amount of residual agricultural chemical in the agricultural chemical detected by the agricultural chemical detection device is greater than or equal to a reference value is removed so that the amount of residual agricultural chemical in the crop is equal to or less than the reference value. A pesticide removal device can be provided. In other words, the process of removing residual pesticides is removed again so that the amount of pesticide residue remaining above the reference value is supplied to the pesticide removal device, and the amount of residual pesticide residue exceeds the reference value. Alternatively, the processing can be repeated several times, and the number of reprocessing can be stored in the database server in correspondence with the identification information of the harvest.

  In addition, the agricultural chemical removal apparatus is immersed in a flowing cleaning liquid (or running water) such as fresh water, warm water, π water, or an organic solvent, and sprayed with the cleaning liquid, to-be-processed objects (for example, agricultural products such as strawberries, grapes, leaf vegetables). Residual pesticides remaining on the surface of the product and a flexible wiping member (such as a sponge or cavernous body) in the flowing cleaning solution remain on the material to be treated (for example, agricultural products with hard skin such as apples and lemons) A device that wipes and removes residual pesticides (brushing), and soaks in a cleaning solution, neutral detergent, alkaline detergent, electrolytic water, etc. A device that sprays and removes detergent and electrolyzed water, and irradiation of light (for example, ultraviolet rays and other radiation) most effective for removing the pesticide according to the type of pesticide Therefore, a device that decomposes residual agricultural chemicals remaining on the object to be processed (agricultural products such as pears and apples with a large amount of agricultural chemicals such as pears and apples). And a device for wiping off an object to be processed (for example, agricultural products unsuitable for cleaning, brushing, etc.) by wiping.

  In addition, the amount of pesticide residue detected by the pesticide detection device is associated with the identification information unique to the harvest, and substantially corresponds to one or both of the harvest itself and the container in which the harvest is stored. An information writing device for recording on a moving recording medium can be provided. Further, it may comprise information reading means for reading the residual pesticide amount information recorded on the recording medium and transmitting it to the web server in association with the harvest-specific identification information.

  In addition, the recording medium is, for example, a non-contact type information recording apparatus = ID tag, bar code, magnetic stripe, magnetic tape, embossed, character, code, symbol, color scheme, etc. Or a printed matter such as a label or a seal on which various information is recorded (including printing), a printed surface, and the like can be attached to the harvested product itself and the container in which the harvested product is stored.

  According to this invention, the amount of pesticide residue of the pesticide used in the crop is detected by the pesticide detection device, and the identification information unique to the crop, the amount of pesticide residue in the pesticide, and traceability information about the pesticide are related to the web server. Since it is stored so that it can be viewed from the outside, there is no human error such as misreading the amount of pesticide residue to be stored or erroneously entering the detected value of the amount of pesticide residue, and accurate information can be stored and accumulated. it can. Moreover, the identification information of the harvest is input by the information terminal device, and the residual agricultural chemical amount and the traceability information stored in association with the identification information are retrieved and read from the web server via the Internet, and the information terminal device Even if pesticides exceeding the standard value remain in the harvest, the traceability information on pesticides such as the name and variety of pesticides, the amount used, the name of the producer, the place of production, and the place of cultivation, etc. Since it is possible to browse and search even from the beginning, it is easy to investigate and improve the cause, and not only high reliability can be obtained as a system and information, but also a sense of security can be given to the purchaser.

  The purpose of this invention is to enable the browsing and searching of the amount of pesticide residue used in the crop and the traceability information regarding the pesticide from anywhere and anytime via the Internet. It was realized by correlating with the amount of pesticide residue detected by the detection device and traceability information about the pesticide, and storing it in a web server connected via the Internet so that it can be viewed from the outside.

  An embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.

  The drawings show a crop information management system that manages traceability information about agricultural chemicals used in agricultural products, which are examples of crops, so that they can be viewed and searched from the outside. In FIG. 1 and FIG. When the management system 1 sorts and outputs the agricultural products A received by the producers and the fields by item, traceability information on the agricultural chemicals Z used for the agricultural products A (for example, the presence or absence of agricultural chemicals, the amount of residual agricultural chemicals, agricultural chemicals) Are associated with the farm products A to be sorted and managed so that they can be viewed and searched from the outside.

  When managing the traceability information regarding the agricultural chemical Z used for the agricultural product A by the above-described crop information management system 1 so as to be viewable and searchable from the outside, first, identification information for identifying the agricultural product A (the product name and variety of the agricultural product) Etc.) are respectively attached to transport containers B in which a predetermined amount of agricultural products A are accommodated, and are supplied to the cargo receiving device 2 such as a sorting area and a sorting facility. Further, the recording medium C described above can be directly attached to the agricultural products A.

  Next, as shown in FIG. 3, in the cargo receiving device 2, when receiving a transport container B in which a predetermined amount of agricultural products A is accommodated for each producer and each field, the information reading device 2b on the cargo receiving conveyor 2a. (E.g., non-contact type information communication device = ID antenna) and recording medium C ... (e.g., non-contact type information recording device = ID tag, barcode, etc.) attached to each transport container B ... The identification information specific to the produce A recorded on the medium C and the identification information set for each producer and each field are read by the information reading device 2b or input by the input device 2d such as a keyboard, numeric keypad, mouse, etc. After transmission and storage of the database server 2c, the agricultural products A taken out from the transport container B are supplied to the pesticide removal apparatus 3. The identification information of the recording medium C attached to the above-mentioned agricultural product A can also be read by the information reading device 2b.

  And, for example, traceability information on pesticides Z used in agricultural products A (for example, presence / absence and amount of residual pesticides, name and variety of pesticides, amount used, name of manufacturer, production, etc.) The name of the person and the field) can be stored in the database server 2c in association with the identification information of the recording medium C attached to each transport container B. Further, instead of the ID tag and the bar code, for example, a recording medium C such as a magnetic tape, emboss, or character can be attached (for example, printed or engraved) to the produce A itself. Alternatively, numbers, codes, symbols, color schemes, or the like can be added, or the color or pattern of the fruit vegetable A can be used as unique identification information.

  Next, in the pesticide removal apparatus 3, whether or not the pesticide Z is unremovable and removable, based on the identification information input by the information reading apparatus 2b or input by the input apparatus 2d, is the database server 2c. In this case, the agricultural products 4 that cannot be removed by agricultural chemicals, the agricultural products 5 that can be removed by agricultural chemicals, and the agricultural products 6 that are free of agricultural chemicals are selected. The agricultural product A capable of removing the agricultural chemicals is supplied to the surface-attached agricultural chemical removing device 7, the epidermis fixing agricultural chemical removing device 8, and the agricultural chemical detection device 9, and the agricultural product A that is unremovable and non-chemical free is supplied to the agricultural chemical detection device 9. .

  Next, as shown in FIG. 4, the agricultural product A supplied to the surface-attached pesticide removing device 7 and the epidermis fixing pesticide removing device 8 is the most effective device for removing the remaining pesticide Z, as shown in FIG. Select one or more of the first to sixth removal devices 3a to 3f stored in the server 2c, and adhere to the epidermis Aa of the produce A shown in FIG. 6 and penetrate the epidermis cuticle layer Ab. The residual pesticide Z that adheres is removed.

  That is, for example, as shown in FIG. 4, the pesticide Z remaining on the agricultural product A is washed and removed by immersing and spraying the cleaning liquid D in the flowing cleaning liquid D (or running water) such as fresh water, warm water, π water, or an organic solvent. The second removal that removes (brushes) the pesticide Z remaining on the agricultural product A with the wiping member E having flexibility (for example, sponge or sponge) in the flowing cleaning liquid D After the pesticide Z remaining in the agricultural product A is decomposed and melted by immersing it in the cleaning liquid D used in the apparatus 3b and the first removing apparatus 3a or neutral detergent, alkaline detergent, electrolyzed water, etc., and immersed in running water A third removal device 3c for cleaning and removing detergent and electrolyzed water by spraying, a fourth removal device 3d for decomposing agricultural chemicals Z remaining on the agricultural products A by irradiation with ultraviolet rays F, and a wiping member E having flexibility One device selected from the fifth removing device 3e for wiping and the sixth removing device 3f for removing the produce A by wiping G and a plurality of devices, for example, first to sixth removing devices 3a to 3f Alternatively, including other removal devices, a single removal device with a single removal device or a continuous removal treatment with a plurality of removal devices, etc. Residual pesticide Z is removed.

  Next, in the pesticide detection device 9, the pesticide Z remaining in the agricultural product A is detected by any one and a plurality of devices selected from the first to fourth detection devices 9a to 9d shown in FIG. For example, detection information such as the presence or absence of agricultural chemicals Z and the amount of residual agricultural chemicals is stored in the database server 2c in association with the identification information of the recording medium C attached to each transport container B.

  That is, for example, as shown in FIG. 5, the first detection is performed using a gas chromatography, a high performance liquid chromatography, a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer, or the like for the agricultural product A sampled from all the removed agricultural products A. Detection apparatus 9a, second detection apparatus 9b for detecting the sampled agricultural product A by immunoassay, and the amount of agricultural chemical Z wiped off by wiping with respect to the total number of agricultural products A from the infrared region A third detector 9c that continuously detects in real time online using a detector that utilizes light in the terahertz wave region (THz), and the total number of agricultural products A, from the infrared region to the terahertz wave region (THz). A detector (not shown in the figure) that uses light in the middle to detect continuously (for example, tea leaves) in online real time. At any one or more devices selected from among the detection device 9d, it detects the presence or absence of pesticide Z and pesticide residue amount and the like.

  Next, whether or not the amount of residual pesticide detected by the first to fourth detection devices 9a to 9d is greater than or equal to the reference value is determined by the database server 2c and sorted. At this stage, the skin adherence that penetrates and adheres to the cuticle layer Ab of the agricultural product A shown in FIG. 6 and the internal penetration that penetrates to the internal Ac are detected by the first to fourth detection devices 9a to 9d. The agricultural product A that can be removed with the pesticide is determined to be greater than or equal to the reference value, and is returned to and supplied to the pesticide removal device 3 so that the amount of residual pesticide is less than the reference value. The processing is repeatedly performed, and the number of reprocessing is stored in the database server 2c in association with the identification information of the produce A. In addition, the agricultural product A from which the agricultural chemicals cannot be removed is stopped (and stopped) and discarded, and the processing result is notified for each producer. On the other hand, the agricultural product A in which the amount of residual pesticide is determined to be equal to or less than the reference value and no pesticide is supplied to the sorting device 10 that performs sorting processing by item.

  Next, the sorting device 10 sorts and boxes the agricultural products A determined to have a residual pesticide amount equal to or less than the reference value and no pesticides, by item (by class). That is, predetermined items (for example, hue, damage, maturity, size, shape, height, width, volume, weight, flatness, rotting condition, floating skin condition, etc. of produce A ... conveyed by a sorting conveyor (not shown) Non-standard, equal class, sugar acidity, etc.) and non-conforming items (for example, non-standard, measurement failure, unloading, etc.) are measured by an item measuring device (not shown), and the measurement information is identified as identification information unique to produce A And stored in the database server 2c in association with the traceability information of the agricultural chemical Z. In addition, based on the above-described measurement information, the agricultural products A are sorted into equal classes, and the box-shaped transport container B supplied from the box making process (not shown) is boxed and supplied to the shipping device 11. .

  Next, in the shipping device 11, as shown in FIG. 7, the information writing device 11 b on the shipping conveyor 11 a is opposed to the outer surface of the transport container B in which a predetermined amount of agricultural products A is accommodated. The recording medium C on which the identification information unique to the transport container B and the amount of pesticide residue of the agricultural product A are recorded is individually printed or marked on the outer surface of the transport container B based on the measurement and determination by the above item measuring device. After being attached, the product is shipped from the shipping device 11 to the market for each producer and each field. In addition, a recording medium C such as a label and a seal on which the above-described identification information and the amount of residual pesticide are recorded (including printing) is attached to the transport container B, or a record in which the identification information and the amount of residual pesticide are recorded. A medium, magnetic stripe, magnetic tape, or the like can be attached to the transport container B.

  Further, if a plurality of sheet-like recording media C ... in which identification information unique to the produce A and the amount of pesticide residue are recorded are stored in a transport container B and shipped, a plurality of produce A ... are packaged and sold. In some cases, the sheet-like recording medium C can be stored in a packaging pack or attached to the outer surface of the packaging pack (including pasting) and sold.

  The identification information unique to the agricultural product A stored in the database server 2c, the traceability information of the agricultural chemical Z, and the sorting information (including measurement information) of the agricultural product A are associated and connected to the Internet 13 (communication line). The web server 12 is stored so as to be viewable and searchable from the outside.

  Next, when the purchaser wants to know traceability information such as the presence or absence of the agricultural chemical Z used in the agricultural product A and the amount of residual agricultural chemical, the identification information of the agricultural product A is displayed on the information terminal device 14 (see FIG. 8 and FIG. 9). Traceability information (pesticide product name and variety, residual pesticide amount, production, etc.) related to pesticide Z that is input with a personal computer and transmitted to the web server 12 via the Internet 13 and stored in association with the identification information of the produce A The name, cultivation location, etc.) is retrieved and read from the web server 12 and output to the information terminal device 14, so that traceability information such as the presence or absence of the agricultural chemical Z used in the produce A and the amount of residual agricultural chemicals can be obtained from anywhere at any time. It can be browsed and confirmed on the browser screen of the information terminal device 14.

  In addition, the information reading device 14b connected to the information terminal device 14 is opposed to the recording medium C attached to each transport container B... And the identification information recorded on the recording medium C is read, or the input device 14d is used. Traceability information (pesticide product name and varieties, amount of residual pesticide, producer's name, cultivation place, etc.) sent to the web server 12 via the Internet 13 and stored in association with the identification information. Etc.) can also be retrieved and read from the web server 12. Further, the identification information of the recording medium C attached to the produce A can be read by the information reading device 14b or input by the input device 14d.

  As described above, the amount of residual agricultural chemicals of the agricultural chemical Z used in the agricultural product A is detected by the agricultural chemical detection device 9, and the identification information unique to the agricultural product A is associated with the residual agricultural chemical amount of agricultural chemical Z and the traceability information regarding the agricultural chemical Z. Since it is temporarily stored in the server 2c and stored in the web server 12 connected to the database server 2c so that it can be viewed from the outside, the amount of residual pesticide to be stored may be mistakenly read, or the detected value of the amount of residual pesticide may be entered incorrectly. Accurate information can be stored and accumulated without human error. In addition, the identification information of the agricultural product A is input by the information terminal device 14, transmitted to the web server 12 via the Internet 13, and traceability information regarding the pesticide Z stored in association with the identification information is retrieved from the web server 12. Since the information is read and output to the information terminal device 14, even if the purchaser purchases the agricultural product A that is higher than the reference value in the agricultural product A, the product name and variety of the agricultural chemical Z, the amount used, the name of the producer, Traceability information on pesticides Z such as production place and cultivation place can be browsed and searched from anywhere at any time, so the investigation and improvement of the cause is easy, and not only high reliability is obtained as a system and information, A sense of security can be given to the purchaser.

In the correspondence between the configuration of the present invention and the above-described embodiment,
The harvest of this invention corresponds to the agricultural product A of the example,
Similarly,
The agrochemical detection device corresponds to the agrochemical detection device 9 and the first to fourth detection devices 9a to 9d,
The pesticide removal device corresponds to the pesticide removal device 3 and the first to sixth removal devices 3a to 3f,
The present invention is not limited to the configuration of the above-described embodiment.

  The harvest information management system of the present invention can also be used to manage traceability information related to agricultural chemicals used for breeding and cultivation of, for example, livestock products and marine products so that they can be viewed from the outside.

The flowchart figure which shows the information management of a crop information management system. The block diagram which shows the information transmission path | route of a crop information management system. The perspective view which shows the apparatus which reads the identification information of the agricultural product attached to the conveyance container. Explanatory drawing which shows the removal apparatus of the residual agricultural chemicals which remain in agricultural products. Explanatory drawing which shows the detection apparatus of the residual agricultural chemicals which remain in agricultural products. The expanded sectional view which shows the residual state of the agrochemicals which remain on agricultural products. The perspective view which shows the attachment apparatus of the identification information with respect to a conveyance container. Explanatory drawing which shows the reading method of the identification information attached to the conveyance container in circulation. Explanatory drawing which shows the reading method of the identification information attached to the purchased agricultural products.

Explanation of symbols

A ... Agricultural products B ... Transport container C ... Recording medium Z ... Pesticide 1 ... Harvest information management system 2b ... Information reader 2c ... Database server 2d ... Input device 3 ... Pesticide removal device 7 ... Surface-attached pesticide removal device 8 ... Skin adhesion Pesticide removal device 9 ... Pesticide detection device 12 ... Web server 13 ... Internet 14 ... Information terminal device 14b ... Information reading device 14d ... Input device

Claims (4)

Detecting the amount of residual pesticides used in the harvest with a pesticide detector,
The identification information unique to the harvest is stored in a database server in association with the amount of pesticide residue detected by the pesticide detection device and traceability information about the pesticide,
The identification information stored in the database server, the amount of pesticide residue, and traceability information are stored in a web server connected to the database server via the Internet so that they can be viewed from the outside.
When identification information unique to the harvest is transmitted from the information terminal connected to the web server via the Internet,
A crop information management system for transmitting the amount of pesticide residue and traceability information stored in a web server in association with identification information unique to the crop to the information terminal device. A pesticide removal device is provided for removing a crop whose residual agricultural chemical amount detected by the agricultural chemical detection device is greater than or equal to a reference value so that the amount of residual agricultural chemical in the crop is equal to or less than the reference value. The crop information management system according to claim 1. The pesticide residual pesticide amount detected by the pesticide detection device is associated with the identification information unique to the harvest, and is moved substantially corresponding to one or both of the harvest itself and the container in which the harvest is stored. The harvest information management system according to claim 1, further comprising an information writing device for recording on a recording medium. 4. The harvest information management system according to claim 3, further comprising an information reading device that reads the residual pesticide amount information recorded on the recording medium and transmits the information to the web server in association with the identification information unique to the harvest.

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