GB2125180A - Optical fibre manufacture - Google Patents
Optical fibre manufacture Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2125180A GB2125180A GB08222972A GB8222972A GB2125180A GB 2125180 A GB2125180 A GB 2125180A GB 08222972 A GB08222972 A GB 08222972A GB 8222972 A GB8222972 A GB 8222972A GB 2125180 A GB2125180 A GB 2125180A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- optical fibre
- plastics
- metal
- moisture
- coating
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 5
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003000 extruded plastic Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 16
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XOJVVFBFDXDTEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Norphytane Natural products CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C XOJVVFBFDXDTEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004447 silicone coating Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002050 silicone resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- QYEXBYZXHDUPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N B#[Ti]#B Chemical compound B#[Ti]#B QYEXBYZXHDUPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910033181 TiB2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KHZAWAWPXXNLGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Bi].[Pb].[Sn] Chemical compound [Bi].[Pb].[Sn] KHZAWAWPXXNLGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002065 alloy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005030 aluminium foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007385 chemical modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002939 deleterious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007772 electroless plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007765 extrusion coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011140 metalized polyester Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001174 tin-lead alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007738 vacuum evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C25/00—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags
- C03C25/10—Coating
- C03C25/104—Coating to obtain optical fibres
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Surface Treatment Of Glass Fibres Or Filaments (AREA)
Abstract
An optical fibre package consisting of a glass or silica optical fibre 20 encased in one or more plastics layers 21, 23, 24 and including a metallic moisture barrier layer 22 at an interface spaced from the glass- or silica-plastics interface. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Optical fibre manufacture
This invention relates to optical fibre manufacture, and in particular to the problems associated with the phenomenon of static fatigue in fibres made of glass. (Throughout this specification the term glass optical fibre is to be understood to comprehend optical fibres made of silica.)
Mechanical failure of glass optical fibres, under stress can occur either as a result of pre-existing surface flaws or through the growth of sub-critical flaws in the presence of stress and moisture.
The pristine glass fibre can be drawn with very few flaws, but mechanical abrasion rapidly introduces flaws which reduce fibre strength.
Coating the fibre with a plastics film immediately after it has been drawn from a fibre preform to form a plastics packaged fibre can protect the freshly drawn fibre surface against abrasion and enormously improve the handling characteristics.
However, the initial strength shown by a plastics coated fibre under constant stress is not maintained, and so the fibre may break at some instant occurring some considerable after the time the constant stress was initially applied. This progressive weakening of the fibre under conditions of constant stress is believed to be commonly the result of moisture induced stress corrosion. This phenomenon, otherwise known as static fatigue, is the normal limiting factor in the lifetime of stressed plastics packaged silica optical fibres.
Susceptibility to static fatigue effects has been reduced by excluding water from the silica surface (hermetic sealing) or by building in compressive stress in that surface. Chemical modification of the surface, for instance that resulting from the primary plastics coating with which it is in contact can also prove beneficial.
It has been reported (Pinow D. A., Robertson
D. A., Wysocki J. A., App. Phys. Lett. Vol. 34 (1) Jan.
1979 pp 17-19 and Wysocki J. A., Blair G. R.,
Robertson G. D., Advances in Ceramics Voi. 2 (Physics of Fibre Optics) Bendow B, Mitron S, (Eds) ACS Inc. 1 981 p. 134) that fibres coated with an aluminium layer to a depth of 20 microns by freeze coating techniques have exhibited breaking strengths which are substantially independent of the time for which the stress is applied. The lifetimes of such fibres at a moderate stress can be as much as six orders of magnitude longer than those of plastics coated fibres.
However, their breaking strain is not as great as the initial breaking strain of plastics coated fibres, and hence it is clear that the metal coating also produces some deleterious effects. These may be attributable to the coating producing localised stress concentrations at the glass surface by virtue of crystalline growth in the metal, or to chemical attack of the surface by the metal, or to the formation under conditions of stress cracks in the metal layer which have the effect of producing local stress concentrations in the underlying glass.
The present invention is concerned with a way of obtaining advantages of hermetic sealing while avoiding those problems associated with depositing the metal sealing coating directly upon the glass.
According to the present invention there is provided an optical fibre package consisting of a glass optical fibre coated with one or more plastics layers, wherein the plastics of the innermost of the plastics layers is in direct contact with the glass of the fibre, and wherein one or more of the plastics layers is a coating on which a metal layer has been deposited forming a moisture barrier.
There follows details of some of the factors governing the choice of geometry and deposition method for providing a suitable metal layer for a plastics packaged fibre and a description of a preferred embodiment of the invention. The description refers to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a schematic cross-section of a prior art packaged optical fibre, and
Figure 2 is a schematic cross-section of a packaged optical fibre according to the present invention.
A typical plastics packaged optical fibre of the prior art is shown in schematic section in Figure 1.
At the centre there is a silica fibre 10 typically 100 to 125 microns in diameter incorporating a waveguiding structure (not shown) within its core.
This silica fibre is provided with a thin primary plastics coating 11, which is applied on line with the drawing of the fibre from a preform, so as to minimise the exposure of the pristine surface of the freshly drawn fibre to atmospheric attack.
Typically the primary coating is 30 to 50 microns thick and may be a silicone resin. This is covered with a secondary coating 12 that is thicker and typically provides an overall diameter of 1 mm.
This is usually provided by extrusion, for instance of nylon.
To obtain the benefits of the present invention the interface to be protected is that between the fibre 10 and the primary coating. Placing a moisture barrier at either the primary/secondary coatings, interface, or on the outer surface of the secondary coating, wili protect the silica surface provided that the encapsulated plastics material is itself sufficiently free of moisture. From this point of view a coating at the primary/secondary coating interface appears the more attractive in principle because there is then no need to take account of the moisture in secondary coating. However, this ignores the fact that plastics materials are permeable to water.For thin films this permeability can be greatly reduced, as has been demonstrated in the packaging industry, by using metal-clad plastics films, particularly metallised polyester, as has been extensively used for the hermetic packaging of foods. Experience in this industry suggests that, in comparison with a thin aluminium foil, the plastics/aluminium film composite is less susceptible to catastrophic failure by crack and pinhole formation when crumpled or deformed, and that the reduction in water permeability of composite falls off once the metal film exceeds about 0.1 microns, indicating that there is probably little advantage in going to metal coatings thicker than about 1.0 microns, and indeed some disadvantage insofar as peel strength and crack formation resistance is reduced with increasing metal thickness.Having regard to the fact that some plastics materials form better moisture barriers than others when metallised, it may be advantageous, when the fibre packaging consists of two or more plastics layers, to metal coat more than one of these layers.
A metal coating may be applied to the plastics material in a variety of ways including vacuum evaporation, sputtering, electroplating, electroless plating, and chemical vapour deposition. Similarly a variety of metals may be used, including elemental metals such as aluminium, gold, tin, indium, and lead, and also low melting point alloy metals such as indium or bismuth tin-lead alloys which afford the possibility of applying the metal by a simple melt coating technique. For melt coating, either an extrusion technique can be used, or a simple melting process with, if necessary, a thin metallic precoat, deposited for instance by vacuum deposition, as the melting layer.
The packaged optical fibre of Figure 2 has a silica fibre waveguide 20 with a diameter of 1 25 microns, which is encased in a 40 microns thick silicone plastics primary coating 21. This primary coating is coated with a one micron thick layer 22 of vacuum deposited aluminium. In order not to damage the silicone coating the metal deposition is carried out under conditions which are designed to limit the maximum temperature of the coating to around 1 500 C. For vacuum processing therefore, the heat of condensation of the deposited layer the thermal flux due to ion or electron bombardment and the radiation flux must be kept below a certain level.For evaporation at a high rate the limiting factor becomes the heat of condensation, and under quasiadiabatic conditions (minimum thermal radiation) calculations show that for aluminium the maximum thickness that can be coated without exceeding this temperature limit is about 2 microns.
It has been found that, by feeding aluminium wire on to an electrically heated boron nitride/titanium diboride ceramic bar, deposition rates in the region of 100 microns per second can be achieved in regions close to the bar. This means that, by passing the primary coated fibre through the small space between two such bars held in alignment with each other, it is possible to obtain the required coating thickness with line speeds of at least 1 metre per second using a coating zone of no more than 5 cm in length. The coating efficiency is low, but, since 20 Km of fibre requires only about 50 g of aluminium to provide a 1 micron thick coating, a 10% efficiency still involves a minimal expenditure of energy for evaporation compared with other energy requirements of optical fibre manufacture.
Once the primary coated fibre has been provided with its evaporated metal coating, the fibre is led to a further coating station where it is drawn through a second bath of silicone resin to provide an additional coating 23 for mechanical protection of the metal layer. This is also typically 40 microns thick. Subsequently the fibre is provided with an extension coating 24, typically of nylon, giving an overall diameter of about 1 mm.
Under appropriate circumstances the additional silicone coating 23 can be omitted, with the mechanical protection of the exposed metal being provided directly by the extrusion coating 24.
Claims (9)
1. An optical fibre package consisting of a glass optical fibre coated with one or more plastics layers, wherein the plastics of the innermost of the plastics layers is in direct contact with the glass of the fibre, and wherein one or more of the plastics layers is a coating on which a metal layer has been deposited forming a moisture barrier.
2. An optical fibre package as claimed in claim 1, wherein the metal layer of the moisture barrier, or of at least one of the moisture barriers, is not more than 1 micron thick.
3. An optical fibre package as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein one or more of the plastics layers are extruded layers and the metal layer of the moisture barrier, or of at least one of the moisture barriers, is encased within the or the innermost extruded plastics layer of the package.
4. An optical fibre package as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the metal of the moisture barrier, or of at least one of the moisture barriers, is aluminium.
5. An optical fibre package as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the metal of the moisture barrier, or of at least one of the moisture barriers, is a low melting point metal capable of being deposited from the melt upon the plastics material supporting the barrier.
6. A method of making an optical fibre package as claimed in claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein the metal of the moisture barrier, or of at least one of the moisture barriers, is upon the underlying plastics material deposited by vacuum deposition.
7. A method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the deposition method is by evaporation.
8. A method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the evaporation source is an electrically heated ceramic continuously fed with metal stock.
9. An optical fibre package substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figure 2 of the accompanying drawings.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08222972A GB2125180A (en) | 1982-08-10 | 1982-08-10 | Optical fibre manufacture |
| AU17613/83A AU1761383A (en) | 1982-08-10 | 1983-08-05 | Optical fibre |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08222972A GB2125180A (en) | 1982-08-10 | 1982-08-10 | Optical fibre manufacture |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB2125180A true GB2125180A (en) | 1984-02-29 |
Family
ID=10532216
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08222972A Withdrawn GB2125180A (en) | 1982-08-10 | 1982-08-10 | Optical fibre manufacture |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU1761383A (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2125180A (en) |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2563635A1 (en) * | 1984-04-27 | 1985-10-31 | Pirelli Cavi Spa | OPTICAL FIBER CABLE WITH PROTECTION AGAINST THE ABSORPTION OF GASEOUS HYDROGEN BY OPTICAL FIBERS |
| FR2563634A1 (en) * | 1984-04-27 | 1985-10-31 | Pirelli Cavi Spa | OPTICAL FIBER PROTECTED AGAINST THE ABSORPTION OF HYDROGEN GASES |
| US4718747A (en) * | 1984-04-27 | 1988-01-12 | Societa Cavi Pirelli S.P.A. | Optical fiber and cable with hydrogen combining layer |
| US4826276A (en) * | 1987-07-17 | 1989-05-02 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Optical fiber feedthrough assembly having a rigidizing arrangement therein |
| US5177806A (en) * | 1986-12-05 | 1993-01-05 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Optical fiber feedthrough |
| WO1993017360A1 (en) * | 1992-02-21 | 1993-09-02 | Rofin Sinar Laser Gmbh | Optical fibre |
| EP2300096A2 (en) * | 2008-05-28 | 2011-03-30 | Cardia Access, Inc. | Durable fine wire lead for therapeutic electrostimulation and sensing |
| US20110142404A1 (en) * | 2008-08-20 | 2011-06-16 | Futong Group Co., Ltd. | Bend Insensitive Single Mode Fiber |
| US8692117B2 (en) | 2008-05-28 | 2014-04-08 | Cardia Access, Inc. | Durable fine wire electrical conductor suitable for extreme environment applications |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0034670A1 (en) * | 1980-02-12 | 1981-09-02 | The Post Office | A glass optical fibre and a method of coating a plastic coated glass fibre with metal |
-
1982
- 1982-08-10 GB GB08222972A patent/GB2125180A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1983
- 1983-08-05 AU AU17613/83A patent/AU1761383A/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0034670A1 (en) * | 1980-02-12 | 1981-09-02 | The Post Office | A glass optical fibre and a method of coating a plastic coated glass fibre with metal |
Cited By (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2563635A1 (en) * | 1984-04-27 | 1985-10-31 | Pirelli Cavi Spa | OPTICAL FIBER CABLE WITH PROTECTION AGAINST THE ABSORPTION OF GASEOUS HYDROGEN BY OPTICAL FIBERS |
| FR2563634A1 (en) * | 1984-04-27 | 1985-10-31 | Pirelli Cavi Spa | OPTICAL FIBER PROTECTED AGAINST THE ABSORPTION OF HYDROGEN GASES |
| GB2158263A (en) * | 1984-04-27 | 1985-11-06 | Pirelli Cavi Spa | Optical fibre |
| US4718747A (en) * | 1984-04-27 | 1988-01-12 | Societa Cavi Pirelli S.P.A. | Optical fiber and cable with hydrogen combining layer |
| US5177806A (en) * | 1986-12-05 | 1993-01-05 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Optical fiber feedthrough |
| US4826276A (en) * | 1987-07-17 | 1989-05-02 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Optical fiber feedthrough assembly having a rigidizing arrangement therein |
| WO1993017360A1 (en) * | 1992-02-21 | 1993-09-02 | Rofin Sinar Laser Gmbh | Optical fibre |
| US5497442A (en) * | 1992-02-21 | 1996-03-05 | Rofin Sinar Laser Gmbh | Assembly for transmitting high-power laser radiation |
| EP2300096A2 (en) * | 2008-05-28 | 2011-03-30 | Cardia Access, Inc. | Durable fine wire lead for therapeutic electrostimulation and sensing |
| EP2300096A4 (en) * | 2008-05-28 | 2013-01-16 | Cardia Access Inc | Durable fine wire lead for therapeutic electrostimulation and sensing |
| US8692117B2 (en) | 2008-05-28 | 2014-04-08 | Cardia Access, Inc. | Durable fine wire electrical conductor suitable for extreme environment applications |
| US20110142404A1 (en) * | 2008-08-20 | 2011-06-16 | Futong Group Co., Ltd. | Bend Insensitive Single Mode Fiber |
| US8750664B2 (en) * | 2008-08-20 | 2014-06-10 | Futong Group Co., Ltd. | Bend insensitive single mode fiber |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU1761383A (en) | 1984-02-16 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |