FR3096332A1 - Vehicle structure comprising an upper reinforcement device - Google Patents

Abstract

Vehicle structure comprising an upper reinforcement device The invention relates to a vehicle structure (1) comprising, on each side, a front foot (2) extended by a lateral passenger compartment extension (3) extending forwards. of the vehicle in a main working direction (A) and an upper reinforcement device (4) intended to absorb a shock in the main working direction (A), said upper reinforcement device (4) comprising at least one reinforcement element (6, 7) extending along the side cabin extension (3), between said cabin extension (3) and a front wing of the vehicle. According to the invention, the reinforcing element (6, 7) is formed from a polymer material and is fixed on the one hand to the passenger compartment extension (3) and on the other hand to the front fender of the vehicle. Figure to be published with the abstract: Fig. 1

Description

Description Title of the invention: Vehicle structure comprising an upper reinforcement device

The present invention relates to a vehicle structure comprising an upper reinforcement device and a motor vehicle comprising such a structure.

[0002] It mainly relates to a vehicle structure, and more particularly a motor vehicle, comprising, on each side, a front pillar extended by a lateral extension of the passenger compartment (or trunk) extending in a main working direction towards the front of the vehicle and an upper reinforcement device intended to absorb a shock in the main direction of work.

The cabin side extension is intended to receive a vehicle front fender.

[0003] Such an upper reinforcement device is generally intended to form a reinforcement positioned above a front wheel of the vehicle, which extends from the front foot of the structure (or body) of the vehicle forwards. of the vehicle.

The upper reinforcement device is positioned between the cabin extension and the front fender of the vehicle.

[0004] For the vehicle to exhibit good behavior under the most severe global consumer impact protocols, but also in real road safety, it must be able to withstand a certain number of impacts, whether side impacts, front or rear impacts, while preserving the passenger compartment of the vehicle from excessive deformations which could injure the passengers in this passenger compartment.

[0005] The vehicle must in particular pass a front repairability impact test consisting in impacting a vehicle at a speed of 15 km/h.

After this shock, the vehicle must be repairable in order to minimize repair costs.

[0006] During this impact, the front wing, pushed by the headlight, often tends to move back, until it comes into contact with the door.

The door may then be damaged when opened.

[0007] There is a known solution consisting in welding a 3 mm steel plate on the front foot in order to block the recoil of the wing.

[0008] However, this solution complicates the process of manufacturing the structure of the vehicle, which is specific to each form of vehicle.

In addition, the plate only retains the wing at a single localized point.

[0009] The vehicle must also withstand a low overlap impact, that is to say with 25% overlap (rarer but more severe impact) which consists of impacting a vehicle at a speed of 64 km/h against a stationary barrier which has a width corresponding to 25% of the width of the impacted vehicle.

As the side rails cannot fulfill their role in cushioning the force of the impact, the efforts are concentrated on the front wing then on the side extension of the passenger compartment.

[0010] However, the lateral cabin extension is very difficult to strengthen sufficiently to maintain sufficient stability throughout the duration of the impact, and particularly for a small vehicle for which the installation space is highly constrained.

[0011] One of the solutions of the prior art, described in the document FR3041580, consists in using a reinforcement device comprising a first reinforcement element, of elongated shape, which extends along the passenger compartment extension, and a second reinforcement element, supported by the first reinforcement element to guide the deformation of the first reinforcement element upon impact.

[0012] However, this solution does not make it possible to limit the recoil of the front wing in order to improve the repairability of the vehicle and provides a reinforcement device having a significant weight.

Another solution of document FR3001932, discloses a front part of the body of a motor vehicle comprising, on each side, between the front bumper and the front wheel, a reinforcing wedge fixed near the front of the one of the two front stretchers.

This chock comprises a part directed forwards intended to be struck by the bumper during a standard frontal impact test with low overlap and to be pushed towards the wheel.

[0014] Another solution, proposed in document EP1854705, discloses a vehicle body structure which has a sub-window plate and a front fender each arranged at the rear of the side front headlight window of the vehicle body. .

The purpose of this structure is to absorb frontal shocks and low recovery shocks.

[0015] One of the aims of the invention is therefore to remedy, at least partially, the drawbacks of the prior art and to propose a vehicle structure which comprises an upper reinforcement device making it possible to minimize the damage caused to the front end. of a vehicle in both low speed (15 km/h) frontal impacts and high speed (64 km/h) low overlap impacts, while limiting vehicle weight and simplifying the manufacture of the vehicle structure.

[0016] The invention thus relates to a vehicle structure comprising, on each side, a front pillar extended by a lateral cabin extension extending towards the front of the vehicle in a main working direction A and a reinforcement device upper intended to absorb a shock in the main direction of work A.

The upper reinforcement device comprises at least one reinforcement element extending along the side extension of the passenger compartment, between the passenger compartment extension and a front wing of the vehicle.

According to the invention, the reinforcing element is formed of a polymer material and is fixed 3 on the one hand to the passenger compartment extension and on the other hand to the front fender of the vehicle.

[0018] Advantageously, the reinforcing element is formed entirely of the polymer material.

The polymer material is polypropylene or a composite based on short fibers.

[0019] Preferably, the reinforcing element comprises reinforcing ribs.

Some of these reinforcing ribs intersect with each other to form partitions.

[0020] The reinforcing element comprises an internal surface enveloping a portion of an external surface of the lateral cabin extension.

The reinforcing element is shaped so that its internal surface matches the shape of the external surface portion of the lateral extension of the cabin.

[0021] The upper reinforcement device comprises a rear reinforcement element comprising a rear face extending from the outer surface of the cabin side extension by projecting outwards, and extending along the front foot , on its height.

The front fender of the vehicle has an attachment zone extending from a rear edge of the front fender of the vehicle.

The attachment zone is intended to be attached to the rear face of the rear reinforcement element.

[0022] The rear reinforcing element comprises an upper lateral side from which extends an upper fixing edge fixed to an upper fixing portion of the cabin side extension and a lower tab fixed to a lower tab of the front fender of the vehicle.

[0023] The upper reinforcement device comprises a front reinforcement element fixed to a front part of the lateral cabin extension.

[0024] The front reinforcing element comprises an inner lateral surface along a lateral surface of the front part of the cabin side extension and a lower surface along an upper surface of the front part of the cabin side extension .

[0025] The front reinforcing element comprises a lower fixing edge fixed to a lower edge of the front fender of the vehicle.

[0026] The invention may comprise one or the other of the preceding characteristics taken in isolation or according to all possible combinations, each providing an advantage.

The invention also relates to a motor vehicle comprising a vehicle structure as defined above.

The invention thus provides a vehicle structure which comprises an upper reinforcement device making it possible to minimize the damage caused to the front of a vehicle both during frontal impacts at low speed (15 km/h) and during low overlap impacts at high speed (64 km/h)

[0029] Indeed, the invention makes it possible to limit the recoil of the front wing during frontal impacts at 15 km/h and therefore to prevent damage to the door.

The repairability of the vehicle is therefore improved, minimizing repair costs.

[0030] The invention also makes it possible to reinforce the recessing zone of the passenger compartment side extension (trunk) with the passenger compartment side during impacts with low overlap at 64 km/h.

[0031] The rear reinforcement element of the upper reinforcement device serves both as a rear wing support function but over its entire height, unlike the solutions of the prior art, and for stabilizing the 3rd way node during impacts. low overlap.

The lateral extension of the passenger compartment is stabilized and its overhang before its programmed deformation is avoided.

[0032] The upper reinforcement device also makes it possible to limit the increase in weight of the vehicle due to the additions of reinforcements and to simplify the manufacturing process of the vehicle structure, since the manufacture of the upper reinforcement device does not have to impact on the body fitting process.

Its manufacture is also simplified since a single part made of a single material is necessary.

[0033] The upper reinforcement device is both light and strong thanks to the reinforcement ribs.

[0034] The upper reinforcement device can be adapted to all forms of lateral cabin extension.

[0035] Contrary to the solution of document FR3041580, the upper reinforcement device does not need a first reinforcement fixed to the body, since the reinforcement surrounds the lateral extension of the passenger compartment (element forming an upper track of 'effort).

It further improves the stability of the cabin side extension by framing it.

Finally, the reinforcing elements can be used independently of one another.

Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent on reading the following description, given solely by way of example, with reference to the appended figures:

[0038] [fig.1] shows a perspective diagram of a lateral cabin extension comprising an upper reinforcement device seen from the outside, according to a possible embodiment of the invention;

[0039] [fig.2] shows a perspective diagram of this lateral cabin extension in another orientation;

[0040] [fig.3] shows a detailed perspective diagram of a rear reinforcement element mounted on a side extension of the passenger compartment seen from the outside and rearward;

[0041] [fig.4] shows a perspective diagram of this single rear reinforcing element seen from the outside and from the rear;

[0042] [fig.5] shows a perspective diagram of this rear reinforcing element seen from the outside, from below and from the front;

[0043] [fig.6] shows a perspective diagram of this rear reinforcing element seen from the inside and from behind;

[0044] [fig.7] shows a perspective diagram of the rear and front reinforcing elements seen from the front;

[0045] [fig.8] shows a perspective diagram of a lateral cabin extension comprising an upper reinforcement device and a front wing of the vehicle seen from behind and from the outside of the vehicle;

[0046] [fig.9] shows a perspective diagram of this side cabin extension seen from below and from inside the vehicle;

[0047] [fig.10] shows a perspective diagram of this side cabin extension seen from the front and from the outside of the vehicle;

[0048] [fig.11] shows a perspective diagram of this side cabin extension seen from the front and from below;

[0049] [fig.12] shows a perspective diagram of a lateral cabin extension comprising the rear and front reinforcing elements seen in profile from inside the vehicle;

[0050] [fig.13] shows a perspective diagram of a front reinforcing element seen from the front and from below;

[0051] [fig.14] shows a perspective diagram of this front reinforcing element seen from below;

[0052] [fig.15] shows a perspective diagram of this front reinforcing element in profile view, and from the outside of the vehicle.

Throughout the following description, by convention, the main direction of work A is called the direction which is parallel to the longitudinal direction of the vehicle.

In what follows, the terms lower and upper are defined relative to the normal position of the vehicle on the ground.

[0055] Figures 1 and 2 show a structure (or body) of a motor vehicle 1 comprising, on one of its sides, a front pillar 2 extended by a lateral extension of the passenger compartment 3 (or trunk) extending towards the front of the vehicle, following the main direction of work A.

Only one side of the vehicle structure is shown for simplicity.

The cabin side extension 3 is positioned above the wheel and comprises a front part 19 on which a front optical unit is fixed.

The cabin side extension 3 also comprises an upper part 43 intended to receive a mud shield and an upper end of a shock absorber.

[0056] The vehicle structure 1 also comprises an upper reinforcement device 4 intended to absorb an impact in the main direction of work A.

The upper reinforcement device 4 comprises at least one reinforcement element 6, 7 extending along the side extension 6 of the passenger compartment 3, between the passenger compartment extension 3 and a front wing of the vehicle 5.

[0057] Figures 1 and 2 show an embodiment in which the upper reinforcement device 4 comprises two reinforcement elements 6, 7 including a rear reinforcement element 6 and a front reinforcement element 7.

Alternatively, the upper reinforcement device 4 may comprise only a rear reinforcement element 6 or only a front reinforcement element 7.

However, the embodiment in which the upper reinforcement device 4 comprises both the rear reinforcement element 6 and the front reinforcement element 7 is preferred.

According to the invention, the rear and front reinforcing elements 6.7 are formed from a polymer material.

[0060] Preferably, the rear and front reinforcing elements 6, 7 are entirely and solely formed of polymer material.

The polymer material is either a composite material preferably comprising short fibers, or polypropylene foam, the polypropylene foam preferably having a density of the order of 80 g/l.

The rear and front reinforcing elements 6, 7 are made of a light material.

The rear and front reinforcing elements 6, 7 are each formed in one piece.

They can be obtained during a molding step, for example.

The rear and front reinforcing elements 6, 7 are fixed on the one hand to the passenger compartment extension 3 and on the other hand to the front wing of the vehicle 5.

The rear and front reinforcing elements 6, 7 comprise an internal surface 11 20, 22, as shown in Figures 6, 13 and 14 enveloping a portion of an external surface 12 of the side extension of the cabin .

The rear and front reinforcing elements 6, 7 are shaped so that their internal surface 11, 20, 22 matches the shape of the external surface portion 12 of the cabin side extension 3.

The internal surface 11, 20, 22 is the counter-shape of the external surface portion 12 of the side extension of the cabin 3.

The rear and front reinforcing elements 6, 7 form a reinforcing shell providing great stability during impacts because the internal surface 11, 20, 22 of the rear and front reinforcing elements 6, 7 is in contact with a maximum external surface. 12 of the passenger compartment side extension 3.

[0066] The rear reinforcement element 6 is positioned at the level of the front foot 5.

It comprises a central part 27 extending from the front foot 5 towards the front of the vehicle, in the main direction of work A.

In this example, and as shown in Figure 6, the central part 27 of the rear reinforcing element 6 comprises an internal cavity 28 delimited by the internal surface 11 so as to match the shape of the lateral extension of passenger compartment 3 which has 7 a bump 29 or protuberance at the start of the front foot 5 and which extends along the main direction of work A.

The central part 27 of the rear reinforcing element 6 has an elongated shape and extends along the passenger compartment extension 3 along the main direction of work A, as shown in Figure 3.

The central part 27 of the rear reinforcing element 6 comprises two lateral parts 30 positioned on each side of the internal cavity 28.

The side parts 30 each have an external cavity 31, as shown in Figures 4 and 5.

The two side parts 30 run along the feet 34 of the boss 29 of the passenger compartment extension 3.

[0070] The rear reinforcing element 6 comprises two lateral extensions 32, 33 running along a portion of the front leg 5 including an upper lateral extension 32 and a lower lateral extension 33, as shown in Figures 4 to 7.

The lateral extensions 32, 33 are arranged on each side of the central part 27 of the rear reinforcing element 6.

They are adjacent to the two side parts 30.

[0071] The rear reinforcing element 6 has a generally trapezoidal shape having the longest side positioned along the front foot 2.

[0072] The rear reinforcing element 6 comprises a rear face 13 extending from the outer surface 12 of the lateral extension of the cabin 3 by forming a projection, towards the outside, and extending along the front pillar. 2, over its height, in a direction substantially perpendicular to the main direction of work A.

[0073] Preferably, the rear face 13 is substantially perpendicular to the outer surface 12 of the side extension of the cabin 3.

The rear face 13 is substantially perpendicular to the main working direction A.

The rear face 13 is formed by a portion of the central part 27, and a respective portion of the two lateral extensions 32, 33 of the rear reinforcing element 6.

As shown in Figures 8 and 10, the front fender of the vehicle 5 has an attachment zone 14 extending from a rear edge 35 of the front fender of the vehicle 5 and towards the inside of the vehicle, c i.e. towards the passenger compartment side extension 3.

The attachment zone 14 of the front fender of the vehicle 5 is intended to be attached to the rear face 13 of the rear reinforcement element 6.

The attachment zone 14 is positioned, preferably, at the upper part of the front fender of the vehicle 5 and extends over at least 30%, and preferably over 50%, of the height of the rear edge 35 of the front fender of the vehicle 5.

In other words, the front wing of the vehicle 5 advantageously rests over approximately 50% of its height on the rear face 13 of the rear reinforcing element 6.

The attachment zone 14 can also extend over more than 50% of the height of the front fender of the vehicle S.

[0075] The attachment zone 14 of the front wing of the vehicle 5 comprises at least three attachment lugs 8 36 for attaching the front wing of the vehicle 5 to the rear face 13 of the rear reinforcing element 6 with screws , For example.

It is no longer necessary to fix a steel plate, as proposed by the prior art.

During an impact, the forces are distributed over the entire upper half of the height of the front wing of the vehicle S.

The rear and front reinforcing elements 6, 7 comprise a respective outer surface 10, 10' extending along the lateral extension of the passenger compartment 3 and comprising reinforcing ribs 8 projecting from this outer surface 10 , 10'.

The rear and front reinforcing elements 6, 7 comprise first reinforcing ribs 8 parallel to each other and extending along the main working direction A or preferably towards the direction in which the extension extends. side of the cabin 3, as well as second reinforcing ribs 8' parallel to each other and secant to these first reinforcing ribs 8.

Preferably, the second reinforcing ribs 8' are perpendicular to these first reinforcing ribs 8.

According to a variant, certain first reinforcing ribs 8 and certain second reinforcing ribs 8' are arranged intersecting, and preferably perpendicular to each other so as to delimit partitions 9 or cells and form a honeycomb network on the surface exterior 10, 10' of the rear and front reinforcement elements 6, 7.

Alternatively, the partitions 9 are perforated on the two opposite sides.

In this example, as shown in Figures 3 to 5, the central part 27 of the rear reinforcing element 6 comprises a rear zone 37 provided with partitions 9 and a front zone 38 provided with second reinforcing ribs 8 '.

The two lateral parts 30 and the front zone 38 of the central part 27 of the rear reinforcing element 6 comprise second reinforcing ribs 8'.

The two lateral extensions 32, 33 and the rear zone 37 of the rear reinforcing element 6 comprise first reinforcing ribs 8.

[0084] The rear reinforcing element 6 comprises an upper lateral side 44 from which extends an upper fixing edge 15 intended to be fixed to an upper fixing portion 16 of the lateral extension of the cabin 3.

[0085] The rear reinforcing element 6 also comprises a lower bracket 17 intended to be fixed to a lower bracket 18 of the front wing of the vehicle 5.

The rear reinforcement element 6 comprises a lower lateral side 45.

The lower leg 18 is positioned close to the lower lateral side 45.

The lower leg 17 of the rear reinforcing element 6 protrudes from the outer surface 10 of the latter towards the outside.

[0086] The upper lateral side 44 and the lower lateral side 45 extend substantially along the main direction of work A, respectively along an upper lateral edge 46 and a lower lateral edge 47 of the cabin side extension 3.

[0087] In general, the rear and front reinforcement elements 6, 7 can be fixed to the lateral extension of the cabin 3 and to the front wing of the vehicle 5 by various fixing means such as screws, clips or lugs inserted into orifices, for example.

The rear reinforcing element 6 thus makes it possible to reinforce the attachments of the front wing of the vehicle 5 and to stabilize the lateral extension of the passenger compartment 3.

[0089] As said previously, the upper reinforcement device 4 may also comprise the front reinforcement element 7 which is intended to be fixed to a front part 19 of the lateral extension of the passenger compartment 3, as shown in FIG. , 2, and 9 to 12.

More specifically, the front part 19 of the cabin side extension 3 is fixed to a lower front part 48 of the front wing of the vehicle S. as shown in Figure 11.

As shown in Figures 13 to 15, the front reinforcing element 7 comprises a body 39 extended by a tube 40 at its front part comprising an internal cavity 41.

As shown in Figures 9 to 12, the body 39 of the front reinforcing element 7 comprises an inner side surface 20 along a side surface 21 of the front part 19 of the passenger compartment side extension 3 and the trunk 40 of the front reinforcing element 7 comprises a lower surface 22 running along an upper surface 23 of the front part 19 of the side extension of the passenger compartment 3.

The upper surface 23 of the front part 19 is positioned close to the front headlight of the vehicle.

The side surface 21 and the upper surface 23 of the front part 19 of the side extension of the cabin 3 are substantially perpendicular in this example.

Similarly, the inner side surface 20 and the lower surface 22 of the front reinforcing element 7 are substantially perpendicular.

Advantageously, the inner side surface 20 of the front reinforcing element 7 is fixed to the side surface 21 of the front part 19 of the passenger compartment side extension 3 and the lower surface 22 of the reinforcing element front 7 is fixed to the upper surface 23 of the front part 19 of the side extension of the cabin 3.

The front reinforcing element 7 comprises first reinforcing ribs 8 extending in a plane perpendicular to the side surface 21 of the front part 19 of the passenger compartment side extension 3 and parallel to the direction of extension of the front part 19 of the passenger compartment side extension 3.

The front reinforcing element 7 comprises second reinforcing ribs 8' extending in a plane substantially perpendicular to the side surface 21 and to the upper surface 23 of the front part 19 of the passenger compartment side extension. 3.

The first and second reinforcing ribs 8, 8' protrude from the outer surface 10' of the front reinforcing element 7.

Certain first and second reinforcing ribs 8, 8' intersect so as to form partitions 9 on the outer surface 10' of the front reinforcing element 7.

As shown in Figure 11, the body 39 of the front reinforcing element 7 comprises, at its lower part 50, a lower fixing edge 24 projecting from the body 39 towards the outside of the vehicle, it i.e. towards the front fender of the vehicle 5.

The lower fixing edge 24 extends along the front part 19 of the cabin side extension 3, preferably parallel to the latter.

The lower fixing border 24 is fixed to a lower border 25 of the front fender of the vehicle 5 located at the lower front part 48 of the front fender of the vehicle 5.

The lower edge 25 of the front fender of the vehicle 5 protrudes from the internal surface 42 of the front fender of the vehicle 5 towards the front reinforcing element 7.

[0100] The front reinforcing element 7 thus makes it possible to reinforce the attachments of the front wing of the vehicle 5.

The thickness of the ribs 8, 8' and of the various walls forming the rear and front reinforcing elements 6, 7 is between 1.5 mm and 2.5 mm.

[0102] The ribs 8, 8' have a high inertia for stabilization in a frontal impact.

They also provide strong local stiffness of the entire front wing of the vehicle 5.

[0103] According to another possible embodiment, the upper reinforcement device 4 comprises a rear reinforcement element 6 and a front reinforcement element 7 interconnected by an intermediate portion so as to form a single piece running almost entirely along the cabin side extension 3 from the front pillar 2 to the front part 19 of the cabin side extension 3 (not shown).

11 [Claim 1]

Claims (1)

CLAIMSVehicle structure (1) comprising, on each side, a front pillar (2) extended by a lateral cabin extension (3) extending towards the front of the vehicle in a main direction of work (A) and a device upper reinforcement device (4) intended to absorb a shock in the main direction of work (A), said upper reinforcement device (4) comprising at least one reinforcement element (6, 7) extending along the extension cockpit side (3). between the said passenger compartment extension (3) and a front wing of the vehicle (5), characterized in that: the said reinforcing element (6, 7) is formed of a polymer material and is fixed on the one hand to the passenger compartment extension (3) and on the other hand to the front wing of the vehicle (5). [Claim 2] Vehicle structure (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the reinforcing element (6, 7) is formed entirely of polymeric material, the polymeric material being polypropylene or a composite based on short fibers . [Claim 3] Vehicle structure (1) according to any one of Claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the reinforcing element (6, 7) comprises reinforcing ribs (8, 8') of which reinforcement (8, 8') arranged intersecting with respect to each other to form partitions (9). [Claim 4] Vehicle structure (1) according to any one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the reinforcing element (6, 7) comprises an internal surface (11, 20, 22) enveloping a portion of an external surface (12) of the lateral cabin extension (3), the reinforcing element (6,7) being shaped so that its internal surface (11, 20, 22) matches the shape of said outer surface portion (12) of the cabin side extension (3). [Claim 5] Vehicle structure (1) according to any one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the upper reinforcement device (4) comprises a rear reinforcement element (6) comprising a rear face (13) s extending from the outer surface (12) of the cabin side extension (3) by projecting outwards, and extending along the front pillar (2), said front wing of the vehicle (5) presenting a fixing zone (14) extending from a rear edge (35) of the front fender of the vehicle (5), said fixing zone (14) being fixed to the rear face 12 [Claim 6] [Claim 7] [Claim 8] [Claim 9] [Claim 10] (13) of the rear reinforcement element (6). Vehicle structure (1) according to Claim 5, characterized in that the rear reinforcement element (6) comprises an upper lateral side (44) from which extends an upper fixing edge (15) which is fixed to a upper fixing portion (16) of the cabin side extension (3), the rear reinforcement element (6) comprising a lower bracket (17) which is fixed to a lower bracket (18) of the front wing of the vehicle (5). Vehicle structure (1) according to any one of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the upper reinforcement device (4) comprises a front reinforcement element (7) fixed to a front part (19) of the extension cockpit side (3). Vehicle structure (1) according to Claim 7, characterized in that the front reinforcing element (7) comprises an internal lateral surface (20) running along a lateral surface (21) of the front part (19) of the extension cabin side (3) and a lower surface (22) along an upper surface (23) of the front part (19) of the cabin side extension (3). Vehicle structure (1) according to any one of claims 7 or 8, characterized in that the front reinforcing element (7) comprises a lower fixing edge (24) fixed to a lower edge (25) of the front wing of the vehicle (5). Motor vehicle characterized in that it comprises a vehicle structure (1) as defined according to any one of Claims 1 to 9.