FR2939817A1 - Prefabricated elementary block for constructing e.g. outer insulating wall of building, has connection elements connecting reinforcement structures to fix inner bearing wall and outer protective shell to maintain constant transversal gap - Google Patents

Abstract

The block (10) has an inner bearing wall (11) made of reinforced concrete and defined by longitudinal edges (12, 13) and lateral edges (14, 15), where the wall includes threaded bushings (29). An outer protective shell (16) is made of reinforced concrete and superimposed on the wall in a transversal direction (D3). An insulating material (21) is transversely interposed between the wall and the shell. Connection elements e.g. laterally and longitudinally oriented metallic coils, connect two reinforcement structures to fix the wall and the shell, while maintaining a constant transversal gap.

Description

1

Prefabricated elementary block for the construction of a wall with external insulation Technical field of the invention

The invention relates to the field of building walls with external thermal insulation and / or sound. It relates more particularly to a prefabricated elementary block used for the construction of such a wall with external insulation.

State of the art

The principle of thermally and / or phonically insulating a wall from the outside dates back to about thirty years, but did not experience the growth expected at the time because of the multiple disadvantages listed below. All known solutions are implemented on site, after the manufacture of the inner bearing wall, by bringing back from the outside the insulation, protection and finishing elements.

Insulation from the outside certainly allows a significant gain in terms of energy loss, but generates a significant extra cost of building the wall compared to traditional insulation from the inside. On the other hand, the means used to insulate from the outside always consist in reporting these means following the construction of the concrete support structure: once the carrier structure is completed, an insulation is applied against the structure carrier by gluing or by mechanical system reported. In both cases, the insulating material reported is then protected in situ either by a coating (very unreliable and degradable over time) or by mechanical application of other materials, such as panels, wood, cladding, plate material plastic or cement. These means for reporting and protecting the insulation from the outside as a result of the construction of the carrier structure are expensive, difficult to implement and lead to a result of very poor reliability. The assembly remains easily removable and vandal-proof: risk of fire or degradation by liquid chemical spill automatically degrading the insulating material (eg gasoline in the case of polystyrene).

In addition, whatever the means for reporting the insulation from the outside and despite all the precautions taken during their implementation, which is also tedious and long, the quality of the insulation remains mediocre because of the inevitable presence of many thermal bridges, especially in the case of a mechanical assembly using angle pegs and various supports.

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION The object of the invention consists in answering all of the above-mentioned problems, by proposing a prefabricated elementary block for the subsequent construction of an externally insulated wall which improves the cost and simplicity manufacturing the complete wall, the quality of the insulation obtained, and the reliability in time and strength of the complete wall.

The block according to the invention is remarkable in that it comprises: a reinforced concrete inner wall, delimited by two longitudinal edges and two lateral edges, an outer reinforced concrete protection layer superimposed on the inner wall in a transverse direction, and delimited by two longitudinal edges 3 and two lateral edges oriented to correspond to the edges of the inner wall, an insulating material interposed transversely between the inner wall and the outer web, a first reinforcement structure embedded in the inner wall at the moment of casting, a second reinforcement structure embedded in the outer web at the time of casting, and connecting elements connecting the first and second reinforcement structures for fixing the inner wall and the outer web between them while maintaining a transverse spacing constant.

Each elementary block is obtained in a prefabrication operation prior to the subsequent construction of the outer insulation wall. As soon as it is prefabricated, the block has an integrated external insulation, as well as a protection of the insulating material formed by the outer web. The subsequent construction of the outer insulation wall is achieved by arranging side by side and stacking such prefabricated building blocks. In such a wall thus constructed, the set of outer sails and insulating materials of the elementary blocks used constitute an insulating shield devoid of thermal bridge or any insulation discontinuity. This shield effectively isolates all the concrete supporting elements of the wall, that is to say all of the inner walls carrying the elementary blocks as well as the elements cast on site during the assembly of the elementary blocks between them (the posts linkages cast between laterally adjacent blocks, stringers and possible foundations ...). By a careful adjoining arrangement of the set of outer sails equipping the elementary blocks of the wall, the insulating material of the shield is completely inaccessible from the outside. The outer sails of this shield are, 30 in turn, completely indémontables because fully integral with the interior carrying walls through the connecting elements. Advantageously, the means for constituting the insulation from the outside (formed by the insulating material, but also the outer walls, the second reinforcing structures, and the connecting elements) are implemented during the prefabrication of the blocks, very easily, participating in a low wall manufacturing price and improved manufacturing quality.

In a complementary manner, the outer insulation can be applied from the ground level, and no longer from four to five meters as was the case with the solutions of the prior art. Finally, the choice of architects on facade facings for finishing is no longer limited, unlike the prior art. The exterior finish can instead be of any type (conventional plaster, deactivated concrete, polished concrete, stone cladding, ceramic, wood panels ...).

According to a preferred embodiment, each lateral edge of the inner wall is longitudinally offset, with respect to the corresponding lateral edge of the outer web, towards the opposite lateral edge, forming two laterally directed and longitudinally opposed reservations, each being transversely open on the opposite side. inside and closed by the insulating material on the outside. The two reservations formed on the lateral sides of each elementary block allow to pour on the spot, during the actual construction of the wall, the connecting posts between the elementary blocks, participating in an anti-seismic resistance of the wall after construction.

Brief description of the drawings

Other advantages and features will emerge more clearly from the following description of a particular embodiment of the invention given by way of non-limiting example and represented in the accompanying drawings, in which: FIGS. 1 to 3 represent Different views of an elementary block according to the invention, - Figures 4 and 5 illustrate the superposition operation of two elementary blocks, and the means used, - Figures 6 to 14 represent different parts of a building having walls constructed from elementary blocks according to Figures 1 to 3.

DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION As illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3, a prefabricated elementary block 10 for the subsequent construction of an externally insulated wall comprises an inner wall 11 carrying reinforced concrete intended to form the inner part of the wall after construction. The nominal thickness of the inner wall 11 is for example fourteen centimeters, and variable depending on the desired resistance. The inner wall 11 is delimited by two longitudinal edges 12, 13 parallel and two side edges 14, 15 parallel. During the construction of the wall, the lateral edges 14, 15 are intended to be oriented vertically, in contrast to the longitudinal edges which must be placed horizontally. In a frame linked to block 10, the longitudinal and lateral directions are respectively labeled D1 and D2.

The elementary block 10 further comprises an outer reinforced concrete protection veil 16 superimposed on the inner wall 11 in a transverse direction D3. The outer web 16 is delimited by two longitudinal edges 17, 18 and two lateral edges 19, 20 oriented to correspond to the edges 12 to 15 of the inner wall 11, that is to say that the longitudinal edges 12 and 13 of the internal wall 11 are parallel to the longitudinal edges 17 and 18 of the outer web 16. It is the same for the side edges 14, 15 and 19, 20. The outer web 16 having no direct carrier role but rather providing a protection function, the transverse thickness 6 of the outer web 16 is less than the transverse thickness of the inner wall 11.

An insulating material 21, thermally and / or phonically, is interposed transversely between the inner wall 11 and the outer web 16. The insulating material 21 may consist of a plurality of panels made of extruded polystyrene or polyurethane, arranged laterally side by side and or longitudinally. The thickness of the insulating material 21 may be variable depending on the desired insulation. The outer veil 16 is intended to ~ o form the outer portion of the wall after construction, providing protection to the insulating material 21 and to achieve the finish (of itself or later plaster or siding reported for example).

A first reinforcing structure 22 is embedded in the inner wall 11 at the moment of casting. Similarly a second reinforcement structure 23 is embedded in the outer web 16 at the time of casting. The first and second reinforcing structures 22 and 23 may each be constituted by a wire mesh having longitudinal bars and side bars uniformly spaced in the longitudinal directions D1 and the lateral direction D2.

In addition, connecting elements connect the first and second reinforcement structures 22, 23 to fix the inner wall 11 and the outer web 16 between them while maintaining a constant transverse spacing, advantageously equal to the desired thickness of the insulating material. 21. For a homogeneous attachment, the connecting elements can connect the first and second reinforcement structures 22, 23 at junction points uniformly distributed laterally and longitudinally on the surface of the inner wall 11. The junction points can be selected. among the connection points of the longitudinal and lateral bars in the case where the first and second reinforcing structures 22 and 23 are constituted by 7 metal lattices. In all cases, the connecting elements are jointly embedded in the inner wall 11 and in the outer web 16 at the time of casting, imparting high rigidity to the attachment. By way of example, the connecting elements may consist of laterally oriented metal coils 24 and / or longitudinally oriented metal coils 25, the inflection points of which are alternately fixed rigidly to the first and second reinforcing structures 22 , 23 to constitute said junction points. In this case, it will be ~ o advantageous to provide the junctions between the panels forming the insulating material 21 at the level of said metal coils 24, 25. Such coils also have the advantage of limiting the risk of relative sliding between the outer web 16 and the inner wall 11.

In a particularly advantageous variant, each lateral edge 14, 15 of the inner wall 11 is longitudinally offset, with respect to the corresponding lateral edge 19, 20 of the outer web 16, in the direction of the opposite lateral edge 14, 15. Such an arrangement makes it possible to form, for each elementary block 10, two laterally oriented and longitudinally opposed reservations 26, each being transversely open on the inner side and closed by the insulating material 21 on the outer side. Each reservation 26 has the function of allowing the pouring of concrete connecting posts between two laterally adjacent elementary blocks 10 at the time of the subsequent manufacture of the externally insulated wall. To provide resistance to the concrete subsequently constituting the connecting posts or the slitting walls, waiting side frames 27 protrude inside each reservation 26, and are integral with the first reinforcement structure 22 and / or connecting elements. On the other hand, transverse reinforcing bars 28 secured to the first reinforcement structure 22 and / or connecting elements protrude transversely from the face of the inner wall 11 opposite to that facing the insulating material 21. in this case, the transverse reinforcements pending stand out near at least one of the longitudinal edges 12, 13 of the inner wall 11. The transverse reinforcements waiting 28 have the function of providing mechanical strength to the concrete poured during the subsequent construction of the horizontal slabs of the building.

To facilitate demolding and handling, the elementary block 10 comprises a plurality of first threaded bushings 29 embedded in the inner wall 11 and opening laterally on its edge along its longitudinal edges 12, 13.

To facilitate the laying of the elementary blocks 10, each of them also comprises a plurality of second threaded bushings 30 embedded in the outer web 16 and opening transversely on the face of the outer web 16 opposite to that facing the insulating material 21.

The prefabrication of each of the elementary blocks 10 can be carried out in a single operation prior to the subsequent construction of the wall and the building more generally, in the following manner: in a mold adapted for this purpose, it comes to place in a first step the first reinforcing structure 22 before casting a first concrete layer with a nominal thickness of fourteen centimeters, variable depending on the desired resistance. This layer will form the inner wall 11 and will be intended, thereafter, to form the main bearing element of the wall being positioned on the inner side of the wall. Reinforcements are incorporated in the first layer to constitute, after deployment, the lateral and transverse reinforcements waiting 27 and 28. It may be the same for the first threaded bushings 29, for the attachment of several slings to 9 demoulding, to the handling, and implementation on the construction site of the subsequent wall. Then, is placed side by side, on the first layer of concrete, the panels forming the insulating material 21. The panels may include a vapor barrier. Metal coils 24, 25 pass through the insulating material 21 at the junctions between the panels, and are embedded in the inner wall 11 carrying, so as to exceed the upper face of the insulating material 21. The coils 24, 25 are then connected to the second reinforcement structure 23 reported thereafter. A second layer of concrete is then cast on the upper face of the ~ o insulating material 21, to form the outer web 16, a nominal thickness of five centimeters and variable depending on the desired resistance. The second threaded bushings 30 are incorporated in the outer web 16 and will serve, with reference to Figures 4 and 5, the stability and vertical adjustment of the elementary blocks 10 during the subsequent construction of the wall.

An elementary block 10 according to the invention has the advantage of making simpler, more efficient, and more economical, the construction of a wall with external insulation. The inner wall 11, the insulating material 21 and the outer web 16 are prefabricated at the same time and in a single prefabrication operation in a flat mold. Demolding is achieved by heating the concrete once, resulting in energy savings. As soon as the concrete of the inner wall 11 and the outer wall 16 is dry, the elementary blocks 10 are transported flat on the site where the construction of the wall with external insulation can begin. Unloading and implementation on the site can advantageously be performed in one go, in the following manner: each elementary block 10 is discharged using a crane with slings attached to the first threaded sleeves 29, on the longitudinal edges 12, 13. Then, the slings bordering the longitudinal edge 12, 13 intended to form the lower junction with the rest of the wall are detached, and the crane is actuated to raise the elementary block 10 vertically, lift it and put it into position. artwork.

Figures 4 and 5 show a particularly advantageous technique for carrying out the vertical superposition of two elementary blocks 10 at the time of construction of the wall. This technique uses external means such as iron bars 31. At least two iron bars 31 are fixed vertically on the lower block 10 by means of bolts screwed into the second threaded bushings 30. The iron bars 31 ~ o far exceed the lower block to the top. The upper block 10 is then attached above the lower block already in place and is held by the iron bars 31 by bolts screwed into the second threaded bushings 30. The crane can be released, which reduces the occupancy time of the crane on site compared to known techniques. The vertical adjustment of the upper block 10 is achieved very simply by screwing or unscrewing the bolt nuts and nuts on the lower part of the iron bars 31. Wedges 32 of known height can be interposed between the iron bars 31 and the upper block. One of the shims 32 is placed at the junction between the lower and upper blocks.

FIGS. 6 to 14 illustrate different parts of a building, at different stages of manufacture, which can be built from walls constructed on the basis of elementary blocks 10 in accordance with FIGS. 1 to 3. In FIG. 6, two elementary blocks 10 are placed side by side forming a right angle inside which two bookings 26 of different blocks are placed adjacent to then pour a connecting post, advantageously characterized by the word to express the fact that the poles are extend from one floor to another. FIG. 6 also illustrates the perfect continuity of the insulating materials 21 and the 11 outer sails 16, from right to left, and from top to bottom. The sealing of the vertical and horizontal junctions between the elementary blocks 10, outside, can be treated by waterproof interlining 35 before the facade cladding.

FIG. 7 illustrates that the height of the elementary blocks 10 must correspond to the height separating the high and low horizontal axis axes 33 and 34, and also shows the mechanical links between the blocks 10 and the slabs 33, 34: the transverse reinforcements waiting 28 are deployed to bind to the structure of the building during the casting of slabs 33, 34 of reinforced concrete. For perfect seating of the blocks 10 to implementation, they are placed on a bed of mortar 36, thin, further ensuring the waterproof protection of the insulation during construction of the building. The width of the elementary blocks 10 is adapted according to their height to maintain a correct mass for handling.

Figure 8 illustrates in top view, the junction of two blocks 10 side by side perpendicularly. Two reservations 26 placed directly adjacent to cast on the spot a connecting rod 37 running, angled. The waiting side frames 27 are previously deployed to bind to the poured concrete to form said connecting post 37 at an angle. In the case of aligned blocks, the connecting posts 37 are intermediate.

Figure 9 shows that the first threaded bushings 29 embedded in the inner walls 11 of two blocks 10 placed side by side, serve to maintain the inner formwork for casting intermediate connecting posts 37. The insulating material 21 and the outer web 16 serve as external formwork. This principle is economical because it avoids drilling walls to maintain formwork and whose holes would be plugged later. Figure 10 is a perspective view showing the perfect mechanical connection between the elementary blocks 10 and the shear walls 38 of the building structure. The waiting side frames 27 are deployed and embedded during the casting of the slitting walls 38.

Figures 11 and 12 illustrate the arrangement of the outer insulation wall at the periphery of a window 39 visible in Figure 6, respectively in horizontal and vertical sectional planes. The thickness of the window 39 is less than that of the inner walls 11. The window 39 is positioned in the thickness of the inner walls 11, flush with the inner side of the walls 11. This results in a transverse gap between the outer face of the the window 39 and the insulating materials 21 of the elementary blocks 10, over the entire periphery of the window 39. Around the entire periphery of the window 39, the transverse gap receives peripheral insulating elements 50 to fill the gap between the window 39 and the insulating materials 21 which are, at least along the vertical edges of the window 39, laterally offset towards the center of the window 39 with respect to the lateral edges of the inner walls of the blocks 10. A protective frame 40, made of various materials (eg sheet metal, aluminum, wood, stone, cement), is placed at the periphery of the window so as to cover and protect the insulating elements 50 and the insulating materials 21 of the blocks. In the case of a stone or cement frame, the elements of the frame 40 may be sealed on the outer walls 16 on the one hand, and pegs passing through the insulating materials 21 on the inner walls 16 on the other hand . Such a caulking system guarantees the continuity of the insulation to the right of the frames.

Finally, Figures 13 and 14 show the respectively upper and lower ends of the building, that is to say at the level of the roof terrace-shaped, and at ground level. Between these two ends, the continuity of the insulation is perfect.

In FIG. 13, the elementary blocks 10 forming the wall with external insulation are previously fixed in the manner described above so as to guarantee continuity of the insulation between the vertical wall and the terrace 41. Galvanized rods 44 are partially vertically embedded in the slab 45 of the terrace 41, so that the non-flooded part remains waiting upwards. The rods 44 pass through the insulating material 46 which covers the slab 45 of the terrace 41. The latter is surrounded by a parapet 42 of concrete poured in the field and armed by the rods 44 and by waiting frames 43 embedded in their lower part. in outer sails 16 of the elementary blocks 10. The parapet 42 reinforced concrete is supported on the outer webs 16 and the galvanized rods 44 anchored in the slab 45 of the terrace 41. There is therefore no discontinuity of insulation between the insulating material 21 of the elementary blocks 10 and the insulating material 46 covering the slab 45 of the terrace 41.

In its lower portion shown in Figure 14, the building has a basement wall 47 cast on site. A support bracket 48 is held by the wall 47 to allow the first elementary block 10 to support. The longitudinal edge of the inner wall 11 of this block is offset with respect to the corresponding longitudinal edge of the outer web 16, on the side of the opposite longitudinal edge. In this way the outer web is supported on the console which is offset downwardly relative to the first slab, while the lower longitudinal edge of the inner wall 11 is positioned in the axis of the first slab. In the same way as previously, the transverse reinforcements pending partially embedded in the inner wall are connected to the first slab. The outer web 16 and the insulating material 21 are provided with a fallout 49 bearing against the bracket 48 to protect the insulating material 21 and make the outer web 16 self-supporting. In the absence of basement, the elementary blocks are supported on a foundation plate replacing the support bracket 48.

Due to the lateral reinforcement embedded in the advantageously filament connecting posts and in the slotted walls, and to the transverse reinforcement embedded in the horizontal slabs, the structure of the building 5 also makes it possible to exhibit high anti-seismic properties.

Claims (10)

Revendications1. Elementary block (10) prefabricated for the construction of a wall with external insulation, characterized in that it comprises: an inner wall (11) carrying reinforced concrete, delimited by two longitudinal edges (12, 13) and two edges lateral (14, 15), an outer wall (16) reinforced concrete protection, superimposed on the inner wall (11) in a transverse direction (D3), and delimited by two longitudinal edges (17, 18) and two edges sides (19, 20) oriented to correspond to the edges (12 to 15) of the inner wall (11), an insulating material (21) interposed transversely between the inner wall (11) and the outer web (16), a first structure reinforcement (22) embedded in the inner wall (11) 15 at the time of its casting, a second reinforcing structure (23) embedded in the outer web (16) at the time of its casting, and connecting elements (24, 25) connecting the first and second reinforcement structures (22, 23) in to fix the inner wall (11) and the outer web (16) between them while maintaining a constant transverse spacing. 2. Block according to claim 1, characterized in that the transverse thickness of the outer web (16) is less than the transverse thickness of the inner wall (11). 3. Block according to one of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that each side edge (14, 15) of the inner wall (11) is longitudinally offset relative to the corresponding lateral edge (19, 20) of the web 30 the outer side (16) towards the opposite side edge (14, 15), forming two laterally directed and longitudinally opposed reservations (26), each of which is transversely open on the inner side and closed by the insulating material on the outer side. 4. Block according to claim 3, characterized in that waiting side frames (27) protrude inside each reservation (26), and are integral with the first reinforcing structure (22) and / or elements binding (24, 25). 5. Block according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the transverse reinforcements pending (28) integral with the first reinforcing structure (22) and / or connecting elements (24, 25) protrude transversely the face of the inner wall (11) opposite that facing the insulating material (21), near at least one of its longitudinal edges (12, 13). 6. Block according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of first threaded sleeves (29) embedded in the inner wall (11) and opening laterally on its edge along its longitudinal edges ( 12, 13). 7. Block according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of second threaded sleeves (30) embedded in the outer web (16) and opening transversely on the face of the outer web (16) opposite to that opposite the insulating material (21). 25 8. Block according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the connecting elements (24, 25) connect the first and second reinforcing structures (22, 23) at junction points uniformly distributed laterally and longitudinally on the surface of the inner wall (11), and are jointly in the inner wall (11) and in the outer web (16) at the time of casting thereof. 9. Block according to claim 8, characterized in that the connecting elements (24, 25) are constituted by metal coils (24, 25) oriented laterally and / or longitudinally, and whose inflection points are alternately fixed rigidly. to the first and second reinforcement structures (22, 23) to form said junction points. 10. Block according to claim 9, characterized in that the insulating material (21) is constituted by a plurality of panels of extruded polystyrene or polyurethane, arranged side by side laterally and / or longitudinally at the level of said metal coils (24, 25). ) .15