FR2794025A1 - COMPOSITION FOR IMPLEMENTING ANTI-TUMOR OR ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT IN A MAMMAL - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention concerns a composition for implementing an antitumoral or antiviral treatment in a mammal comprising: (i) a nucleic acid sequence coding for all or part of polypeptide p53; (ii) at least a nucleic acid sequence coding for all or part of a polypeptide having at least a cytotoxic activity, said nucleic acid sequences being placed under the control of elements required for their expression in a host cell of said mammal.

Description

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 The present invention relates to a cytotoxic composition comprising a first nucleic acid sequence coding for all or part of the p53 protein and a second nucleic acid sequence coding for all or part of a polypeptide having at least one cytotoxic activity, in particular anti-tumor activity or antiviral. The present invention is particularly useful in the context of the implementation of a treatment by gene therapy of proliferative or infectious diseases.

 P53 is a nuclear phosphoprotein involved in particular in controlling the expression of proteins involved in the cell cycle (Ozbun et al, 1995, Adv.

Cancer Res. 66,71-141- Selter et al, 1994, Int. J. Biochem.

26,145-154) and participating in numerous cellular processes linked to genome stability and cell apoptosis (Harris et al, 1996, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88, 1442-1445; Kastan et al, 1991, Cancer Res. 51, 6304-6311; Kuerbitz et al, 1992, PNAS, 89.7491-7495).

 The p53 gene has been identified and sequenced. The sequence of cDNA is described in Matlashewski et al., 1984, EMBO J., 3.3257-3262 and that of the protein in Lamp, 1986, Mol.

Cell Biol., 6.1379-1385. Similarly, natural and functional polymorphic variants have been identified for which certain amino acids are replaced by others without however affecting the p53 function. In addition, many mutations have been described in the cancer literature which can result in a loss of the function of this protein (Holstein et al, 1991, Science, 253,49-53; Levine et al, 1991, Nature , 351, 453-456). For example, Baker et al, (1989, Science, 244, 217) have found that in more than 70% of colorectal tumors the function of this p53 gene is lost.

 Furthermore, several in vitro studies have shown that restoring p53 activity in cells deficient for this activity makes it possible to suppress cell growth or induce cell apoptosis

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 (Baker et al, 1990, Science, 249,912-915; Shaw et al, 1992, PNAS, 89,4495-4499). Similarly, several studies have confirmed that it is possible to suppress the growth of tumor cells in vivo by applying therapy aimed at restoring the activity of the defective p53 gene (Fujiwara et al, 1994, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86, 1458-1462; Wills et al, 1994, Hum. Gene Therapy, 5.1079-1088; Hamada et al, 1996, Cancer Res. 56, 3047-3054).

 In addition, following the work of Lowe et al.

(1993, Cell 74,957-967, 1994, Science 266,807-810) demonstrating an increased resistance of tumor cells not expressing the p53 gene with regard to different types of cytotoxic agents and radiation, the use of functional p53 protein, or its gene, has been envisaged in order to develop a method of sensitizing tumor cells to said agents. More particularly, it has been shown that the transfection of a human colon tumor cell whose p53 gene is rendered inactive by mutation with a plasmid expressing the wild-type p53 gene makes it possible in vitro to sensitize this cell to 5Fluorouracil (5-FU) ( Yang et al, 1996, Cancer Clinic, Res.

2.1649-1657).

 We have now highlighted new cytotoxic compositions whose various constituents are chosen so as to obtain a synergistic effect of their respective activities and of the improved properties of said constituents. More particularly, such compositions make it possible to inhibit or delay cell proliferation by inducing the specific death of tumor cells, better presentation of the antigens and / or stimulation of the immune cells of the host organism. The present invention provides an advantageous and effective alternative to the techniques of the prior art, in particular for treating human or animal cancer.

 The invention relates firstly to a composition intended for the implementation of an anti-tumor treatment or

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 antiviral, or any application requiring cell death, in a mammal comprising: (i) a nucleic acid sequence coding for all or part of the p53 polypeptide, (ii) at least one nucleic acid sequence coding for all or part d 'a polypeptide having at least one cytotoxic activity, said nucleic acid sequences being placed under the control of the elements necessary for their expression in a host cell of said mammal.

 In the context of the present invention, it is possible to use in (i) the entire nucleic acid sequence coding for the p53 polypeptide or only part of this polypeptide, or a derived or mutated polypeptide, in the extent that the function of p53 is preserved.

Such sequences are well known to those skilled in the art and it is possible to refer for example to Matlashewski et al., 1984, EMBO J., 3,3257-3262, Prives et al., 1994, Cell, 78,543- 546 or Chen et al., 1996, Gene and Deve., 10, 2438-2451, the contents of which are incorporated into the present application.

 The term “polypeptide having at least one cytotoxic activity” is intended to denote any peptide substance capable of inducing or activating an immune response directed specifically against a tumor cell (the cytotoxic activity is then called anti-tumor activity) or a cell infected with a virus. (cytotoxic activity is then called antiviral activity) or to inhibit the growth and / or division of such a tumor or infected cell. According to a preferred case, said cytotoxic activity results in the death of said cell.

 Given the properties of the p53 polypeptide as a transcriptional transactivator (Farmer et al., 1992, Nature, 358,83-86) or as a polypeptide capable of interacting with other proteins (Harris, 1996, Carcinogenesis, 17,

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 1187-1198), p53 activity can be measured by analyzing the arrest of the cell cycle in the Gl / S and G2 / M phase, the induction of apoptosis, the suppression of the induced cell transformation by oncogenes or inhibition of angiogenesis.

 The cytotoxic activity of a given polypeptide, in particular an anti-tumor activity, can be evaluated in vitro by measuring cell survival either by short-term viability tests (such as for example the tryptan blue test or MTT ), either by clonogenic survival tests (colony formation) (Brown and Wouters, 1999, Cancer Research, 59, 1391-1399) or in vivo by measuring tumor growth (size and / or volume) in a animal model (Ovejera and Houchens, 1981, Semin.

Oncol., 8,386-393).

 According to a first variant, the invention relates to a composition characterized in that said polypeptide having cytotoxic activity is chosen from cytokines, proteins encoded by a gene called suicide gene and antiangiogenic protein factors.

 More particularly, when said polypeptide in (ii) is a cytokine, it is preferably a cytokine chosen from interferons [alpha], ss and y, interleukins, and in particular IL-2, IL- 4 IL-6, IL-10 or IL-12, tumor necrosis factors (TNF) and colony stimulating factors (GM-CSF, C-CSF, M-CSF ...).

 According to a preferred embodiment, said cytokine is selected from interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). Interleukin-2 is in particular responsible for the proliferation of activated T lymphocytes, the multiplication and activation of cells of the immune system (for the nucleic acid sequence see in particular FR 85 09480). IFN-γ activates phagocytic cells and increases the expression of class I and II surface antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (for the nucleic acid sequence

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 see in particular FR 85 09225).

 According to a second variant, the invention also relates to such a composition characterized in that said polypeptide in (ii) has at least one enzymatic activity selected from thymidine kinase activity, purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity, guanine or uracil activity or orotate phosphoribosyl transferase and cytosine deaminase activity.

 Several studies have made it possible to identify polypeptides which are not toxic as such but which have catalytic enzymatic properties capable of transforming an inactive substance (predrogue), for example a nucleoside or a nucleoside analog, into a substance which is highly toxic for the cell, for example a modified nucleoside which can be incorporated into the DNA or RNA chains in elongation, with the consequence, in particular, of the inhibition of cell division or of cellular dysfunctions leading to the death of the cell containing such polypeptides. The genes encoding such polypeptides are called suicide genes. Many suicide / predrug gene pairs are currently available. Mention may more particularly be made of the pairs: - herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (TK HSV-1) and acyclovir or ganciclovir (GCV) (Caruso et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 7024-7028; Culver et al., 1992, Science 256, 1550-1552; Ram et al., 1997, Nat. Med. 3.1354-1361); - rat cytochrome p450 and cyclophosphophamide (Wei et al., 1994, Human Gene Therapy 5, 969-978); - the purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Escherichia coli (E. Coli) and the 6-methylpurine deoxyribonucleoside (Sorscher et al., 1994, Gene Therapy 1, 233-238); - Guanine phosphoribosyl transferase from E. coli and 6-thioxanthine (Mzoz and Moolten, 1993, Human Gene Therapy

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 4,589-595) and - cytosine deaminase (CDase) and 5fluorocytosine (5FC).

 More particularly, CDase is an enzyme which intervenes in the metabolic pathway of pyrimidines by which the exogenous cytosine is transformed by means of hydrolytic deamination into uracil. CDase activities have been demonstrated in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes (Jund and Lacroute, 1970, J. Bacteriol.

102.607-615; Beck et al., 1972, J. Bacteriol. 110, 219-228; De Haan et al., 1972, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 38, 257-263; Hoeprich et al., 1974, J. Inf. Say. 130, 112-118; Esders and Lynn, 1985, J. Biol. Chem. 260.3915-3922) but they are absent in mammals (Koechlin et al., 1966, Biochem Pharmacol. 15, 435-446; Polak et al., 1976, Chemotherapy 22, 137-153). The FCY1 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and codA of E. coli coding respectively for the CDase of these two organisms are known and their sequences published (EP 402 108; et al., 1997, Curr. Genet. 31.1-6; WO93 / 01281).

 CDase also deaminates a cytosine analog, 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) into 5-fluorouracil (5FU) which is a highly cytotoxic compound especially when it is converted into 5-fluoro-UMP (5-FUMP). Cells lacking CDase activity, either because of an inactivating mutation of the gene coding for the enzyme, or because of their natural deficiency for this enzyme (for example mammalian cells) are resistant to 5-FC (Jund and Lacroute, 1970, J. Bacteriol. 102, 607-615; Kilstrup et al., 1989, J. Bacteriol. 1989 171.2124-2127). On the other hand, it has been shown that it is possible to transmit sensitivity to 5-FC to mammalian cells into which the sequence coding for CDase activity has been transferred (Huber et al., 1993, Cancer Res. 53,4619 -4626; Mullen et al., 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89.33-37; WO 93/01281). In addition, in this case, the cells

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 neighboring untransformed people also become sensitive to 5-FC (Huber et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 8302-8306). This phenomenon, called bystander effect, is due to the excretion by cells expressing CDase activity, of 5-FU which intoxicates neighboring cells by simple diffusion through the cell membrane. This passive diffusion property of 5-FU constitutes an advantage compared to the tk / GCV reference system for which the neighborhood effect requires contact with the cells which express tk (Mesnil et al., 1996, Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 93, 1831-1835). This effect therefore constitutes an additional advantage of the use of CDase in the context of gene therapy, in particular anti-cancer therapy.

 However, sensitivity to 5-FC varies widely across cell lines. Low sensitivity is observed, for example, in human tumor lines PANC-1 (pancreatic carcinoma) and SK-BR-3 (breast adenocarcinoma) transduced by a retrovirus expressing the E codA gene. Coli (Harris et al., 1994, Gene Therapy 1, 170-175). This undesirable phenomenon could be explained by the absence or the weak endogenous conversion of 5-FU formed by the enzymatic action of CDase into cytotoxic 5-FUMP. This step, normally performed in mammalian cells by the orotate phosphorybosyl transferase (Peters et al., 1991, Cancer 68,1903-1909), may be absent in certain tumors and thus render gene therapy, based on CDase, inoperative .

 In prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes, uracil is transformed into UMP by the action of uracil phosphoribosyl transferase (consequently exhibiting UPRTase activity). This enzyme also converts 5-FU to 5-FUMP. Thus furl mutants of the yeast S. cerevisiae are resistant to high concentrations of 5-FU (10 mM) and 5-FC (10 mM) because in the absence of UPRTase activity, 5FU, originating from the deamination of 5 -FC by CDase, is

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 not transformed into cytotoxic 5-FUMP (Jund and Lacroute, 1970, J. Bacteriol. 102,607-615). The upp and FUR1 genes encoding UPRTase respectively from E. coli and S. cerevisiae have been cloned and sequenced (Andersen et al., 1992, Eur. J. Biochem. 204, 51-56; Kern et al., 1990, Gene 88, 149-157).

 For the purposes of the present invention, a polypeptide having UPRTase activity denotes a polypeptide capable of converting uracil or one of its derivatives into a monophosphated analogue and, in particular 5-FU into 5-FUMP. By mutation is meant the addition, deletion and / or substitution of one or more residues at any location of said polypeptide.

 The native UPRTase in question in the present invention can be of any origin, in particular prokaryotic, fungal or yeast. By way of illustration, the nucleic acid sequences coding for the UPRTases of E. coli (Anderson et al., 1992, Eur. J. Biochem 204,51-56), of Lactococcus lactis (Martinussen and Hammer, 1994, J. Bacteriol. 176, 6457-6463), of Mycobacterium bovis (Kim et al. , 1997, Biochem Mol. Biol. Int 41, 1117-1124) and Bacillus subtilis (Martinussen et al., 1995, J.

Bacteriol. 177, 271-274) can be used in the context of the invention. However, it is particularly preferred to use a yeast UPRTase and in particular that encoded by the FUR1 gene from S. cerevisiae, the sequence of which is disclosed in Kern et al. (1990, Gene 88, 149-157) is introduced here by reference. As an indication, the gene sequences and those of the corresponding UPRTases can be found in the literature and specialized databases (SWISSPROT, EMBL, Genbank, Medline ...).

 Furthermore, application PCT / FR99 / 00904 describes a FUR1 gene devoid of 105 nucleotides 5 ′ of the coding part allowing the synthesis of a UPRTase deleted from the first 35 residues in the N-terminal position and starting with methionine in position 36 in native protein. The

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 mutant gene expression product, designated FUR1 # 105, is capable of complementing a furl mutant of S. cerevisiae. In addition, the truncated mutant exhibits a higher UPRTase activity than that of the native enzyme. Thus, according to a particularly advantageous embodiment, the polypeptide encoded according to the invention is a deletion mutant of a native UPRTase. The deletion is preferably located in the N-terminal region of the original UPRTase. It can be total (concern all of the residues of said N-terminal region) or partial (concern one or more residues, continuous or not, in the primary structure). Generally, a polypeptide consists of Nterminal, central and C-terminal parts, each representing approximately one third of the molecule. For example, the UPRTase of S. cerevisiae having 251 amino acids, its N-terminal part consists of the first 83 residues starting with the so-called initiator methionine located in the first position of the native form. As for UPRTase by E. coli, its Nterminal part covers positions 1 to 69.

 Thus, in a completely preferred manner, the polypeptide according to PCT / FR99 / 00904 derives from a native UPRTase at least by deletion of all or part of the Nterminal region upstream of the second ATG codon of said native UPRTase. Total deletion of the above region is preferred. For example, the UPRTase coded by the FUR1 gene comprises a first ATG codon (initiator ATG codon) in position +1 followed by a second in position +36. Thus, the deletion of residues +1 to 35 can be envisaged in the context of the present invention, giving a polypeptide starting with methionine normally found in position +36 of the native form.

 A preferred polypeptide according to PCT / FR99 / 00904 comprises an amino acid sequence substantially as shown in the sequence identifier IDS NO: 1, starting at the Met residue in position 1 and ending at the Val residue in position 216. The term substantially fact

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 reference to a degree of identity with said IDS NO: 1 sequence greater than 70%, advantageously greater than 80%, preferably greater than 90% and, most preferably, greater than 95%. Even more preferably, it comprises the amino acid sequence represented with the sequence identifier IDS NO: 1. As mentioned above, it may contain additional mutations. Mention may in particular be made of the substitution of the serine residue in position 2 (position 37 in the native UPRTase) with an alanine residue.

 In addition, patent applications WO96 / 16183 and PCT / FR99 / 00904 describe the use of a fusion protein coding for a two-domain enzyme having CDase and UPRTase activities and demonstrate that the transfer of a hybrid gene codA :: upp or FCY1 :: FUR1 or FCY1 :: FUR1 # 105 carried by an expression plasmid increases the sensitivity to 5-FC of transfected B16 cells. The protein and nucleic acid sequences described in these two applications are incorporated into the description of the present application.

 According to another embodiment, the polypeptide according to PCT / FR99 / 00904 is a fusion polypeptide in which it is fused in phase with at least one second polypeptide. Although the fusion can take place at any location of the first polypeptide, the N or C-terminal ends are preferred and in particular the N-terminal end. Advantageously, the phase fusion implements a second polypeptide exhibiting cytosine deaminase activity (CDase) and derived from a native cytosine deaminase, so that the fusion polypeptide according to the invention exhibits CDase and UPRTase activities. An FCY1 :: FUR1 merge is preferred. Such a bifunctional polypeptide makes it possible to improve the sensitivity of the target cells to 5-FC and to 5-FU. Preferably, the second polypeptide according to the invention is capable of metabolizing 5-FC to 5-FU.

 According to PCT / FR99 / 00904, a CDase is used

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 of prokaryotic or lower eukaryotic origin. Even more preferably, it is a yeast CDase and in particular that encoded by the FCY1 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cloning and the sequence of genes coding for CDases from different sources are available in the literature and in specialized databases. It is indicated that the sequence of the FCY1 gene is disclosed in Erbs et al. (1997, Curr. Genet. 31, 1-6). It is of course possible to use a CDase mutant having a conversion capacity comparable to or greater than that of the native enzyme. A person skilled in the art is able to clone CDase sequences from published data, to carry out possible mutations, to test the enzymatic activity of the mutant forms in an acellular or cellular system according to the technology of the art. or by following the protocol indicated below and in phase fusing the polypeptides of CDase and UPRTase activity.

 A preferred example is a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence substantially as shown in the sequence identifier IDS NO: 2, starting at the Met residue in position 1 and ending at the Val residue in position 373. The term substantially has the definition previously given. A polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence as shown in the sequence identifier IDS NO: 2 is very particularly suitable for the implementation of the invention.

 A fusion of CDase and UPRTase activities improves the sensitivity of target cells to 5-FC and 5-FU.

 A person skilled in the art is able to clone the CDase or UPRTase sequences from the published data, to carry out possible mutations, to test the enzymatic activities of the mutant forms in an acellular or cellular system according to l technology. art or by following the protocol indicated in PCT / FR99 / 00904 and to merge, in particular in phase, the activity polypeptides

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 CDase and UPRTase, and therefore all or part of the corresponding genes.

 In general, a polypeptide according to the invention can be produced by conventional methods of chemical synthesis or else by recombinant DNA techniques (see for example Maniatis et al., 1989, Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY). Thus, according to the preparation process described in PCT / FR99 / 00904, a nucleotide sequence coding for said polypeptide is introduced into a cell to generate a transformed cell, said transformed cell is cultured under conditions suitable for allowing the production of said polypeptide and said harvest is harvested. polypeptide from cell culture. The producer cell can be of any origin and without limitation, a bacterium, a yeast or a mammalian cell, insofar as the nucleotide sequence considered is either integrated into its genome or integrated into an appropriate expression vector capable to replicate. Of course, the nucleotide sequence is placed under the control of transcription and translation signals allowing its expression in the producer cell. Expression vectors and control signals are known to those skilled in the art. As for the polypeptide, it can be recovered from the medium or from the cells (after lysis thereof) and subjected to conventional purification steps (by chromatography, electrophoresis, filtration, immunopurification, etc.).

 PCT / FR99 / 0904 also describes a nucleotide sequence coding for a polypeptide which may be a cDNA or genomic sequence or of a mixed type. It may optionally contain one or more introns, these being of native, heterologous origin (for example the intron of the rabbit p-globin gene, etc.) or synthetic in order to increase expression in the host cells. As already indicated, said sequence can code for a polypeptide derived from

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 the native enzyme or a mutant exhibiting comparable or improved activity. The sequences used can be obtained by conventional molecular biology techniques, for example by bank screening using specific probes, by expression bank immuno-screening, by PCR using suitable primers or by chemical synthesis. The mutants can be generated from the native sequences by substitution, deletion and / or addition of one or more nucleotides by using the techniques of site-directed mutagenesis, PCR, digestion by restriction enzymes and ligation or by synthesis chemical. The functionality of the mutants and of the constructs can be verified by assaying the enzymatic activity or by measuring the sensitivity of target cells to 5-FC and / or 5-FU.

 Consequently, according to a specific case, the composition of the invention is characterized in that the nucleic acid sequence (ii) is selected from the nucleic sequences of the genes CodA, upp, FUR1, FCY1 and FUR1A105, or by a combination of all or part of said sequences.

 The invention relates more particularly to a said composition characterized in that said polypeptide in (ii) has at least one CDase activity and one UPRTase activity.

 The term “combination of nucleic acid sequences” is intended to denote both distinct sequences which code for at least two distinct polypeptides as well as fused sequences which code for fusion polypeptides, it being understood that the production of such polypeptides can be carried out under the control of the same regulatory elements (polycistronic cassette) or of independent, identical or different elements, homologous or heterologous with respect to the vector containing them, constitutive or inducible.

 According to a particular embodiment, the composition of the invention comprises at least one sequence

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 nucleic acid (ii) encoding a fusion polypeptide in which a first polypeptide exhibiting UPRTase or CDase activity is fused in phase with at least one second polypeptide, said second polypeptide exhibiting CDase or UPRTase activity, respectively. More particularly, such a polypeptide is characterized in that the fusion with the second polypeptide is carried out at the N-terminal end of said first polypeptide.

 According to a preferred case, said composition is characterized in that the nucleic acid sequence coding for said fusion polypeptide is a hybrid sequence comprising: a first nucleic acid sequence coding for a first polypeptide exhibiting UPRTase or CDase activity, a second nucleic acid sequence coding for a second polypeptide exhibiting Cdase or UPRTase activity, respectively.

 Such a hybrid nucleic acid sequence coding for said fusion polypeptide may also contain an IRES type sequence.

 The invention relates in particular to such a composition for which the first nucleic acid sequence is selected from upp, FUR1 and FUR1A105, and in that the second nucleic acid sequence is selected from CodA and FCY1, and vice versa. Most preferably, such a hybrid nucleic acid sequence is chosen from the hybrid sequences described in patent applications WO96 / 16183 and PCT / FR99 / 00904.

 According to a third variant, the composition according to the present invention is characterized in that said polypeptide having cytotoxic activity (ii) is an anti-angiogenic protein factor. Angiogenesis is the process responsible for the formation of new capillaries from the already existing vascular network. This complex process is finely regulated in healthy tissue

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 by the balance of effects of many angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. However, in certain pathologies, and in particular during the formation of a tumor, this process is deregulated: the angiogenic factors take precedence over the anti-angiogenic factors which allows an important vascularization of the tumors and consequently their rapid development and / or the appearance of metastases. This is why, in the context of the present invention, an anti-angiogenic factor is considered to be a cytotoxic agent, in particular an anti-tumor agent. Among the various antiangiogenic factors known at the present time, there may be mentioned in particular angiostatin, endostatin, platelet factor PF4, thrombospondin-1, PRP (for Proliferin Related Protein), VEGI (for Vascular Endothelial Growth Inhibitor ) and urokinase.

 The nucleic acid sequences (i) or (ii) can be easily obtained by cloning, by PCR or by chemical synthesis according to the conventional techniques in use. They may be native genes or derivatives thereof by mutation, deletion, substitution and / or addition of one or more nucleotides. Furthermore, their sequences are widely described in the literature available to those skilled in the art.

 The present invention also relates to a composition as presented above, characterized in that said nucleic acid sequences (i) and (ii) are inserted into a recombinant vector of plasmid or viral origin, as well as to a such a recombinant vector carrying such nucleotide sequences placed under the control of the elements necessary for their expression in a host cell.

 More particularly, the compositions of the invention can comprise said nucleic acid sequences (i) and (ii) inserted in the same recombinant vector or in separate recombinant vectors.

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 The term “recombinant vector according to the invention” is intended to denote a vector of plasmid or viral origin, and optionally such a vector associated with one or more substances improving the transfection efficiency and / or the stability of said vector and / or the protection of said vector. in vivo against the host organism's immune system. These substances are widely documented in the literature accessible to those skilled in the art (see for example Felgner et al., 1987, Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 32, 115-121; Hodgson and Solaiman, 1996, Nature Biotechnology 14, 339-342; Remy et al., 1994, Bioconjugate Chemistry 5, 647-654). By way of illustration but not limitation, they may be polymers, lipids in particular cationic, liposomes, nuclear or viral proteins or even neutral lipids. These substances can be used alone or in combination. Examples of such compounds are in particular available in patent applications WO 98/08489, WO 98/17693, WO 98/34910, WO 98/37916, WO 98/53853, EP 890362 or WO 99/05183. A possible combination is a recombinant plasmid vector associated with cationic lipids (DOGS, DC-CHOL, spermine-chol, spermidine-chol etc ...) and neutral lipids (DOPE).

 The choice of plasmids which can be used in the context of the present invention is vast. They may be cloning and / or expression vectors. In general, they are known to those skilled in the art and many of them are commercially available, but it is also possible to construct or modify them by genetic manipulation techniques. Mention may be made, as examples, of the plasmids derived from pBR322 (Gibco BRL), pUC (Gibco BRL), pBluescript (Stratagene), pREP4, pCEP4 (Invitrogene) or also p Poly (Lathe et al., 1987, Gene 57,193- 201). Preferably, a plasmid used in the context of the present invention contains an origin of replication ensuring the initiation of replication in a producer cell and / or a host cell (for example,

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 will retain the ColEl origin for a plasmid intended to be produced in E. coli and the oriP / EBNAl system if it is desired to be self-replicating in a mammalian host cell, Lupton and Levine, 1985, Mol. Cell. Biol. 5.2533-2542; Yates et al., Nature 313,812-815). It can also comprise a selection gene making it possible to select or identify the transfected cells (complementation of an auxotrophy mutation, gene coding for resistance to an antibiotic, etc.). Of course, it may include additional elements improving its maintenance and / or its stability in a given cell (cer sequence which promotes the monomeric maintenance of a plasmid (Summers and Sherrat, 1984, Cell 36,1097-1103, sequences of integration into the cell genome).

 Being a viral vector, one can envisage a vector deriving from a poxvirus (vaccinia virus, in particular MVA, canaripox, etc.), from an adenovirus, from a retrovirus, from a virus herpes, an alphavirus, a foamyvirus or a virus associated with the adenovirus. Preferably, a non-replicative and non-integrative vector will be used. In this respect, the adenoviral vectors are very particularly suitable for the implementation of the present invention. However, it should be noted here that in the context of the implementation of the present invention, the nature of the vector is of little importance.

 Retroviruses have the property of infecting and integrating mainly in dividing cells and in this respect are particularly suitable for cancer application. A recombinant retrovirus according to the invention generally comprises the LTR sequences, an encapsidation region and the nucleotide sequence according to the invention placed under the control of the retroviral LTR or of an internal promoter such as those described below. It can be derived from a retrovirus of any origin (murine, primate, feline, human, etc.) and in particular from MoMuLV (Moloney murine leukemia virus), MVS (Murine sarcoma

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 virus) or Friend murine retrovirus (Fb29). It is propagated in an packaging line capable of providing in trans the viral gag, pol and / or env polypeptides necessary for the constitution of a viral particle. Such lines are described in the literature (PA317, Psi CRIP GP + Am-12 etc ...). The retroviral vector according to the invention may include modifications in particular at the level of the LTRs (replacement of the promoter region with a eukaryotic promoter) or of the packaging region (replacement with a heterologous packaging region, for example of the VL30 type). (see French applications 94 08300 and 97 05203).

 It is also possible to use a defective adenoviral vector for replication, that is to say devoid of all or part of at least one region essential for replication selected from regions E1, E2, E4 and. A deletion from the El region is preferred. But it can be combined with other modification (s) / deletion (s) affecting in particular all or part of the regions E2, E4 and / or L1-L5, insofar as the defective essential functions are complemented in trans by means of 'a complementation line and / or a helper virus in order to ensure the production of the viral particles of interest. In this regard, use may be made of second generation vectors of the state of the art (see for example international applications WO 94/28152 and WO 97/04119). By way of illustration, the deletion of the majority of the region E1 and of the transcription unit E4 is very particularly advantageous. In order to increase the cloning capacities, the adenoviral vector can also be devoid of all or part of the non-essential E3 region. According to another alternative, it is possible to use a minimal adenoviral vector retaining the sequences essential for the packaging, namely the ITRs (Inverted Terminal Repeat) 5 'and 3' and the packaging region. Furthermore, the origin of the adenoviral vector according to the invention can be varied both from the point of view of the species and

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 of the serotype. It can be derived from the genome of an adenovirus of human or animal origin (canine, avian, bovine, murine, ovine, porcine, simian ...) or else from a hybrid comprising fragments of adenoviral genome of at least two different origins. Mention may more particularly be made of the adenoviruses CAV-1 or CAV-2 of canine origin, DAV of avian origin or else Bad of type 3 of bovine origin (Zakharchuk et al., Arch. Virol., 1993, 128: 171 -176; Spibey and Cavanagh, J. Gen. Virol., 1989.70: 165-172; Jouvenne et al., Gene, 1987.60: 21-28; Mittal et al., J. Gen. Virol., 1995 , 76: 93-102). However, an adenoviral vector of human origin preferably deriving from a serotype C adenovirus, in particular of type 2 or 5, is preferred. An adenoviral vector according to the present invention can be generated in vitro in Escherichia coli (E. coli) by homologous ligation or recombination (see for example international application WO 96/17070) or alternatively by recombination in a complementation line. The different adenoviral vectors as well as their preparation techniques are known (see for example Graham and Prevect, 1991, in Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 7, p 109-128; Ed: E.J. Murey, The Human Press Inc).

 The elements necessary for expression consist of all of the elements allowing the transcription of the nucleotide sequence into RNA and the translation of the mRNA into polypeptide, in particular the promoter sequences and / or efficient regulatory sequences in said cell, and optionally the sequences required to allow excretion or expression on the surface of target cells of said polypeptide. These elements can be regulable or constitutive. Of course, the promoter is adapted to the vector selected and to the host cell. Mention may be made, by way of examples, of the eukaryotic promoters of the PGK (Phospho Glycerate Kinase), MT (metallothioneine; Mc Ivor et al., 1987, Mol . Cell Biol. 7,838-848), a-1 antitrypsin, CFTR, the promoters of the gene coding for creatine kinase

<Desc / Clms Page number 20>

 muscle, for actin, for the pulmonary surfactant, immunoglobulin, p-actin (Tabin et al., 1982, Mol. Cell Biol. 2,426-436), SRa (Takebe et al., 1988, Mol. Cell.

Biol. 8,466-472), the early promoter of the SV40 virus (Simian Virus), the RSV LTR (Rous Sarcoma Virus), the MPSV promoter, the TK-HSV-1 promoter, the early promoter of the CMV virus (Cytomegalovirus), promoters of the vaccinia virus p7.5K pH5R, pKlL, p28, p11 and the adenoviral promoters E1A and MLP or a combination of said promoters. It can also be a promoter stimulating expression in a tumor or cancer cell. These include the promoters of the MUC-1 genes overexpressed in breast and prostate cancer (Chen et al., 1995, J. Clin. Invest. 96,2775-2782), CEA (for carcinoma embryonic antigen) overexpressed in colon cancers (Schrewe et al., 1990, Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 2738-2748), tyrosinosis overexpressed in melanomas (Vile et al., 1993, Cancer Res. 53,3860-3864), ERB -2 overexpressed in breast and pancreatic cancers (Harris et al., 1994, Gene Therapy 1,170-175) and α-fetoprotein overexpressed in liver cancers (Kanai et al., 1997, Cancer Res.

57,461-465). The early promoter of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is very particularly preferred. It is also possible to use a tissue-specific promoter region, in particular when the tumor to be treated originates from a particular cell type, or can be activated under defined conditions. The literature provides a great deal of information relating to such promoter sequences.

 The necessary elements may, in addition, include additional elements improving the expression of the nucleotide sequence according to the invention or its maintenance in the host cell. Mention may in particular be made of the intronic sequences (WO 94/29471), secretion signal sequences, nuclear localization sequences, internal sites of translation initiation of IRES type, poly A sequences for transcription termination.

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 According to a preferred embodiment, the invention relates more particularly to a recombinant vector, in particular an adenoviral vector defective for replication, comprising: (i) a nucleic acid sequence coding for all or part of the p53 polypeptide, (ii) at at least one nucleic acid sequence coding for all or part of a polypeptide having at least one cytotoxic activity, said nucleic acid sequences being placed under the control of the elements necessary for their expression in a host cell and being defined as indicated above .

 The present invention also relates to a viral particle, in particular adenoviral, comprising a recombinant viral vector according to the invention. Such a viral particle can be generated from a viral vector according to any conventional technique in the art. Its propagation is carried out in particular in a complementation cell adapted to the deficiencies of the vector. In the case of an adenoviral vector, use will be made, for example, of a complementation line as described in application WO 94/28152, to line 293 established from human embryonic kidney cells, which effectively complements the El function (Graham et al., 1977, J. Gen. Virol. 36,59-72), the line A549-E1 (Imler et al., 1996, Gene Therapy 3,75-84) or a line allowing a double complementation ( Yeh et al., 1996, J. Virol. 70, 559-565; Krougliak and Graham, 1995, Human Gene Therapy 6, 1575-1586; Wang et al., 1995 Gene Therapy 2,775-783; international application WO 97/04119 ). Helper viruses can also be used to at least partially complement defective functions. By complementation cell is meant a cell capable of providing in trans the early and / or late factors necessary for the packaging of the viral genome in a viral capsid for

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 generate a viral particle containing the recombinant vector. Said cell may not by itself complement all the defective functions of the vector and in this case may be transfected / transduced by a vector / helper virus providing the complementary functions.

 The invention also relates to a method for preparing a viral particle, according to which: (i) a recombinant vector according to the invention is introduced into a cell, in particular a complementation cell capable of complementing said vector in trans, so as to obtaining a said transfected cell, (ii) cultivating said transfected cell under conditions suitable for allowing the production of said viral particle, and (iii) recovering said viral particle in cell culture.

 Of course, the viral particle can be recovered from the culture supernatant but also from the cells. One of the commonly used methods is to lyse the cells by consecutive freeze / thaw cycles to collect the virions in the lysis supernatant. These can be amplified and purified according to the techniques of the art (chromatographic process, ultracentrifugation in particular through a gradient of cesium chloride ...).

 The invention also relates to a eukaryotic host cell comprising the DNA fragments present in the composition according to the invention. Said host cell is advantageously a mammalian cell and, preferably, a human cell. It will preferably be a 293 cell, LCA4 or PERC6. Such a cell is particularly useful for producing viral particles at high titer, without generating particles competent for replication. The invention also relates to a host cell comprising a nucleotide sequence, a recombinant vector according to

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 the invention or infected with a viral particle according to the invention. For the purposes of the present invention, a host cell consists of any cell transfectable by a recombinant vector or infectable by a viral particle, as defined above. A mammalian and in particular human cell is particularly suitable. It can comprise said vector in a form integrated into the genome or not (episome). It may be a primary or tumor cell of any origin, in particular hematopoietic (totipotent stem cell, leukocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte or macrophage ...), muscle (satellite cell, myocyte, myoblast, smooth muscle ..) .), cardiac, pulmonary, tracheal, hepatic, epithelial or fibroblast.

 The invention also relates to a composition intended for the implementation of an antitumor or antiviral treatment, or any applications requiring cell death, in a mammal comprising: (i) all or part of the p53 polypeptide, (ii) all or part of a polypeptide having at least one cytotoxic activity, said polypeptides being defined as indicated above.

 Another object according to the invention consists of a formulation intended for the implementation of an antitumor or antiviral treatment in a mammal, characterized in that it comprises a composition (based on nucleic acid or polypeptide as described above) ), an adenoviral vector or a viral particle according to the invention, as well as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Such a support is preferably isotonic, hypotonic or weakly hypertonic and has a relatively low ionic strength, such as for example a sucrose solution. Furthermore, such a support can contain any solvent, or aqueous or partially aqueous liquid such as sterile non-pyrogenic water.

The pH of the formulation is further adjusted and buffered to

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 meet the requirements for in vivo use. The formulation may also include a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, adjuvant or excipient, as well as solubilizers, stabilizers, preservatives. For injectable administration, an aqueous, non-aqueous or isotonic solution formulation is preferred. It can be presented as a single dose or in multidose in liquid or dry form (powder, lyophilisate, etc.) capable of being reconstituted extemporaneously with an appropriate diluent.

 According to a particular embodiment of the invention, said formulation also comprises pharmaceutically acceptable amounts of a prodrug capable of being transformed into a cytotoxic molecule by a polypeptide having at least one cytotoxic activity.

 Such a prodrug will be selected in particular from the group consisting of acyclovir or ganciclovir (GCV), cyclophosphophamide, 6-methylpurine deoxyribonucleoside, 6-thioxanthine, cytosine or one of its derivatives or uracil or one of its derivatives. Most preferably, said prodrug is 5fluorocytosine (5FC) or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU).

 Furthermore, in particular in the context of formulations containing a composition according to the second variant mentioned above, it should be noted that said formulation may also comprise one or more substances potentiating the cytotoxic effect of 5-FU. Mention may be made in particular of drugs which inhibit the enzymes of the de novo biosynthesis pathway for pyrimidines (for example those cited below), drugs such as Leucovorin (Waxman et al., 1982, Eur. J. Cancer Clin Oncol.

18, 685-692) which in the presence of the product of the metabolism of 5FU (5-FdUMP) increases the inhibition of thymidylate synthase which leads to a decrease in the pool of dTMP necessary for replication and finally drugs such as methotrexate ( Cadman et al., 1979, Science 250,1135-

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 1137) which by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase and increasing the pool of incorporation of PRPP (phosphoribosylpyrophosphate) causes the increase of 5FU in cellular RNA.

 A formulation according to the invention is more particularly intended for the preventive or curative treatment of diseases by gene therapy and is more particularly intended for proliferative diseases (cancers, tumors, restenosis, etc.) and for diseases of infectious origin, in particular viral for which it is necessary to limit the proliferation of infected cells (induced by hepatitis B or C viruses, HIV, herpes, retroviruses, etc.).

 A formulation according to the invention can be manufactured in a conventional manner for administration by the local, parenteral or digestive route.

There are many possible routes of administration. Mention may be made, for example, of the intragastric, subcutaneous, intracardiac, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intratumoral, intranasal, intrapulmonary or intratracheal route. For these last three embodiments, administration by aerosol or instillation is advantageous. The administration can take place in single dose or repeated one or more times after a certain interval of interval. The appropriate route of administration and dosage vary according to various parameters, for example, the individual, the disease to be treated or the gene (s) to be transferred.

The preparations based on viral particles according to the invention can be formulated in the form of doses of between 104 and 1014 pfu (units forming plaques), advantageously 105 and 1013 pfu and, preferably, 106 and 1012 pfu. As regards the recombinant vector according to the invention, doses comprising from 0.01 to 100 mg of DNA, preferably 0.05 to 10 mg and, most preferably, 0.5 to 5 mg may be considered. A composition based

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 of polypeptides preferably comprises from 0.05 to 10 g and, most preferably, from 0.5 to 5 g of said polypeptide. Of course, the doses can be adjusted by the clinician.

 The present invention also relates to the therapeutic or prophylactic use of a composition, of a recombinant vector or of a viral particle according to the invention for the preparation of a medicament intended for the treatment of the human or animal body by therapy gene, in particular for the preparation of an antitumor or antiviral medicament intended to inhibit the growth or cause the rejection of a tumor or the death of an infected cell. According to a first possibility, the drug can be administered directly in vivo (for example by intravenous injection, in an accessible tumor or at its periphery, in the lungs by aerosol, in the vascular system by means of an appropriate probe ...) . One can also adopt the ex vivo approach which consists in taking cells from the patient (stem cells of the bone marrow, lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, muscle cells, etc.), transfecting or infecting them in vitro according to the techniques of art and readminister them to the patient. A preferred use is to treat or prevent cancers, tumors and diseases resulting from unwanted cell proliferation. Among the possible applications, mention may be made of cancers of the breast, of the uterus (in particular those induced by papillomas virus), of the prostate, of the lung, of the bladder, of the liver, of the colon, of the pancreas, of the stomach, esophagus, larynx of the central nervous system and blood (lymphomas, leukemia etc ...). It is also useful in the context of cardiovascular diseases, for example to inhibit or delay the proliferation of smooth muscle cells of the vascular wall (restenosis). Finally, with regard to infectious diseases, application to AIDS can be considered.

 It is also conceivable, if necessary and

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 without departing from the scope of the present invention, to carry out simultaneous or successive administrations by different routes of the various components included in the pharmaceutical composition or formulation according to the invention.

 The invention also extends to a method for the treatment of diseases by gene therapy, characterized in that a nucleotide sequence, a recombinant vector, is administered to an organism or to a host cell in need of such treatment. a viral particle or a host cell according to the invention.

 When the treatment method uses a nucleotide sequence, a recombinant vector or a viral particle allowing the expression of a polypeptide according to the invention having UPRTase activity, it may be advantageous to administer in addition a second nucleotide sequence encoding for a second polypeptide exhibiting CDase activity, said second nucleotide sequence being carried by said recombinant vector or viral particle or by a vector or an independent viral particle. In the latter case, the administration of the UPRTase and CDase sequences can be simultaneous or consecutive, the order of administration being unimportant.

 According to an advantageous embodiment, the therapeutic use or the method of treatment also comprises an additional step according to which the host organism or cell is administered pharmaceutically acceptable amounts of a predrogue, advantageously d analog of cytosine and, in particular of 5-FC. By way of illustration, a dose of 50 to 500 mg / kg / day can be used with a preference for 200 mg / kg / day. In the context of the present invention, the predrogue is administered according to standard practices and this in a prior, concomitant or even after that of the therapeutic agent according to the invention. The oral route is preferred. We can administer

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 a single dose of predrogue or repeated doses for a time long enough to allow the production of the toxic metabolite within the organism or the host cell.

 According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the therapeutic use or the method of treatment is associated with a second treatment of the patient by surgery (in particular by removal of the tumor partially or totally), by radiotherapy or chemotherapy. In this particular case, the treatment according to the invention is applied beforehand, concomitantly or following said second treatment. Preferably, this treatment will be applied following said second treatment.

 The examples which follow are intended to illustrate the various objects of the present invention and consequently have no limiting character.

 FIG. 1 shows the antiproliferative effect in vitro of a buffer (Mock), of an empty adenovirus (Ad-null), of an adenovirus expressing FCU1 (Ad-FCU1) or p53 (Ad-p53) or p53 and FCU1 (Ad-p53FCU1) on SW480 cells at an MOI of 1 in the absence of prodrug (100% corresponds to the viability of uninfected cells).

 FIG. 2 shows the in vitro antiproliferative effect of Mock, of an empty adenovirus, of an adenovirus expressing FCU1 or p53 or p53 and FCU1 on B16FO cells at an MOI of 100 in the absence of prodrug (100% corresponds to the viability of uninfected cells).

 FIG. 3 shows the in vitro antiproliferative effect of Mock, of an empty adenovirus, of an adenovirus expressing FCU1 or p53 or p53 and FCU1 on LoVo cells at an MOI of 1 in the absence of prodrug (100% corresponds to the viability of uninfected cells).

 FIG. 4 shows the sensitization in the presence of different concentrations of 5FU of SW480 cells infected with Mock, an empty adenovirus, an adenovirus expressing FCU1 or p53 or p53 and FCU1 (100% corresponds to the

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 viability of infected cells in the absence of prodrug).

 FIG. 5 shows the sensitization in the presence of different concentrations of 5FU of the B16FO cells infected with Mock, an empty adenovirus, an adenovirus expressing FCU1 or p53 or p53 and FCU1 (100% corresponds to the viability of the infected cells in the absence of prodrug).

 FIG. 6 shows the sensitization in the presence of different concentrations of 5FU of LoVo cells infected with Mock, an empty adenovirus, an adenovirus expressing FCU1 or p53 or p53 and FCU1 (100% corresponds to the viability of the infected cells in the absence of prodrug).

 FIG. 7 shows the sensitization in the presence of different concentrations of 5FC of SW40 cells infected with Mock, an empty adenovirus, an adenovirus expressing FCU1 or p53 or p53 and FCU1 (100% corresponds to the viability of the infected cells in the absence of prodrug).

 FIG. 8 shows the sensitization in the presence of different concentrations of 5FC of B16FO cells infected with Mock, an empty adenovirus, an adenovirus expressing FCU1 or p53 or p53 and FCU1 (100% corresponds to the viability of the infected cells in the absence of prodrug).

 FIG. 9 shows the sensitization in the presence of different concentrations of 5FC of LoVo cells infected with Mock, an empty adenovirus, an adenovirus expressing FCU1 or p53 or p53 and FCU1 (100% corresponds to the viability of the infected cells in the absence of prodrug).

 FIG. 10 represents the survival rate of B6D2 mice in which B16FO tumor cells treated with different adenoviral compositions have been implanted.

EXAMPLES:
The present invention is illustrated, without however being limited, by the following examples.

 The constructions described below are carried out according to general techniques of genetic engineering and

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 molecular cloning, detailed in Maniatis et al. (1989, Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY) or according to the manufacturer's recommendations when using a commercial kit. The homologous recombination steps are preferably carried out in the E. coli BJ 5183 strain (Hanahan, 1983, J. Mol. Biol. 166, 557-580). With regard to the repair of restriction sites, the technique used consists of filling the protruding 5 ′ ends with the large fragment of DNA polymerase I from E. coli (Klenow). Furthermore, the adenoviral genome fragments used in the various constructions described below are indicated precisely according to their position in the nucleotide sequence of the Ad5 genome as disclosed in the Genebank database under the reference M73260.

 With regard to cell biology, the cells are transfected or transduced and cultured according to standard techniques well known to those skilled in the art.

 EXAMPLE 1 Construction of an adenovirus expressing p 53 (Adp53).

The coding region of p53 was amplified by PCR from the plasmid pC53-SN3 (Baker et al., 1990, Science 249,912-915) used as template and of the following primers:
In 5 'terminal 5'ggcagccagaattccttccgggtcac3'
In 3 'terminal 5'ggctgtcagtggggatctagaagtggag3'
The EcoRI and XbaI sites were introduced respectively 5 ′ and 3 ′ of the coding sequence of p53. the PCR fragment of p53 was cut with EcoRI and XbaI and then inserted into the pCI-neo plamide (Promega Corp) to give the plasmid pCI-neop53. The XhoI-XbaI fragment of pCI-neop53 containing the p53 gene is isolated and introduced into the vector pTG6600 (Lathe et al, 1987, Gene 57.193-201) cleaved by these same enzymes, to give the transfer vector

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 pTG6600p53. The adenoviral vector Adp53 is reconstituted by homologous recombination in the E.coli strain BJ5183 between the PacI-BstEII fragment of pTG6600p53 and the vector pTG6624 linearized by ClaI. The final construction Adp53 contains the genome of Ad5 deleted from most of the regions El (nucleotides 459 to 3328) and E3 (nucleotides 28249 to 30758) and in place of El, an expression cassette for the p53 gene placed under the control of the CMV early promoter and the ss-globin / Ig hybrid splicing sequences. The viral particles are generated by transfection into a 293 cell line (ATCC CRL1573) which complement the E1 function.

 EXAMPLE 2 Construction of an adenovirus expressing a p53-IRES-FCU1 bicistronic unit (Adp53FCUl).

 The NcoI-SalI fragment of the plasmid pCI-neoFCU1 described in French patent application No. 98. 05054 containing the FCU1 fusion gene is isolated and introduced into the vector pTG4369 linearized by NcoI-SalI. The plasmid pTG4369FCU1 thus obtained contains the FCU1 gene downstream of the IRES sequence (for Internal Ribosome Entry Site) of EMCV (encephalomyocarditis virus). The SacI-NotI fragment of pCIneop53 is isolated and then inserted into the vector pTG4369FCUl linearized by SacI-NotI to give the vector pTG4369p53FCU1 in which the p53 gene is placed upstream of the IRES sequence. The NheI-MluI fragment of pTG4369p53FCU1 containing the sequence p53IRESFCU1 is inserted into the vector pTG6600 cleaved by these same enzymes to give the transfer vector pTG6600p53IRESFCU1. The adenoviral vector Adp53FCUl is reconstituted by homologous recombination in the E.coli strain BJ5183 between the PacI-BstEII fragment of pTG6600p53IRESFCUl and the vector pTG6624 linearized by ClaI. The final construction Adp53FCUl contains the genome of Ad5 deleted from most of the regions El (nucleotides 459 to 3328) and E3 (nucleotides 28249

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 at 30758) and instead of E1, an expression cassette for the bicistron p53-FCU1 placed under the control of the CMV early promoter and of the hybrid splicing sequences -globin / Ig. The adenoviral particles are generated by transfection into a 293 cell line (ATCC CRL1573) which complement the E1 function.

 EXAMPLE 3 Adenovirus expressing the FCU1 fusion gene (AdFCU1).

 The XhoI-MluI fragment of pCI-neoFCUI (described in French patent application No. 98,05054) containing the FCU1 fusion gene is isolated and introduced into the vector pTG6600 linearized by XhoI-MhuI to give the transfer vector pTG6600FCU1. As described above, the homologous recombination between the PacI-BstEII fragment carrying FCU1 and isolated from pTG6600FCUl and the vector pTG6624 linearized by ClaI makes it possible to generate the adenoviral vector pTG6624FCUl deleted from the El and E3 regions and comprising in place of El the FCU1 gene placed under the control of the CMV promoter and the P-globin / Ig hybrid splicing sequences. The adenoviral particles are generated by transfection into a 293 cell line (ATCC CRL1573) which complement the E1 function.

 EXAMPLE 4 Infection with the adenoviruses AdFCUl, Adp53 and Adp53FCU1.

 4. 1 In vitro results.

 The adenoviral constructs of the previous examples are used to infect in vitro 3 tumor cell lines: - the human tumor line SW480 (colon adenocarcinoma / ATCC CCL-228) whose p53 gene is not functional, - the human tumor cell line LoVo (colon adenocarcinoma / ATCC CCL-229) whose p53 gene is functional and

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- the mouse melanoma line B16 (FO) (ATCC CRL- 6322)
The cells are infected (MOI of 1 for SW480 and LoVo and MOI of 100 for B16 (FO)) and then cultured in the presence or absence of prodrug (5-fluorocytosine (5FC) or 5fluorouracil (5FU)) at different concentrations. After trypsinization (at D + 10 for SW480 and at D + 8 for B16 (FO)), the viability of the cells is evaluated with trypan blue. The values reported correspond to the means obtained after 4 counts.

 In the absence of prodrug (Figures 1 to 3), an antiproliferative effect of cells infected with an adenovirus expressing p53 (Adp53 and Adp53FCU1) is observed in the lines SW480 mainly and more weakly in the lines B16FO. However, despite the expression of p53 which induces apoptosis or the suppression of cell growth, no antiproliferative effect is not observed in the LoVo line; this indicates that the only administration of p53, in particular in tumor cells in which the p53 gene is functional, is insufficient, even inoperative, to allow the implementation of an effective antitumor therapy protocol.

 On the contrary, it can be seen that in the presence of different concentrations of prodrug 5FU (FIGS. 4 to 6), the cells infected with Adp53 are sensitized compared to the cells not infected or infected with a non-recombinant adenovirus, thus illustrating the known action of p53. in the toxicity of 5FU. However, in accordance with the present invention, it is also found that, surprisingly, the presence of FCU1 very significantly increases the toxicity of 5FU in the cells (100% corresponds to the viability of the infected cells in the absence of 5FU) thus translating an effect clearly synergistic of the two types of agent.

 Figures 7 to 9 illustrate similar results obtained using 5FC as a prodrug.

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 These results demonstrate that there is a synergy between the expression products of FCU1 and of p53 for the induction of mortality when 5FC or 5FU are used as prodrugs.

 4.2 Results in vivo.

 B16F (0) cells (3.105 cells) are injected subcutaneously into 4 groups of 8 immunocompetent B6D2 mice at OJ. As soon as the tumors become palpable (around D + 9), the adenoviral constructs comprising the p53 gene (Adp53) or the p53 and FCU1 genes (Adp53FCUl) or a non-recombinant adenoviral construct (Ad null) are injected at a dose of 5.108 IU to three consecutive days (D + 9, D + 10 and D + ll). From D + 9.1 ml of 0.9% saline solution or 1 ml of 1% 5-FC solution are injected intraperitoneally, twice a day. The results presented in FIG. 10 show an increase in the survival rate of the mice in which the Adp53FCU1 was injected and who were treated with 5-FC.

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 SEQUENCE LIST (1) GENERAL INFORMATION: (i) DEPOSITOR: (A) NAME: S.A.

 (B) STREET: 11 rue de Molsheim (C) CITY: (E) COUNTRY: (F) POSTAL CODE: (G) TELEPHONE: 88 27 91 00 (H) FAX: 88 27 91 41 (ii) TITLE OF THE INVENTION: intended for the implementation of an antitumor or antiviral treatment in a mammal.

(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: (iv) COMPUTER-READABLE FORM: (A) TYPE OF MEDIA: (B) COMPUTER: Compatible PC (C) OPERATING SYSTEM: PC-DOS / MS-DOS (D) SOFTWARE: PatentIn Release # 1.0, Version # 1.25 (EPO) (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 1: (i) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEQUENCE: (A) LENGTH: amino acids (B) TYPE: amino (D) CONFIGURATION: (ii ) TYPE OF MOLECULE: protein (iii) HYPOTHETIC: NO (vi) ORIGIN: (A) ORGANISM: cerevisiae (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE: (B) CLONE: UPRTase delta 35 (xi) DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE: ID NO: 1:
Met Ala Ser Glu Pro Phe Lys Asn Val Tyr Leu Leu Pro Gln Thr Asn
1 5 10 15
Gln Leu Leu Gly Leu Tyr Thr Ile Ile Arg Asn Lys Asn Thr Thr Arg
20 25 30
Pro Asp Phe Ile Phe Tyr Ser Asp Arg Ile Ile Arg Leu Leu Val Glu
35 40 45
Glu Gly Leu Asn His Leu Pro Val Gln Lys Gln Ile Val Glu Thr Asp
50 55 60
Thr Asn Glu Asn Phe Glu Gly Val Ser Phe Met Gly Lys Ile Cys Gly
65 70 75 80
Val Ser Ile Val Arg Ala Gly Glu Ser Met Glu Gln Gly Leu Arg Asp
85 90 95

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Cys Cys Arg Ser Val Arg Ile Gly Lys Ile Leu Ile Gln Arg Asp Glu
100 105 110
Glu Thr Ala Leu Pro Lys Leu Phe Tyr Glu Lys Leu Pro Glu Asp Ile
115 120 125
Ser Glu Arg Tyr Val Phe Leu Leu Asp Pro Met Leu Ala Thr Gly Gly
130 135 140
Ser Ala Ile Met Ala Thr Glu Val Leu Ile Lys Arg Gly Val Lys Pro
145 150 155 160
Glu Arg Tyr Island Phe Leu Asn Leu Cys Island Ser Lys Glu Gly Glu Island
165 170 175
Lys Tyr His Ala Ala Phe Pro Glu Val Arg Ile Val Thr Gly Ala Leu
180 185 190
Asp Arg Gly Leu Asp Glu Asn Lys Tyr Leu Val Pro Gly Leu Gly Asp
195 200 205
Phe Gly Asp Arg Tyr Tyr Cys Val
210 215 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 2: (i) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEQUENCE: (A) LENGTH: 373 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino (D) CONFIGURATION: (ii) TYPE OF MOLECULE: protein (iii ) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iii) ANTI-SENSE: (vi) ORIGIN: (A) ORGANISM: cerevisiae (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE: (B) CLONE: fcyl fusion: furl delta 35 (FCU1) (xi) DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE: ID NO: 2:
Met Val Thr Gly Gly Met Ala Ser Lys Trp Asp Gln Lys Gly Met Asp
1 5 10 15
Ile Ala Tyr Glu Glu Ala Ala Leu Gly Tyr Lys Glu Gly Gly Val Pro
20 25 30
Ile Gly Gly Cys Leu Ile Asn Asn Lys Asp Gly Ser Val Leu Gly Arg
35 40 45
Gly His Asn Met Arg Phe Gln Lys Gly Ser Ala Thr Leu His Gly Glu
50 55 60
Ile Ser Thr Leu Glu Asn Cys Gly Arg Leu Glu Gly Lys Val Tyr Lys
65 70 75 80

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Asp Thr Thr Leu Tyr Thr Thr Leu Ser Pro Cys Asp Met Cys Thr Gly
85 90 95 Ala Ile Ile Met Tyr Gly Ile Pro Arg Cys Val Val Gly Glu Asn Val
100 105 110 Asn Phe Lys Ser Lys Gly Glu Lys Tyr Leu Gln Thr Arg Gly His Glu
115 120 125 Val Val Val Val Asp Asp Glu Arg Cys Lys Lys Ile Met Lys Gln Phe
130 135 140 Ile Asp Glu Arg Pro Gln Asp Trp Phe Glu Asp Ile Gly Glu Ala Ser 145 150 155 160 Glu Pro Phe Lys Asn Val Tyr Leu Leu Pro Gln Thr Asn Gln Leu Leu
165 170 175 Gly Leu Tyr Thr Ile Ile Arg Asn Lys Asn Thr Thr Arg Pro Asp Phe
180 185 190 Ile Phe Tyr Ser Asp Arg Ile Arg Island Leu Leu Val Glu Glu Gly Leu
195 200 205 Asn His Leu Pro Val Gln Lys Gln Ile Val Glu Thr Asp Thr Asn Glu
210 215 220 Asn Phe Glu Gly Val Ser Phe Met Gly Lys Ile Cys Gly Val Ser Ile 225 230 235 240 Val Arg Ala Gly Glu Ser Met Glu Gln Gly Leu Arg Asp Cys Cys Arg
245 250 255 Ser Val Arg Ile Gly Lys Ile Leu Ile Gln Arg Asp Glu Glu Thr Ala
260 265 270 Leu Pro Lys Leu Phe Tyr Glu Lys Leu Pro Glu Asp Ile Ser Glu Arg
275 280 285 Tyr Val Phe Leu Leu Asp Pro Met Leu Ala Thr Gly Gly Ser Ala Ile
290 295 300 Met Ala Thr Glu Val Leu Ile Lys Arg Gly Val Lys Pro Glu Arg Ile 305 310 315 320 Tyr Phe Leu Asn Leu Ile Cys Ser Lys Glu Gly Ile Glu Lys Tyr His
325 330 335 Ala Ala Phe Pro Glu Val Arg Ile Val Thr Gly Ala Leu Asp Arg Gly
340 345 350 Leu Asp Glu Asn Lys Tyr Leu Val Pro Gly Leu Gly Asp Phe Gly Asp
355 360 365 Arg Tyr Tyr Cys Val
370

Claims (25)

1. Composition intended for the implementation of an antitumor or antiviral treatment in a mammal comprising: (i) a nucleic acid sequence coding for all or part of the p53 polypeptide, (ii) at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding all or part of a polypeptide having at least one cytotoxic activity, said nucleic acid sequences being placed under the control of the elements necessary for their expression in a host cell of said mammal.  2. Composition according to claim 1, characterized in that said polypeptide having an antitumor or antiviral activity is chosen from cytokines, proteins encoded by suicide genes and anti-angiogenic protein factors.  3. Composition according to claim 2, characterized in that said polypeptide having cytotoxic activity is a cytokine chosen from interferons a, P and y, interleukins, tumor necrosis factors and colony stimulating factors.  4. Composition according to claim 3, characterized in that said polypeptide having cytotoxic activity is interleukin-2 (IL-2).  5. Composition according to claim 3, characterized in that said polypeptide having cytotoxic activity is gamma interferon (IFN-γ).  6. Composition according to claim 1, characterized in that said polypeptide exhibits at least one cytotoxic activity selected from thymidine kinase activity, purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity, guanine phosphoribosyl transferase activity and cytosine deaminase activity.  7. Composition according to claim 6, <Desc / Clms Page number 39>  characterized in that said polypeptide exhibits at least one CDase activity and one UPRTase activity.  8. Composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the nucleic acid sequence (ii) is selected from CodA, upp, FUR1, FCY1 and FUR1 # 105.  9. Composition according to claim 7, characterized in that said polypeptide is a fusion polypeptide in which a first polypeptide exhibiting UPRTase or CDase activity is fused in phase with at least one second polypeptide, said second polypeptide exhibiting CDase or UPRTase activity , respectively.  10. Composition according to claim 9, characterized in that the fusion with the second polypeptide is carried out at the N-terminal end of said first polypeptide.  11. Composition according to claim 9-10, characterized in that the nucleic acid sequence coding for said fusion polypeptide is a hybrid sequence comprising: - a first nucleic acid sequence coding for a first polypeptide exhibiting UPRTase activity, a second nucleic acid sequence coding for a second polypeptide exhibiting CDase activity.  12. Composition according to claim 11 characterized in that the first nucleic acid sequence is selected from upp, FUR1 and FUR1 # 105, and in that the second nucleic acid sequence is selected from CodA and FCY1.  13. Composition according to claim 2, characterized in that said polypeptide having cytotoxic activity is an antiangiogenic protein factor chosen from angiostatin, endostatin, platelet factor PF4, thrombospondin-1, PRP, VEGI and l 'urokinase.  14. Composition according to claim 1, characterized in that said nucleic acid sequences (i) and (ii) are inserted into a recombinant vector <Desc / Clms Page number 40>  of plasmid or viral origin.  15. Composition according to claim 14, characterized in that said nucleic acid sequences (i) and (ii) are inserted into the same recombinant vector.  16. Composition according to Claim 14, characterized in that the said nucleic acid sequences (i) and (ii) are inserted into separate recombinant vectors.  17. Vector comprising: (i) a nucleic acid sequence coding for all or part of the p53 polypeptide, (ii) at least one nucleic acid sequence coding for all or part of a polypeptide having at least one cytotoxic activity, said nucleic acid sequences being placed under the control of the elements necessary for their expression in a host cell.  18. Vector according to claim 17, characterized in that it is a viral vector.  19. Viral particle comprising a vector according to claim 18.  20. A method of preparing a viral particle according to claim 19, according to which: (i) a viral vector according to claim 18 is introduced into a cell capable of producing said vector, so as to obtain a transfected cell, (ii) said transfected cell is cultured under conditions suitable for allowing the production of said viral particle, and (iii) said viral particle is recovered in cell culture.  21. Composition intended for the implementation of an antitumor or antiviral treatment in a mammal comprising: (i) all or part of the p53 polypeptide, (ii) all or part of a polypeptide having at <Desc / Clms Page number 41>  at least one cytotoxic activity, according to which said polypeptide having at least one cytotoxic activity is as defined in claims 1 to 13.  22. Formulation intended for the implementation of an antitumor or antiviral treatment in a mammal, characterized in that it comprises a composition according to one of claims 1 to 16, a vector according to claims 17-18, a viral particle according to claim 19, or a composition according to claim 21, as well as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.  23. The formulation as claimed in claim 21, characterized in that it comprises pharmaceutically acceptable amounts of a prodrug capable of being transformed into cytotoxic molecule by a polypeptide having at least one cytotoxic activity.  24. A formulation according to claim 23, characterized in that said prodrug is selected from 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 5-fluorocytosine ((5FC).  25. Use of a composition according to claims 1 to 16, of a vector according to claims 17-18, of a viral particle according to claim 19, or of a composition according to claim 21, for the preparation an antitumor or antiviral medication.