ES482850A1 - Un dispositivo de filamento optico de indice en gradiente - y de gran anchura de banda. - Google Patents
Un dispositivo de filamento optico de indice en gradiente - y de gran anchura de banda.Info
- Publication number
- ES482850A1 ES482850A1 ES482850A ES482850A ES482850A1 ES 482850 A1 ES482850 A1 ES 482850A1 ES 482850 A ES482850 A ES 482850A ES 482850 A ES482850 A ES 482850A ES 482850 A1 ES482850 A1 ES 482850A1
- Authority
- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- barrier layer
- core
- index
- refraction
- optical filament
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title abstract 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 abstract 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000006121 base glass Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
- G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
- G02B6/03622—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only
- G02B6/03627—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only arranged - +
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
- C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
- C03B37/012—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments
- C03B37/014—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments made entirely or partially by chemical means, e.g. vapour phase deposition of bulk porous glass either by outside vapour deposition [OVD], or by outside vapour phase oxidation [OVPO] or by vapour axial deposition [VAD]
- C03B37/018—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments made entirely or partially by chemical means, e.g. vapour phase deposition of bulk porous glass either by outside vapour deposition [OVD], or by outside vapour phase oxidation [OVPO] or by vapour axial deposition [VAD] by glass deposition on a glass substrate, e.g. by inside-, modified-, plasma-, or plasma modified- chemical vapour deposition [ICVD, MCVD, PCVD, PMCVD], i.e. by thin layer coating on the inside or outside of a glass tube or on a glass rod
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
- C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
- C03B37/012—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments
- C03B37/014—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments made entirely or partially by chemical means, e.g. vapour phase deposition of bulk porous glass either by outside vapour deposition [OVD], or by outside vapour phase oxidation [OVPO] or by vapour axial deposition [VAD]
- C03B37/018—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments made entirely or partially by chemical means, e.g. vapour phase deposition of bulk porous glass either by outside vapour deposition [OVD], or by outside vapour phase oxidation [OVPO] or by vapour axial deposition [VAD] by glass deposition on a glass substrate, e.g. by inside-, modified-, plasma-, or plasma modified- chemical vapour deposition [ICVD, MCVD, PCVD, PMCVD], i.e. by thin layer coating on the inside or outside of a glass tube or on a glass rod
- C03B37/01861—Means for changing or stabilising the diameter or form of tubes or rods
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C13/00—Fibre or filament compositions
- C03C13/04—Fibre optics, e.g. core and clad fibre compositions
- C03C13/045—Silica-containing oxide glass compositions
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/028—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
- G02B6/0288—Multimode fibre, e.g. graded index core for compensating modal dispersion
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B2201/00—Type of glass produced
- C03B2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03B2201/08—Doped silica-based glasses doped with boron or fluorine or other refractive index decreasing dopant
- C03B2201/10—Doped silica-based glasses doped with boron or fluorine or other refractive index decreasing dopant doped with boron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B2201/00—Type of glass produced
- C03B2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03B2201/20—Doped silica-based glasses doped with non-metals other than boron or fluorine
- C03B2201/28—Doped silica-based glasses doped with non-metals other than boron or fluorine doped with phosphorus
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B2201/00—Type of glass produced
- C03B2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03B2201/30—Doped silica-based glasses doped with metals, e.g. Ga, Sn, Sb, Pb or Bi
- C03B2201/31—Doped silica-based glasses doped with metals, e.g. Ga, Sn, Sb, Pb or Bi doped with germanium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B2203/00—Fibre product details, e.g. structure, shape
- C03B2203/10—Internal structure or shape details
- C03B2203/22—Radial profile of refractive index, composition or softening point
- C03B2203/26—Parabolic or graded index [GRIN] core profile
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacture, Treatment Of Glass Fibers (AREA)
- Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
- Optical Fibers, Optical Fiber Cores, And Optical Fiber Bundles (AREA)
Abstract
1. Un dispositivo de filamento óptico de índice en gradiente y de gran anchura de banda, que comprende una capa exterior de revestimiento, una capa de barrera sobre la superficie de pared interior de dicha capa de revestimiento, y que comprende un vidrio de base y B2O3, siendo sustancialmente uniforme la cantidad de dicho vidrio de base y dicho B2O3 en todo el espesor de dicha capa barrera, y un núcleo de vidrio de gran pureza, que tiene un índice de refracción en gradiente, dispuesto dentro de dicha capa barrera y adherido a la misma para formar una interfase con ella, consistiendo esencialmente dicho núcleo en un vidrio de base, B2O3 y al menos un impurificador adicional, caracterizado porque (a) la capa barrera comprende dicho al menos un impurificador adicional, en cantidad sustancialmente uniforme a través del espesor de la capa barrera, y en cantidad relacionada con la de dicho B2O3, proporcionando a la capa de barrera un índice de refracción como máximo igual al de la capa de revestimiento, y porque (b) el núcleo tiene un índice de refracción sin escalón en dicha interfase, sustancialmente igual al índice de refracción de la capa barrera en la interfase, disminuyendo la cantidad de B2O3 dentro de dicho núcleo desde dicha interfase hacia el eje central de dicho filamento óptico, mientras la cantidad de dicho al menos un impurificador adicional varía gradualmente en dicha interfase hacia dicho eje central, de una manera predeterminada, desde su valor uniforme en todo el espesor de dicha capa barrera, dando como resultado un índice de refracción en gradiente deseado, sin escalón y que varía de manera sustancialmente continua, a través de la sección transversal de dicho núcleo.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US05/929,416 US4230396A (en) | 1978-07-31 | 1978-07-31 | High bandwidth optical waveguides and method of fabrication |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ES482850A1 true ES482850A1 (es) | 1980-09-01 |
Family
ID=25457830
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
ES482850A Expired ES482850A1 (es) | 1978-07-31 | 1979-07-26 | Un dispositivo de filamento optico de indice en gradiente - y de gran anchura de banda. |
ES490415A Granted ES490415A0 (es) | 1978-07-31 | 1980-04-10 | Un metodo de producir una preforma para un filamento optico de gran anchura de banda |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
ES490415A Granted ES490415A0 (es) | 1978-07-31 | 1980-04-10 | Un metodo de producir una preforma para un filamento optico de gran anchura de banda |
Country Status (19)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4230396A (es) |
JP (1) | JPS5521093A (es) |
AU (1) | AU512858B2 (es) |
BE (1) | BE877901A (es) |
BR (1) | BR7904786A (es) |
CA (1) | CA1116450A (es) |
DE (1) | DE2930399A1 (es) |
DK (1) | DK316679A (es) |
ES (2) | ES482850A1 (es) |
FI (1) | FI792351A (es) |
FR (1) | FR2432488A1 (es) |
GB (1) | GB2027929B (es) |
IL (1) | IL57900A (es) |
IN (1) | IN164661B (es) |
IT (1) | IT1122360B (es) |
NL (1) | NL7905803A (es) |
NO (1) | NO792483L (es) |
SE (1) | SE7906402L (es) |
YU (1) | YU184679A (es) |
Families Citing this family (44)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2062610B (en) * | 1979-10-29 | 1983-03-09 | Standard Telephones Cables Ltd | Single mode optical fibres |
US4339174A (en) * | 1980-02-01 | 1982-07-13 | Corning Glass Works | High bandwidth optical waveguide |
DE3031147A1 (de) * | 1980-08-18 | 1982-03-18 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Verfahren zum herstellen von glas mit einem vorbestimmten brechzahlprofil und alkalifreies glas aus einem oxis eines grundstoffes, das mit einem oder mehreren weiteren stoffen dotiert ist |
CA1170876A (en) * | 1980-12-29 | 1984-07-17 | Koichi Abe | Fiber with coarse index gradient |
US4412853A (en) * | 1981-06-29 | 1983-11-01 | Western Electric Company, Inc. | Method of making optical waveguide fiber preform starter tubes |
JPS59232302A (ja) * | 1983-06-15 | 1984-12-27 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | 光伝送用フアイバ |
US4956000A (en) * | 1989-06-28 | 1990-09-11 | Reeber Robert R | Gradient lens fabrication |
DE3923686A1 (de) * | 1989-07-18 | 1991-01-24 | Rheydt Kabelwerk Ag | Verfahren zur vorbehandlung eines substratrohres fuer lichtwellenleiter |
FR2650584B1 (fr) * | 1989-08-02 | 1993-12-17 | Cie Generale D Electricite | Procede de fabrication d'une fibre optique a gaine dopee |
DE3938386A1 (de) * | 1989-11-18 | 1991-05-23 | Rheydt Kabelwerk Ag | Lichtwellenleiter |
US5059230A (en) * | 1990-01-22 | 1991-10-22 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Fabrication of doped filament optical fibers |
US5418882A (en) * | 1992-09-25 | 1995-05-23 | General Electric Company | Optical fiber for high power laser transmission |
US5852690A (en) * | 1997-06-30 | 1998-12-22 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Depressed cladding fiber design for reducing coupling to cladding modes in fiber gratings |
KR100322131B1 (ko) * | 1999-01-28 | 2002-02-04 | 윤종용 | 오.에이치.차단층을 구비한 광섬유 모재 및 그 제조방법 |
KR100322126B1 (ko) | 1999-01-18 | 2002-02-04 | 윤종용 | 광도파로 제작용 기판 및 그 제작방법 |
CA2355819A1 (en) * | 2000-08-28 | 2002-02-28 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Optical fiber, method of making optical fiber preform, and method of making optical fiber |
US20030024276A1 (en) * | 2001-05-30 | 2003-02-06 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Method of manufacture of an optical waveguide article including a fluorine-containing zone |
NL1024015C2 (nl) | 2003-07-28 | 2005-02-01 | Draka Fibre Technology Bv | Multimode optische vezel voorzien van een brekingsindexprofiel, optisch communicatiesysteem onder toepassing daarvan en werkwijze ter vervaardiging van een dergelijke vezel. |
US20090193851A1 (en) * | 2005-05-12 | 2009-08-06 | Nitin Kumar Goel | Core suction technique for the fabrication of optical fiber preforms |
GB2466422A (en) * | 2007-10-23 | 2010-06-23 | Fiber Optics Res Ct | Optical fibre having resistance to hydrogen-induced attenuation |
FR2922657B1 (fr) | 2007-10-23 | 2010-02-12 | Draka Comteq France | Fibre multimode. |
FR2932932B1 (fr) * | 2008-06-23 | 2010-08-13 | Draka Comteq France Sa | Systeme optique multiplexe en longueur d'ondes avec fibres optiques multimodes |
FR2933779B1 (fr) | 2008-07-08 | 2010-08-27 | Draka Comteq France | Fibres optiques multimodes |
FR2940839B1 (fr) | 2009-01-08 | 2012-09-14 | Draka Comteq France | Fibre optique multimodale a gradient d'indice, procedes de caracterisation et de fabrication d'une telle fibre |
FR2946436B1 (fr) * | 2009-06-05 | 2011-12-09 | Draka Comteq France | Fibre optique multimode a tres large bande passante avec une interface coeur-gaine optimisee |
FR2953605B1 (fr) * | 2009-12-03 | 2011-12-16 | Draka Comteq France | Fibre optique multimode a large bande passante et a faibles pertes par courbure |
FR2953030B1 (fr) * | 2009-11-25 | 2011-11-18 | Draka Comteq France | Fibre optique multimode a tres large bande passante avec une interface coeur-gaine optimisee |
FR2953029B1 (fr) * | 2009-11-25 | 2011-11-18 | Draka Comteq France | Fibre optique multimode a tres large bande passante avec une interface coeur-gaine optimisee |
FR2957153B1 (fr) * | 2010-03-02 | 2012-08-10 | Draka Comteq France | Fibre optique multimode a large bande passante et a faibles pertes par courbure |
FR2949870B1 (fr) * | 2009-09-09 | 2011-12-16 | Draka Compteq France | Fibre optique multimode presentant des pertes en courbure ameliorees |
US9014525B2 (en) | 2009-09-09 | 2015-04-21 | Draka Comteq, B.V. | Trench-assisted multimode optical fiber |
FR2953606B1 (fr) * | 2009-12-03 | 2012-04-27 | Draka Comteq France | Fibre optique multimode a large bande passante et a faibles pertes par courbure |
FR2950156B1 (fr) * | 2009-09-17 | 2011-11-18 | Draka Comteq France | Fibre optique multimode |
US8385703B2 (en) * | 2010-03-02 | 2013-02-26 | Corning Incorporated | High numerical aperture multimode optical fiber |
FR2966256B1 (fr) | 2010-10-18 | 2012-11-16 | Draka Comteq France | Fibre optique multimode insensible aux pertes par |
FR2971061B1 (fr) | 2011-01-31 | 2013-02-08 | Draka Comteq France | Fibre optique a large bande passante et a faibles pertes par courbure |
DK2482106T5 (da) | 2011-01-31 | 2014-09-22 | Draka Comteq Bv | Multimode-fiber |
EP2503368A1 (en) | 2011-03-24 | 2012-09-26 | Draka Comteq B.V. | Multimode optical fiber with improved bend resistance |
EP2506044A1 (en) | 2011-03-29 | 2012-10-03 | Draka Comteq B.V. | Multimode optical fiber |
EP2518546B1 (en) | 2011-04-27 | 2018-06-20 | Draka Comteq B.V. | High-bandwidth, radiation-resistant multimode optical fiber |
US8670643B2 (en) * | 2011-05-18 | 2014-03-11 | Corning Incorporated | Large effective area optical fibers |
DE102011109838A1 (de) | 2011-05-27 | 2012-11-29 | J-Plasma Gmbh | Lichtleitfaser |
DK2541292T3 (en) | 2011-07-01 | 2014-12-01 | Draka Comteq Bv | A multimode optical fiber |
US9188736B2 (en) * | 2013-04-08 | 2015-11-17 | Corning Incorporated | Low bend loss optical fiber |
Family Cites Families (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3711262A (en) * | 1970-05-11 | 1973-01-16 | Corning Glass Works | Method of producing optical waveguide fibers |
USRE28028E (en) | 1972-01-03 | 1974-06-04 | Method op forming an economic optical waveguide fiber | |
US3823995A (en) * | 1972-03-30 | 1974-07-16 | Corning Glass Works | Method of forming light focusing fiber waveguide |
US3785718A (en) * | 1972-09-11 | 1974-01-15 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Low dispersion optical fiber |
US3884550A (en) * | 1973-01-04 | 1975-05-20 | Corning Glass Works | Germania containing optical waveguide |
DE2302556A1 (de) * | 1973-01-19 | 1974-07-25 | Licentia Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung von glasfasern zur lichtleitung |
CA1050833A (en) * | 1974-02-22 | 1979-03-20 | John B. Macchesney | Optical fiber fabrication involving homogeneous reaction within a moving hot zone |
JPS51138449A (en) * | 1975-05-26 | 1976-11-30 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Light transmission fiber and method for fabricating the same |
CA1063202A (en) * | 1975-06-02 | 1979-09-25 | Preformed Line Products Company | Cable suspension assembly |
US4025156A (en) * | 1975-09-12 | 1977-05-24 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Graded-index fiber for multimode optical communication |
GB1554754A (en) * | 1975-09-12 | 1979-10-31 | Western Electric Co | Optical fibres |
DE2647419C2 (de) * | 1975-10-20 | 1981-09-17 | Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo | Optische Faser |
JPS5288349A (en) * | 1976-01-20 | 1977-07-23 | Nippon Selfoc Co Ltd | Optical fiber for communication |
GB1568521A (en) * | 1976-04-06 | 1980-05-29 | Standard Telephones Cables Ltd | Optical fibre manufacture |
DE2741854B2 (de) * | 1976-09-20 | 1981-03-19 | Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo | Verfahren zur Herstellung optischer Fasern |
US4106850A (en) * | 1977-04-04 | 1978-08-15 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Optical fiber with graded index core and pure silica cladding |
-
1978
- 1978-07-31 US US05/929,416 patent/US4230396A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1979
- 1979-05-18 CA CA000327923A patent/CA1116450A/en not_active Expired
- 1979-07-26 AU AU49283/79A patent/AU512858B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1979-07-26 BE BE0/196460A patent/BE877901A/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-07-26 IN IN772/CAL/79A patent/IN164661B/en unknown
- 1979-07-26 NO NO792483A patent/NO792483L/no unknown
- 1979-07-26 FI FI792351A patent/FI792351A/fi not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1979-07-26 BR BR7904786A patent/BR7904786A/pt unknown
- 1979-07-26 ES ES482850A patent/ES482850A1/es not_active Expired
- 1979-07-26 FR FR7919330A patent/FR2432488A1/fr active Granted
- 1979-07-26 DE DE19792930399 patent/DE2930399A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1979-07-26 DK DK316679A patent/DK316679A/da not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1979-07-26 SE SE7906402A patent/SE7906402L/ not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1979-07-26 IL IL57900A patent/IL57900A/xx unknown
- 1979-07-26 NL NL7905803A patent/NL7905803A/nl not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1979-07-26 IT IT24686/79A patent/IT1122360B/it active
- 1979-07-26 JP JP9555279A patent/JPS5521093A/ja active Pending
- 1979-07-26 GB GB7926122A patent/GB2027929B/en not_active Expired
- 1979-07-27 YU YU01846/79A patent/YU184679A/xx unknown
-
1980
- 1980-04-10 ES ES490415A patent/ES490415A0/es active Granted
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA1116450A (en) | 1982-01-19 |
AU512858B2 (en) | 1980-10-30 |
NO792483L (no) | 1980-02-01 |
US4230396A (en) | 1980-10-28 |
FR2432488A1 (fr) | 1980-02-29 |
IT1122360B (it) | 1986-04-23 |
NL7905803A (nl) | 1980-02-04 |
FR2432488B1 (es) | 1985-03-01 |
SE7906402L (sv) | 1980-02-01 |
FI792351A (fi) | 1980-02-01 |
JPS5521093A (en) | 1980-02-14 |
IL57900A (en) | 1981-10-30 |
AU4928379A (en) | 1980-02-07 |
IT7924686A0 (it) | 1979-07-26 |
GB2027929A (en) | 1980-02-27 |
BR7904786A (pt) | 1980-05-13 |
DK316679A (da) | 1980-02-01 |
IL57900A0 (en) | 1979-11-30 |
IN164661B (es) | 1989-05-06 |
GB2027929B (en) | 1983-04-27 |
DE2930399A1 (de) | 1980-02-28 |
ES8103390A1 (es) | 1981-02-16 |
YU184679A (en) | 1983-06-30 |
BE877901A (fr) | 1980-01-28 |
ES490415A0 (es) | 1981-02-16 |
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