Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

EP3013920A1 - Produit abrasif - Google Patents

Produit abrasif

Info

Publication number
EP3013920A1
EP3013920A1 EP14733151.6A EP14733151A EP3013920A1 EP 3013920 A1 EP3013920 A1 EP 3013920A1 EP 14733151 A EP14733151 A EP 14733151A EP 3013920 A1 EP3013920 A1 EP 3013920A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
abrasive
abrasive grains
grains
grain
grinding
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP14733151.6A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Beat Eugster
Georg Hejtmann
Thomas Rohner
Roman Zaech
Thomas Kipfer
Ralf Materna
Adrian Schoch
Jiri MISAK
Petra Stedile
Peter Eggenberger
Stefan Fuenfschilling
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE201310212641 external-priority patent/DE102013212641A1/de
Priority claimed from DE102013212670.0A external-priority patent/DE102013212670A1/de
Priority claimed from DE102013212609.3A external-priority patent/DE102013212609A1/de
Priority claimed from DE102013212684.0A external-priority patent/DE102013212684A1/de
Priority claimed from DE102013212634.4A external-priority patent/DE102013212634A1/de
Priority claimed from DE201310212617 external-priority patent/DE102013212617A1/de
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of EP3013920A1 publication Critical patent/EP3013920A1/fr
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
    • B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
    • B24D3/001—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as supporting member
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
    • B24D11/00—Constructional features of flexible abrasive materials; Special features in the manufacture of such materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
    • B24D15/00—Hand tools or other devices for non-rotary grinding, polishing, or stropping
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
    • B24D18/00—Manufacture of grinding tools or other grinding devices, e.g. wheels, not otherwise provided for
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
    • B24D5/00—Bonded abrasive wheels, or wheels with inserted abrasive blocks, designed for acting only by their periphery; Bushings or mountings therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
    • B24D7/00—Bonded abrasive wheels, or wheels with inserted abrasive blocks, designed for acting otherwise than only by their periphery, e.g. by the front face; Bushings or mountings therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
    • C09K3/14—Anti-slip materials; Abrasives
    • C09K3/1409—Abrasive particles per se

Definitions

  • abrasive grains are sprinkled on an abrasive backing.
  • the abrasive grains are substantially scattered so as to be disposed on the abrasive backing after scattering in various random orientations. Due to the different, random orientations of individual abrasive grains sprinkled on the abrasive substrate, the abrasive grains in a grinding operation have different angles of individual grinding edges and / or grinding tips to a workpiece to be machined and thus a different grinding performance.
  • an abrasive having an abrasive backing and a plurality of abrasive grains deposited thereon, at least a majority of which form at least one abrasive edge unit having a sanding edge inclined at an angle between 0 ° and 90 ° from a defined machining direction is proposed.
  • the angle relative to the defined machining direction is at least 10 °, preferably at least 20 °, preferably at least 30 °, especially preferably at least 40 ° and at most 80 °, advantageously at most 70 °, preferably at most 60 ° and particularly preferably at most 50 °.
  • an "abrasive” is to be understood as meaning in particular a unit having at least one abrasive substrate and abrasive grains applied and attached thereto, which is intended to remove material from a surface of a workpiece to be machined in an abrasion process
  • the abrasive material may in principle also be provided for hand grinding, in particular a flexible base, for example a suede disk, a paper, a textile fabric, or in principle also a firm base ,
  • a ceramic disc to be understood be applied to the abrasive grains and fixed and which is preferably intended to be attached to a grinding machine, but in principle can also be provided for a grinding by hand.
  • abrasive grain is meant, in particular, a preferably ceramic, crystalline and / or metallic body having at least one abrasive edge
  • a ceramic abrasive grain may, for example, be made wholly or partly of alumina, zirconia, silicon nitride, silicon carbide or other ceramic material
  • the abrasive grain may have a defined geometry.
  • ⁇ “Abrasive grains having a defined geometry ⁇ " shall be understood to mean, in particular, abrasive grains that are at least substantially identical to one another and predetermined shape, for example, a rod or tetrahedral shape.
  • abrasive grains having a defined geometry have been produced by a process that selectively produces abrasive grains having the at least substantially predetermined shape.
  • at least substantially identical form is to be understood in particular that the abrasive grains except for production process-related deviations an identical shape and preferably an identical
  • the grinding edge unit may comprise a plurality of abrasive grains which in particular in a row, preferably arranged directly next to each other on the abrasive substrate, wherein the abrasive edge is formed by edges of the abrasive grains. Further, the abrasive edge unit may be formed from an edge of a single abrasive grain.
  • a "defined processing direction” is to be understood in particular as meaning a defined direction along which the abrasive is moved forwards and / or backwards in order to machine the surface of the workpiece and in which a specific processing image of the surface is produced Surface generated when the abrasive is moved in a direction different from the defined machining direction.
  • the generated surface finish is dependent on a cutting characteristic of a grinding edge, wherein a cutting characteristic other than a cutting characteristic of a pulling cut increases a likelihood of breakage of surface pieces and / or tearing of fibers of a material of the surface in addition to the cutting removal is.
  • the abrasive edge assembly may be formed of abrasive grains having abrasive tips arranged in a row, the abrasive edge being formed by the row of abrasive tips.
  • an abrasive can be achieved, which achieves a high surface quality of a workpiece to be machined by a pulling cutting characteristic.
  • At least a majority of the abrasive grains forms at least one grinding edge unit with a grinding edge, which is inclined at a defined angle between 0 ° and 90 ° with respect to a defined processing direction.
  • Adhesive elements which are formed for example as diagonal stripes on the abrasive backing, or for example by using a rolling device with a pattern of slit-shaped diagonal openings, wherein within the rolling device an amount of abrasive grains is arranged, which through the slit-shaped diagonal openings in a striped pattern on the abrasive backing is applied so that the abrasive grains are then in the Strip patterns are arranged on the abrasive backing.
  • the application can be achieved in the defined angle, characterized in that the abrasive grains comprise base body, advantageously square-shaped base body, with which the abrasive grains are placed on the abrasive substrate, the base body adjacent to each other.
  • edges of the abrasive grains may be arranged in a plane parallel to a standing surface of the base body, with a slope opposite to base body edges.
  • the abrasive grains may be manufactured with interconnected base bodies and arranged as a whole unit on the abrasive substrate, wherein in principle may be carried out to increase the flexibility of the abrasive then in a process to a separation of the abrasive grains.
  • the abrasive grains could be individually gripped on the base bodies and placed in a targeted manner on the abrasive backing. In particular, a high quality of processing can be achieved by a pulling cutting characteristic.
  • the at least one grinding edge unit is formed by a series of at least substantially adjacent abrasive grains.
  • a series of at least substantially adjacent abrasive grains is meant, in particular, that the abrasive grains are arranged along a line vector which is parallel to the abrasive backing in an plane with an unfilled distance between individual abrasive grains of the series being at most a double
  • an abrasive with abrasive grains of which at least a large part forms at least one grinding edge unit with a grinding edge, lies at an angle between 0 ° and 90 ° with respect to a defined machining direction
  • abrasive grains having an arbitrary geometry, in particular having a geometry with grinding tips can be used,
  • the abrasive grains are deliberately set
  • targeted is meant, in particular, that the abrasive grains were applied in an application process in which they were applied to the abras
  • the abrasive pad be formed in the form of a cylindrical roller.
  • abrasive edge units applied to the abrasive backing in the form of a cylindrical roll are formed by abrasive grains having a grinding tip provided for material removal.
  • the abrasive edges are formed by rows of abrasive grains at least substantially adjacent one another.
  • the rows of at least substantially adjacent abrasive grains are designed to run obliquely on a cylinder surface.
  • the abrasive is intended to be offset for rotation by a cylinder axis for a grinding process.
  • the abrasive grains have a surface contour which is described at least substantially by a convex envelope.
  • a "surface contour which is described at least essentially by a convex envelope” should be understood in particular to mean that a smallest envelope, which bears against the surface contour of the abrasive grains, is convex and concave indentations of the surface lead to a deviation from a maximum convex surface of the abrasive grains, at most have a depth of at most two percent, advantageously at most one percent and preferably at most half a percent of a maximum diameter of the abrasive grain.
  • the abrasive grains have at least substantially a basic pyramid shape.
  • a "basic pyramid shape” should be understood to mean, in particular, a shape having a polygonal base surface and side surfaces having a triangular basic shape, which converge at least in one end surface, preferably in an abrasive tip
  • the abrasive grain can be arranged as a tetrahedron, a pyramid with a quadrangular basic shape, a truncated pyramid, or a pyramidal stump or a base
  • a partial element of the abrasive grain should be understood, which has a polyhedral base surface and side edges, which are formed parallel to one another and of equal length.
  • the prismatic molded part element may be formed, for example, as a cuboid, pentagon or hexagon. It should be understood, in particular, that the individual side edge can deviate from a parallel course to other side edges and of the same length, in particular that an abrasive grain with an easily applied and arrangeable basic shape be achieved.
  • the abrasive grains have a hexagonal base.
  • the abrasive grains with the hexagonal base have a prismatically shaped partial element, so that a basic shape of the abrasive grains has a shape of a honeycomb.
  • an abrasive grain with a particularly flat shape can be achieved in which at an uncontrolled spread a high probability for alignment of edges with an angle that is inclined between 0 ° and 90 ° relative to a defined machining direction, can be achieved.
  • the abrasive grains have a square base surface.
  • abrasive particles which can be arranged next to each other and can be placed in a targeted manner can be achieved in particular.
  • the abrasive grains have an oval base surface.
  • An "oval base surface” is to be understood as meaning in particular a base surface that has a rounded convex shape,
  • the oval base surface may be formed as an ellipse or circle.
  • an abrasive grain having a particularly flat shape can be obtained, in which, with an unregulated spread, there is a high possibility of aligning edges with an angle between 0 ° and 90 ° ° is inclined relative to a defined machining direction, can be achieved.
  • the abrasive grains have at least one recessed surface area, which is at least partially formed as a groove.
  • the at least one groove is provided to serve as a predetermined breaking point for a controlled refraction of the abrasive grain and thus to achieve a self-sharpening effect of the abrasive grain.
  • an abrasive with a largely constant grinding performance can be achieved during a whole service life.
  • the abrasive according to the invention should not be limited to the application and embodiment described above.
  • the abrasive article according to the invention may have a different number than a number of individual elements, components and units mentioned herein.
  • the invention is based on a method for applying abrasive grains to an abrasive backing. It is suggested that abrasive grains be targeted to the abrasive pad.
  • “selectively setting” is different from spreading on an entire abrasive backing completely covered with a layer of a base binder and then attaching the scattered abrasive grains to the abrasive backing by applying at least one layer of a size coat to the entire surface of
  • Abrasive grains covered abrasive pad Abrasive grains covered abrasive pad.
  • the term "abrasive grains being at least fixed” is to be understood as meaning, in particular, that the abrasive grains are provided with a fixation on the abrasive substrate which is effective at least during a partial process of a manufacturing process, wherein the fixation may have a lower holding force than an attachment of the abrasive grains to the
  • Rod or tetrahedral form have.
  • abrasive grains having a defined geometry have been produced by a process that selectively produces abrasive grains having the at least substantially predetermined shape.
  • An "at least substantially identical shape” is to be understood in particular to mean that the abrasive grains have an identical shape and preferably an identical size except for production-related deviations
  • Ceramic disc or preferably a flexible pad for example, a suede, paper, foil, fiber or a fabric understood, are applied to the abrasive grains and fixed and which is preferably intended to be attached to a grinding machine.
  • An "abrasive" is to be understood in particular as meaning a body having at least one abrasive backing and at least one layer of abrasive grains attached to the abrasive backing intended to ablate material from a surface of a workpiece by grinding edges and / or abrasive tips of the abrasive grains.
  • the abrasive grains be selectively set in abrasive grain groups that have a predefined distance from one another
  • the abrasive grains after application are arranged in individual regions in which in each case at least one abrasive grain and preferably a plurality of abrasive grains are arranged and separated by abrasive grain-free regions on which abrasive pad are disposed.
  • the abrasive grains may be at irregular intervals from each other.
  • An "at least partially elongate design of the abrasive grain” is to be understood in particular as a design of the abrasive grain in which a maximum expansion in a longitudinal direction is at least twice as large, advantageously at least four times as large and advantageously at least six times as large as a maximum extent Alignment by heating of the adhesive elements is known as a so-called grave stone effect, for example in the processing of SMD components in electronics, and it can be achieved in an economically uncomplicated manner by aligning the abrasive grains applied in a targeted manner It is also proposed that the abrasive grains are applied to the abrasive substrate at least substantially in the form of a spiral special understood that the abrasive grains are applied in a form having at least one spiral arm or is formed as a portion of a spiral arm.
  • the abrasive grains are applied essentially in the form of a Fibonacci spiral.
  • a "Fibonacci spiral” is intended in particular to mean a spiral shape with a course through vertices of contiguous and counterclockwise or counterclockwise squares, the side lengths of the counterclockwise or clockwise squares being in a relationship defined by a Fibonacci sequence An orientation of the vertices of successive squares through which the spiral shape passes also changes counterclockwise or clockwise .
  • the Fibonacci spiral comprises a plurality of spiral arms,
  • the abrasive grains are in one by application of a Fibonacci spiral Form in which a shadow is avoided, in which abrasive grains or abrasive grain groups, which are arranged in a processing direction in front of other abrasive grains or abrasive grain groups, a reduction in grinding performance cause the other abrasive grains or abrasive grain groups.
  • a Fibonacci spiral is intended in particular to
  • An “electrostatic scattering process” is to be understood as meaning, in particular, a scattering method in which electrically polarizable abrasive grains are applied by gravity to an abrasive pad by means of an electric field.A targeted setting of abrasive grains can be achieved in a technically simple manner.
  • abrasive grains having a defined geometry have been produced by a process that selectively produces abrasive grains having the at least substantially predetermined shape.
  • An "at least substantially identical form” is to be understood in particular to mean that the abrasive grains have an identical shape and preferably an identical size, except for production-process-related deviations
  • Application of abrasive grains in a predefined orientation in which a high grinding performance is achieved on the abrasive pad can be increased.
  • the alignment aid aligns the abrasive grains before and / or in a scattering step at least partially identically in a predefined orientation, so that the partially identically oriented abrasive grains are all applied with an identical orientation.
  • the alignment aid aligns abrasive grains having a shape of low symmetry so that the abrasive grains depend on a
  • Orientation have a different grinding performance.
  • at least partially aligned scattered is to be understood in particular that after the scattering process on the abrasive substrate at least seventy percent, preferably at least eighty percent and preferably at least ninety percent of the abrasive grains in a
  • Orientation in which they provide a high grinding performance In particular, a proportion of the abrasive grains which arises in an orientation in which a grinding tip or abrasive edge is directed toward the abrasive pad is reduced.
  • the embodiment of the method according to the invention makes it possible, in particular, to produce an abrasive having a high grinding performance and / or an improved processing behavior which describes a surface quality caused by the abrasive.
  • a “vibration unit” is to be understood as meaning, in particular, a unit which initiates force impacts on a surface on which the abrasive grains rest, in order to align the abrasive grains on the surface.
  • the vibration unit in particular, causes a shaking movement of the abrasive grains
  • the abrasive grains are at least partially aligned by at least one vibration device formed at least partially in one piece with a conveyor belt unit at least one conveyor belt on which the abrasive grains rest and with which they are transported to a location of scattering. In particular, a reduced amount of equipment can be achieved.
  • the abrasive grains are at least partially aligned in a spreading step by means of alignment aids having at least one sieve opening.
  • alignment aids having at least one sieve opening.
  • screen openings is meant, in particular, openings in a body of the alignment aid, which have a specially selected size and a specially selected shape, so that a passage of the abrasive grains through the screen openings in at least one particular orientation, which preferably differs from a Aufbringorient ist blocked and permitting a passage of the abrasive grains in at least one further particular orientation, which preferably corresponds to an application orientation,
  • the abrasive grains are thus applied through the screen openings in an orientation with a low grinding guide. prevented.
  • the sieve-opening alignment aid is arranged at a small distance from the abrasive backing, so that the abrasive grains passing through the sieve openings are applied to the abrasive backing in the orientation with which they pass through the sieve openings.
  • screens to produce a uniform scattering pattern in the scattering of
  • a "screening aid unit” is to be understood in particular as meaning a unit which places abrasive grains which rest or hit the alignment aid in an orientation with which they are blocked by the screen openings in an orientation in which they pass through the screen openings In particular, a high efficiency of the at least partially directed application can be achieved.
  • the vibration unit is at least partially formed in one piece with the conveyor belt unit.
  • at least partially formed in one piece with the conveyor belt unit is to be understood in particular that at least a subregion of the conveyor belt unit is designed to produce force impacts acting on transported abrasive grains
  • the method should not be restricted to the application and embodiment described above.
  • the method comprises a number different from a number of individual method steps referred to herein.
  • an apparatus for carrying out the method according to the invention may have a number deviating from a number of individual elements, components and units mentioned herein.
  • the invention is based on a device for applying abrasive grains to an abrasive backing.
  • At least one abrasive grain transport roller is proposed, which has recesses for receiving in each case at least one abrasive grain on its lateral surface and which is intended to apply the abrasive grains to the abrasive substrate at least substantially in a defined arrangement.
  • an "abrasive grain” is to be understood as meaning, in particular, a granular body which leads to a machining of a workpiece by means of a
  • Chaffing edge is provided.
  • the abrasive grains preferably have a particle size of less than 3 mm, more preferably less than 2 mm.
  • a "grain size" is to be determined by sieving
  • the abrasive grains may preferably be formed at least predominantly of a ceramic material, in particular the abrasive grains may contain or consist of a polycrystalline ceramic material.
  • the abrasive grains may contain alumina, more preferably a-Al 2 0 3 .
  • an "abrasive substrate” is to be understood as meaning, in particular, a preferably flexible carrier material of an abrasive article
  • the binder may in particular comprise binders and / or paper and / or textile material
  • an abrasive formed as abrasive paper and / or abrasive cloths may be predominantly of one formed from a paper and / or a fabric and / or a film with a binder
  • Abrasive substrate are formed, adheres to a variety of abrasive grains.
  • a "defined arrangement” is to be understood as meaning, in particular, an arrangement in a regular pattern, such as an arrangement of the abrasive grains in regular and / or offset columns and / or rows in which the abrasive grains act on the abrasive would be applied.
  • at least substantially should in this context be understood in particular that a deviation of an actual from a desired position of the applied abrasive grains on the abrasive substrate is less than 40%, preferably less than 20%, more preferably less than 15%, based on a middle distance on the abrasive pad applied adjacent
  • abrasive grains can be applied particularly efficiently in a defined arrangement on the abrasive substrate. It can be applied during a unit of time a particularly large number of abrasive grains and / or it can be applied in a defined arrangement during a time unit on a particularly large area of the abrasive substrate abrasive grains. It is further proposed that the recesses are formed to receive each a single abrasive grain.
  • the abrasive grains can be dispensed individually onto the abrasive backing in an arrangement corresponding to an arrangement of the recesses on the surface of the abrasive grain transport roll.
  • the abrasive grains can be arranged very precisely. A set of abrasive grains that are placed can be determined very precisely.
  • the abrasive grains can advantageously be produced in a primary molding process, in particular in a slip casting process, an extrusion process, a powder pressing process or another production process known to the person skilled in the art
  • the abrasive backing must have an advantageously high removal rate.
  • "Complementary form" is to be understood in this context in particular as meaning a shape of a recess are understood, the inner contour is adapted to receive an outer contour of the abrasive grain in a defined orientation.
  • the recess has an inner contour, which increases by an excess of the desired geometry of the outer contour of the abrasive grains corresponds, in particular a conical shape, a pyramidal shape, a prismatic shape or a tetrahedral shape.
  • the person skilled in the art will determine the oversize so that the recesses for receiving the abrasive grains can absorb them without jamming in an advantageous orientation.
  • the person skilled in the art can determine a volume of the recesses such that, based on a volume of the abrasive grains, it is preferably more than 1 10%, particularly preferably more than
  • abrasive grain transport roller can advantageously apply the abrasive grains in a defined arrangement on the abrasive substrate.
  • the recesses may additionally have a coating on recesses surfaces, which avoids jamming of the grains, for example an anti-stick coating.
  • an abrasive grain storage container arranged with respect to a direction of gravity above the abrasive grain transport roller and having at least one opening for a deposit of abrasive grains on at least a portion of the outer surface of the abrasive grain transport roller is proposed.
  • the partial area preferably extends at least over an entire width of the abrasive-grain transport roller that has the recesses.
  • At least one stripping element which is intended to strip abrasive grains resting on the outer surface of the recesses.
  • the stripping element preferably covers at least the gap between the circumferential surface and the abrasive granule reservoir.
  • the stripping element is at least partially formed of a flexible material.
  • the stripping element may have a rubber lip and / or in particular a brush.
  • Abrasive grains located outside the recesses can advantageously be retained in the abrasive grain storage container and / or on a surface of the abrasive grain transport roller. It can be avoided in particular that applied outside of the recesses abrasive grains are applied to an abrasive backing.
  • At least one holding unit is proposed which is intended to cover a partial area of a jacket rolling surface from an abrasive grain transfer area to an abrasive grain delivery area.
  • a "jacket rolling surface” is to be understood as meaning, in particular, a surface which sweeps over the abrasive grains in the recesses of the abrasive grain transport roller during the transport process in a rolling direction of the abrasive grain transport roller
  • an "abrasive grain transfer area” is to be understood as meaning, in particular, a region of the outer surface of the abrasive grain transport roller in which the abrasive grains are picked up by the recesses of the abrasive grain transport roller.
  • an "abrasive-grain delivery region” is to be understood as meaning, in particular, a region of the lateral surface of the abrasive-grain transporting roller in which the abrasive grains are released from the recesses of the abrasive-grain transporting roller
  • the gap remaining between the jacket rolling surface and the holding unit may be less than a mean half abrasive grain diameter or abrasive grain thickness, more preferably less than one quarter of a mean abrasive grain diameter or abrasive grain thickness
  • Recesses of the abrasive grains transport roller picked up abrasive grains during transport in the recesses are held in.
  • the at least one holding unit be integral with the at least one scraper element. It can be advantageously avoided that abrasive grains are delivered before the abrasive grain delivery area.
  • the abrasive grains can be dispensed particularly well in a defined arrangement and / or orientation.
  • a positive pressure source in connection, which is intended to deliver the abrasive grains by applying an overpressure from the recesses.
  • the recesses may have openings, in particular in their base, which communicate with the overpressure source when the recesses sweep over the abrasive grain delivery area.
  • a "overpressure source” is to be understood as meaning, in particular, a pressure source which provides a pressure which is higher than an ambient pressure of an environment of the abrasive grain transport roller It can be avoided that abrasive grains remain in the recesses and / or are delivered too late.
  • the recesses are connected in at least one operating state with a vacuum source, which is intended to fix the abrasive grains by applying a negative pressure in the recesses at least in a partial region of the Mantelrielz Structure.
  • the openings at the bottom of the recesses may be in communication with the source of negative pressure when the recesses sweep the jacket rolling surface from the abrasive grain receiving region to the abrasive grain delivery region.
  • a "negative pressure source” should be understood to mean, in particular, a pressure source which supplies a pressure for
  • the device according to the invention should not be limited to the application and embodiments described above.
  • the device according to the invention can have a number deviating from a number of individual elements, components and units mentioned herein.
  • the invention is based on a method for producing an abrasive, comprising at least one pouring step in which abrasive grains are poured onto an abrasive pad. It is proposed that the abrasive grains are aligned by means of an electromagnetic field during and / or after the at least one pouring step.
  • an “abrasive” is to be understood as meaning, in particular, an agent having at least one layer of abrasive grains which is intended to process a surface in a grinding process and to achieve a material removal on the surface.
  • on the at least one abrasive substrate applied layer of abrasive grains by means of at least one fastening means, in particular to at least one attachment layer of an adhesive, secured to the abrasive pad.
  • the layer of abrasive grains is loosely fixed to at least one layer of a base binder on a surface of the abrasive substrate and fixedly secured by means of at least one layer of a cap binder.
  • an "abrasive substrate” is to be understood in particular as meaning a body made of a carrier material, for example a band or a disk of a paper material, a cardboard material, a textile material, in particular a suede material, a film, a foam, a plastic and / or a metal
  • the abrasive backing may be ribbon or disk shaped, but in principle other shapes, such as frusto-conical or hexagonal shapes, are also possible.
  • crystalline and / or metallic body with at least one working tip, at the grinding edges converge to a removal of material to be machined workpiece understood.
  • the unfixed abrasive grains are separated by means of a gravity-based separation process.
  • a gravity-based separation process is meant in particular that the unfixed abrasive grains are separated by gravity from the fixed abrasive grains, in particular by a process in which the abrasive substrate is tilted, rotated or deflected, so that the abrasive grains on the abrasive substrate by gravity directed away from the abrasive pad
  • the abrasive grains pass through at least one shielding region of the drop gap, which is shielded by the electromagnetic field, and at least one slot-shaped effective region of the drop region for an at least partial alignment.
  • a shielding area is intended to be protected from the action of electromagnetic radiation by at least one shielding unit
  • an "abrasive grain carrier” is to be understood as meaning an agent of the abrasive that is intended to dispose the abrasive grains separately from one another in at least one operating state of the abrasive
  • the abrasive grain carrier and abrasive backing could be formed from a similar component, and the phrase "placed in a given array” is understood to mean that the arrangement of the abrasive grains on the molding agent is at least substantially transferred to the abrasive.
  • an arrangement of the abrasive grains on the abrasive grain carrier and / or in particular on the abrasive substrate is dependent on an arrangement of the cavities on the shaping agent.
  • Vulcanized fiber, foil, textile material and / or foam should be understood as meaning that the abrasive substrate and the abrasive grain carrier are bonded to one another in an integral manner, advantageously by means of at least one adhesive, in particular a, to those skilled appears to be useful Grundbinders, for example, a phenolic resin and / or an epoxy resin.
  • the abrasive grains have ceramic material after sintering.
  • the term "sintered in the cavities" is to be understood as meaning, in particular, that the molding agent for sintering the abrasive grains is heated with the abrasive grains to be sintered
  • the abrasive grains are applied to the abrasive grain carrier after sintering of the abrasive grains, whereby the abrasive grains can be sintered separately from the abrasive grain carrier.
  • the term "after sintering" is understood to mean that the abrasive grains are not removed from the cavities until sintered and then applied to the abrasive grain carrier be connected to the abrasive grain carrier and / or the abrasive pad.
  • the abrasive grains are applied in a green state from the cavities of the molding agent on the Schleifkorntrager, whereby simple molding means, for example made of silicone, can be used.
  • a state of the abrasive grains prior to sintering is to be understood as meaning a "green state.”
  • the abrasive grains in the green state are dimensionally stable in the green state, in particular by drying.
  • abrasive grains and the abrasive grain carriers be sintered together, whereby a simple production with advantageously arranged abrasive grains is possible.
  • co-sintering is understood to mean that the abrasive grains are applied to the abrasive grain carrier prior to sintering, in particular, the abrasive grains and the abrasive grain carrier are heated together for sintering.
  • the abrasive grains and the abrasive grain carrier may be pre-coated or over-bonded, in particular by means of a tie of sintering.
  • inventive method for producing an abrasive should not be limited to the method described above.
  • inventive method for producing an abrasive article for performing a function described herein may have a different number than a number of individual elements, components and units mentioned herein.
  • A1 shows an abrasive article according to the invention with an abrasive backing having a rectangular basic shape and with abrasive grains applied in diagonal stripes, a majority of which form sanding edge units with a sanding edge which are inclined at a defined angle between 0 ° and 90 ° with respect to a defined machining direction,
  • A2 shows an inventive abrasive with an abrasive pad in the form of a cylindrical roller
  • FIG. A3 shows an abrasive grain of an abrasive article according to the invention having a pyramidal shape with curved side surfaces running towards a central point.
  • Fig. A4 shows a production of the abrasive grain of Fig. A3 from a square
  • FIG. A5 shows an abrasive grain of an abrasive article according to the invention having a pyramidal shape with curved side surfaces running towards a side tip
  • Fig. A6 shows a production of the abrasive grain of Fig. A5 from a square
  • Fig. A10 shows an abrasive grain of an abrasive according to the invention with an oval-shaped base
  • FIG. B4 shows a further process step of the alternative method according to the invention in which the abrasive grains have been aligned by means of a heating of the selectively applied adhesive elements
  • FIG. B6 shows a fourth alternative embodiment of an abrasive article produced by a method according to the invention, in which the abrasive grains have been intentionally placed in an arrangement intended for a targeted generation of an air stream in a grinding operation.
  • FIG. B8 shows a sixth alternative of a method according to the invention, in which individual free areas are deliberately obtained in an electrostatic scattering process by means of a partial restraint device, in that abrasive grains sprinkled on only defined areas of the partial restraint device are led to an electrostatic scattering,
  • FIG. B9 shows a seventh alternative method according to the invention, in which the abrasive grains are set in a targeted manner onto an abrasive substrate by means of a corrugating device,
  • Abrasive grains on an abrasive pad in which the abrasive grains are deliberately set by means of a roller,
  • Fig. C1 is an illustration of a method according to the invention for producing a
  • Abrasive in which abrasive grains are scattered at least partially aligned by an alignment aid integrally formed with a conveyor belt unit for the abrasive grains as a vibration unit;
  • C4 is an illustration of the further alternative embodiment of the method according to the invention, in which abrasive grains are scattered at least partially aligned by the sieve openings having alignment aids,
  • Fig. D1 is a schematic representation of a device according to the invention for
  • FIG. D3 shows a schematic representation of recesses of the abrasive grain transport roller and defined abrasive grain arrangements
  • Fig. D4 is a schematic representation of an abrasive grain transport roller of a device according to the invention with a vacuum and / or an overpressure source in a second embodiment
  • E1 is an illustration of the functional principle of the inventive method for producing an abrasive, comprising at least one Auf through suits in which abrasive grains are poured onto an abrasive pad in which are aligned by means of magnets abrasive grains on the abrasive backing and fixed
  • FIG. 2 shows a method step of the method according to the invention, comprising a
  • Fig. E3 is a detailed representation of an abrasive grain, in the inventive
  • Fig. E4 an alternative method for producing an abrasive, wherein
  • Fig. F1 shows an abrasive of a method according to the invention
  • Fig. F2 is a partial section of the abrasive of Figure F1 and a partial section of a
  • Fig. F3 shows an arrangement of abrasive grains of the abrasive article of Fig. F1;
  • the angle with respect to the defined machining direction 20a is formed by a defined angle and by changing the course of the rows, the angle can be selected specifically.
  • the abrasive grains 14a are selectively set and applied to individual adhesive elements in a row on the abrasive substrate 12a. Through the course of the rows of adjacent abrasive grains 14a a pulling cutting characteristic is achieved, in which a high surface quality is achieved in a machining.
  • a production of the abrasive grain 14c can be achieved, for example, by grinding a square green body 34c with four removal lines 32c, starting from one side, wherein a radius of the removal lines 32c is continuously extended in the course of the abrasion (FIG.
  • Fig. A5 shows another exemplary abrasive grain 14d substantially similar to the previous embodiment, the essential difference being that a grinding tip 24d does not act as a central point, but as a side tip extending over a side edge of a base 26d of the abrasive grain 14d is arranged, is formed.
  • a production of the abrasive grain 14d for example, by abrasion of a square green body 34c with three
  • A8 shows a fourth exemplary abrasive grain 14f having a basic pyramidal shape with a square base 26f, a center-tipped abrasive tip 24f in which edges 30f of the abrasive grain 14f converge.
  • the abrasive grain 14f can advantageously be used instead of an abrasive grain shape of the first two abrasive grains 14c, 14d.
  • the abrasive grain 14f and a diameter 40f of the base 26f of the abrasive grain 14f has a value of 0.8.
  • the abrasive grain 14f also has recessed surface areas, which are formed as grooves 36f, and serve as break points for controlled refraction of the abrasive grain 14f.
  • the abrasive grain 14f thus has a self-sharpening effect, and an abrasive with abrasive grains 14f has a largely constant grinding performance during a whole life.
  • the grooves 36f extend substantially parallel to edges of the base 26f.
  • a sixth exemplary abrasive grain 14h is shown in FIG. A10.
  • the abrasive grain 14h has an oval base 26h.
  • a surface parallel to the base 26h has a peripheral edge 30h for grinding.
  • the abrasive grain 14h thus has a surface contour which is described by a convex envelope.
  • the abrasive grains 14h come with a high probability to lie so that portions of the edge 30h are inclined at an angle between 0 ° and 90 ° relative to a defined machining direction.
  • a ratio between a height 38h of the abrasive grain 14h and a diameter 40h of the base 26h of the abrasive grain 14h has a value of 0.5.
  • the abrasive grain 14i has a prismatically formed partial element, which is formed as the body of the abrasive grain 14i.
  • the prismatic body of the abrasive grain 14i is formed as an irregular cuboid having a base 26i, two blunt edges 30i, and two sharp edges 30i.
  • a ratio between a height 38i of the abrasive grain 14i and a diameter 40i of the base 26i of the abrasive grain 14i has a value of 0.5.
  • the abrasive grain 14i may also be provided with a base body (not shown), and a plurality of abrasive grains 14i may be selectively set against the base bodies to set a defined angle of the edges 30i with respect to a defined machining direction. A chip removal with the tips
  • the application in the form of a Fibonacci spiral avoids, in particular, shadowing of abrasive grains 12a arranged behind one another in a grinding direction, by which a grinding performance of an abrasive grain 12a arranged behind another abrasive grain 12a in the direction of abrasion or an abrasive grain group 20a arranged in the direction of abrasion behind another abrasive grain group 20a is reduced. Due to a positioning of the abrasive grain groups 20a in the form of a Fibonacci spiral, a shadowing of abrasive grain groups 20a is avoided when using the abrasive 10a both in a purely rotary grinding process as well as a belt grinding or an eccentric grinding.
  • FIGS to 2 show seven further exemplary embodiments of the invention.
  • the following descriptions and the drawings are essentially limited to the differences between the exemplary embodiments, wherein, with regard to identically named components, in particular with regard to components having the same reference numbers, in principle also to the drawings and / or the description of the other embodiments, in particular FIGS to 2 is referenced.
  • FIG. B3 shows a process step of an alternative method according to the invention for applying abrasive grains 12b to an abrasive backing 14b, in which
  • Abrasive grains 12b are placed on the abrasive substrate 14b on selectively applied to the abrasive substrate 14b adhesive elements 16b targeted.
  • abrasive grains 12b scattered on the adhesive elements 16b are removed from the abrasive substrate 14b.
  • the abrasive grains 12b are aligned on the selectively applied adhesive elements 16b by a surface tension generated by heating (FIG. B4).
  • a material of the selectively applied adhesive element 16b transitions from a solid to a liquid state in which the material is adhesive and cures after completion of the heating in air.
  • the process step of blowing off abrasive particles 12b not scattered onto an adhesive element 16b is dispensed with and after heating and curing of the adhesive elements 16b, the abrasive grains 12b not scattered onto an adhesive element 16b are separated by gravity, in particular, they are shed off or by means of Air blown off.
  • FIG. B7 shows a fifth alternative embodiment of a method according to the invention for applying abrasive grains 12e to an abrasive backing 14e, in which abrasive grains 12e are deliberately set onto the abrasive backing 14e.
  • free areas 38e are obtained on the abrasive substrate 14e by means of a partial retention device 32e.
  • Partial retention device 32e is designed as a porous spreader carpet having a pattern of collection surfaces
  • the abrasive pad 14 is coated with a layer of a base binder so that incident abrasive grains 12f are held. Through the passage openings 36f of the partial restraint device 32f, free areas 38 on the abrasive substrate 14f are selectively obtained.
  • roller 60h a roller 60h set shown.
  • the abrasive grains 12h are guided in an abrasive grain bed in the roller 60h.
  • the roller 60h has roller openings 62h in a predetermined pattern through which abrasive grains 12h fall through the abrasive substrate 14h passed below the roller 60h during one revolution.
  • the roller 60h can also have other patterns of roller openings 62h than the illustrated, for example a spiral pattern, aufwei- sen.
  • a bed of abrasive grains 12a which have a shape with a round support body with bevelled side surfaces and a pyramidal grinding tip rising above it, is poured onto a surface of the conveyor belt unit 16a.
  • the illustrated shape of the abrasive grains 12a is to be understood as illustrative of a number of possible shapes.
  • the method according to the invention is not limited to abrasive grains 12a having this shape and can be used for abrasive grains 12a having a wide variety of shapes.
  • the support body has a support surface facing away from the grinding tip.
  • the force impulses introduced are so dimensioned that abrasive grains 12a, which rest on the surface of the conveyor belt unit 16a with the bearing surface, maintain alignment with the force impacts and furthermore with the bearing surface on the surface of the conveyor belt unit 16a rest.
  • the orientation in which the abrasive grains 12a rest with the bearing surface on the surface of the conveyor belt unit 16a corresponds to the predefined stray orientation with which the abrasive grains 12a are applied to the abrasive pad 14a.
  • the abrasive grains 12a provide a scattering power.
  • the alignment aid 20a the abrasive grains 12a are aligned at least seventy percent in the predefined scattering orientation.
  • the inventive method can also be used for abrasive grains 12a having other shapes, wherein the other shapes of the abrasive grains 12a must be such that the
  • Abrasive grains 12a have at least one support orientation with a significantly higher stability against force impacts than deviating orientations.
  • the abrasive grains 12a partially aligned by the alignment aid 20a are scattered onto the abrasive substrate 14a by the conveyor belt unit 16a.
  • the abrasive pad 14a is formed as a large band and is driven by drive rollers 30a guided past at a small distance at a deflection end of the conveyor belt unit 16a.
  • the abrasive grains 12a are scattered on the abrasive substrate 14a at the deflecting end of the conveyor belt unit 16a, and the abrasive grains 12a having the predefined scattering orientation are scattered on the abrasive substrate 14a due to a short distance of the deflecting end of the conveyor belt unit 16a from the abrasive substrate 14a.
  • the abrasive pad 14a is passed under the transport belt unit 16a with an applied layer of adhesive, which is referred to as a base binder, so that the abrasive grains 12a are fixed directly upon scattering.
  • the abrasive grains 12a are attached to the abrasive backing 14a with at least one further layer of adhesive, referred to as a cap binder.
  • the abrasive 10a is cut into smaller abrasives 10a.
  • the abrasive grains 12a may also be applied to a primerless abrasive backing 14a and then adhesively attached to one or more layers of adhesive
  • FIGS. C2 to C4 show two further embodiments of the invention.
  • the following description and the drawings are essentially limited to the differences between the exemplary embodiments, with reference in principle also to the drawings and / or the description of the other exemplary embodiments, in particular of FIG. 1C, with respect to identically named components, in particular with regard to components having the same reference numbers , is referenced.
  • To distinguish the embodiments of the letter a is the reference numerals of the embodiment in the figure C1 adjusted.
  • the letter a is replaced by the letters b to c.
  • Fig. C2 shows a schematic representation of an alternative embodiment of the method according to the invention for producing an abrasive 10b in which abrasive grains 12b are scattered on an abrasive substrate 14b, the abrasive grains 12b being scattered at least partially aligned by an alignment aid 20b.
  • the abrasive grains 12b are at least partially aligned in a scattering step by the alignment aid 20b formed as an airflow unit 28b.
  • the air flow unit 28b has two air flow generation nozzles 32b disposed on opposite sides of a conveyor belt unit 16b on which the adhesive base 14b coated abrasive base 14b is guided.
  • the airflow unit 28b can also have far more nozzles, for example a dozen or twenty nozzles, two of which are arranged opposite to one another in each case.
  • An apparatus for carrying out the method is shown in a sectional view, wherein a transport direction of the conveyor belt unit 16b extends from an image plane towards a viewer.
  • the abrasive grains 12b have a teardrop-shaped configuration and are aligned by the air streams 32b of the air flow unit 28b in a scattering step in a predefined scattering orientation.
  • the method according to the invention is not restricted to abrasive grains 12b having the illustrated design and can also be used for abrasive grains 12b with designs deviating from the drop shape.
  • a force is exerted on abrasive grains 12b, which are in an orientation deviating from the predefined scattering orientation, by means of which they are tilted into the predefined scattering orientation.
  • the abrasive grains 12b are thus scattered onto the abrasive backing 14b by the alignment aid 20b aligned in the predefined scattering orientation and secured there by means of the adhesive 34b.
  • a use of other differently shaped abrasive grains 12c is within the scope of the inventive method, wherein the abrasive grains 12c must have a design in which they are retained in at least one defined orientation of the screen openings 24c.
  • the screen openings 24 c are sized so that passage of the abrasive grains 12 c through the screen openings 24 c in an orientation in which the abrasive grains
  • the abrasive grains 12c may pass through the screen openings 24c only in a predefined scattering orientation in which short sides of the abrasive grain 12c are oriented parallel to the plane of the alignment aid 20c.
  • the abrasive grains 12c are heaped up by a chute unit 18c onto the alignment aid 20c disposed between the chute unit 18c and the abrasive pad 14c.
  • Abrasive grains 12c which impinge on screen openings 24c in the predefined scattering orientation, fall through them onto the abrasive substrate 14c and are secured in this orientation by a layer of adhesive 34c previously applied to the abrasive substrate 14c.
  • Abrasive grains 12c which, in an orientation deviating from the predefined scattering orientation, affect the alignment aid. 20c and rest on this are deflected from their positions by force surges of the Siebungsaku 26c, which is designed as a vibration unit 22c. The force impulses cause a shaking motion by which the abrasive grains 12c are moved over a surface of the screening auxiliary unit 26c.
  • the size of the screen openings 24c and an extension of intermediate areas between the screen openings 24c are selected such that the abrasive grains 12c are likely to be moved to positions where they are centered over a screen opening at a movement generated by the jogging motion of the alignment aid 20c 24c and tilt by gravity into the predefined litter orientation with which they fall through sieve openings 24c.
  • Figure D1 shows an apparatus 10a for applying abrasive grains 12a to an abrasive backing 14a to form an abrasive 52a.
  • the device 10a has an abrasive grain transport roller 16a, which has on a lateral surface 18a recesses 20a, which are each provided for receiving an abrasive grain 12a.
  • the abrasive-grain transport roller 16a is provided for transferring the abrasive grains 12a to the abrasive substrate 14a moving in a direction of gravity 24a below the abrasive-grain transport roller in a direction of transport 76a in a defined arrangement 22a.
  • the recesses 20a have a shape complementary to the geometry of the abrasive grains 12a (FIG. D2 and FIG. D3-III). Inner surfaces of the recesses 20a each form three surfaces of a hollow tetrahedron, each receiving an abrasive grain 12a.
  • the recesses 20a may alternatively be formed differently, for example as a hollow cone.
  • the recesses 20a may have a shape that is uncomplementary to the geometry of the abrasive grains 12a.
  • the recesses 20a have an excess of 10-40%, as determined by a person skilled in the art, compared with the abrasive grains 12a in order to avoid jamming of the abrasive grains 12a.
  • an abrasive grain container 26a having an opening 28a for depositing the abrasive grains 12a on a portion 30a of the surface 18a of the abrasive roll transport roller 16a.
  • FIG. D1 for the sake of better recognizability of a shape of the abrasive grain storage container 26a and of the partial region 30a of the lateral surface 18a, the abrasive grain storage container 26a is shown unfilled.
  • the abrasive grains 12a sweep a jacket roll surface 38a during the transport process.
  • a scraper element 32a embodied as a brush brushes abrasive particles 12a resting on the lateral surface 18a outside the recesses 20a when they leave the abrasive grain transfer region 40a.
  • a holding unit 34a covers a portion 36a of the casing rolling surface 38a from the abrasive grain receiving portion 40a to an abrasive grain discharging portion 42a in which the abrasive grains 12a are discharged onto the abrasive cloth base 14a.
  • the holding unit 34a is formed in the illustrated embodiment as a sheet metal piece with a cylinder inner surface which covers the lateral surface 18a in the partial region 36a with a small distance 60a. The distance 60a is selected so that the abrasive grains 12a are not out of the
  • Recesses 20a can fall that grain size tolerances due to size deviations of the abrasive grains 12a caused by a manufacturing process of the abrasive grains 12a are taken into consideration, and jamming of the abrasive-grain transporting roller 16a with the holding unit 34a is avoided.
  • the location of the abrasive-grain delivery region 42a can be influenced.
  • a vibrating device 44a which vibrates the abrasive grain conveying roller 16a with the abrasive grain storage container 26a.
  • the vibration prevents jamming of the abrasive grains 12a during dispensing.
  • the abrasive grains 12a vibrate chaotically due to the vibration, so that abrasive grains 12a are more likely to orient themselves so that they can be picked up by the grooves 20a.
  • a vibration frequency is adjusted so that the vibration particularly supports the reception and discharge of the abrasive grains 12a.
  • Overpressure source 48b is provided to prevent the abrasive grains 12b from being blown off. To give suppression with a pressure exceeding an ambient pressure from the recesses 20b. Further, a negative pressure source 50b communicates with recesses 20b in a further subregion 36b of the jacket rolling surface 38b. The negative pressure source 50b is provided to prevent the abrasive grains 12b from being pressurized to a pressure reduced from ambient pressure
  • the second hollow cylinder segment 68b connected to the overpressure source 48b extends around the cylinder axis in the rolling direction 58b along the abrasive grain discharging portion 42b.
  • the third hollow cylinder segment 70b extends around the cylinder axis in the rolling direction 58b from the end of the abrasive-grain discharging portion 42b to the start of the abrasive-grain engaging portion 40b, and is pressurized with atmospheric pressure. From the hollow cylinder
  • Fig. E1 shows a schematic diagram of a method step of a method according to the invention for producing an abrasive 10a, which comprises a filling step, in which
  • Another part of scattered abrasive grains 14a comes to lie on portions of the abrasive pad 12a by applying too little magnetic field strength of the magnets 22a for fixation, so that the abrasive grains 14a come to rest with a random orientation and are unfixed.
  • the unfixed abrasive grains 14a are removed from the abrasive backing 12a, and the unfixed abrasive grains 14a are separated by a gravity-based separation process.
  • the abrasive substrate 12a is turned over here by means of a deflection roller 28a, so that one side with the scattered abrasive grains 14a faces a bottom.
  • Unfixed abrasive grains 14a fall from the abrasive substrate 12a and are collected in a collecting unit 30a, so that they can be fed to an on-litter process on the abrasive substrate 12a again.
  • the abrasive backing 12a is reversed by means of another diverter, the aligned and fixed abrasive grains 14a are secured to the abrasive backing 12a with a first layer of a base binder and a second layer of size coat.
  • the abrasive substrate 12a with the attached aligned abrasive grains 14a is cut into individual abrasives 10a and removed from the conveyor belt 26a.
  • Fig. E4 shows an alternative method according to the invention for producing an abrasive 10b, comprising at least one pouring step, in which abrasive grains 14b are deposited on an abrasive backing 12b, the abrasive grains 14b being aligned by means of an electromagnetic field during the pouring step.
  • a first layer of a base binder is applied to fix scattered abrasive grains 14b.
  • the abrasive grains 14b are thereby partially aligned along a drop gap 32b by the electromagnetic field.
  • FIG. F1 shows an abrasive 10 made by the method of the invention.
  • the abrasive 10 is formed as a grinding wheel for an eccentric sander, not shown.
  • the abrasive 10 has an abrasive surface 22 studded with abrasive grains 16.
  • the grinding surface 22 is at least substantially planar.
  • the grinding surface 22 defines openings 24 in the grinding surface 22, through which the eccentric grinder can extract grinding dust.
  • FIG. 2 shows a forming means 12 for producing and positioning the abrasive grains 16 of the abrasive means 10.
  • the molding means 12 has cavities 14 limited to a molding surface 26.
  • the molding surface 26 has an extent which corresponds essentially to an extent of the grinding surface 22.
  • the shaping means 12 delimits the cavities 14, which in each case essentially have a desired shape of the abrasive grains 16.
  • Dispersion of the abrasive grains 16 dried in a further process step 34.
  • the abrasive grains 16 are sintered in the cavities 14 of the molding means 12.
  • the shaping means 12 is heated.
  • FIG. F5 shows a partial section of another abrasive 10.
  • a grinding surface 42 of the abrasive 10 is formed curved.
  • the grinding surface 42 is formed like a shell surface.
  • the method described here can also be used with differently shaped grinding surfaces.
  • An abrasive grain carrier 18 and an abrasive pad 20 are formed separately from each other in this abrasive article 10.
  • a device according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein a vibrating device (44a) adapted to vibrate the abrasive-grain transporting roller (16a) in support of receiving and / or discharging the abrasive grains (12a).
  • Abrasive grain carrier (18) of the abrasive (10) are placed.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un produit abrasif constitué d'un support pour produit abrasif (12a-b) et d'une pluralité de grains abrasifs (14a-i) appliqués sur ledit support, au moins une grande partie des grains formant au moins une unité à arête abrasive (16a-b, 18a-b) dont une arête abrasive est inclinée en formant un angle compris entre 0° et 90° par rapport à une direction d'usinage (20a-b) définie.
EP14733151.6A 2013-06-28 2014-06-24 Produit abrasif Ceased EP3013920A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE201310212641 DE102013212641A1 (de) 2013-06-28 2013-06-28 Verfahren zur gezielten Setzung von Schleifkörnern
DE102013212670.0A DE102013212670A1 (de) 2013-06-28 2013-06-28 Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Schleifmittels, umfassend zumindest einen Aufschüttschritt, in dem Schleifkörner auf eine Schleifmittelunterlage aufgeschüttet werden
DE102013212609.3A DE102013212609A1 (de) 2013-06-28 2013-06-28 Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Schleifmittels
DE102013212684.0A DE102013212684A1 (de) 2013-06-28 2013-06-28 Verfahren zur Aufbringung von Schleifkörnern auf eine Schleifmittelunterlage
DE102013212634.4A DE102013212634A1 (de) 2013-06-28 2013-06-28 Schleifmittel
DE201310212617 DE102013212617A1 (de) 2013-06-28 2013-06-28 Vorrichtung zur Aufbringung von Schleifkörnern
PCT/EP2014/063244 WO2014206967A1 (fr) 2013-06-28 2014-06-24 Produit abrasif

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3013920A1 true EP3013920A1 (fr) 2016-05-04

Family

ID=51022318

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP14733151.6A Ceased EP3013920A1 (fr) 2013-06-28 2014-06-24 Produit abrasif

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US9969057B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP3013920A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2014206967A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (59)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103702800B (zh) 2011-06-30 2017-11-10 圣戈本陶瓷及塑料股份有限公司 包括氮化硅磨粒的磨料制品
JP5802336B2 (ja) 2011-09-26 2015-10-28 サン−ゴバン セラミックス アンド プラスティクス，インコーポレイティド 研磨粒子材料を含む研磨製品、研磨粒子材料を使用する研磨布紙および形成方法
JP5903502B2 (ja) 2011-12-30 2016-04-13 サン−ゴバン セラミックス アンド プラスティクス，インコーポレイティド 成形研磨粒子を備える粒子材料
EP2797715A4 (fr) 2011-12-30 2016-04-20 Saint Gobain Ceramics Particule abrasive façonnée et procédé de formation de celle-ci
JP5966019B2 (ja) 2012-01-10 2016-08-10 サン−ゴバン セラミックス アンド プラスティクス，インコーポレイティド 複雑形状を有する研磨粒子およびその形成方法
WO2013106602A1 (fr) 2012-01-10 2013-07-18 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Particules abrasives ayant des formes particulières et procédés de mise en forme de telles particules
BR112014029317B1 (pt) 2012-05-23 2022-05-31 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc Partículas abrasivas moldadas e métodos de formação das mesmas
CN104411459B (zh) 2012-06-29 2018-06-15 圣戈本陶瓷及塑料股份有限公司 具有特定形状的磨粒和形成这种粒子的方法
CN108015685B (zh) 2012-10-15 2020-07-14 圣戈班磨料磨具有限公司 具有特定形状的磨粒
EP2938459B1 (fr) 2012-12-31 2021-06-16 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Matières particulaires et leurs procédés de formation
CA3112791A1 (fr) 2013-03-29 2014-10-02 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Particules abrasives ayant des formes particulieres et procedes de formation de telles particules
TW201502263A (zh) 2013-06-28 2015-01-16 Saint Gobain Ceramics 包含成形研磨粒子之研磨物品
JP2016538149A (ja) 2013-09-30 2016-12-08 サン−ゴバン セラミックス アンド プラスティクス，インコーポレイティド 形状化研磨粒子及び形状化研磨粒子を形成する方法
KR102081045B1 (ko) 2013-12-31 2020-02-26 생-고뱅 어브레이시브즈, 인코포레이티드 형상화 연마 입자들을 포함하는 연마 물품
US9771507B2 (en) 2014-01-31 2017-09-26 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Shaped abrasive particle including dopant material and method of forming same
ES2972193T3 (es) 2014-04-14 2024-06-11 Saint Gobain Ceramics Artículo abrasivo que incluye partículas abrasivas conformadas
CA2945493C (fr) 2014-04-14 2020-08-04 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Article abrasif comprenant des particules abrasives mises en forme
WO2015184355A1 (fr) 2014-05-30 2015-12-03 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Procédé d'utilisation d'un article abrasif comprenant des particules abrasives mises en forme
US9707529B2 (en) 2014-12-23 2017-07-18 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Composite shaped abrasive particles and method of forming same
US9914864B2 (en) 2014-12-23 2018-03-13 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Shaped abrasive particles and method of forming same
US9676981B2 (en) 2014-12-24 2017-06-13 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Shaped abrasive particle fractions and method of forming same
US10196551B2 (en) 2015-03-31 2019-02-05 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Fixed abrasive articles and methods of forming same
TWI634200B (zh) 2015-03-31 2018-09-01 聖高拜磨料有限公司 固定磨料物品及其形成方法
CA3118239A1 (fr) 2015-06-11 2016-12-15 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Article abrasif comprenant des particules abrasives profilees
CN107912026B (zh) * 2015-07-08 2020-10-02 3M创新有限公司 用于制造磨料制品的系统和方法
WO2017197006A1 (fr) 2016-05-10 2017-11-16 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Particules abrasives et leurs procédés de formation
WO2017197002A1 (fr) 2016-05-10 2017-11-16 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Particules abrasives et leurs procédés de formation
EP4349896A3 (fr) * 2016-09-29 2024-06-12 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Articles abrasifs fixes et procédés pour les former
US10655038B2 (en) 2016-10-25 2020-05-19 3M Innovative Properties Company Method of making magnetizable abrasive particles
EP3559142A4 (fr) * 2016-10-25 2020-12-09 3M Innovative Properties Company Particules abrasives agglomérées magnétisables, articles abrasifs et leurs procédés de fabrication
WO2018080765A1 (fr) 2016-10-25 2018-05-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Articles abrasifs structurés et leurs procédés de fabrication
CN109890930B (zh) * 2016-10-25 2021-03-16 3M创新有限公司 可磁化磨料颗粒及其制备方法
EP3532561B1 (fr) * 2016-10-25 2021-04-28 3M Innovative Properties Company Particules abrasives magnétisables et articles abrasifs les comprenant
CN110191783B (zh) * 2017-01-19 2022-05-03 3M创新有限公司 具有可磁化磨料颗粒的磁性元件的使用，使用磁性元件制备磨料制品的方法、设备和系统
EP3571011B1 (fr) * 2017-01-19 2025-04-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Transfert assisté magnétiquement de particules abrasives magnétisables et procédés, appareils et systèmes associés
EP3571012A4 (fr) * 2017-01-19 2020-11-04 3M Innovative Properties Company Manipulation de particules abrasives magnétisables avec modulation de l'angle ou de la force du champ magnétique
US10759024B2 (en) 2017-01-31 2020-09-01 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles
US10563105B2 (en) 2017-01-31 2020-02-18 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles
MX2019009632A (es) * 2017-02-14 2019-12-19 Rueggeberg August Gmbh & Co Kg Procedimiento para la producción de una herramienta abrasiva y herramienta abrasiva.
WO2018207145A1 (fr) * 2017-05-12 2018-11-15 3M Innovative Properties Company Particules abrasives tétraédriques dans des articles abrasifs
CN110719946B (zh) 2017-06-21 2022-07-15 圣戈本陶瓷及塑料股份有限公司 颗粒材料及其形成方法
US12179315B2 (en) 2018-04-24 2024-12-31 3M Innovative Properties Company Method of making a coated abrasive article
CN112041120B (zh) * 2018-04-24 2023-01-10 3M创新有限公司 包含具有预定倾角的成形磨料颗粒的磨料制品
EP3898092A1 (fr) 2018-12-18 2021-10-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Camouflage pour articles abrasifs
WO2020128853A1 (fr) 2018-12-18 2020-06-25 3M Innovative Properties Company Réceptacle d'épissure d'outillage pour la production d'articles abrasifs
EP3898090A1 (fr) 2018-12-18 2021-10-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Article abrasif revêtu ayant des particules d'espacement, procédé de fabrication et appareil associé
US12017327B2 (en) 2018-12-18 2024-06-25 3M Innovative Properties Company Particle reception in abrasive article creation
WO2020128717A1 (fr) * 2018-12-18 2020-06-25 3M Innovative Properties Company Substrat abrasif à motifs et procédé
EP3898094B1 (fr) 2018-12-18 2023-01-25 3M Innovative Properties Company Dispositif de fabrication d'article abrasif à vitesse d'outillage différentielle
WO2020128842A1 (fr) 2018-12-18 2020-06-25 3M Innovative Properties Company Ensemble de transfert de particules abrasives mises en forme
DE102019207822A1 (de) * 2019-05-28 2020-12-03 Robert Bosch Gmbh Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Schleifartikels sowie Schleifartikel
DK180350B1 (da) * 2019-09-18 2021-01-22 Flex Trim As Slibeelement til brug i roterende slibe- eller pudseværktøj
EP4081369A4 (fr) 2019-12-27 2024-04-10 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics Inc. Articles abrasifs et leurs procédés de formation
US12129422B2 (en) 2019-12-27 2024-10-29 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive articles and methods of forming same
WO2021133888A1 (fr) 2019-12-27 2021-07-01 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Articles abrasifs et leurs procédés de formation
CN115485100B (zh) * 2020-04-23 2025-02-28 3M创新有限公司 成形磨料颗粒
DE102020212004A1 (de) 2020-09-24 2022-03-24 Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Schleifartikels sowie Schleifartikel
DE102021203185A1 (de) 2021-03-30 2022-10-06 Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Schleifartikels, Streuvorrichtung und Schleifartikel
DE102021215122A1 (de) * 2021-12-30 2023-07-06 Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Schleifmittel

Citations (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0657250A2 (fr) * 1993-12-10 1995-06-14 L.R. Oliver & Co, Inc. Dents de coupe et leurs orientations en outils de coupe
US5453106A (en) * 1993-10-27 1995-09-26 Roberts; Ellis E. Oriented particles in hard surfaces
WO2000050202A1 (fr) * 1999-02-24 2000-08-31 3M Innovative Properties Company Meule
US20040139957A1 (en) * 2003-01-21 2004-07-22 Oliver Lloyd R. Pyramidal molded tooth structure
EP1595645A1 (fr) * 2002-12-19 2005-11-16 Kabushiki Kaisha Miyanaga Disque diamant
US20070254560A1 (en) * 2006-04-27 2007-11-01 3M Innovative Properties Company Structured abrasive article and method of making and using the same
WO2010070294A1 (fr) * 2008-12-18 2010-06-24 The University Of Nottingham Element de coupe superabrasif et procede de fabrication a degre eleve de regulation de repartition et d'orientation cristallographique des micro-bords tranchants
WO2011028700A2 (fr) * 2009-09-01 2011-03-10 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Conditionneur de polissage chimico-mécanique
CN101885164B (zh) * 2010-06-08 2011-12-14 沈阳理工大学 一种仿生结构的锡固结金刚石磨料抛光垫及制造方法
WO2012018903A2 (fr) * 2010-08-04 2012-02-09 3M Innovative Properties Company Particules abrasives en forme de plaques entrecroisées
WO2012112305A2 (fr) * 2011-02-16 2012-08-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Article abrasif revêtu ayant des particules abrasives céramiques façonnées alignées en rotation et procédé de fabrication
WO2012137143A1 (fr) * 2011-04-06 2012-10-11 Mauro Di Mattia Machine d'usinage de surface
CN102198641B (zh) * 2011-05-12 2013-05-01 沈阳理工大学 叶序排布磨料端面超硬磨料砂轮及其生产方法

Family Cites Families (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1097565A (en) * 1907-07-22 1914-05-19 Zeiss Carl Fa Glass-surface-working tool.
US2194546A (en) * 1937-11-04 1940-03-26 American Optical Corp Diamond lap
US2564217A (en) * 1948-10-30 1951-08-14 Carborundum Co Abrasive cutoff wheel
US2982006A (en) * 1952-02-06 1961-05-02 Simmonds Aerocessories Ltd Rotatable cutting or abrading tools
US3246430A (en) * 1963-04-25 1966-04-19 Rexall Drug Chemical Abrasive articles and methods of making the same
US3229427A (en) * 1963-07-29 1966-01-18 Diagrit Electrometallics Ltd Apparatus for performing a drilling operation on a workpiece
US3481723A (en) * 1965-03-02 1969-12-02 Itt Abrasive grinding wheel
US3460292A (en) * 1965-10-19 1969-08-12 Gen Motors Corp Finishing tool
US3510990A (en) * 1967-08-21 1970-05-12 Engis Equipment Co Tapered reamer
US4028852A (en) * 1974-10-21 1977-06-14 The Procter & Gamble Company Abrasive seed defiberization
CA2115889A1 (fr) 1993-03-18 1994-09-19 David E. Broberg Article abrasif revetu comportant des particules diluantes et des particules abrasives formees
US5489235A (en) * 1993-09-13 1996-02-06 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Abrasive article and method of making same
KR100329309B1 (ko) * 1996-03-15 2002-08-24 생-고뱅 어브레이시브즈, 인코포레이티드 연마절삭공구및연마절삭방법
SE510542C2 (sv) * 1997-09-26 1999-05-31 Trego Maskin Ab Verktyg för montering av tallriksventiler i motorcylinderlock
DK1208945T3 (da) * 2000-11-22 2005-10-31 Listemann Ag Werkstoff Und Wae Fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af slibende værktöjer
JP4215415B2 (ja) 2001-08-20 2009-01-28 株式会社ノリタケスーパーアブレーシブ 軸付き砥石
JP2006205314A (ja) 2005-01-28 2006-08-10 Noritake Super Abrasive:Kk 回転研削砥石
PH12012501145A1 (en) * 2009-12-11 2012-10-22 Saint Gobain Abrasifs Sa Abrasive article for use with a grinding wheel
CN108015685B (zh) * 2012-10-15 2020-07-14 圣戈班磨料磨具有限公司 具有特定形状的磨粒

Patent Citations (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5453106A (en) * 1993-10-27 1995-09-26 Roberts; Ellis E. Oriented particles in hard surfaces
EP0657250A2 (fr) * 1993-12-10 1995-06-14 L.R. Oliver & Co, Inc. Dents de coupe et leurs orientations en outils de coupe
WO2000050202A1 (fr) * 1999-02-24 2000-08-31 3M Innovative Properties Company Meule
EP1595645A1 (fr) * 2002-12-19 2005-11-16 Kabushiki Kaisha Miyanaga Disque diamant
US20040139957A1 (en) * 2003-01-21 2004-07-22 Oliver Lloyd R. Pyramidal molded tooth structure
US20070254560A1 (en) * 2006-04-27 2007-11-01 3M Innovative Properties Company Structured abrasive article and method of making and using the same
WO2010070294A1 (fr) * 2008-12-18 2010-06-24 The University Of Nottingham Element de coupe superabrasif et procede de fabrication a degre eleve de regulation de repartition et d'orientation cristallographique des micro-bords tranchants
WO2011028700A2 (fr) * 2009-09-01 2011-03-10 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Conditionneur de polissage chimico-mécanique
CN101885164B (zh) * 2010-06-08 2011-12-14 沈阳理工大学 一种仿生结构的锡固结金刚石磨料抛光垫及制造方法
WO2012018903A2 (fr) * 2010-08-04 2012-02-09 3M Innovative Properties Company Particules abrasives en forme de plaques entrecroisées
WO2012112305A2 (fr) * 2011-02-16 2012-08-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Article abrasif revêtu ayant des particules abrasives céramiques façonnées alignées en rotation et procédé de fabrication
WO2012137143A1 (fr) * 2011-04-06 2012-10-11 Mauro Di Mattia Machine d'usinage de surface
CN102198641B (zh) * 2011-05-12 2013-05-01 沈阳理工大学 叶序排布磨料端面超硬磨料砂轮及其生产方法

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See also references of WO2014206967A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US9969057B2 (en) 2018-05-15
WO2014206967A1 (fr) 2014-12-31
US20160144480A1 (en) 2016-05-26

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP3013920A1 (fr) Produit abrasif
EP3083870B1 (fr) Procédé de fabrication de particules abrasives multicouches
DE69027446T2 (de) Artikel mit einer reibungsoberfläche, apparat und verfahren zur herstellung von einem solchen artikel
EP0781629B1 (fr) Elément abrasif adaptable directement ou indirectement à une machine ou à un support d'abrasif actionné manuellement ainsi qu'un adaptateur approprié
EP0405204B1 (fr) Dispositif et procédé pour façonner une répartition de soies ou une touffe de soies
DE10211342B4 (de) Polierwerkzeug und Polierverfahren und -vorrichtung unter Verwendung desselben
DE102013212617A1 (de) Vorrichtung zur Aufbringung von Schleifkörnern
DE590459C (de) Herstellung von Sandpapier o. dgl. durch Auftragen von Schleifkoernern auf einen mitKlebstoff versehenen Traeger unter dem Einfluss eines elektrischen Feldes
DE102013212609A1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Schleifmittels
EP2390056A2 (fr) Produit abrasif et son procédé de revêtement
DE102013212684A1 (de) Verfahren zur Aufbringung von Schleifkörnern auf eine Schleifmittelunterlage
EP2692813A1 (fr) Grain abrasif avec soulèvements de différentes hauteurs
DE102009009650A1 (de) Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen einer Kunststoffschicht
DE102013212634A1 (de) Schleifmittel
DE102018205895A1 (de) Herstellungsverfahren einer Halbleiterpackung
EP1208945B1 (fr) Procédé de fabrication d'outils abrasifs
DE102012221316A1 (de) Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Herstellen eines beschichteten Schleifmittels
DE202010012502U1 (de) Schleifscheibe
WO2023126271A1 (fr) Moyen de meulage
EP3681675B1 (fr) Article abrasif
EP2535145A2 (fr) Procédé, installation et fabrication d'un corps de base doté de particules de matière solide
DE3630189A1 (de) Antizusetzvorrichtung fuer schleifkoerper
EP3976318A1 (fr) Procédé de fabrication d'un article de meulage et article de meulage
EP3558568B1 (fr) Procédé de fabrication additive d'une ébauche crue à partir de matière pulvérulente à l'aide d'éléments de coupe à disposition définie
WO2024094534A1 (fr) Élément abrasif, moyen abrasif et procédé pour produire l'élément abrasif et/ou le moyen abrasif

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20160128

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Extension state: BA ME

DAX Request for extension of the european patent (deleted)
STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: EXAMINATION IS IN PROGRESS

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 20190617

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: EXAMINATION IS IN PROGRESS

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: ROBERT BOSCH GMBH

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R003

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION HAS BEEN REFUSED

18R Application refused

Effective date: 20230524