Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D417/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system

Definitions

• compositions comprising such compounds, and methods of treating conditions and disorders using such compounds and pharmaceutical compositions thereof.
• CBi receptors are highly expressed in the central nervous system and to a lesser degree in the periphery in a variety of tissues of the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems.
• CB 2 receptors are most abundantly expressed in multiple lymphoid organs and cells of the immune system, including spleen, thymus, tonsils, bone marrow, pancreas and mast cells.
• CBi receptors The psychotropic effects caused by ⁇ 9 -THC and other nonselective CB agonists are mediated by CBi receptors. These CBi receptor-mediated effects, such as euphoria, sedation, hypothermia, catalepsy, and anxiety, have limited the development and clinical utility of nonselective CB agonists. Recent studies have demonstrated that CB 2 modulators are analgesic in preclinical models of nociceptive and neuropathic pain without causing the adverse side effects associated with CBi receptor activation. Therefore, compounds that selectively target CB 2 receptors are an attractive approach for the development of novel analgesics.
• Nociceptive pain is the most well known type of pain, and is caused by tissue injury detected by nociceptors at the site of injury. After the injury, the site becomes a source of ongoing pain and tenderness. This pain and tenderness are considered “acute" nociceptive pain. This pain and tenderness gradually diminish as healing progresses and disappear when healing is complete. Examples of acute nociceptive pain include surgical procedures (post-op pain) and bone fractures. Even though there may be no permanent nerve damage, "chronic" nociceptive pain results from some conditions when pain extends beyond six months. Examples of chronic nociceptive pain include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and musculoskeletal conditions (e.g., back pain), cancer pain, etc.
• Neuropathic pain is defined as "pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system" by the International Association for the Study of Pain. Neuropathic pain is not associated with nociceptive stimulation, although the passage of nerve impulses that is ultimately perceived as pain by the brain is the same in both nociceptive and neuropathic pain.
• the term neuropathic pain encompasses a wide range of pain syndromes of diverse etiologies. The three most commonly diagnosed pain types of neuropathic nature are diabetic neuropathy, cancer neuropathy, and HIV pain.
• neuropathic pain is diagnosed in patients with a wide range of other disorders, including trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia, traumatic neuralgia, phantom limb, as well as a number of other disorders of ill-defined or unknown origin.
• CB 2 receptor ligands Provided generally herein are compounds that are CB 2 receptor ligands and pharmaceutical compositions and methods for the treatment of disorders using these compounds and pharmaceutical compositions.
• X is CR 4 or N
• R 1 is phenyl or quinolin-8-yl wherein said phenyl is substituted with one group represented by R 10 and optionally further substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups represented by R lla ; and wherein said quinolin-8-yl is optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R llb ;
• R 2 is -NR 23a SO 2 R 105a , -NR 23b COR 105b , -NR 23b CO(O)R 105b , -NR 23c CONR 101a R 102a , -NR 23d SO 2 NR 101b R 102b , -NR 236 R 24 , -SO 2 NR 101c R 102c , -OC(O)NR 101a R 102a , A 1 , A 2 , or A 3 ; with the proviso that when X is CR 4 , R 1 is substituted phenyl, and R 2 is -OC(O)NR 101a R 102a wherein R 101a and R 102a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxyalkyl, then R 10 is other than haloalkoxyalkoxy, -O-NR 23f R 23g , -O- (CR 25
• a 2 is a bicyclic spiroheterocycle containing 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms and 0 or 1 sulfur atoms, wherein each A 2 is independently unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents represented by R 21b ;
• A is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, or pyridinyl, wherein each A 3 is independently unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents represented by R 22a ;
• R 3 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, halo, cyano, or cyanoalkyl; with the proviso that when n is 1, R 1 is substituted phenyl, X is CR 4 wherein R 4 is hydrogen, R 2 is A 3 , and A 3 is pyridinyl or 1,3- thiazolyl, then R 3 is other than hydrogen;
• R 4 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydrogen, or haloalkyl;
• R 23a , R 23b , R 23c , R 23d , R 23e , R 23f , and R 23g are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or haloalkoxyalkyl;
• R 24 is alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxyalkyl, or A 5 ;
• a 4 and A 5 are each independently a cycloalkyl, a monocyclic heterocycle that is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents represented by R 21c ; a bicyclic spiroheterocycle that is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents represented by R 21d ; or a monocyclic heteroaryl that is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents represented by R 22b ;
• R 25a and R 26a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, halo, haloalkyl, or alkoxy;
• R 25a and R 26a taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached optionally form a monocyclic ring selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl; wherein each of the cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl is independently unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxy, oxo, hydroxy, cyano, and haloalkoxy;
• R 25b and R 26b at each occurrence, are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, cyclo
• R ioi bj R ioi Cj R io 2bj and R io 2Cj at each occurrencej are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl or haloalkoxyalkyl;
• R 101d and R 102d at each occurrence, are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalky
• R 103 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, or alkoxyalkyl
• R 104 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxyalkyl;
• R 105a , R 105b , and R 105c are each independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkyl, or cyanoalkyl;
• R 105d is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkyl, or cyanoalkyl;
• R 106a and R 106b are each independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclobutyl; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; u is O, 1, 2, 3, or 4; q is 2, 3, or 4, and each occurrence of the cycloalkyl, the cycloalkyl moiety of the cycloalkylalkyl and the cycloalkyloxy, the cyclopropyl, the cyclobutyl, and the cyclopentyl, as represented by R 3 , R 4 , R 10 , R lla , R llb , R 23a , R 23b , R 23c , R 23d , R 23e , R 23f , R 23g , A 4 , A 5 , R 25a , R 26a
• TM106b each independently unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxy, oxo, hydroxy, cyano, and haloalkoxy.
• Another aspect relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising therapeutically effective amount of compound(s) described herein or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• Such compositions can be administered in accordance with methods described herein, typically as part of a therapeutic regimen for treatment or prevention of conditions and disorders related to cannabinoid (CB) receptor subtype CB 2 .
• CBD cannabinoid
• the method is useful for treating conditions related to neuropathic pain, nociceptive pain, inflammatory pain, neurological disorders, cancers of the immune system, respiratory disorders, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, or for providing neuroprotection.
• Yet another aspect relates to methods for treating disease or conditions as described above, or providing neuroprotection, in mammals in need of such treatment. These methods comprise administering to the mammals therapeutically effective amounts of one or more compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, solvates thereof, or combinations thereof, alone or in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• a further aspect relates to the use of compounds described herein or pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of the disease conditions described above, alone or in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s), particularly for the treatment of neuropathic pain, nociceptive pain, inflammatory pain, or combination thereof.
• compositions comprising the compounds, and methods for treating or preventing conditions and disorders by administering the compounds are further described herein.
• compositions comprising such compounds and methods for treating conditions and disorders using such compounds and compositions are also disclosed.
• compounds described herein may contain variables that occur more than one time in any substituent or in the compound described or any other formulae herein. Definition of a variable on each occurrence is independent of its definition at another occurrence. Further, combinations of substituents are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds. Stable compounds are compounds, which can be isolated from a reaction mixture. a. Definitions
• alkenyl as used herein, means a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing from, for example, 2 to 10 carbons and containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
• Representative examples of alkenyl include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, 2- propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, 5-hexenyl, 2-heptenyl, 2-methyl-l- heptenyl, and 3-decenyl.
• alkenylene denotes a divalent group derived from a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain of, for example, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms and contains at least one carbon- carbon double.
• alkoxy as used herein, means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
• Representative examples of alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 2-propoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, and hexyloxy.
• alkoxy alkoxy means an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through another alkoxy group, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of alkoxyalkoxy include, but are not limited to, tert-butoxymethoxy, 2 -ethoxy ethoxy, 2 -methoxy ethoxy, and methoxymethoxy.
• alkoxyalkyl as used herein, means an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkylene group, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of alkoxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, tert-butoxymethyl, 2- ethoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, and methoxymethyl.
• alkyl as used herein, means a saturated, straight or branched saturated hydrocarbon chain containing from, for example, 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
• Ci_ 6 alkyl as used herein, means a saturated, straight or branched saturated hydrocarbon chain containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec -butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 1 -methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,1- dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-methylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, 3-methylhexyl, 2,2-dimethylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylpentyl, n-heptyl, n- octyl, n-nonyl, and n-decyl.
• alkylene means a divalent group derived from a saturated, straight or branched saturated hydrocarbon chain of from, for example, 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
• Representative examples of alkylene include, but are not limited to, -CH 2 -, -CH(CHs)-, -CH(C 2 H 5 ), -CH(CH(CH 3 )(C 2 H 5 ))-, -C(H)(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 -, -C(CH 3 ) 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, and -CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 -.
• alkynyl as used herein, means a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing from, for example, 2 to 10 carbon atoms and containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
• Representative examples of alkynyl include, but are not limited, to acetylenyl, 1- propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1 , 1 -dimethylprop-2-ynyl, l-propyl-pent-3-ynyl, 3-butynyl, 2-pentynyl, and 1-butynyl.
• bicyclic spiroheterocycle or "bicyclic spiroheterocyclic” as used herein refers to a monocyclic heterocycle having two or more substituents wherein two substituents on the same carbon atom, together with said carbon atom, form a second A-, 5-, or 6- membered monocyclic ring selected from a monocyclic cycloalkyl or a monocyclic heterocycle.
• the bicyclic spiroheterocyclic groups are connected to the parent molecular moiety through any substitutable carbon atom or any substitutable nitrogen atom contained within the group.
• bicyclic spiroheterocyclic groups described herein may also contain an alkenylene bridge of 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms, or an alkylene bridge of 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms, wherein each bridge links two non-adjacent carbon atoms within the groups.
• bicyclic spiroheterocycles include, but are not limited to, 2- azaspiro[bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-6,l'-cyclopropane], 2-oxa-5-azaspiro[3.4]octane, 5- azaspiro[2.4]heptane, 5-oxaspiro[3,4]octane and 2,5-dioxaspiro[3.4]octane.
• cycloalkyl as used herein, means a carbocyclic ring system containing 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms as ring atoms, and zero double bonds.
• cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl.
• the cycloalkyl groups described herein may contain one or two alkylene bridges of 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms or one or two alkenylene bridges of 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms, wherein each of said bridges links two non-adjacent atoms within the cycloalkyl.
• bridged cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, adamantane, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, bicyclo[3.3. l]nonane.
• the cycloalkyl groups of the described herein can be appended to the parent molecular moiety through any substitutable carbon atom.
• cycloalkylalkyl as used herein, means a cycloalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkylene group, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of cycloalkylalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, and 1 -cyclopropylethyl.
• cycloalkyloxy means a cycloalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
• cyano means a -CN group.
• cyanoalkyl means a cyano group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkylene group, as defined herein.
• Representative examples of cyanoalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyanomethyl, 2- cyanoethyl, and 3-cyanopropyl.
• formyl as used herein, means a -C(O)H group.
• halo or halogen, as used herein, means -Cl, -Br, -I or -F.
• haloalkoxy means an alkoxy group, as defined herein, in which one, two, three, four, five, or six hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen.
• Representative examples of haloalkoxy include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, 2,2-difluoroethoxy, 2-fluoroethoxy, and pentafluoroethoxy.
• haloalkoxyalkoxy means a haloalkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group, as defined herein.
• haloalkoxyalkyl means a haloalkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkylene group, as defined herein.
• haloalkyl means an alkyl group, as defined herein, in which one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen.
• Representative examples of haloalkyl include, but are not limited to, chloromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoro-l,l- dimethylethyl, difluoromethyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, pentafluoroethyl, 2-chloro-3- fluoropentyl, and 2-iodoethyl.
• the term "monocyclic heteroaryl,” as used herein, means a 5-or 6-membered ring containing at least one heteroatom independently selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S.
• the 5-membered ring contains two double bonds and one, two, three, or four heteroatoms.
• the 6-membered ring contains three double bonds and one, two, three, or four heteroatoms.
• Non limiting examples of monocyclic heteroaryl include, furanyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridinyl (including but not limited to, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl), pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl (e.g.
• pyrazol-5-yl pyrrolyl (including, but not limited thereto, lH-pyrrol-1-yl), tetrazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl (including, but not limited thereto, l,3-thiazol-4-yl, l,3-thiazol-2-yl, and l,3-thiazol-5-yl), thienyl, triazolyl, triazinyl, and the like.
• the monocyclic heteroaryl groups are connected to the parent molecular moiety through any substitutable carbon atom or any substitutable nitrogen atom contained within the groups. Any oxidized forms of nitrogen or sulfur in the monocyclic heteroaryl groups are also contemplated.
• heteroatom includes an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, and a sulfur atom.
• monocyclic heterocycle or “monocyclic heterocyclic,” as used herein, means a a 3-, 4- 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered monocyclic ring containing at least one heteroatom independently selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S.
• the 3- or 4-membered ring contains 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, and optionally one double bond.
• the 5-membered ring contains zero or one double bond, and one, two or three heteroatoms in the ring selected from the group consisting of O, N and S.
• the 6-, 7-, or 8-membered ring contains zero, one, or two double bonds, and one, two, or three heteroatoms in the ring selected from the group consisting of O, N and S.
• monocyclic heterocycles include, azetidinyl (including azetidin- 1 -yl, azetidin-2-yl, azetidin- 3-yl), azepanyl, aziridinyl, diazepanyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, 4,5- dihydroisoxazol-5-yl, 3,4-dihydropyran-6-yl, 1,3-dithiolanyl, 1,3-dithianyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl (e.g.
• imidazolidin-1-yl isothiazolinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, oxadiazolinyl, oxadiazolidinyl, oxazolinyl, oxazolidinyl, oxetanyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl (e.g.
• Monocyclic heterocycle groups described herein may contain an alkenylene bridge of 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms, or one or two alkylene bridges of 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms, wherein each bridge links two non-adjacent carbon atoms within the groups.
• bridged heterocycles include, but are not limited to, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, oxaadamantane (2- oxatricyclo[3.3.1.1 3 ' 7 ]decane), octahydro-2,5-epoxypentalene, hexahydro-2H-2,5- methanocyclopenta[/?]furan, hexahydro-lH-l,4-methanocyclopenta[c]furan, oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and 2,4-dioxabicyclo[4.2.1]nonane.
• the monocyclic heterocycle groups are connected to the parent molecular moiety through any substitutable carbon atom or any substitutable nitrogen atom contained within the groups. Any oxidized form of nitrogen or sulfur, and the quarternized form of any basic nitrogen in the monocyclic heterocycle groups are also contemplated
• hydroxy means an -OH group.
• hydroxyalkyl as used herein, means at least one hydroxy group, as defined herein, is appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkylene group, as defined herein. Representative examples of hydroxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, hydroxymethyl, 2 -hydroxy ethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 2-hydroxyprop-2-yl, 2,3-dihydroxypentyl, and 2-ethyl-4-hydroxyheptyl.
• hydroxy-protecting group or "O-protecting group” means a substituent that protects hydroxy groups against undesirable reactions during synthetic procedures.
• hydroxy-protecting groups include, but are not limited to, substituted methyl ethers, for example, methoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl, 2- (trimethylsilyl)-ethoxymethyl, benzyl, and triphenylmethyl; tetrahydropyranyl ethers; substituted ethyl ethers, for example, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl and t-butyl; silyl ethers, for example, trimethylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl and t-butyldiphenylsilyl; cyclic acetals and ketals, for example, methylene acetal, acetonide and benzylidene acetal; cyclic ortho esters, for example, methoxymethylene; cyclic carbonates; and cyclic boronates.
• substituted methyl ethers for example, methoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl,
• treating means, and includes, reversing, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventing, a disease, a disorder, or condition, or one or more symptoms thereof; and, “treatment” refer to the act of treating, as defined above.
• treatment refers to the act of treating, as defined above.
• mamal means humans and other animals.
• R 1 is substituted phenyl or optionally substituted quinolin-8-yl.
• R 1 is phenyl, substituted as described in the Summary, for example, R 1 is formula (i)
• R 1 is formula (iii) 1 a
• R 1 is quinolin-8-yl, optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R llb groups, such as those represented by formula (iv)
• R 1 is formula (v)
• R 10 has values as generally described in the Summary.
• R 10 for example, is alkoxy (e.g. methoxy, ethoxy, and the like), haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halo (e.g., chloro, fluoro, and the like), -O-NR 23f R 23g , -O-(CR 25b R 26b ) u -A 4 , or A 4 .
• R 23f , R 23g , R 25b , R 26b , R 101d , R 102d , R 103 , R 104 , R 106a , R 10 , q, u, and A 4 are as described in the Summary and the embodiments herein below.
• R 25b and R 26b are each independently hydrogen or C 1 ⁇ alkyl (e.g., methyl).
• R 23f for example, is hydrogen.
• R 23g for example, is alkyl (e.g. tert-butyl).
• a 4 for example, is a monocyclic heterocyle (e.g. azetidinyl such as, azetidin-1-yl, azetidin-2-yl, azetidin-3-yl), optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents represented by R 21c , or a monocyclic heteroaryl (e.g.
• pyridinyl such as pyridin-2-yl and the like
• R 21d substituents represented by R 21d wherein R 21c and R 21d are as described in the Summary, u, for example, is 0 or 1.
• R 10 for example, is -O-NR 23f R 23g wherein R 23f is hydrogen and R 23g , for example, is alkyl (e.g. tert-butyl);
• R 25b and R 26b are each independently hydrogen or Ci_ 6 alkyl (e.g., methyl), u is 0 or 1, and A 4 , for example, is a monocyclic heterocyle (e.g. azetidinyl such as, azetidin-1-yl, azetidin-2-yl, azetidin-3-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl), optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents represented by R 21c , or a monocyclic heteroaryl (e.g.
• pyridinyl such as pyridin-2-yl and the like
• R 21d substituents represented by R 21d ; alkoxy (e.g. methoxy, ethoxy); haloalkoxy (trifluoroethoxy); halo (e.g. chloro, bromo, fluoro); or optionally substituted monocyclic heterocycle (e.g. optionally substituted azetidinyl).
• R lla and R llb have values as generally described in the Summary.
• R lla and R 11 are each independently cyano, haloalkyl (e.g. trifluoromethyl and the like) or halo.
• R lla and R llb are each independently fluoro, chloro, bromo, cyano or trifluoromethyl.
• X is CR 4 or N.
• X is CR 4 and R 4 is as defined in the Summary.
• X is CR 4
• R 4 is C 1 ⁇ alkyl (for example, methyl), haloalkyl, or hydrogen.
• X is CR 4 , and R 4 is C 1 ⁇ alkyl (for example, methyl) or hydrogen. In still other embodiments, X is CR 4 and R 4 is hydrogen. In yet other embodiments, X is N.
• R 3 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, halo, cyano, or cyanoalkyl; with the proviso that when n is 1, R 1 is substituted phenyl, X is CR 4 wherein R 4 is hydrogen, R 2 is A 3 wherein A 3 is pyridinyl or 1,3-thiazolyl, then R 3 is other than hydrogen.
• R 3 is C 1 ⁇ alkyl (e.g.
• R 3 is Ci_ 6 alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl, tert-butyl), halo, or cycloalkyl.
• R 3 is tert-butyl.
• R 2 is -NR 23a SO 2 R 105a , -NR 23b CO(O)R 105b , -NR 236 R 24 , -SO 2 NR 101c R 102c , or -OC(O)NR 101a R 102a .
• R 2 is -NR 23a SO 2 R 105a .
• R 2 is -NR 23b CO(O)R 105b .
• R 2 is -NR 236 R 24 .
• R 2 is -SO 2 NR 101c R 102c .
• R 2 is -OC(O)NR 101a R 102a .
• R 23a , R 105a , R 23b , R 105b , R 23e , R 24 , R 101c , R 102c , R 101a , and R 102a are as described in the Summary and embodiments herein.
• R 23a , R 23b , R 23e are each independently, for example, but not limited thereto, hydrogen, C 1 ⁇ alkyl (e.g. methyl and the like), or optionally substituted cycloalkyl (e.g. optionally substituted cyclopropyl), particularly hydrogen or C 1 ⁇ alkyl (e.g.
• R 105a and R 24 are each independently, for example, Ci_ 6 alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl and the like) or optionally substituted cycloalkyl (e.g. optionally substituted cyclopropyl), particularly C 1 ⁇ alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl and the like);
• R 105b is, for example, C 1 ⁇ alkyl (e.g. tert-butyl); non-limiting examples of R 101a , R 102a , R 101c , R 102c , independent of each other, include hydrogen, C 1 ⁇ alkyl (e.g.
• R 101a and R 102a together with the nitrogen to which they are attached optionally form a 4-7 membered monocyclic heterocycle wherein the monocyclic heterocycle contains 0 or 1 additional heteroatom, 0 or 1 double bond and is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, halo, hydroxy and oxo; non-limiting examples of such monocyclic heterocycles include azetidinyl, piperidinyl, and piperazinyl, each of which is optionally substituted as described above.
• R 2 is -NR 2 ⁇ SO 2 NR 101 V 0213 wherein R 23d , R 101b , and R 102b are as defined in formula (I).
• R 101b and R 102b independent of each other, may be chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl and haloalkoxyalkyl.
• R 101b and R 102b together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 4-7 membered monocyclic heterocycle containing O or 1 additional heteroatom, O or 1 double bond, and is optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, halo, hydroxy, and oxo.
• R is A , A , or A .
• R 2 is A 1 . In other embodiments, R 2 is A 2 . In certain embodiments of formula (I), R 2 is A 3 .
• a 1 , A 2 , and A 3 have meanings as described in the Summary and herein.
• non limiting examples of A 1 include azetidinyl (including, but not limited to, azetidin-3-yl and azetidin-2-yl), pyrrolidinyl (including, but not limited to, pyrrolidin-2-yl and pyrrolidin-1-yl), piperidinyl (including, but not limited to, piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-2-yl, and piperidin-3-yl), and imidazolidinyl (including, but not limited to, imidazolidin-1-yl), wherein each of the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, and imidazolidinyl groups is independently unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups represented by R 21a wherein R 21a is as described in the Summary and herein.
• R 105 is methyl or ethyl.
• non limiting examples of A 3 include pyrrolyl (including, but not limited to, lH-pyrrol-1-yl), thiazolyl (including, but not limited to, l,3-thiazol-4-yl, l,3-thiazol-5-yl, and l,3-thiazol-2-yl), pyrazolyl (including, but not limited to, pyrazol-5-yl), or pyridinyl (including, but not limited to, pyridin-3-yl), and each A 3 is independently unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups represented by
• R 22a wherein R 22a is as described in the Summary and herein.
• R 22a is halo, Ci-6 alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl, and the like), or haloalkyl (e.g. trifluoromethyl and the like).
• R 22a is methyl, trifluoromethyl, chloro, fluoro, bromo, or iodo.
• R 25a and R 26a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, halo, haloalkyl, or alkoxy; R 25a and R 26a taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached optionally form a monocyclic ring selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl; wherein each of the cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl is independently unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxy, oxo, hydroxy, cyano, and haloalkoxy.
• R 25a or R 26a are each independently hydrogen or C 1 ⁇ alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl, and the like). In other embodiments, R 25a and R 26a , at each occurrence, are each independently hydrogen or methyl.
• n is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In certain embodiments, n is 1, 2, or 3. In yet other embodiments, n is 1 or 2.
• R 25a and R 26a taken together with the carbon to which they are attached form a monocyclic ring selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. It will be appreciated that only the R 25a and R 26a groups that are bound to the same carbon atom may form a ring as described above.
• R 25a and R 26a taken together with the carbon to which they are attached form a monocyclic ring as previously described, and n is 2, 3, or 4, then only one set of R 25a and R 26a may form a ring with the carbon atom to which they are bound to.
• examples of a group include those wherein X is N.
• Examples of another group of compounds having formula (I), (I-A), (I-B), (I-C), (I- D), or (I-E) include those wherein X is CR 4 , and R 4 is as described generally above and in embodiments described above and herein, with the proviso that in compounds of formula (I), (I-A), (I-B) or (I-C), when R 4 is hydrogen, n is 1, R 1 is substituted phenyl, R 2 is A 3 , and A 3 is pyridinyl or 1,3-thiazolyl, then R is other than hydrogen.
• examples of a subgroup include, but are not limited to, those wherein R 2 is -NR 23a SO 2 R 105a , -NR 23b COR 105b , -NR 23b CO(O)R 105b , -NR 23c CONR 101a R 102a , -NR 23d SO 2 NR 101b R 102b , -NR 23e R 24 , -SO 2 NR 101c R 102c , or -OC(O)NR 101a R 102a .
• Examples of another subgroup include, but are not limited to, those wherein R is -NR 23a SO 2 R 105a , -NR 23b CO(O)R 105b , -NR 23e R 24 , -SO 2 NR 101c R 102c , or -OC(O)NR 101a R 102a .
• Examples of another subgroup include, but are not limited to, those wherein R is -NR 23a SO 2 R 105a .
• Examples of another subgroup include, but are not limited to, those wherein R 2 is
• Examples of yet another subgroup include, but are not limited to, those wherein R is -NR 236 R 24 .
• Examples of yet another subgroup include, but are not limited to, those wherein R 2 is -SO 2 NR 101c R 102c .
• Examples of yet another subgroup include, but are not limited to, those wherein R 2 is -OC(O)NR 101a R 102a .
• R 23a , R 23b , R 23c , R 23d , R 23e , R 24 , R 105a , R 105b , R 101a , R 101b , R 101c , R 102a , R 102b , and R 102c are as described generally in the Summary and in embodiments or examples described above.
• R 2 is A 1 , A 2 , or A 3 .
• Examples of yet another subgroup of compounds of formula (I), (I-A), (I-B), (I-C), (I- D), or (I-E) include, but are not limited to, those wherein R 2 is A 2 .
• Examples of still another subgroup of compounds of formula (I), (I-A), (I-B), (I-C), (I-D), or (I-E) include, but are not limited to, those wherein R 2 is A 3 .
• y, z, n, R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 25a , R 26a , R 10 , R lla , and R llb are as described generally in the Summary and in embodiments described above.
• R 3 is alkyl (such as, but not limited to, methyl, tert-butyl), halo (for example, chloro, bromo), cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, or hydroxyalkyl.
• R is alkyl (for example, methyl, tert-butyl), halo, or cycloalkyl.
• R 3 is tert-butyl.
• R 4 for example, is hydrogen, alkyl (for example, methyl), or haloalkyl.
• examples of compounds of formula (I), (I-A) - (I-E) include, but are not limited to, those wherein X is N, R 2 is -NR 23a SO 2 R 105a , -NR 23b CO(O)R 105b , -NR 23e R 24 ,
• R 3 is Ci_ 6 alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl, tert-butyl, and the like), optionally substituted cycloalkyl (e.g. optionally substituted cyclopropyl), halo (e.g. chloro, bromo), haloalkyl, or hydroxyalkyl (e.g. 2-hydroxyprop-2-yl and the like).
• Ci_ 6 alkyl e.g. methyl, ethyl, tert-butyl, and the like
• optionally substituted cycloalkyl e.g. optionally substituted cyclopropyl
• halo e.g. chloro, bromo
• haloalkyl e.g. 2-hydroxyprop-2-yl and the like.
• R 1 , R 10 , R lla , R llb , n, y, z, R 23a , R 23b , R 23e , R 24 , R 25a , R 26a , R 101a , R 102a , R 101c , R 102c R 105a , and R 105b have meanings as described generally in the Summary and in embodiments described above.
• compounds of formula (I), (I-A) - (I-E) include, but are not limited to, those wherein X is N, R 2 is A 1 , and R 3 is Ci_6 alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl, tert-butyl, and the like), optionally substituted cycloalkyl (e.g. optionally substituted cyclopropyl), halo (e.g. chloro, bromo), haloalkyl, or hydroxyalkyl (e.g. 2-hydroxyprop-2-yl and the like).
• a 1 , R 1 , R 10 , R lla , R llb , n, y, z, R 25a , and R 26a have meanings as described generally in the Summary and in embodiments described above.
• R 3 is C 1 ⁇ alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl, tert-butyl, and the like), optionally substituted cycloalkyl (e.g. optionally substituted cyclopropyl), halo (e.g. chloro, bromo), haloalkyl, or hydroxyalkyl (e.g. 2-hydroxyprop-2-yl and the like).
• R 1 , R 10 , R lla , R llb , n, y, z, R 25a , and R 26a have meanings as described generally in the Summary and in embodiments described above.
• Still other examples of compounds of formula (I), (I-A) - (I-E) include, but are not limited to, those wherein X is CR 4 , R 2 is -NR 23a SO 2 R 105a , -NR 23b CO(O)R 105b , -NR 23e R 24 , -SO 2 NR 101c R 102c , or -OC(O)NR 101a R 102a , R 3 is Ci_ 6 alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl, tert-butyl, and the like), optionally substituted cycloalkyl (e.g. optionally substituted cyclopropyl), halo (e.g.
• R 1 , R 10 , R lla , R llb , n, y, z, R 23a , R 23b , R 23e , R 24 , R 25a , R 26a , R 101a , R 102a , R 101c , R 102c R 105a , and R 105b have meanings as described generally in the Summary and in embodiments described above.
• compounds of formula (I), (I-A) - (I-E) include, but are not limited to, those wherein X is CR 4 , R 2 is A 1 , R 3 is C 1 ⁇ alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl, tert-butyl, and the like), optionally substituted cycloalkyl (e.g. optionally substituted cyclopropyl), halo (e.g. chloro, bromo), haloalkyl, or hydroxyalkyl (e.g. 2-hydroxyprop-2-yl and the like), and R 4 is hydrogen, Ci_ 6 alkyl (e.g. methyl and the like), or haloalkyl.
• a 1 , R 1 , R 10 , R lla , R llb , n, y, z, R 25a , and R 26a have meanings as described generally in the Summary and in embodiments described above.
• compounds of formula (I), (I- A) - (I-E) include, but are not limited to, those wherein X is CR 4 , R 2 is A 3 , and R 3 is Ci_6 alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl, tert-butyl, and the like), optionally substituted cycloalkyl (e.g. optionally substituted cyclopropyl), halo (e.g. chloro, bromo), haloalkyl, or hydroxyalkyl (e.g. 2-hydroxyprop-2-yl and the like), and R 4 is hydrogen, Ci_ 6 alkyl (e.g. methyl and the like), or haloalkyl.
• a 3 , R 1 , R 10 , R lla , R llb , n, y, z, R 25a , and R 26a have meanings as described generally in the Summary and in embodiments described above.
• R 102 , R 102c R 105a j and R 105 have meanings as described generally in the Summary and in embodiments described above.
• R 4 is hydrogen or alkyl (for example, methyl), or haloalkyl.
• R 4 is hydrogen or alkyl (for example, methyl).
• R 4 is hydrogen.
• R 25a and R 26a are hydrogen or Ci_6 alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl, and the like), and n is 1, 2, 3, or 4.
• R 25a and R 26a for example, are hydrogen or methyl, and n is 1 or 2.
• Exemplary compounds include, but are not limited to: N-[(2Z)-5-tert-butyl-3- ⁇ [l-(methylsulfonyl)azetidin-3-yl]methyl ⁇ -l,3-thiazol-2(3H)- ylidene]-2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide;
• stereoisomers including enantiomers and diastereomers
• mixtures thereof of the compounds described are also contemplated.
• Individual stereoisomers of compounds described may be prepared synthetically from commercially available starting materials that contain asymmetric or chiral centers or by preparation of racemic mixtures followed by resolution of the individual stereoisomer using methods that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples of resolution are, for example, (i) attachment of a mixture of enantiomers to a chiral auxiliary, separation of the resulting mixture of diastereomers by recrystallization or chromatography, followed by liberation of the optically pure product; or (ii) separation of the mixture of enantiomers or diastereomers on chiral chromatographic columns.
• Geometric isomers may exist in the present compounds. All various geometric isomers and mixtures thereof resulting from the disposition of substituents around a carbon- carbon double bond, a carbon-nitrogen double bond, a cycloalkyl group, or a heterocycle group are contemplated. Substituents around a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon- nitrogen bond are designated as being of Z or E configuration and substituents around a cycloalkyl or a heterocycle are designated as being of cis or trans configuration.
• the CBi and CB 2 radioligand binding assays described herein are utilized to determine the selectivity of compounds for binding to CB 2 relative to CBi receptors.
• HEK293 cells stably expressing human CB 2 receptors were grown until a confluent monolayer was formed. Briefly, the cells were harvested and homogenized in TE buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM MgCl 2 , and 1 mM EDTA) using a polytron for 2 X 10 second bursts in the presence of protease inhibitors, followed by centrifugation at 45,000Xg for 20 minutes. The final membrane pellet was re-homogenized in storage buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM MgCl 2 , and 1 mM EDTA and 10% sucrose) and frozen at -78 0 C until used.
• TE buffer 50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM MgCl 2 , and 1 mM EDTA
• Saturation binding reactions were initiated by the addition of membrane preparation (protein concentration of 5 ⁇ g/ well for human CB 2 ) into wells of a deep well plate containing [ 3 H]CP-55,940 (120 Ci/mmol, a nonselective CB agonist commercially available from Tocris) in assay buffer (50 mM Tris, 2.5 mM EDTA, 5 mM MgCl 2 , and 0.5 mg/mL fatty acid free BSA, pH 7.4). After 90 min incubation at 30 0 C, binding reaction was terminated by the addition of 300 ⁇ l/well of cold assay buffer followed by rapid vacuum filtration through a
• HEK293 cells stably expressing rat CB 2 receptors were grown until a confluent monolayer was formed. Briefly, the cells were harvested and homogenized in TE buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM MgCl 2 , and 1 mM EDTA) using a polytron for 2 X 10 second bursts in the presence of protease inhibitors, followed by centrifugation at 45,000Xg for 20 minutes. The final membrane pellet was re-homogenized in storage buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM MgCl 2 , and 1 mM EDTA and 10% sucrose) and frozen at -78 0 C until used.
• TE buffer 50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM MgCl 2 , and 1 mM EDTA
• Saturation binding reactions were initiated by the addition of membrane preparation (protein concentration of 20 ⁇ g/ well for rat CB 2 ) into wells of a deep well plate containing [ 3 H]CP- 55,940 (120 Ci/mmol, a nonselective CB agonist commercially available from Tocris) in assay buffer (50 mM Tris, 2.5 mM EDTA, 5 mM MgCl 2 , and 0.5 mg/mL fatty acid free BSA, pH 7.4).
• membrane preparation protein concentration of 20 ⁇ g/ well for rat CB 2
• assay buffer 50 mM Tris, 2.5 mM EDTA, 5 mM MgCl 2 , and 0.5 mg/mL fatty acid free BSA, pH 7.4
• binding reaction was terminated by the addition of 300 ⁇ L/well of cold assay buffer followed by rapid vacuum filtration through a UniFilter-96 GF/C filter plates (pre-soaked in 1 mg/mL BSA for 2 hours). The bound activity was counted in a TopCount using Microscint-20. Saturation experiments were conducted with twelve concentrations of [ H]CP-55,940 ranging from 0.01 to 8 nM. Competition experiments were conducted with 0.5 nM [ 3 H]CP-55,940 and five concentrations of displacing ligands selected from the range of 0.01 nM to 10 ⁇ M. The addition of 10 ⁇ M unlabeled CP-55,940 (Tocris, Ellisville, MO) was used to assess nonspecific binding.
• HEK293 human CBi membranes were purchased from Perkin Elmer.
• Binding was initiated by the addition of membranes (8-12 ⁇ g per well) into wells (Scienceware 96-well Deep Well plate, VWR, West Chester, PA) containing [ 3 H]CP-55,940 (120 Ci/mmol, Perkin Elmer, Boston, MA) and a sufficient volume of assay buffer (50 mM Tris, 2.5 mM EDTA, 5 mM MgCl 2 , and 0.5 mg/mL fatty acid free BSA, pH 7.4) to bring the total volume to 250 ⁇ L.
• assay buffer 50 mM Tris, 2.5 mM EDTA, 5 mM MgCl 2 , and 0.5 mg/mL fatty acid free BSA, pH 7.4
• binding was terminated by the addition of 300 ⁇ L per well of cold assay buffer and rapid vacuum filtration (FilterMate Cell Harvester, Perkin Elmer, Boston, MA) through a UniFilter-96 GF/C filter plate (Perkin Elmer, Boston, MA) (pre-soaked in 0.3% PEI at least 3 hours), followed by five washes with cold assay buffer. The bound activity was counted in the TopCount using Microscint-20 (both from Perkin Elmer, Boston, MA). Competition experiments were conducted with 1 nM [ 3 H]CP-55,940 and five concentrations (1 nM to 10 ⁇ M) of displacing ligands.
• a skin incision model of postoperative pain was produced using the procedures described in Brennan et al., 1996, Pain, 64, 493. All rats were anesthetized with isofluorane delivered via a nose cone. Right hind paw incision was performed following sterilization procedures. The plantar aspect of the left hind paw was placed through a hole in a sterile plastic drape. A 1-cm longitudinal incision was made through the skin and fascia of the plantar aspect of the hind paw, starting 0.5 cm from the proximal edge of the heel and extending towards the toes, the plantar muscle was elevated and incised longitudinally leaving the muscle origin and insertion points intact. The skin was then closed with two mattress sutures (5-0 nylon).
• Rats were placed into inverted individual plastic cage (20 x 12.5 x 20 cm) on top of a suspended wire mesh grid, and acclimated to the test chambers for 20 minutes.
• the von Frey filaments were applied perpendicularly from underneath the cage through openings in the wire mesh floor directly to an area within 1-3 mm (immediately adjacent) of the incision, and then held in this position for approximately 8 seconds with enough force to cause a slight bend in the filament.
• Positive responses included an abrupt withdrawal of the hind paw from the stimulus, or flinching behavior immediately following removal of the stimulus.
• a 50% withdrawal threshold was determined using an up-down procedure as described in Dixon, W. J., 1980, Efficient analysis of experimental observations, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol, 20, 441.
• Rats were allowed to acclimate to the study room for 1 hour. They were then briefly restrained, and capsaicin was administered at 10 ⁇ g in 10 ⁇ L of vehicle (10 % ethanol and 2- hydroxypropyl cyclodextrin) by intraplantar injection into the center of the right hind paw. Secondary mechanical hyperalgesia was measured at the heel away from the site of injection at 180 min following capsaicin (Joshi et al 2006, Neuroscience 143, 587-596). Compounds were injected (i.p.) 30 min before testing (150 min post-capsaicin). Tactile allodynia was measured as described above.
• Certain compounds that were tested showed a statistically significant change in paw withdrawal latency versus a saline vehicle at less than about 300 micromoles/kg. In a more preferred embodiment, certain compounds showed efficacy of less than about 50 micromoles/kg.
• Unilateral knee joint osteoarthritis was induced in the rats by a single intra-articular (i.a.) injection of sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA, 3 mg in 0.05 mL sterile isotonic saline) into the right knee joint cavity under light isoflurane anesthesia using a 26G needle.
• the dose of the MIA (3mg/i.a.injection) was selected based on results obtained from preliminary studies wherein an optimal pain behavior was observed at this dose. Pain behavioral assessment of hind limb grip force were conducted by recording the maximum compressive force exerted on the hind limb strain gauge setup, in a commercially available grip force measurement system (Columbus Instruments, Columbus, OH).
• the grip force data was converted to a maximum hindlimb cumulative compressive force (CFmax) (gram force)/kg body weight for each animal.
• CFmax hindlimb cumulative compressive force
• the analgesic effects of test compounds were determined 20 days following the i.a. injection of MIA.
• the vehicle control group for each compound being tested was assigned 0% whereas the age matched na ⁇ ve group was assigned as being 100% (normal).
• the % effects for each dose group was then expressed as % return to normalcy compared to the na ⁇ ve group.
• Compounds were administered either orally (p.o.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.).
• the assessment of the analgesic effects of test compounds is typically made anytime between about 1 hour and about 5 hours following oral administration.
• the assessment of the analgesic effects of test compounds is typically made anytime between about 0.5 hour and about 2 hours following i.p. administration. Selection of the preferred time points for measuring the analgesic effects of test compounds is based upon consideration of the individual pharmacokinetic characteristics of test compounds in the rat. Time points known or expected to provide higher plasma concentrations of test compounds are preferred over those that were known or expected to provide lower concentrations.
• the assessment of the analgesic effects of test compounds can be made following a single dose or following repeated dosing of test compounds wherein the frequency of dosing is 1 to 2 times daily. The duration of such repeated daily dosing may last for any time greater than one day. A typical duration of repeated daily dosing is about 5 days to about 12 days.
• a representative compound of formula (I) tested showed a statistically significant change in hind limb grip force strength versus a saline vehicle at less than about 50 micromoles/kg in the MIA model of osteoarthritic pain following a single oral dose. d. Methods of Using the Compounds
• One embodiment provides a method for treating pain (for example, inflammatory pain, osteoarthritic pain, neuropathic pain or nociceptive pain) in a mammal (including human) in need of such treatment.
• the method comprises administering to the mammal therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds as described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof.
• the method further comprises administration of compounds described herein as a single dose.
• the method also comprises repeated or chronic administration of present compounds over a period of days, weeks, months, or longer.
• Compounds described herein may be administered alone, or in combination with one or more other compounds described herein, or in combination (i.e. coadministered) with one or more additional pharmaceutical agents.
• one or more compound of formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof may be administered in combination with acetaminophen, or with one or more nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) such as, but not limited to, aspirin, diclofenac, diflusinal, etodolac, fenbufen, fenoprofen, flufenisal, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, ketorolac, meclofenamic acid, mefenamic acid, meloxicam, nabumetone, naproxen, nimesulide, nitroflurbiprofen, olsalazine, oxaprozin, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, sulfasalazine, sulindac, tolmetin and zomepirac; or administered with a combination of acetaminophen
• Another embodiment provides a method for treating a disorder selected from the group consisting of neurological disorders, cancers of the immune system, respiratory disorders, and cardiovascular disorders in a mammal in need of such treatment.
• the method comprises administering to the mammal therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compound(s) described herein or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof.
• Yet another embodiment relates to a method for providing neuroprotection in a mammal in need of such treatment.
• This method comprises administering to the mammal therapeutically effective amount of one or more compound(s) described herein or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof.
• a further embodiment provides a method of increasing the therapeutic effectiveness or potency of compounds described herein by repeated or chronic administration of the compound(s) or the pharmaceutical composition over a period of days, weeks, or months.
• CB 2 receptors play a role in analgesia.
• HU-308 is one of the first highly selective CB 2 agonists identified that elicits an antinociceptive response in the rat formalin model of persistent pain (Hanus, L., et al, Proc. Nat. Acad. ScL, 1999, 96, 14228-14233).
• the CB 2 - selective cannabiniod ligand AM- 1241 exhibits robust analgesic efficacy in animal models of acute thermal pain (Malan, T. P., et al., Pain, 2001, 93, 239-245; (2004), M. M., et al., Proc.
• CB 2 modulators have opioid sparing effects.
• a synergy between the analgesic effects of morphine and the nonselective CB agonist ⁇ 9 -THC has been documented (Cichewicz, D. L., Life ScL 2004, 74, 1317-1324). Therefore, CB 2 ligands have additive or synergistic analgesic effects when used in combination with lower doses of morphine or other opioids, providing a strategy for reducing adverse opioid events, such as tolerance, constipation, and respiratory depression, without sacrificing analgesic efficacy.
• CB 2 receptors are present in tissues and cell types associated with immune functions and CB 2 receptor mRNA is expressed by human B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, neutrophils, and T cells (Galiegue et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 1995, 232, 54-61). Studies with CB 2 knockout mice have suggested a role for CB 2 receptors in modulating the immune system (Buckley, N. E., et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2000, 396, 141-149). Although immune cell development and differentiation are similar in knockout and wild type animals, the immunosuppressive effects of ⁇ 9 -THC are absent in the CB 2 receptor knockout mice, providing evidence for the involvement of CB 2 receptors in immunomodulation.
• selective CB 2 modulators may be useful for the treatment of autoimmune diseases including but not limited to multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, myasthenia gravis, type I diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and hepatitis; and immune related disorders including but not limited to tissue rejection in organ transplants, gluten-sensitive enteropathy (Celiac disease), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, bronchitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, allergies, allergic rhinitis, dermatitis, and Sjogren's syndrome.
• autoimmune diseases including but not limited to multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, myasthenia gravis, type I diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and hepatitis
• immune related disorders including but not limited to tissue rejection in organ transplants,
• Microglial cells are considered to be the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) where they regulate the initiation and progression of immune responses.
• CB 2 receptor expression on microglia is dependent upon inflammatory state with higher levels Of CB 2 found in primed, proliferating, and migrating microglia relative to resting or fully activated microglial (Carlisle, S. J., et al. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2002, 2, 69).
• Neuroinflammation induces many changes in microglia cell morphology and there is an upregulation of CB 2 receptors and other components of the endocannabinoid system.
• -Neuro inflammation occurs in several neurodegenerative diseases, and induction of microglial CB 2 receptors has been observed (Carrier, E. J., et al., Current Drug Targets - CNS & Neurological Disorders, 2005, 4, 657-665).
• CB 2 ligands may be clinically useful for the treatment of neuroinflammation.
• Multiple sclerosis is common immune-mediated disease of the CNS in which the ability of neurons to conduct impulses becomes impaired through demyelination and axonal damage.
• the demyelination occurs as a consequence of chronic inflammation and ultimately leads to a broad range of clinical symptoms that fluctuate unpredictably and generally worsen with age. These include painful muscle spasms, tremor, ataxia, motor weakness, sphincter dysfunction, and difficulty speaking (Pertwee, R. G., Pharmacol. Ther. 2002, 95, 165-174).
• the CB 2 receptor is up-regulated on activated microglial cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) (Maresz, K., et al., J. Neurochem.
• CB 2 receptor activation prevents the recruitment of inflammatory cells such as leukocytes into the CNS (Ni, X., et al., Multiple Sclerosis, 2004, 10, 158-164) and plays a protective role in experimental, progressive demyelination (Arevalo-Martin, A.; et al., J. Neurosci., 2003, 23(7), 2511 -2516), which are critical features in the development of multiple sclerosis.
• CB 2 receptor modulators may provide a unique treatment for demyelinating pathologies.
• Alzheimer's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder accounting for the most common form of elderly dementia.
• CB 2 receptor expression is upregulated in neuritic plaque-associated microglia from brains of Alzheimer's disease patients (Benito, C, et al., J. Neurosci., 2003, 23(35), 11136-11141).
• CB 2 agonist JWH- 133 abrogated ⁇ -amyloid-induced microglial activation and neurotoxicity, effects that can be blocked by the CB 2 antagonist SRl 44528 (Ramirez, B. G., et al., J. Neurosci. 2005, 25(8), 1904-1913).
• CB 2 modulators may possess both antiinflammatory and neuroprotective actions and thus have clinical utility in treating neuroinflammation and in providing neuroprotection associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease.
• Chemokines released from the epithelium are upregulated in inflammatory bowel disease (Warhurst, A. C, et al., Gut, 1998, 42, 208- 213).
• administration of CB 2 receptor modulators may represent a novel approach for the treatment of inflammation and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract including but not limited to inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, secretory diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
• Hepatic fibrosis occurs as a response to chronic liver injury and ultimately leads to cirrhosis, which is a major worldwide health issue due to the severe accompanying complications of portal hypertension, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (Lotersztajn, S., et al., Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol, 2005, 45, 605-628).
• CB 2 receptors were not detectable in normal human liver, CB 2 receptors were expressed liver biopsy specimens from patients with cirrhosis.
• Activation of CB 2 receptors in cultured hepatic myofibroblasts produced potent antifibrogenic effects (Julien, B., et al., Gastroenterology, 2005, 128, 742- 755).
• CB 2 knockout mice developed enhanced liver fibrosis after chronic administration of carbon tetrachloride relative to wild-type mice.
• Administration of CB 2 receptor modulators may represent a unique approach for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
• Cough is a dominant and persistent symptom of many inflammatory lung diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, viral infections, and pulmonary fibrosis (Patel, H. J., et al., Brit. J. Pharmacol, 2003, 140, 261-268). Recent studies have provided evidence for the existence of neuronal CB 2 receptors in the airways, and have demonstrated a role for CB 2 receptor activation in cough suppression (Patel, H. J., et al, Brit. J. Pharmacol, 2003, 140, 261-268 and Yoshihara, S., et al., Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,
• CB 2 -selective modulators may have utility as antitussive agents for the treatment of pulmonary inflammation, chronic cough, and a variety of airway inflammatory diseases including but not limited to asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis.
• Osteoclasts and osteoblasts are largely responsible for maintaining bone structure and function through a process called remodeling, which involves resorption and synthesis of bone (Boyle, W. J., et al., Nature, 2003, 423, 337-342).
• CB 2 receptor expression has been detected on osteoclasts and osteoblastic precursor cells, and administration of a CB 2 agonist in mice caused a dose-dependent increase in bone formation (Grotenhermen, F. and Muller-Vahl, K., Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 2003, 4(12), 2367- 2371).
• Cannabinoid inverse agonists including the CB 2 -selective inverse agonist SR144528, have been shown to inhibit osteoclast activity and reverse ovariectomy-induced bone loss in mice, which is a model for post-menopausal osteoporosis (Ralston, S. H., et al., Nature Medicine, 2005, 11, 774-779).
• CB 2 modulators may be useful for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and bone disorders.
• Artherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease and is a leading cause of heart disease and stroke.
• CB 2 receptors have been detected in both human and mouse atherosclerotic plaques.
• Administration of low doses of THC in apolipoprotein E knockout mice slowed the progression of atherosclerotic lesions, and these effects were inhibited by the CB 2 -selective antagonist SR144528 (Steffens, S., et al., Nature, 2005, 434, 782-786).
• compounds with activity at the CB 2 receptor may be clinically useful for the treatment of atheroscelorsis.
• CB 2 receptors are expressed on malignant cells of the immune system and targeting CB 2 receptors to induce apoptosis may constitute a novel approach to treating malignancies of the immune system.
• Selective CB 2 agonists induce regression of malignant gliomas (Sanchez, C, et al., Cancer Res., 2001, 61, 5784-5789), skin carcinomas (Casanova, M. L., et al., J. Clin. Invest., 2003, 111, 43-50), and lymphomas (McKallip, R. J., et al., Blood, 2002, 15(2), 637-634).
• CB 2 modulators may have utility as anticancer agents against tumors of immune origin.
• CB 2 receptors Activation of CB 2 receptors has been demonstrated to protect the heart against the deleterious effects of ischemia and reperfusion (Lepicier, P., et al, Brit. J. Pharm. 2003, 139, 805-815; Bouchard, J. -F., et al., Life Sci. 2003, 72, 1859-1870; Filippo, C. D., et al., J.
• CB 2 modulators may have utility for the treatment or prophylaxis of cardiovascular disease and the development of myocardial infarction.
• Actual dosage levels of active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions can be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active compound(s) that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, compositions and mode of administration.
• the selected dosage level will depend upon the activity of the particular compound, the route of administration, the duration of treatment, the severity of the condition being treated and the condition and prior medical history of the patient being treated. However, it is within the skill of the art to start doses of the compound at levels lower than required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved. In the treatment of certain medical conditions, repeated or chronic administration of compounds may be required to achieve the desired therapeutic response.
• “Repeated or chronic administration” refers to the administration of compounds daily (i.e., every day) or intermittently (i.e., not every day) over a period of days, weeks, months, or longer.
• the treatment of chronic painful conditions is anticipated to require such repeated or chronic administration of the compounds.
• Compounds described herein may become more effective upon repeated or chronic administration such that the therapeutically effective doses on repeated or chronic administration may be lower than the therapeutically effective dose from a single administration.
• Combination therapy includes administration of a single pharmaceutical dosage formulation containing one or more of the compounds described herein and one or more additional pharmaceutical agents, as well as administration of the compounds and each additional pharmaceutical agent, in its own separate pharmaceutical dosage formulation.
• a compound described herein and one or more additional pharmaceutical agents may be administered to the patient together, in a single oral dosage composition having a fixed ratio of each active ingredient, such as a tablet or capsule; or each agent may be administered in separate oral dosage formulations.
• present compounds and one or more additional pharmaceutical agents may be administered at essentially the same time (e.g., concurrently) or at separately staggered times (e.g., sequentially).
• Compounds described herein can also be administered as a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compounds of interest in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• therapeutically effective amount means sufficient amounts of the compounds to treat disorders, at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment.
• the specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed; and like factors well-known in the medical arts. For example, it is well within the skill of the art to start doses of the compound at levels lower than required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.
• the total daily dose of the compounds administered to a human or other animal range from about 0.01 mg/kg body weight to about 100 mg/kg body weight.
• More preferable doses can be in the range of from about 0.03 mg/kg body weight to about 30 mg/kg body weight.
• the effective daily dose can be divided into multiple doses for purposes of administration. Consequently, single dose compositions may contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose. It is understood that the effective daily dose may vary with the duration of the treatment. e. Pharmaceutical Compositions
• compositions comprise compounds described herein or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof are also described.
• the pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds described herein may be formulated together with one or more non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• compositions comprising present compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, alone or in combination with one or more nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), or other analgesics (for example, acetaminophen), or combinations thereof.
• NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
• analgesics for example, acetaminophen
• compositions can be administered to humans and other mammals orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments or drops), bucally or as an oral or nasal spray.
• parenterally refers to modes of administration which include intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous and intraarticular injection and infusion.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier means a non-toxic, inert solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type.
• materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sugars such as, but not limited to, lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as, but not limited to, corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as, but not limited to, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as, but not limited to, cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as, but not limited to, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols; such a propylene glycol; esters such as, but not limited to, ethyl oleate and
• compositions for parenteral injection comprise pharmaceutically acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions as well as sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use.
• suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and the like), vegetable oils (such as olive oil), injectable organic esters (such as ethyl oleate) and suitable mixtures thereof.
• Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions and by the use of surfactants.
• compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents.
• adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents.
• Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents such as sugars, sodium chloride and the like.
• Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
• the absorption of the drug in order to prolong the effect of the drug, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This can be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.
• Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissues.
• the injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium just prior to use.
• Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders and granules.
• the active compound may be mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol and silicic acid; b) binders such as carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose and acacia; c) humectants such as glycerol; d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates and sodium carbonate; e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin; f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds; g) wetting agents such as cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; h)
• compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard- filled gelatin capsules using such carriers as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
• the solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well-known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and may also be of a composition such that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
• coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well-known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and may also be of a composition such that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
• embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.
• the active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-mentioned carriers.
• Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
• the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethyl formamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan and mixtures thereof.
• inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as
• the oral compositions may also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents.
• Suspensions in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar, tragacanth and mixtures thereof.
• compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds with suitable non-irritating carriers or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at room temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
• suitable non-irritating carriers or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at room temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
• the compounds can also be administered in the form of liposomes.
• liposomes are generally derived from phospholipids or other lipid substances. Liposomes are formed by mono- or multi-lamellar hydrated liquid crystals which are dispersed in an aqueous medium. Any non-toxic, physiologically acceptable and metabolizable lipid capable of forming liposomes can be used.
• compositions in liposome form can contain, in addition to compounds described herein, stabilizers, preservatives, excipients and the like.
• the preferred lipids are natural and synthetic phospholipids and phosphatidyl cholines (lecithins) used separately or together.
• Dosage forms for topical administration of compounds described herein include powders, sprays, ointments and inhalants.
• the active compounds may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives, buffers or propellants which may be required.
• Opthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders and solutions are also contemplated as being within the scope.
• the compounds can be used in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts derived from inorganic or organic acids.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt means those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge et al. describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in (J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66: 1 et seq).
• the salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or separately by reacting a free base function with a suitable organic acid.
• Representative acid addition salts include, but are not limited to acetate, adipate, alginate, citrate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, digluconate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, fumarate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethansulfonate (isothionate), lactate, malate, maleate, methanesulfonate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, palmitoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, thiocyanate, phosphate, glutamate, bicarbonate, p-toluenesulfonate and undecan
• the basic nitrogen-containing groups can be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides such as, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates; long chain halides such as, but not limited to, decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; arylalkyl halides like benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products are thereby obtained.
• lower alkyl halides such as, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides
• dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl
• acids which can be employed to form pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include such inorganic acids as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid and such organic acids as acetic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid, succinic acid and citric acid.
• Basic addition salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of compounds by reacting a carboxylic acid-containing moiety with a suitable base such as, but not limited to, the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine.
• a suitable base such as, but not limited to, the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, cations based on alkali metals or alkaline earth metals such as, but not limited to, lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and aluminum salts and the like and nontoxic quaternary ammonia and amine cations including ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine and the like.
• Other representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperidine, piperazine and the like.
• prodrug or “prodrug”as used herein, represents those prodrugs of the compounds which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective for their intended use.
• Contemplated also are compounds formed by synthetic means or formed by in vivo biotransformation of a prodrug.
• Encompassed herein are compounds prepared by synthetic processes or by metabolic processes. Preparation of the compounds by metabolic processes includes those occurring in the human or animal body (in vivo) or processes occurring in vitro. Compounds described herein can be prepared by a variety of processes well known for the preparation of compounds of this class.
• the compounds of formula (I) wherein the groups X, n, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 21a , R 25a , R 26a , R 101a , R 102a , R 101d , R 102d , R 105a , R 105b , and R 105c have the meanings as set forth in the summary section unless otherwise noted, can be prepared by general procedures such as, but not limited to, those outlined in Schemes 1-9.
• Compounds of formula (3) may be prepared according to the sequence outlined in Scheme 1.
• Carbonyl compounds (1) can be reacted at room temperature with amino compounds (2) in a suitable solvent such as, but not limited to, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, or dichloromethane for a period of about 1 hour to about 24 hours in the presence of a dehydrating agent such as, but not limited to, 4 A molecular sieves; followed by the addition of potassium thiocyanate and iodine with heating at about 50 0 C for a period of about 4 hours to about 24 hours to provide the compounds (3).
• a suitable solvent such as, but not limited to, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, or dichloromethane
• a dehydrating agent such as, but not limited to, 4 A molecular sieves
• R 1 COCl an acid chloride
• R 1 C ⁇ 2 H carboxylic acid
• intermediates (4) can be reacted with R 1 COCl in a solvent such as, but not limited to, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, or dichloromethane at a temperature from about 25 0 C to about 50 0 C in the presence of a base such as, but not limited to, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, or potassium carbonate, and optionally in the presence of a catalyst such as 4-dimethylaminopyridine.
• a solvent such as, but not limited to, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, or dichloromethane
• a base such as, but not limited to, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, or potassium carbonate
• a catalyst such as 4-dimethylaminopyridine.
• intermediates (4) can be reacted with R 1 CC ⁇ H in a solvent such as, but not limited to, tetrahydrofuran or dimethylformamide, in the presence of a coupling reagent such as 1,1 '- carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phosphinic chloride (BOPCl), 1,3- dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), polymer supported l ⁇ -dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (PS- DCC), O-(7-azabenzotriazol- 1 -yl)-N,N,N' ,N' -tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU), O-benzotriazol-l-yl-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU), or 1-propanephosphonic acid cyclic anhydride,
• Compounds (4) may be prepared using the sequence outlined in Scheme 3.
• Amino compounds of formula (5) can be reacted with compounds of formula R 2 -(CR 25a R 26a ) n -X 201 , wherein X 201 is Cl, Br, I, OTs, or OMs, to form compounds (4).
• This reaction may be performed either neat or in a solvent such as, but not limited to, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, or dioxane, at about room temperature or up to about 150 0 C, and optionally in the presence of a catalyst such as, but not limited to, tetrabutylammonium iodide or sodium iodide.
• a base such as, but not limited to, triethylamine, potassium carbonate, potassium tert-butoxide, or sodium hydride.
• intermediates (8) wherein n' is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 can be converted to compounds (9) as outlined in Scheme 5.
• Amine compounds of formulae (10) and (11) may be prepared according to the sequence outlined in Scheme 6.
• Compounds (9) wherein n' is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 can be converted to compounds (10) by treatment with an acid such as, but not limited to, trifluoroacetic acid or hydrochloric acid, in a solvent such as but not limited to dichloromethane at temperatures ranging from about 0 0 C to about room temperature.
• Amine compounds (10) can be converted to amine compounds (11) wherein R 21a is alkyl by reactions known in the art.
• the conversion can be achieved via reductive amination reaction with a suitable aldehyde or ketone in the presence of a reducing agent such as sodium triacetoxyhydroborate or sodium cyanoborohydride, in a solvent such as acetonitrile and the like.
• a reducing agent such as sodium triacetoxyhydroborate or sodium cyanoborohydride
• a solvent such as acetonitrile and the like.
• a base such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, or DBU
• Compounds of formula (I) may also be prepared according to the sequence outlined in Scheme 7.
• Compounds (5) can be converted to compounds (12) using the conditions described in Scheme 2 for the conversion of compounds (4) to compounds of formula (I).
• Compounds (12) can be converted to compounds of formula (I) using conditions similar to those described in Scheme 3 for the conversion of compounds (5) to compounds (4).
• Compounds (12) can also be converted to compounds of formula (I) using phase transfer conditions, for example: refluxing of compound (12) with compounds of formula
• phase transfer agents include, but are not limited to, tetrabutylammonium iodide, tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate, tetraethylammonium iodide, and the like.
• Compounds of formula (15), (16), (17) and (18) may be prepared according to the sequences outlined in Scheme 8.
• Compounds (13) can be converted to compounds (14) by reaction with a reagent R 201 -X 201 , wherein R 201 is R 23a , R 23b , or R 23c (each of which is independently alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or haloalkoxyalkyl), and X 201 is Cl, Br, I, OTs, or OMs, in solvents such as, but not limted to, tetrahydrofuran, or dimethylformamide, and in the presence of a base such as, but not limited to, sodium hydride, potassium carbonate, or potassium tert-butoxide.
• a base such as, but not limited to, sodium hydride, potassium carbonate, or potassium tert-butoxide.
• Compounds (14) can be transformed to compounds (15) by treatment with an acid such as, but not limited to, trifluoroacetic acid or hydrochloric acid, in solvents such as, but not limited to, dichloromethane at temperatures ranging from about O 0 C to about room temperature.
• an acid such as, but not limited to, trifluoroacetic acid or hydrochloric acid
• solvents such as, but not limited to, dichloromethane at temperatures ranging from about O 0 C to about room temperature.
• Compounds (13) can be transformed to compounds (17) by removal of the Boc protecting group using similar conditions to those described for the conversion of compounds (14) to compounds (15).
• Compounds (15) and (17) can be converted to compounds (16) and (18) wherein R 202 is -SO 2 R 105a , respectively, by treatment with reagents ClSO 2 R 105a in a solvent such as, but not limited to, tetrahydrofuran or dichloromethane, in the presence of a base such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, or DBU, at a temperature ranging from about O 0 C to about room temperature.
• a solvent such as, but not limited to, tetrahydrofuran or dichloromethane
• a base such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, or DBU
• the reaction may be conducted by reacting compounds (19) with an appropriate amine or alcohol reagent in the presence of a base such as, but not limited to, triethylamine, potassium tert-butoxide, sodium tert-butoxide or sodium hydride in a solvent such as, but not limited to, tetrahydrofuran or dimethylformamide at temperatures from 0 0 C to 150 0 C.
• a base such as, but not limited to, triethylamine, potassium tert-butoxide, sodium tert-butoxide or sodium hydride
• a solvent such as, but not limited to, tetrahydrofuran or dimethylformamide
• reaction conditions and reaction times for each individual step may vary depending on the particular reactants employed and substituents present in the reactants used. Unless otherwise specified, solvents, temperatures and other reaction conditions may be readily selected by one of ordinary skill in the art. Specific procedures are provided in the Examples section. Reactions may be worked up in the conventional manner, e.g. by eliminating the solvent from the residue and further purified according to methodologies generally known in the art such as, but not limited to, crystallization, distillation, extraction, trituration and chromatography. Unless otherwise described, the starting materials and reagents are either commercially available or may be prepared by one skilled in the art from commercially available materials using methods described in the chemical literature.
• Suitable protecting groups and the methods for protecting and deprotecting different substituents using such suitable protecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art; examples of which may be found in T. Greene and P. Wuts, Protecting Groups in Chemical Synthesis (3 rd ed.), John Wiley & Sons, NY (1999), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• Starting materials may be prepared by procedures selected from standard organic chemical techniques, techniques that are analogous to the synthesis of known, structurally similar compounds, or techniques that are analogous to the above described schemes or the procedures described in the synthetic examples section.
• an optically active form of a compound When an optically active form of a compound is required, it may be obtained by carrying out one of the procedures described herein using an optically active starting material (prepared, for example, by asymmetric induction of a suitable reaction step), or by resolution of a mixture of the stereoisomers of the compound or intermediates using a standard procedure (such as chromatographic separation, recrystallization or enzymatic resolution).
• a pure geometric isomer of a compound when required, it may be obtained by carrying out one of the above procedures using a pure geometric isomer as a starting material, or by resolution of a mixture of the geometric isomers of the compound or intermediates using a standard procedure such as chromatographic separation.
• Example 1C (Z)-tert-butyl 3-((5-tert-butyl-2-(2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoylimino)thiazol-3(2H)- vDmethvDazetidine- 1 -carboxylate
• triethylamine 1.3 mL, 9.2 mmol
• Example IB (3 mmol) in 5 mL tetrahydrofuran was added via cannula. This mixture was warmed to 50 0 C and was allowed to stir for 4 h.
• Example IE To a solution of the product of Example 1C (1.79 g, 3.4 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (25 mL) at 0 0 C was added trifluoroacetic acid (12 mL, 156 mmol) dropwise over 15 min. The mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and was allowed to stir for 3 hours. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by column chromatography (SiO 2 , 100% CH 2 Cl 2 then 9: 1:0.1 CH 2 Cl 2 :methanol:NH 4 OH) to give the title compound (1.76 g, 3.29 mmol, 97 % yield). MS (DCI/NH3) m/z 428 (M+H) + .
• Example IE Example IE
• the mixture was stirred at 0 0 C for 10 minutes and then was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and was stirred for 2 h.
• the mixture was quenched with 5 mL saturated, aqueous NaHC ⁇ 3, the layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with 3 X 5 mL ethyl acetate.
• the combined organics were dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• the crude material was purified by column chromatography (SiO 2 , 60% hexanes in ethyl acetate) to give the title compound (0.25 g, 0.47 mmol, 72% yield).
• Example 3A tert-butyl 3 -(hydroxymethyl)azetidine- 1 -carboxylate
• l-Boc-azetidine-3-carboxylic acid Astatech, 1.0 g, 4.97 mmol
• 4-methylmorpholine 0.55 mL, 5.0 mmol
• This mixture was stirred for 1 minute and then ethyl chloroformate (0.47 mL, 4.97 mmol) was added dropwise.
• Example 3B tert-butyl 3 -(tosyloxymethyl)azetidine- 1 -carboxylate
• a solution of the product of Example 3A (0.62 g, 3.3 mmol) in CH 2 CI 2 (7 mL) and pyridine (7 mL) was added />-toluenesulfonyl chloride (0.63 g, 3.3 mmol) portionwise over 5 min.
• the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 24 h then was quenched with 10 mL 5% aqueous HCl.
• the layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted (3 X 5 mL CH 2 CI 2 ).
• Example 3 F (Z)-N-(3-(azetidin-3-ylmethyl)-5-methylthiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)-5-chloro-2- methoxybenzamide
• Example 3F To a solution of the product of Example 3F (0.15 g, 0.43 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) at ambient temperature was added triethyl amine (0.18 mL, 1.3 mmol) followed by methanesulfonyl chloride (40 ⁇ L, 0.51 mmol). This mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 24 h then was quenched with 5 mL saturated, aqueous NaHCO 3 . The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted 3 X 5 mL ethyl acetate.
• the concentrate was then triturated with anhydrous tetrahydrofuran and filtered.
• the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the concentrate was dissolved in anhydrous CH 2 CI 2 (20 mL).
• p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride (3.64 g, 19 mmol) was added, the mixture was cooled to 0 0 C and triethylamine (2.66 mL, 19 mmol) was added dropwise.
• the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 12 h.
• the mixture was then washed with water, brine, dried with anhydrous MgSO 4 and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Example 4B N-(5-tert-butylthiazol-2-yl)-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamide
• Example 3D (1.23 g, 6.0 mmol)
• triethylamine 2.4 mL, 18 mmol
• A- dimethylaminopyridine 7.5 mg, 0.06 mmol.
• the reaction mixture was stirred at 60 0 C for 14 hours and then cooled to ambient temperature, diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (20 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 30 mL).
• Example 4C 650 mg, 2 mmol
• Example 4A 700 mg, 2.6 mmol
• potassium carbonate 653 mg, 4 mmol
• tetrabutylammonium iodide 20 mg, 0.05 mmol
• tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate 20 mg, 0.06 mmol
• tetraethylammonium iodide 20 mg, 0.07 mmol
• Example 5 N-r(2Z)-5-tert-butyl-3- ⁇ r(2S)-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl1methyl ⁇ -1.3-thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene1-5- chloro-2-methoxybenzamide
• a mixture of Example 4C (810 mg, 2.49 mmol), (S)-(5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl
• potassium carbonate 828 mg, 6 mmol
• tetrabutylammonium iodide (20 mg, 0.05 mmol
• tetraethylammonium iodide 20 mg, 0.07 mmol
• Example 6B N-r(2Z)-5-tert-butyl-3- ⁇ r(2S)-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl1methvU-1.3-thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene1-5- chloro-2-methoxybenzamide
• a mixture of Example 6A (325 mg, 1 mmol), (S)-(5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl 4- methylbenzenesulfonate (Aldrich, 400 mg, 1.5 mmol), potassium carbonate (276 mg, 2 mmol), tetrabutylammonium iodide (15 mg, 0.04 mmol), tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate (15 mg, 0.04 mmol) and tetraethylammonium iodide (15 mg, 0.06 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (50 mL) was refluxed for 15 h.
• Example 6A 650 mg, 2 mmol
• Example 4A 807 mg, 3 mmol
• potassium carbonate 522 mg, 3.8. mmol
• tetrabutylammonium iodide (20 mg, 0.05 mmol
• tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate (20 mg, 0.06 mmol
• tetraethylammonium iodide 15 mg, 0.06 mmol
• the mixture was then cooled to room temperature, washed with water, brine, dried with anhydrous MgSO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Example 8A To a solution of (S)-methyl 5-oxo-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate (Aldrich, 2.86 g, 20 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (50 mL) at 0 0 C was added in portions 60% oil dispersion NaH (720 mg, 30 mmol). Methyl iodide (1.88 mL, 30 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and residue was partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water, brine, dried with anhydrous MgSO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Example 8A (1.29 g, 10 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2 (60 mL), p- toluenesulfonyl chloride (2.1 g (11 mmol) was added followed by dropwise addition of triethylamine at 0 0 C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred for 16 h, washed with water, brine, dried with anhydrous MgSO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (SiO 2 , ethyl acetate-ethanol 9: 1) to afford 1.5 g of the title compound.
• Example 8C N-r(2Z)-5-tert-butyl-3- ⁇ r(2S)-l-methyl-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl1methvU-1.3.4-thiadiazol-2(3H)- ylidene1-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamide
• a mixture of Example 6A (325 mg, 1 mmol), Example 8B (300 mg, 1.1 mmol), potassium carbonate (300 mg, 2.2.
• Example 9A tert-butyl 3-(T5-tert-butyl-2-iminothiazol-3( ' 2H)-yl)methyl)azetidine-l-carboxylate 3,3-Dimethylbutanal (0.7 mL, 5.4 mmol), tert-butyl 3-(aminomethyl)azetidine-l- carboxylate (Astatech ,1.0 g , 5.4 mmol) were mixed with 2 g of 4 A molecular sieves in 5 mL of dry acetonitrile at room temperature for 20 hours. The reaction was filtered through Celite, washed with 5 mL of acetonitrile and the filtrate used without further purification.
• Example 9B (1.1 g, 2.2 mmol) was dissolved in 8 mL of CH 2 CI 2 , 2 mL of trifluoroacetic acid was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. The solvent was removed and the concentrate purified by flash chromatography on SiO 2 using a gradient from 0% methanol/CH 2 Cl 2 to 10% methanol/CH 2 Cl 2 (0.1% NH 4 OH) over 300 mL then isocratic for 240 mL to provide the title compound (0.7 g, 1.9 mmol, 82% yield). MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 394.1 (M+H) + .
• Example 9C (0.6 g, 1.5 mmol) was dissolved in 15 mL of tetrahydrofuran, triethylamine (0.64 mL, 4.6 mmol) was added followed by methanesulfonyl chloride (0.14 mL, 1.8 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, and diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The organic phase was washed with water, brine, dried with MgSO ⁇ filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate was purified by flash chromatography on
• the concentrate was purified by flash chromatography on SiO 2 , equilibrating the column with CH 2 CI 2 , loading the sample, and eluting with 5% methanol in CH 2 Cl 2 (0.1% NH 4 OH) isocratically to provide the title compound (3.5 g, 11.7 mmol, 32% yield). MS (DCI/NH3) m/z 300.2 (M+H) + .
• Example IQD (Z)-N-(5-tert-butyl-3-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)-5-chloro-2- methoxybenzamide
• Example 1OC (0.45 g, 0.9 mmol) was dissolved in 10 mL Of CH 2 Cl 2 , treated with 2 mL of trifluoroacetic acid, and was stirred at room temperature for 90 minutes. The solvent was removed and the residue was treated with CH 2 Cl 2 and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in 5% methanol/CH 2 Cl 2 (0.1% NH 4 OH), filtered through silica and washed with
• Example 1OD (0.36 g, 0.9 mmol) was dissolved in 13 mL of tetrahydrofuran, treated with methanesulfonyl chloride (0.073 mL, 0.9 mmol) and triethylamine (0.39 mL, 0.29 mmol), and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate washed with water, brine, dried with MgSO ⁇ filtered, and concentrated.
• Example 1OB (0.35 g, 0.75 mmol) was mixed with 5 mL of 37% aq formaldehyde and 10 mL of 88% formic acid. The mixture was refluxed at 100 0 C for 3 hours. Reaction mixture was cooled, concentrated, diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL), washed with 2N NaOH, water, brine, dried with MgSO ⁇ filtered, and concentrated.
• the concentrate was purified by flash chromatography (SiO 2 , eluting with a gradient from 0 to 15% methanol in CH 2 Cl 2 (0.1% NH40H) over 240 mL then isocratic for 300 mL) to provide the title compound (0.15 g, 0.38 mmol, 50% yield).
• Example 1OB (0.38 g, 0.8 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (5 mL) was treated with 1 mL of trifluoroacetic acid and stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The solvent was removed and the concentrate was purified by flash chromatography (SiO 2 , eluting with a gradient from 0 to 15% methanol in CH 2 Cl 2 (0.1% NH 4 OH) in 240 mL then isocratic for 300 mL) to provide the title compound (0.29 g, 0.79 mmol, 97% yield). ESI m/z 368.0 (M+H) + .
• Example 12A A solution of Example 12A (0.29 g, 0.79 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was treated with methanesulfonyl chloride (0.6 mL, 0.79 mmol) and triethylamine (0.33 mL, 0.24 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with water, brine, dried with MgSO ⁇ filtered, and concentrated.
• Example 1OD (0.17 g, 0.45 mmol), ethanesulfonyl chloride (98% 0.043 mL, 0.45 mmol), and triethylamine (0.19 mL, 1.35 mmol) were mixed in 5 mL of tetrahydrofuran and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction was diluted with 100 mL ethyl acetate, washed with water, brine, dried with MgSO ⁇ filtered, and concentrated.
• the concentrate was purified by flash chromatography (SiC ⁇ , eluting with a gradient from 0 to 60% ethyl acetate in hexane over 600 mL then isocratic for 300 mL) to provide the title compound (0.12 g, 0.25 mMol, 57% yield).
• Example 18 A The product from Example 18 A (125 mg, 0.44 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran/N,N- dimethylformamide (1 :2) (5 mL) was treated with NaH (60%, 35 mg, 0.88 mmol), stirred for 10 min at room temperature, and then treated with Example 14A (318 mg, 1.69 mmol). The mixture was heated at 75 0 C for 12 hrs. After cooling, the mixture was diluted with water, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic extract was dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated.
• the concentrate was purified by reverse phase HPLC on a Waters Symmetry C8 column (25 mm x 100 mm, 7 ⁇ m particle size) using a gradient of 10% to 100% acetonitrile:0.1% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid over 8 minutes (10 minutes run time) at a flow rate of 40 mL/minutes) to afford 24 mg (14 %) of the title compound.
• Example 15B (S,Z)-tert-butyl 2-((5-tert-butyl-2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoylimino)thiazol-3(2H)- yl)methyl)azetidine- 1 -carboxylate
• sodium hydride 60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.049g, 10.3 mmol.
• the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. and then treated with Example 15A (0.42 g, 1.23 mmol).
• Example 16A A mixture of Example 16A (1001 mg, 3.33 mmol), commercially available A- (chloromethyl)thiazole (574 mg, 3.33 mmol), potassium t-butoxide (354 mg, 3.33 mmol) and tetrabutylammonium iodide (492 mg, 1.33 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (30 mL)/dioxane (10 mL) was refluxed for 15 h. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature, washed with water, brine, dried with anhydrous MgSO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• A- (chloromethyl)thiazole 574 mg, 3.33 mmol
• potassium t-butoxide 354 mg, 3.33 mmol
• tetrabutylammonium iodide 492 mg, 1.33 mmol
• Example 17A A mixture of Example 17A (1001 mg, 3.33 mmol) and commercially available A- (bromomethyl)thiazole were processed using the method described for Example 16B to afford the title compound (660 mg, 52% yield).
• Example 18A 5-chloro-2-methoxy-N-r(2Z)-5-methyl-3-(1.3-thiazol-4-ylmethyl)-1.3-thiazol-2(3H)- vlideneibenzamide
• sodium hydride 60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.247 g, 10.3 mmol.
• the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. and then treated with commercially available A- (chloromethyl)thiazole (1.25 g, 9.4 mmol).
• Example 6A A mixture of Example 6A (489mg, 1.5 mmol), commercially available A- (chloromethyl)thiazole (200 mg, 1.5 mmol), potassium carbonate (415 mg, 3.0 mmol), tetrabutylammonium iodide (15 mg, 0.04 mmol), tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate (15 mg, 0.04 mmol) and tetraethylammonium iodide (15 mg, 0.05 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (50 mL) was refluxed for 15 h. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature, washed with water, brine, dried with anhydrous MgSO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• 5-methylthiazole-2-amine 1.0 g, 8.76 mmol
• 2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid Aldrich
• triethylamine 2.93 mL, 21.02 mmol
• 1-propanephosphonic acid cyclic anhydride Aldrich, 50% solution in ethyl acetate, 6.19 mL, 10.51 mmol).
• Example 2OB 2.5-dichloro-N-r( ' 2Z)-5-methyl-3-r( ' 2-methyl-1.3-thiazol-4-vnmethyl1-1.3-thiazol-2GH)- ylideneibenzamide
• sodium hydride 60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.1 g, 2.5 mmol
• tetrabutylammonium iodide 0.09, 0.23 mmol
• commercially available 4-(chloromethyl)-2-methylthiazole Maybridge, 0.37 g, 2.5 mmol).
• the reaction mixture was stirred at 80 0 C for 16 hours, cooled, diluted with ethyl acetate (20 mL) and quenched with saturated aqueous NaHC ⁇ 3 (20 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (1 x 25 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography using an Analogix® Intelliflash280 TM (SiO 2 , 0-50 % ethyl acetate in hexanes) to afford the title compound.
• Example 18A sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil), tetrabutylammonium iodide and commercially available 4-(chloromethyl)-2-methylthiazole (Maybridge) were processed using the method described in Example 2OB to afford the title compound.
• Example 18A sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil), tetrabutylammonium iodide and commercially available 2-(chloromethyl)thiazole (Chembridge) were processed using the method described in Example 2OB to afford the title compound.
• Example 18A sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil), tetrabutylammonium iodide and commercially available 2-(chloromethyl)-4-methylthiazole (Chembridge) were processed using the method described in Example 2OB to afford the title compound.
• Example 24 S-chloro-N-rQZl-S-rC ⁇ -chloropyridin-S-vnmethyli-S-methyl-lJ-thiazol ⁇ GHl-ylidenei ⁇ - methoxybenzamide
• Example 18A sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil), and commercially available 2-chloro-5-chloromethyl pyridine were processed using the method described in Example 2OB to afford the title compound.
• Example 18A sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil), and commercially available 3-(chloromethyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine were processed using the method described in Example 2OB to afford the title compound.
• Example 4C To a solution of Example 4C (0.75 g, 2.31 mmol) in N,N- dimethylformamide/tetrahydrofuran (1 :4, 20 mL) were added potassium tert-butoxide (0.77 g, 6.93 mmol), tetrabutylammonium iodide (0.09, 0.23 mmol) and the commercially available HCl salt of 4-(chloromethyl)thiazole (TCI-US, 0.59 g, 3.46 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 0 C for 16 hours, cooled, diluted with ethyl acetate (20 mL) and quenched with saturated aqueous NaHC ⁇ 3 (20 mL).
• TCI-US 4-(chloromethyl)thiazole
• the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 20 mL).
• the combined organic layers were washed with water (1 x 25 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• the residue was purified by column chromatography using an Analogix® Intelliflash280 TM (SiO 2 , 0-100 % ethyl acetate in hexanes) to afford the title compound.
• Example 27A To a solution of the product of Example 27A (0.22 g, 1.0 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 mL) and N,N-dimethylformamide (2 mL) was added triethyl amine (0.42 mL, 3 mmol) followed by 2-ethoxybenzoyl chloride (0.25 g, 1.3 mmol). This mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 h then was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with 5 mL saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl, 2 mL H 2 O, and 5 mL ethyl acetate. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with 3 X 5 mL ethyl acetate.
• Example 27A To the product of Example 27A (0.25 g, 1.13 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 mL) and N,N-dimethylformamide (2 mL) was added triethyl amine (0.47 mL, 3.4 mmol) followed by
• Example 3D (1.5 mmol). This mixture was warmed to 45 0 C and was allowed to stir for 2 h then was allowed to cool to ambient temperature and was stirred for an additional 72 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was diluted with 5 mL saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl, 2 mL H 2 O, and 5 mL ethyl acetate. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with 3 X 5 mL ethyl acetate. The combined organics were dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Example 29A 850 mg, 3.00 mmol
• dichloromethane 6 mL
• triethylamine 0.19 mL, 3.00 mmol
• Example 3D 513 mg, 2.504 mmol
• the reaction was stirred overnight and washed with water, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated.
• the residue was purified by column chromatography using an Analogix® Intelliflash280 TM (SiO 2 , 0-100 % ethyl acetate in hexanes) to afford the title compound.
• Example 29B To a solution of Example 29B (140 mg, 0.28 mmol.) in methanol (2 mL) was added hydrogen chloride in dioxane (0.5 mL, 2.000 mmol) and stirred for 12 hr. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue recrystallized from methanol: diethyl ether to provide the title compound as a hydrogen chloride salt.
• Example 29B The title compound was prepared and purified as described in Example 29B, substituting Example 30A for Example 29A.
• 1 HNMR 300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) ⁇ ppm 1.14 — 1.28(m, 9 H) 1.29 (s, 9 H) 1.52 - 1.64 (m, 4 H) 1.67 - 1.72 (m, 2 H) 3.33 - 3.38 (m, 1 H) 3.78 (s, 3 H) 3.83 - 3.90 (m, 1 H) 4.00 - 4.04 (m, 1 H) 4.57 - 4.61 (m, 1 H) 4.70 - 4.74 (m, 1 H) 7.07 - 7.11 (m, 1 H) 7.16 - 7.22 (m, 1 H) 7.41 - 7.45 (m, I H) 7.65 - 7.71 (m, 1 H); MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 522 (M+H) + .
• Example 29B The title compound was prepared and purified as described in Example 29B, substituting Example 3 IA for Example 29A.
• 1 HNMR 300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) ⁇ ppm 1.14 — 1.28(m, 9 H) 1.29 (s, 9 H) 1.52 - 1.64 (m, 4 H) 1.67 - 1.72 (m, 2 H) 3.33 - 3.38 (m, 1 H) 3.78 (s, 3 H) 3.83 - 3.90 (m, 1 H) 4.00 - 4.04 (m, 1 H) 4.57 - 4.61 (m, 1 H) 4.70 - 4.74 (m, 1 H) 7.07 - 7.11 (m, 1 H) 7.16 - 7.22 (m, 1 H) 7.41 - 7.45 (m, I H) 7.65 - 7.71 (m, 1 H); MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 522 (M+H) + .
• Example 29C To a solution of Example 29C (100 mg, 0.208 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) and acetonitrile (2 mL) was added paraformaldehyde (63 mg, 2.098 mmol), followed by addition of sodium acetate (42.6 mg, 0.520 mmol) and sodium triacetoxyhydroborate (264 mg, 1.248 mmol) and stirred for 12 hr at 50 0 C. The reaction was concentrated and sodium carbonate (10%, 15 mL) was added to the residue and extracted with dichloromethane (3 X 20 mL). The organics were combined, washed with brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated.
• Example 36A followed by addition of tetrabutylammonium iodide (100 mg, 0.271 mmol), potassium ⁇ -butoxide (91 mg, 0.812 mmol) and dioxane (0.4 mL). The reaction mixture was refluxed overnight. Water (15 mL) was added to the cooled reaction mixture and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 X 15 mL). The organics were combined, washed with brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by Analogix® Intelliflash280 TM (SiO 2 , 0-30% ethyl aceteate in hexanes) to provide the title compound.
• Example 36C N-r(2Z)-5-tert-butyl-3-r(3R)-piperidin-3-ylmethyl1-1.3-thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene1-5-chloro-2- methoxybenzamide
• the HCl salt of the title compound was prepared and purified as described in Example
• Example 36B The title compound was prepared and purified as described in Example 36B, substituting Example 37A for Example 36A.
• Example 38A l-(2-(5-tert-butyl-2-iminothiazol-3(2H)-yl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one
• the title compound was prepared and isolated as described in Example 29A, substituting l-(2-aminoethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one hydrochloride (Matrix Scientific) for (S)-tert- butyl 2-(aminomethyl)pyrrolidine-l-carboxylate.
• MS (DCI/NH3) m/z 268 (M+H) + .
• Example 39A l-(2-(5-tert-butyl-2-iminothiazol-3(2H)-yl)ethyl)piperidin-2-one
• the title compound was prepared and purified as described in Example 29A, substituting l-(2-aminoethyl)piperidin-2-one hydrochloride (Matrix Scientific) for (S)-tert- butyl 2-(aminomethyl)pyrrolidine-l-carboxylate.
• MS (DCI/NH 3 ) m/z 282 (M+H) + .
• Example 4OA l-r2-r5-tert-butyl-2-iminothiazol-3r2HVv ⁇ ethy ⁇ imidazolidin-2-one
• the title compound was prepared and isolated as described in Example 29A, substituting l-(2-aminoethyl)imidazolidin-2-one (Matrix Scientific) for (S)-tert-butyl 2- (aminometrryl)pyrrolidine-l-carboxylate.
• MS (DCIZNH 3 ) m/z 269 (M+H) + .
• Example 29B The title compound was prepared as described in Example 29B, substituting Example 4OA for Example 29A, and purified by reverse phase HPLC using a Waters Sunfire C8 column (30x75mm) eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water at a flow rate of 50 mL/min. Fractions selected by mass spectrometry and concentrated to provide the title compound as a trifluoroacetic acid salt.
• Example 41 A (trifluoromethyl)benzamide
• tetrahydrofuran 20 mL
• triethylamine 0.80 mL, 5.7 mmol
• Example IB 0.48 g, 2.0 mmol
• This mixture was warmed to 50 0 C and was allowed to stir for 16 h.
• the mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and was quenched with saturated, aqueous NH 4 Cl.
• the layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 X 5 mL).
• the combined organics was dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Example 42A To a solution of the product of Example 42A (4.1 g, 12.5 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (40 mL) was added triethylamine (5.2 mL, 37.6 mmol) followed by 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride (2.0 mL, 13.2 mmol). This mixture was warmed to 50 0 C and was allowed to stir for 90 min then the mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and was stirred for 16 h. The mixture was quenched with saturated, aqueous NH 4 Cl (20 mL) and diluted with ethyl acetate (20 mL).
• Example 43A To a solution of the product of Example 43A (0.96 g, 3.5 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (25 mL) was added triethylamine (1.5 mL, 10.6 mmol) followed by Example 3D in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) via cannula. This mixture was warmed to 50 0 C and was allowed to stir for 4 h. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and was quenched with saturated, aqueous NH 4 Cl (5 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 X 5 mL). The combined organics were dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Example 44A 5-methyl-3-(2-(4-methylthiazol-5-yl)ethyl)thiazol-2(3H)-imine
• 4-methyl-5-thiazoleethanol (2 mL, 16.7 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (10 mL) and pyridine (10 mL) was added p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (3.5 g, 18.4 mmol) portionwise over 15 min.
• This mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 h then was quenched with 5% aqueous HCl (15 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 X 10 mL).
• Example 44A To a solution of the product of Example 44A (0.23 g, 0.97 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) was added triethylamine (0.40 mL, 2.9 mmol) followed by Example 3D in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) via cannula. This mixture was warmed to 50 0 C and was allowed to stir for 4 h. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and was quenched with saturated, aqueous NH 4 Cl (5 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 X 5 mL). The combined organics were dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Example 45B ( ' S.ZVN-( ' 5-tert-butyl-3-( ' ( ' 5-oxopyrrolidin-2-vnmethylV1.3.4-thiadiazol-2( ' 3HVylideneV2- fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide
• a mixture of Example 45A (348 mg, 1 mmol), (S)-(5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl 4- methylbenzenesulfonate (Aldrich, 673 mg, 2.5 mmol) and potassium carbonate (276 mg, 2 mmol) in toluene (25 mL) was treated with tetrabutylammonium iodide (11 mg, 0.03 mmol), tetrabut
• N-tert-butylhydroxylamine prepared from commercially available t- butylhydroxylamine acetate (Aldrich) by adding saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and extracting the free base with ethyl ether
• ethyl ether 461 mg, 5.2 mmol
• Example 45B (1.15 g, 2.6 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (50 mL)
• potassium tert-butoxide IN solution in tetrahydrofuran
• the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between water and ethyl acetate.
• Oxalyl chloride (6.5 mL, 2M in CH 2 Cl 2 ) was added to 5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (0.8 g, 4.3 mmol) in 8 mL Of CH 2 Cl 2 followed by 20 ⁇ L of N,N-dimethylformamide. The reaction was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour. The solvent was removed and the residue dried twice from toluene. The residue was suspended in 5 mL of tetrahydrofuran, Example 46A (1.3 g, 4.3 mmol) was added followed by triethylamine (1.8 mL, 12.9 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour.
• Example 46B (0.5 g, 1.1 mmol) was dissolved in 4 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide and cooled to 0 0 C, iodomethane (0.33 mL, 2.2 mmol) was added followed by NaH (60% in mineral oil, 0.056 g, 1.4 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stir for 1 hour. Ethyl acetate (100 mL) was added and the organic phase was washed with 20% NH4CI, water, brine, dried with MgSO ⁇ filtered, and the solvent removed to provide the title compound (0.45 g, 0.9 mmol, 87% yield). LCMS m/z 482.2 (M+H) + .
• Example 47A (0.45 g, 0.9 mmol) was dissolved in 10 mL Of CH 2 Cl 2 , 2 mL of trifluoroacetic acid was added the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 90 minutes. The solvent was removed and the residue was twice dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 and solvent evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 5% methanol/CH 2 Cl 2 (0.1% NH4OH), filtered through silica and washed with 5% methanol/CH 2 Cl 2 (0.1% ammonium hydroxide) and the solvents evaporated to afford the title compound. MS (DCI/NH3) m/z 382.2 (M+H) + .
• Trifluoroacetic acid (1.4 mL 18 mmol) was added to Example 48A (0.58 g, 0.9 mmol) in 6.0 mL of dichloromethane and stirred for 1 hour. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue dissolved in ethyl acetate, washed with saturated NaHC ⁇ 3, water, brine, the organic layer dried with MgSO 4 , filtered, and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to afford the title compound.
• Pooled fractions were concentrated (0.14 g, 0.26 mmol, 29% yield), the residue was dissolved in 3 mL of ethyl acetate, 65 mg of p-toluene sulfonic acid hydrate dissolved in 1 mL of ethyl acetate was added, then 1 mL of hexane.
• Example 18A To a solution of Example 18A (100 mg, 0.31 mmol) in N 5 N- dimethylformamide:tetrahydrofuran (1:2, 20 mL) was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 19 mg, 0.46 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 min. To this mixture was added tetrabutylammonium iodide (5 mg) and Example 49 A (201 mg, 1 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 75 0 C for 12 hours, cooled, diluted with ethyl acetate (20 mL) and quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (20 mL).
• Example 4D A solution of Example 4D (263 mg, 0.62 mmol) in toluene was treated with Lawesson's reagent (151 mg, 0.373 mmol) and the reaction mixture was heated at 80 °C for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with a 10% solution of sodium bicarbonate, brine, dried (anhydrous MgSO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification of the residue by column chromatography (1 :1 Hexane-ethyl acetate) provided the title compound (73 mg, 26% yield).
• Example 7 and Lawesson's reagent were processed according to the procedure described in Example 50 to provide the title compound (215 mg, 63% yield).
• 1 H NMR 300 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D
• Example 57 and commercially available (S)-(I -methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methanol were processed according to the method described in Example 45C to provide the title compound (170 mg, 47% yield).
• Example 45A and Example 45B substituting 5-tert-butyl-l,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine with Example 4B (300 mg, 62% yield).
• MS DCI+) m/z 444 (M+H) + .
• Example 57 and commercially available pyridin-2-ylmethanol were processed according to the method described in Example 45C to provide the title compound (185 mg, 38% yield).
• Example 4B 70 mg, 0.448 mmol
• Example 59A 225 mg
• Example 59B In a 20 mL vial, to a solution of Example 59B (75 mg, 0.156 mmol) in MeOH (1 mL) was added a solution of hydrogen chloride (0.039 mL, 0.156 mmol) in dioxane and the mixture was stirred for 24 hr.
• the reaction was concentrated and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC on a Waters Symmetry C8 column (25 mm x 100 mm, 7 ⁇ m particle size) using a gradient of 10-100% acetonitrile (A) and 10 mM ammonium acetate in water (B), at a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min (0-0.1 min 10% A, 0.1-2.6 min 10-100% A, 2.6-2.9 min 100% A, 2.9-3.0 min 100-10% A. 0.5 min post-run delay) to obtain the title compound (32 mg , 59%).
• A acetonitrile
• B 10 mM ammonium acetate in water
• Example 6OA To a solution of Example 6OA (110 mg, 0.298 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (2 mL) was added trichloroacetyl isocyanate (67.4 mg, 0.358 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 2 hr. The reaction was concentrated and dissolved in methanol (0.5 mL). A solution of potassium carbonate (140 mg, 1.013 mmol) in water was added and the mixture was stirred for 24 hr. The reaction was concentrated, partitioned between ethyl acetate (3 x 10 mL) and water (10 mL). The organics were combined, dried, filtered, concentrated and the residue was trituated with CH 2 Cl 2 and hexane (1:3).
• Example 6 IB (Z)-2-(5-tert-butyl-2-(2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoylimino)thiazol-3(2H)-yl)ethyl carbonochloridate To a solution of Example 61A (300 mg, 0.768 mmol) and triethylamine (233 mg,
• Example 61B To a solution of Example 61B (174 mg, 0.384 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (1.4 mL) was added azetidine (110 mg, 1.920 mmol) in methanol (0.5 mL) and the mixture was stirred for 2 hr.
• the reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC on a Waters Symmetry C8 column (25 mm x 100 mm, 7 ⁇ m particle size) using a gradient of 10- 100% acetonitrile (A) and 10 mM ammonium acetate in water (B), at a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min (0-0.1 min 10% A, 0.1-2.6 min 10-100% A, 2.6-2.9 min 100% A, 2.9-3.0 min 100- 10% A. 0.5 min post-run delay) to obtain the title compound (38 mg, 0.074 mmol, 19.38 %).
• A acetonitrile
• B 10 mM ammonium acetate in water

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