EP2046728A1

EP2046728A1 - Process for preparing pregabalin and its opposite enantiomer

Info

Publication number: EP2046728A1
Application number: EP07766194A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Amir Avdagic; Zdenko Hamersak
Original assignee: Pliva Hrvatska doo
Current assignee: Pliva Hrvatska doo
Priority date: 2006-07-15
Filing date: 2007-07-11
Publication date: 2009-04-15
Also published as: GB0614133D0; WO2008009897A1; EA200970126A1

Abstract

The invention relates to the preparation of pregabalin and its opposite enantiomer, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of either thereof, and to the intermediates used for their preparation.

Description

PROCESS FOR PREPARING PREGABALIN AND ITS OPPOSITE ENANTIOMER

(S)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid (pregabalin) is approved for the treatment of epilepsy, neuropathic pain and Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Pregabalin acts by binding to the α2δ subunit of the voltage-dependent calcium channel in the central nervous system.

Background of the invention

EP828704 describes a synthetic route for the preparation of pregabalin. The synthetic route described in EP828704 includes a key step which is the classical resolution of racemic 3- (carbamoylmethy^-S-methylhexanoic acid by the use of a chiral amine in ethanol/chloroform to give (i?)-3-(carbamoylmethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid in 35% yield (max. theoretical yield is 50%) This is followed by a Hofmann rearrangement and hydrolysis with a strong acid to give pregabalin. Although this route provides (S)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid (pregabalin) in a high enantiomeric purity, it suffers from several drawbacks that can not be avoided:

-to increase low overall yield and productivity, unwanted enantiomer should be recovered by hydrolysis to γ-isobutylglutaric acid,

-potentially toxic solvent (chloroform) must be used for crystallization of (R)-a- phenylethylamine salt of (/?)-3-(carbamoylmethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid, -Hofmann rearrangement could be problematic on scale-up because it may cause a very exothermic reaction and be difficult to control,

-strong acid hydrolysis in the last step may cause low yield and formation of impurities that could be problematic to remove from the final product.

The present invention represents a better and more efficient method of preparing either enantiomer of 3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid, but preferably the (S) enantiomer, avoiding the above mentioned problems, giving the final product in a good yield with good chemical purity and with excellent enantiomeric purity. Summary of the invention

Compounds 3-isobutylglutaric acid and 4-isobutyl-dihydro-3H-pyran-2,6-dione (3-isobutylglutaric acid anhydride) are known from J. Chem. Soc, 1923, 123, 3131; preparation of 4-isobutyl- dihydro-3H-pyran-2,6-dione is also described in patents EP828704 and US5,629,447 using acetyl- chloride under reflux for 16 hours. However, acetyl -chloride is a corrosive chemical and can cause serious damage to the equipment. We have found that by using 3-isobutylglutaric acid and propionic acid anhydride, 4-isobutyl-dihydro-3H-pyran-2,6-dione can be obtained in high yield and in high chemical purity after only 6 hours of reaction.

EP828704 describes that 4-isobutyl-dihydro-3H-pyran-2,6-dione is opened but, however, the racemate is formed that requires classical resolution to obtain the desired enantiomerically enriched intermediate. Surprisingly, we have found that 4-isobutyl-dihydro-3H-pyran-2,6-dione can be enantioselectively opened by enatioselective alcoholysis using a chiral amine base [preferred chiral amine bases are quinine, quinidine, hydroquinine, cinchonine, cinchonidine, epiquinidine, epicinchonidine, epicinchonine or epiquinine] and with the use of an allyl alcohol to give the desired enantiomerically enriched monoester. After further investigations it was also surprisingly found that the reaction could be further improved to create further enantiomeric excess of the desired enantiomer, and improve the total yield, by lowering the reaction temperature and/or by using 0.5-1.1 mol of the chiral amine base per mol [preferably at 0.9-1.0 mol per mol or ideally at about lmol per mol] of 4-isobutyl-dihydro-3H-pyran-2,6-dione. The chiral amine base, after the reaction is completed, can also be easily separated and recycled (yield over 90%). The product of this reaction can be then isolated as a salt with a base [preferred bases are 1 -adamantylamine, dicyclohexylamine, tert-butylamine or (S)- or (i?)-α-phenylethylamine], or optionally it can be isolated after a base/acid work-up and then selectively precipitated as a salt with the base to further improve enantiomer purity. Usually, the salt formed has high chemical and enantiomeric purity and there is no need for further recrystallization.

We present as a feature of the invention a process for the preparation of pregabalin or the opposite enantiomer, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of either thereof, the process comprising the steps of:

a) optionally forming of anhydride of Formula I

I by reacting 3-isobutylglutaric acid with propionic anhydride, preferably at elevated temperature, ideally at a temperature of from 110 to 160 ⁰C;

b) enantioselective alcoholysis of the anhydride of Formula (I) by the use of a chiral amine base and an allyl alcohol, in an inert solvent, to form an enantiomerically enriched compound of Formula (II), in either of its enatiomeric forms, but where the (R) form is preferred,

wherein A represents the allyl group, and B represents the chiral amine base,

c) converting the compound of Formula (II) into a compound of Formula (III), in either of its enatiomeric forms, but where the (R) form is preferred, by the removal of the base B, by the addition of an acid;

wherein A represents the allyl group;

d) reacting a compound of Formula (III) with a base D, in an inert solvent, to obtain an enantiomerically pure salt of a compound of Formula (IV) in either of its enatiomeric forms, but where the (R) form is preferred, wherein A represents the allyl group and D is the base;

e) reacting the compound of Formula (IV) with a dilute acid to obtain an enantiomerically pure compound of Formula (III) in either of its enatiomeric forms, but where the (R) form is preferred;

f) i) reacting the compound of Formula (III), with an azide of Formula (V), in a Curtius rearrangement reaction,

(R₄O)₂-P(O)-N₃ (V)

wherein R₄ represents phenyl or C₁-C₅ branched or straight alkyl chain, in an inert solvent and in the presence of a base, or f) ii) by activation of the carboxy group of the compound of Formula (III) and subsequent reaction with alkali metal azides or trialkylazides to obtain acid azides, which are then converted to the corresponding rearranged isocyanates,

to form an enantiomerically pure compound of Formula (VI), in either of its enatiomeric forms, but where the (S) form is preferred

(VI)

wherein A represents the allyl group;

g) reacting a enantiomerically pure compound of Formula (VI), in an inert solvent, preferably at elevated temperature, with an allyl alcohol, to provide an enantiomerically pure compound of Formula (VII) in either of its enatiomeric forms, but where the (S) form is preferred

wherein A' is an allyl group that may be the same or different from A ;

h) splitting off of the urethane and ester functions of the compound of Formula (VII) to provide pregabalin, or its opposite enantiomer, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of either thereof.

Optionally the final product of the reaction may be recrystallised from an inert solvent in order to improve the purity of the product or to change the solid state characteristics of the product, such as morphology or physical form.

Preferably intermediates (VI) and (VII) are not isolated during the reaction. Preferably intermediate (IV) is isolated during the reaction.

Each process step a), b), c), d), e), f)i), f)ii), g) and h) are separately described herein as independent process steps for the purpose of supporting claims to such steps.

Preferably in step b) and/ or step g) the allyl alcohol is one of Formula (E)

wherein each Ri, R₂ and R₃ can be identical or different and are selected from H, Ci-C₅ branched or straight alkyl chain, phenyl [optionally substituted by halogen, cyano, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trifluoromethyl or by Ci-C₅ branched or straight alkyl chain], or R₂ may also represents a 5- to 7- membered aromatic heterocyclic group. Preferred 5- to 7-membered aromatic heterocyclic groups are selected from, pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, oxazolyl or imidazolyl. Preferred allyl alcohols of Formula (E) are cinnamyl alcohol, allyl alcohol, crotyl alcohol, 3- penten-2-ol, 2-methyl-2-propen-l-ol, l,5-hexadien-3-ol, 2-hexen-l-ol, 2-methyl-3-phenyl-2- propen-1-ol, 2-hexen-l-ol, 2-penten-l-ol, 4-nitrocinnamyl alcohol, 3-buten-2-ol, l-hexen-3-ol, 1- octen-3-ol or l-penten-3-ol.

In step b) preferred chiral amine bases for enantioselective alcoholysis are cinchona alkaloids, especially: quinine, quinidine, hydroquinine, cinchonine, cinchonidine, epiquinidine, epicinchonidine, epicinchonine or epiquinine. Preferably the chiral amine is added in 0.5-1.1 mol per mol of Formula (I) [ideally at 0.9-1.0 mol per mol, ideally about 1 mol per mol] and/or is preferably present as an enantiomerically pure form. Preferably the process is performed in an inert solvent selected from toluene, xylene, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, methylene chloride, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, diisopropyl ether or methyl tert-butyl ether, or a mixture of any thereof. Preferably the reaction is conducted at a temperature from -70 to 3O⁰C.

In step d) preferred bases D, for precipitation of compound of Formula (III), are 1 - adamantylamine, dicyclohexylamine, tert-butylamine, (S)- or (Λ)-α-phenylethylamine. In addition alternatively the compounds of Formula (III) may first be reacted with a simple base, such as potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate or sodium-hydrogen carbonate, then by washing of the water layer containing the salt compound of Formula (III) with an organic solvent, liberating the compound of Formula (III) by dilute acid. The compound of formula (III) can then be reacted with a base D as described above

Preferably in step f) compounds of Formula (VII) are obtained from compounds of Formula (III) via a Curtius rearrangement, see for Curtius rearrangement ,for example, E.F. Scriven, K. Turnbull, Chem. Rev., 1988, 88, 297. Suitable azides of Formula (V) for the Curtius rearrangement are phosphoric acid ester-azide, such as phosphoric acid diphenyl ester-azide or phosphoric acid diethyl ester-azide. Curtius rearrangement is in general carried out in suitable inert solvents such as toluene, benzene, xylene, dioxane or tetrahydrofuran. Suitable bases for Curtius rearrangement are organic amines selected from N-ethylmorpholine, N-methylmorpholine, pyridine or triethylamine preferably in an amount of lmol to 3mol per mol of compounds of Formula (III). Also, it is possible first to convert carboxylic acid to corresponding derivatives by activating reagents, such as C₁-C₄ alkyl chloroformates in presence of amine, thionyl chloride or phosphorus pentachloride and then prepare carboxylic acid azides by reaction with alkali metal azides or trialkylsilyl azide. The acid azides can be transformed to corresponding isocyanates, which can be optionally isolated and reacted with an allyl alcohol, preferably of Formula (E), to give compounds of Formula (VII). Preferably the Curtius rearrangement reaction is conducted at a temperature of from 20 to HO⁰C.

Preferably in step h) the splitting off of urethane and ester function of the compounds of Formula (VII) is conducted with a catalytic amount of palladium catalyst and/or a phosphine and a nucleophilic auxiliary in an inert solvent. Preferably the inert solvent in this reaction is selected from ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol, n-propanol or dioxane, or a mixture of any thereof. Preferably the reaction is conducted at a temperature of from 10 to 9O⁰C. Preferably the splitting off of urethane and ester functions in compounds of Formula (VII) takes place in a single step; product can crystallize out of the reaction mixture and can be isolated by filtration. Suitable nucleophilic auxiliaries for the splitting off of urethane and ester function are selected from triethylamine, dimedone, tributyltin hydride, ammonium formate, morpholine or pyrrolidine, preferably in an amount of 1 mol to 4 mol per mol of compounds of Formula (VII). Suitable palladium catalysts are selected from, Pd(PPh₃)₄, Pd(OAc)₂, PdCl₂, Pd(dba)₂ or (Pd₂(dba)₃), preferably in an amount of 0.0005 mol to 0.2 mol per mol of compounds of Formula (VII). Suitable phosphines are selected from, triphenylphosphine, triisopropylphosphine or tri-o- tolylphosphine, preferably in an amount of 0.002 mol to 0.8 mol per mol of compounds of Formula (VII). These very mild and neutral hydrolysis conditions allow for the formation of either enantiomer of 3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid in high chemical and enantiomeric purity.

Compounds or intermediates mentioned in the present method can be found or isolated in the form of hydrates or solvates, which considered as falling within the scope of invention. The process according to invention represents an efficient and highly enantioselective route to target compounds.

By the use of the term enantiomerically enriched we mean that the enantiomeric excess (ee) is greater than 60%, greater than 65% or greater than 70%.

By use of the term enantiomerically pure we mean that the enantiomeric excess (ee) is greater than 90%, ideally greater than 99% and ideally enantiomerically pure means greater than 99.5%. Preferred Scheme of synthesis

Propionic anhydride, Δ

Cinnamyl alcohol, quinine, toluene, -35 ⁰C

Examples

Example 1

4-Isobutyl-dihydro-3H-pyran-2 ,6-dione (I)

Diacid (50 g, 266 mmol) was placed in propionic anhydride (130 ml) and the reaction mixture was heated at 140-145 °C during 6 hours. Propionic acid and propionic anhydride were distilled in vacuo (30-60 °C/15 mm Hg). Product was collected at 100-105 °C/0.5 mm Hg as yellowish oil. Yield 41 g (91 %), GC purity: >98% (HP-I, 25 m, 70 kPa, gradient 70-240 ⁰C, 15 °C/min). 1H NMR (CDCl₃), δ/ppm: 0.91 (d, 6H, J=6.6 Hz), 1.27 (t, 2H, J=7.1 Hz), 1.61-1.75 (m, IH), 2.12- 2.50 (m, 3H), 2.85 (dd, 2H, J₁= 17 Hz, J₂=4.1 Hz). 1³C NMR (CDCl₃), δ/ppm:_21.86, 24.23, 25.89, 35.43, 43.08, 166.48.

Example 2 (i?)-3-(2-(Cinnamyloxy)-2-oxoethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid, (III) Procedure A

Quinine (28.7g, 88 mmol) was suspended in toluene (380 mL). Cinnamyl alcohol (15.5 g, 115 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was cooled to -35 ⁰C. The solution of 3- isobutylglutaric anhydride (15.0 g, 88 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) was added during 15 min and the reaction mixture was stirred at -35 °C for 24 hours. Toluene solution was washed with 5% HCl (250 mL) and evaporated. Oily residue was dissolved in 2-PrOH (300 mL), warmed to 45 ⁰C, and the solution of 1-adamantylamine (12.0 g, 79 mmol) in MTBE (100 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at 25 ⁰C for 6 hours, filtered, washed with 2-PrOH (100 mL) and dried under reduced pressure to yield 28.1 g of 1-adamantylamine salt of (/?)-3-(2-(cinnamyloxy)-2-oxoethyl)-5- methylhexanoic acid. The salt was suspended in toluene (15OmL) and stirred with 3% HCl (100 mL) until a clear solution was obtained. Aqueous acidic solution was separated and organic layer was washed once again with 3% HCl (3OmL). Evaporation of toluene afforded 18.1 g (69%) of monoester as viscous yellowish oil. HPLC analysis on Chiralpak AS column, hexane/EtOH/TFA=95/5/0.1 revealed 91.2 % ee. 1H NMR (CDCl₃), δ/ppm: 0.87 (d, 6H, J=6.5 Hz), 1.21-1.27 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.70 (m, IH), 2.38-2.48 (m, 5H), 4.73 (dd, 2H, J/=6.5 Hz, J₂=1.2 Hz), 6.27 (dt, IH J_/=15.8 Hz, J₂=6.5 Hz), 6.65 (d, IH, J=I 5.8 HZ), 7.22-7.40 (m, 2H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃), δ/ppm: 22.34, 25.07, 29.64, 38.30, 38.48, 43.26, 64.92, 122.95, 126.50, 127.96, 128.49, 134.18, 136.07, 172.26, 178.64. Example 3

(i?)-3-(2-(Cinnamyloxy)-2-oxoethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid, (III) Procedure B

Quinine (28.7g, 88mmol) was suspended in toluene (38OmL). Cinnamyl alcohol (15.5 g, 115mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was cooled to -35 ⁰C. The solution of 3- isobutylglutaric anhydride (15.0 g, 88 mmol) in toluene (1OmL) was added during 15 min and the reaction mixture was stirred at -35 ⁰C for 24 hours. Toluene solution was washed with 5% HCl (250 + 5OmL), and than extracted with 2% K₂CO₃ solution (1000 + 25OmL). Aqueous extracts were washed with EtOAc (3x10OmL), acidified to pH 1 with cone. HCl and extracted with diisopropylether (150 + 5OmL). Combined extracts were warmed to 35 ⁰C and (S)-α- phenylethylamine (9.7 g, 80 mmol) was added, followed by seed crystals (10 mg). Mixture was stirred for 4 hours at 25 °C and filtered to obtain 24.8 g of (5)-α-phenylethylamine salt of (/?)-3-(2- (cinnamyloxy)-2-oxoethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid. The salt was suspended in toluene (15OmL) and stirred with 3% HCl (10OmL) until clear solution was obtained. The aqueous acidic solution was separated and organic layer was washed once again with 3% HCl (30 mL). Evaporation of toluene afforded 17.3 g (66%) of monoester as viscous yellowish oil. HPLC analysis on Chiralpak AS column, hexane/EtOH/TFA=95/5/0.1 revealed 90.7 % ee.

Example 4

(5)-3-(2-(Cinnamyloxy)-2-oxoethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid (III) - (opposite enantiomer to Example 3)

Quinidine (17.2g, 52.8mmol) was suspended in toluene (23OmL). Cinnamyl alcohol (9.3 g, 69mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was cooled to -35 ⁰C. The solution of 3- isobutylglutaric anhydride (9.Og, 52.8mmol) in toluene (6mL) was added during 15 min and the reaction mixture was stirred at -38 °C for 24 hours. Working up is carried out analogously to the preparation of the compound from Example 3. Combined extracts were warmed to 35 ⁰C and (S)- α-phenylethylamine (5.8 g, 48mmol) was added, followed by seed crystals (10 mg). The mixture was stirred for 4 hours at 25°C and filtered to obtain 14.6 g of (5)-α-phenylethylamine salt of (S)- 3-(2-(cinnamyloxy)-2-oxoethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid. Salt was suspended in toluene (90 mL) and stirred with 3% HCl (600 mL) until clear solution was obtained. Aqueous acidic solution was separated and organic layer was washed once again with 3% HCl (2OmL). Evaporation of toluene afforded 10.2 g (65%) of monoester as viscous yellowish oil. HPLC analysis on Chiralpak AS column, hexane/EtOH/TFA=95/5/0.1 revealed 91.4 % ee.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ/ppm: 0.87 (d, 6H, J=6.5 Hz), 1.21-1.27 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.70 (m, IH), 2.38-2.48 (m, 5H), 4.73 (dd, 2H, Jy=6.5 Hz, J₂=1.2 Hz), 6.27 (dt, IH J_/=15.8 Hz, J₂=6.5 Hz), 6.65 (d, IH, J=15.8 HZ), 7.22-7.40 (m, 2H).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃), δ/ppm: 22.34, 25.07, 29.64, 38.30, 38.48, 43.26, 64.92, 122.95, 126.50, 127.96, 128.49, 134.18, 136.07, 172.26, 178.64.

Example 5 (S)-Cinnamyl 3-((cinnamyloxycarbonylamino)methyl)-5-methylhexanoate (VII)

To the dry toluene solution of (/?)-3-(2-(cinnamyloxy)-2-oxoethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid (18.1 g, 60mmol in 10OmL), triethylamine (8.36ml, 60mmol) and diphenylphosphoryl azide (14.25ml, 65mmol) were added at 20 ⁰C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min and was slowly added to toluene (80 mL) in separated flask at 90 ⁰C. When nitrogen evolution cased (30-45 min), cinnamyl alcohol (9.65 g, 72 mmol) was added and the mixture was refluxed overnight. The reaction mixture was washed with a solution of 1 g NaNO₂ and 1,5. g NaHCO₃ in H₂O (10OmL), than with H₂O (10OmL) and evaporated under reduced pressure to yield 25.8g of crude oily (S)- Cinnamyl 3-((cinnamyloxycarbonylamino)methyl)-5-methylhexanoate which was used without further purification in the next step.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ/ppm: 0.88 (d, 3H, J=6.4 Hz), 0.90 (d, 3H, J=6.4 Hz), 1.09-1.25 (m, 2H), 1.63- 1.71 (m, IH), 2.15-2.38 (m, 3H), 3.05-3.18 (m, IH), 3.25-3.33 (m, IH), 4.68-4.75 (m, 4H), 4.96 (br.s, IH), 6.22-6.32 (m, 2H), 6.62 (d, 1H, J=15.8 Hz), 6.65 (d, 1H, J=15.8 Hz), 7.15-7.50 (m, 10H) 1³C NMR (CDCl₃), δ/ppm: 22.53, 25.05, 33.51, 37.30, 41.36, 44.61, 65.01, 65.29, 122.89, 123.83, 126.45, 126.48, 127.80, 127.96, 128.43, 128.47, 133.42, 134.25, 136.01, 136.20, 156.35, 172.77.

Example 6

(<S)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid (pregabalin)

The solution of crude carbamate (25.8g) in abs. EtOH (12OmL) was refluxed for 10 min, and than cooled to 70 ⁰C. Morpholine (21 ml, 237 mmol) was added followed by triphenylphosphine (202 mg, 0.77 mmol) and Pd(OAc)₂ (27 mg, 0.12 mmol). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 hours, then slowly cooled to room temperature. After 5 hours the product was collected by filtration and dried at reduced pressure to give 5.7 g (61%) of crude product. Crystallization from aqueous 2-PrOH afforded pure amino acid (the derivative of aminoacid was prepared with Marfey's reagent and analysed on Nucleosil 100-5 RP 18, 0.05 M aqueous triethylamine (adjusted to pH 3 with phosphoric acid)-acetonitrile, 50:50, revealed 99.8% ee). Mp 190 ⁰C (decomp.), [α]_D +12 (c=1.0, H₂O).

¹H NMR (D₂O), δ/ppm: 0.87 (d, 3H, J=6.5Hz), 0.89 (d, 3H, J=6.5Hz), 1.21 (t, 2H, J=7.0 Hz), 1.58-1.72 (m, IH), 2.07-2.35 (m, 3H), 2.90-3.05 (m, 2H). 1³C NMR (D₂O), δ/ppm: 21.64, 22.12, 24.51, 41.82, 40.72, 40.88, 43.82, 181.31.

Claims

1. A process for the preparation of pregabalin, or the opposite enantiomer, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of either thereof, the process comprising the steps of:

a) enantioselective alcoholysis of the anhydride of Formula (I)

(I) by the use of a chiral amine base and an allyl alcohol , in an inert solvent to form an enantiomerically enriched compound of Formula (II), in either of its enatiomeric forms, but where the (R) form is preferred,

wherein A represents the allyl group, and B represents the chiral amine base;

b) converting the compound of Formula (II) into a compound of Formula (III), in either of its enatiomeric forms, but where the (R) form is preferred, by the removal of the base B, by the addition of an acid;

wherein A represents the allyl group; c) reacting a compound of Formula (III) with a base, in an inert solvent, to obtain an enantiomerically pure salt of a compound of Formula (IV) in either of its enatiomeric forms, but where the (R) form is preferred,

wherein A represents the allyl group and D is the base;

d) reacting the compound of Formula (IV) with a dilute acid to obtain an enantiomerically pure compound of Formula (III) in either of its enatiomeric forms, but where the (R) form is preferred;

e) i) reacting the compound of Formula (III) with an azide of Formula (V), in a Curtius rearrangement reaction,

(RiO)₂-P(O)-N₃ (V)

wherein R₄ represents phenyl or Ci -C₅ branched or straight alkyl chain, in an inert solvent and in the presence of a base, or e) ii) by activation of the carboxy group of the compound of Formula (III) and subsequent reaction with alkali metal azides or trialkylazides to obtain acid azides, which are then converted to the corresponding rearranged isocyanates,

to form an enantiomerically pure compound of Formula (VI), in either of its enatiomeric forms, but where the (S) form is preferred,

(VI)

wherein A represents the allyl group; f) reacting a enantiomerically pure compound of Formula (VI) with an allyl alcohol, in an inert solvent, to provide an enantiomerically pure compound of Formula (VII) in either of its enatiomeric forms, but where the (S) form is preferred,

wherein A' is an allyl group that may be the same or different from A;

g) splitting off of the urethane and ester functions of the compound of Formula (VII) with a catalytic amount of palladium catalyst to provide pregabalin, or its opposite enantiomer, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of either thereof.

2. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the chiral amine base used in step a) is selected from quinine, quinidine, hydroquinine, cinchonine, cinchonidine, epiquinidine, epicinchonidine, epicinchonine or epiquinine.

3. A process as claimed in claim 1 or 2 wherein the allyl alcohol in step a) and step f), may be the same or different, and each is a compound of Formula (E)

wherein each Ri, R₂ and R₃ can be identical or different and are selected from H, C₁-C₅ branched or straight alkyl chain, phenyl [optionally substituted by halogen, cyano, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trifluoromethyl or by C1-C5 branched or straight alkyl chain], or R₂ may also represents a 5- to 7- membered aromatic heterocyclic group.

4. A process as claimed in any claim from 1 to 3 wherein the base in step c) is selected from 1- adamantylamine, dicyclohexylamine, ter/-butylamine, (S)- or (Λ)-α-phenylethylamine.

5. A process of as claimed in claim 1 wherein, the anhydride of Formula (I)

(D is formed by reacting 3-isobutylglutaric acid with propionic anhydride.

6. A process for the preparation of a compound of Formula (I)

(I) by reacting 3-isobutylglutaric acid with propionic anhydride.

7. A process for the preparation of pregabalin, or the opposite enantiomer, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of either thereof as claimed in claim 1 wherein, the process starts from an intermediate of Formula (III).

8. A process for the preparation of pregabalin, or the opposite enantiomer, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of either thereof as claimed in claim 1 wherein, the process starts from an intermediate of Formula (FV).

9. A process for the preparation of pregabalin, or the opposite enantiomer, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of either thereof as claimed in claim 1 wherein, the process starts from an intermediate of Formula (VI).

10. A process for the preparation of pregabalin, or the opposite enantiomer, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of either thereof as claimed in claim 1 wherein, the process starts from an intermediate of Formula (VII).

11. A process for the preparation of pregabalin, or the opposite enantiomer, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of either thereof, the process comprising the use of the intermediate of Formula (II)

wherein A is an allyl group and B is a chiral amine base selected from quinine, quinidine, hydroquinine, cinchonine, cinchonidine, epiquinidine, epicinchonidine, epicinchonine or epiquinine.

12. A process for the preparation of pregabalin, or the opposite enantiomer, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of either thereof, the process comprising the use of an intermediate of Formula (III)

wherein A is an allyl group.

13. A process for the preparation of pregabalin, or the opposite enantiomer, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of either thereof, the process comprising the use of an intermediate of Formula (IV)

wherein A is an allyl group and D is a base selected from 1-adamantylamine, dicyclohexylamine, ferf-butylamine, (S)- or (Λ)-α-phenylethylamine.

14. A process for the preparation of pregabalin, or the opposite enantiomer, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of either thereof, the process comprising the use of an intermediate of Formula (VI)

(VI) wherein A is a allyl group.

15. A process for the preparation of pregabalin, or the opposite enantiomer, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of either thereof, the process comprising use of an intermediate of Formula (VII)

wherein A' is an allyl group that may be the same or different from A.

16. A process as claimed in claim 11, 12 or 13 wherein, the compound of Formula (II), (III) or (IV), respectively, is in the (R) form.

17. A process as claimed in claim 14 or 15 wherein, the compound of Formula (VI) or (VII), respectively, is in the (S) form.

18. A compound of Formula (II), as defined in claim 11.

19. A compound of Formula (III), as defined in claim 12.

20. A compound of Formula (IV), as defined in claim 13.

21. A compound of Formula (VI), as defined in claim 14.

22. A compound of Formula (VII), as defined in claim 15.

23. A compound of Formula (VII), as defined in claim 16.

24. A compound of Formula (II), (III) or (IV), as defined in claims 11, 12 and 13 respectively, which is in the (R) form.

25. A compound of Formula (VI) or (VII), as defined in claim 14 and 15 respectively, which is in the (S) form.

26. A compound as claimed in claim 24 or 25 which is enatiomerically enriched.

27. A compound as claimed in claim 26 wherein the compound is enatiomerically pure.