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EP1728663B1 - Thermal energy control system for a vehicle - Google Patents

Thermal energy control system for a vehicle Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1728663B1
EP1728663B1 EP06290782A EP06290782A EP1728663B1 EP 1728663 B1 EP1728663 B1 EP 1728663B1 EP 06290782 A EP06290782 A EP 06290782A EP 06290782 A EP06290782 A EP 06290782A EP 1728663 B1 EP1728663 B1 EP 1728663B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
thermal energy
vehicle
exchanger
management device
energy management
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP06290782A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1728663A1 (en
Inventor
Jean-Louis Bouysset
Dominique Hoslin
Martial Cozic
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nexter Systems SA
Original Assignee
Nexter Systems SA
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nexter Systems SA filed Critical Nexter Systems SA
Publication of EP1728663A1 publication Critical patent/EP1728663A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1728663B1 publication Critical patent/EP1728663B1/en
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00357—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles
    • B60H1/00385—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles for vehicles having an electrical drive, e.g. hybrid or fuel cell
    • B60H1/00392—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles for vehicles having an electrical drive, e.g. hybrid or fuel cell for electric vehicles having only electric drive means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00357—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles
    • B60H1/00414—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles for military, emergency, safety or security vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/32—Cooling devices
    • B60H1/3201—Cooling devices using absorption or adsorption
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/32—Cooling devices
    • B60H1/3201—Cooling devices using absorption or adsorption
    • B60H1/32011—Cooling devices using absorption or adsorption using absorption, e.g. using Li-Br and water
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00271—HVAC devices specially adapted for particular vehicle parts or components and being connected to the vehicle HVAC unit
    • B60H1/00278—HVAC devices specially adapted for particular vehicle parts or components and being connected to the vehicle HVAC unit for the battery
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00271—HVAC devices specially adapted for particular vehicle parts or components and being connected to the vehicle HVAC unit
    • B60H2001/00307—Component temperature regulation using a liquid flow

Definitions

  • the technical field of the invention is that of devices for managing thermal energy on a vehicle and more particularly on a vehicle comprising an electric generator associating a fuel cell and a hydrogen reformer.
  • Fuel cells convert the chemical energy of an oxidation-reduction reaction using hydrogen into electrical energy. These fuel cells are of increasing importance in vehicles, both as an auxiliary power unit and as a primary energy generator.
  • Fuel cells are well known to those skilled in the art. Proton exchange membrane PEMF cells are particularly known which have the characteristic of operating at low temperature (of the order of 80 ° C.).
  • a hydrogen reformer that can generate hydrogen using water and a fuel such as gasoline, gas oil, methanol, natural gas, diester or another hydrocarbon .
  • the reformer operates at a generally elevated temperature (800 ° C to 1000 ° C) while the membrane fuel cell operates optimally at a temperature of about 80 ° C.
  • the patent FR2805926 proposes a thermal management device for a vehicle in which a primary circuit of a heat transfer fluid regulates the temperature of the fuel cell. This primary circuit is in heat exchange relation with a secondary refrigerating circuit.
  • the patent FR 2,832,786 discloses an absorption thermal control system for an electric vehicle equipped with a fuel cell which comprises in particular a fuel cell, a hydrogen reformer, a primary circuit for taking heat from the fuel cell for conveying them to a boiler.
  • the disadvantage of known devices is that the thermal energy available at the fuel cell is not sufficient to provide most of the thermal functions required in a vehicle. In addition it is necessary to regulate the temperature of the cooling circuit of the fuel cell around 80 ° C which limits the possibilities of use of thermal energy at the exchange circuits.
  • the refrigerant circuit incorporates a compressor and, if it reduces the temperature of the primary circuit, it is essentially the electrical energy that is supplied to the compressor that provides the desired level of cooling. This results in additional stress on the fuel cell.
  • the refrigerant compressors are noisy bodies whose implementation in a vehicle can cause problems, especially when the vehicle is a military vehicle that must be able to remain in a standby position by being as stealthy as possible, both from a point of view. acoustic view only from a thermal point of view.
  • the device according to the invention makes it possible to optimize the use of thermal energy, and in particular of that generated by the generator, while ensuring total acoustic discretion. It also allows, when the invention is implemented in a military vehicle, to provide thermal masking functions.
  • the subject of the invention is a device for managing the thermal energy for a vehicle, and in particular for a vehicle equipped with an electric generator associating a fuel cell and a hydrogen reformer, a device comprising at least one primary circuit for circulating a first coolant, a circuit for taking heat from a heat source and transporting it to at least one heat exchanger, and at least one heat exchanger consisting of a sorption heat exchanger, characterized in that that the primary circuit may comprise a closed loop on which will be connected at least two shunts placed in series and each forming the hot source of a separate exchanger, each shunt being shunted by a branch of the primary circuit which is equipped with a valve.
  • the primary circuit will be able to take calories from a vehicle exhaust.
  • the primary circuit will be able to take calories from the reformer.
  • the primary circuit can in particular take the calories by convection or by direct contact with a hot part of the reformer and / or the exhaust.
  • the thermal energy management device may comprise at least one convection heat exchanger for heating a vehicle body.
  • It may include a convection heat exchanger that allows the exchange of calories with the cooling circuit of a vehicle engine.
  • Each sorption exchanger may thus comprise a secondary circuit of a second heat transfer fluid which is isolated from the primary circuit and which uses as a hot source a bypass of the primary circuit.
  • the thermal energy management device may include a control box for controlling the temperatures of the different heat exchange circuits according to the instructions given by an operator or stored in memory.
  • the device may comprise a sorption exchanger which allows the cooling of electronic circuits and / or a sorption exchanger which allows the cooling of at least one electric energy storage battery and / or a sorption exchanger which allows the cooling of an air conditioning unit of the vehicle.
  • the device may comprise a sorption exchanger which allows the cooling of at least one thermal insulation box disposed at a hot part of the vehicle.
  • a thermal energy management device 1 is implemented on a vehicle not shown, which will be for example a shielded vehicle.
  • This vehicle is here a conventional thermal propulsion vehicle which comprises a motor 2.
  • This vehicle comprises an auxiliary power unit which is formed by an electric generator 3 which combines a fuel cell 4 and a hydrogen reformer 5.
  • the electrical network of the vehicle also includes storage batteries 6 which also make it possible to smooth the transients (voltage peaks) on the electrical network when the generator 3 is used.
  • the electric generator is not described in detail because it is not the object of the present invention. It comprises conventionally conversion means integrated in the reformer 5 and which can generate hydrogen from water and a conventional fuel stored in a tank 7.
  • the reformer 5 thus supplies hydrogen (pipe 8) the fuel cell 4.
  • the water produced by the fuel cell 4 can be stored in a reserve 9 for use by the vehicle crew. Part of this water can also be reintegrated into a cooling circuit 10 of the fuel cell. Such water recycling is known and described by the application FR2805926 .
  • the cooling circuit 10 incorporates a heat exchanger 11 which makes it possible to cool the fuel cell 4 with the aid of the main cooling circuit 12 of the heat engine 2.
  • This latter circuit comprises a pipe 13 which is disposed at level of the engine 2 and connected to a radiator 14 which may be equipped with a fan 15 for a heat exchange with the ambient air to the vehicle.
  • Valves 16, 17 and 18 are disposed on the circuit 12 and they allow shunt respectively: the radiator 14, the exchanger 11 and a second exchanger 19 associated with a primary circuit 20 which will be described later.
  • valves 16, 17 and 18 thus make it possible to regulate the heat exchanges between the cooling circuit 12 of the engine and the hot sources constituted by the cooling circuit 10 of the fuel cell and the primary circuit 20.
  • the thermal regulation will be ensured by an electronic control unit 22 as a function of the actual temperature of the motor 2 measured by a thermal probe 21.
  • the device 1 therefore also comprises a primary circuit 20 for circulating a first coolant.
  • This circuit allows (like the circuit 10) to collect calories at a heat source which is here the reformer 5. The sampling will be by convection or by direct contact with a part of the reformer.
  • This figure is schematized in the figures by means of a coil 23.
  • the primary circuit 20 makes it possible to transport the calories supplied by the reformer 5 to at least one heat exchanger: 19, 24, 25, 26, 27.
  • At least one of the heat exchangers is constituted by a sorption exchanger (that is to say using the technique of absorption or adsorption).
  • Absorption exchangers are known, especially in the field of portable refrigeration. They use a heat transfer fluid which is most often a mixture of ammonia and water. The fluid is evaporated at level of a boiler B, it passes into a condenser C which is refrigerated by air, the liquid is then recovered in a vessel V which is connected to an evaporator E via a restriction R. The output of the evaporator E is connected to boiler B.
  • the system is reliable and works continuously. It is simply necessary to provide (in a continuous or intermittent manner) heat at the boiler B. With a fluid combining ammonia and water the desired temperature is of the order of 80 ° C to 100 ° C.
  • the known absorption refrigerators use a burner for example gas to vaporize the fluid, or electric heating.
  • Adsorption exchangers are also known to those skilled in the art. These exchangers differ from the absorption exchangers in that the heat transfer fluid used circulates at the level of the surface of an exchanger material and not in its volume.
  • the heat taken from the reformer 5 will be used to heat the fluid of three refrigerating exchangers (here absorption) 24, 25, and 26.
  • Each absorption exchanger here comprises a secondary circuit 38, 39, 40 of a second heat transfer fluid.
  • Each secondary circuit is completely isolated from the primary circuit 20 and comprises: boiler, condenser, vessel, restriction and evaporator.
  • Each secondary circuit uses as a hot source a bypass of the primary circuit.
  • the condensers C of the different refrigerant circuits 38, 39, 40 can be combined in a single radiator 41 incorporating a fan 42. It is of course also possible, depending on the integration constraints of the vehicle, to provide a plurality of radiators, for example one for each condenser C. On can also advantageously group together in a single radiator radiator 41 and 14 associated with the engine.
  • the exchanger 24 allows for example to cool an electronic compartment 28.
  • the exchanger 25 is used to cool the batteries 6 of the vehicle and the exchanger 26 can provide in cold air conditioning assembly 29 for the passenger compartment of the vehicle.
  • exchanger 27 is a conventional convection heat exchanger that supplies calories to the air conditioner 29.
  • the exchanger 19 is also a convection heat exchanger. It allows the exchange of calories between the primary circuit 20 and the cooling circuit 12 of the engine 2 of the vehicle.
  • the primary circuit 20 is a closed loop on which the different exchangers are connected in the form of several branches placed in series one behind the other.
  • Each derivation (schematized by a coil S) thus forms the hot source of a separate exchanger.
  • Each branch is also shunted by a branch of the primary circuit 20 which is equipped with a valve 30, 31, 32, 33, 34.
  • the various valves allow to adjust the flow rate of the primary circuit fluid flowing in the exchanger considered .
  • the different valves are connected to an electronic control unit 22 which controls the temperatures of the different heat exchange circuits according to the instructions given by an operator (or stored in memory).
  • the control unit is also connected to temperature probes 35, 36, 37 which are associated with the various heated or cooled enclosures.
  • valves 30, 31, 32, 33 or 34 are not sufficient to completely shunt the coil S of the exchanger in question, it is possible to replace this valve with a valve "all or nothing "(not shown) that will be disposed on the branch upstream of the coil S considered. This valve will cut off the bypass and prevent the passage of fluid from the primary circuit in the coil S considered.
  • the primary circuit 20 finally comprises a pump 38 which makes it possible to regulate the flow rate of the coolant as needed. This pump is also connected to the control box 22.
  • each sorption exchanger 24, 25 and 26 comprises a secondary circuit which is isolated from the primary circuit. It is possible to regulate independently the operating temperature of this circuit without penalizing the performance of other exchangers. It is thus possible to control the valves 32, 33 and 34 only intermittently so as to ensure the boiling of the heat transfer fluids of the different circuits 38, 39, 40. It is also possible to completely isolate one of these circuit circuits. primary 20 if it is no longer needed. Finally, the valve 30 can be closed to activate the exchanger 19 and thus evacuate an excess of heat to the engine cooling circuit 12.
  • the exchanger 19 can also ensure preheating of the engine if necessary. It is then unnecessary to implement other cold starting means of the engine.
  • the pump 38 makes it possible in all cases to improve the performance of the exchangers by adapting the fluid flow rate to the desired performances and to the fluid temperature of the primary circuit 20.
  • the effectiveness of the proposed device is related to the high temperature of the heat source constituted by the reformer 5 (from 800 ° C. to 1000 ° C.) which thus ensures the reliable and stable supply of the thermal energy required for most of the needs of the vehicle.
  • the temperature of the reformer does not have to be fixed in a rigorous way at a given level for the operation of the reformer is optimal. There is therefore a great flexibility for the use that can be made of this energy and it is possible to easily add or remove units using the thermal energy of the primary circuit 20.
  • Another advantage of the invention is that the sorption exchangers are completely silent. This feature is important for the comfort of the occupants of the vehicle and is also essential to ensure the acoustic discretion of an armored vehicle.
  • the air conditioning uses one or more refrigeration compressors that consume electrical energy. Thanks to the invention it is possible to suppress these compressors and reduce power consumption. When the compressor or compressors were driven by the heat engine it was also necessary to start it which is noisy. The invention therefore increases the acoustic discretion of the vehicle.
  • heat exchangers for example, convection heat exchangers for heating another element (for example to heat the batteries in case of cold start). It is also possible to provide other absorption exchangers distributed at the various electronic components of the vehicle that it is necessary to cool.
  • the exhaust temperatures are relatively high (potentially 500 to 600 ° C at the location where the heat exchanger would be installed, value to be adjusted according to the architecture of the vehicle) and the thermal energy that is available is therefore important.
  • One of the advantages of this embodiment is that the extraction of thermal energy at the exhaust also allows the latter to cool, which increases the thermal discretion of the vehicle.
  • a sorption exchanger for cooling one or more thermal insulation boxes.
  • Figure 2 thus shows schematically in section a rear portion of a vehicle 43 with wheels 44 on which the heat engine 2 is represented as well as the electric generator 3 associating fuel cell and reformer.
  • the thermal energy management device 1 comprises an exchanger which is connected to the primary circuit 20.
  • This exchanger is a sorption heat exchanger of which only the evaporator E is shown here.
  • This evaporator is disposed in a box 45 which communicates with the outside of the vehicle by a gate 46 which allows the admission of air.
  • a fan 47 disposed in the box makes it possible to adjust the flow of air sucked.
  • the box 45 is here connected to another box 48 which surrounds an exhaust pipe 49 of the heat engine 1.
  • the box 48 communicates with a third box 50 which runs along a wall 51 of the vehicle 43, then opens onto a fourth box 52 which surrounds the electric generator 3. The air is expelled outwards through a grid 53 which is connected to the box 52 by a pipe 54.
  • the air sucked outside is cooled by the evaporator E and it is sent into different boxes that provide thermal insulation of different hot parts of the vehicle (engine 2, exhaust 49, electric generator 3).
  • Each box will advantageously be equipped with a temperature sensor T which will be connected to the control box 22 providing regulation of the device.
  • the comparison between the temperatures measured by the probes T and the setpoints programmed in the control box 22 will cause (with an appropriate control algorithm) the startup or the acceleration of the fan 47 and the modification of the temperature set point given to the sorption heat exchanger associated with the evaporator E disposed in the casing 45.
  • Figure 2 is of course a simplified diagram for describing the invention. It is possible according to the vehicle construction data and the temperatures of the different hot parts to provide several sorption exchangers to regulate separate thermal insulating boxes.
  • FIG. 3 shows a device for managing the thermal energy 1 according to a second embodiment of the invention.
  • This embodiment differs from that of FIG. 1 in that the primary circuit 20 is no longer isolated from the secondary circuits 38, 39 and 40 of the different sorption exchangers.
  • a single appropriately dimensioned boiler B is placed in contact with the reformer 5 and conducts the first coolant (which for example combines ammonia and water) to the various condensers C via taps implanted on the primary circuit 20.
  • the first coolant which for example combines ammonia and water
  • each branch is shunted by a branch of the primary circuit which is equipped with a valve 32, 33, 34.
  • a valve 32, 33, 34 it is of course possible to replace each valve 32, 33, 34 by an "all or nothing" valve (not shown) which will be disposed on the branch upstream of the exchanger considered. This valve will cut the bypass and prevent the passage of fluid from the primary circuit in the sorption exchanger considered.
  • the control box 22 again makes it possible to control the flow of heat transfer fluid that is given in each sorption exchanger, thus also the implementation or the stopping of each ab (or ad-) sorbeur as well as the adjustment of the temperature .
  • the primary circuit comprises, as in the previous embodiment, convection heat exchangers 19 and 27 which recover heat on the primary fluid.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Motor Or Generator Cooling System (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
  • Protection Of Generators And Motors (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)

Abstract

The device has a primary coolant including a primary circulation circuit (20), where the circuit withdraws calories by convection or by direct contact with a hot part of a hydrogen reformer (5). The circuit transports the calories towards heat exchangers (19, 24, 25, 26, 27), where the exchangers (24, 25, 26) are constituted by an absorption exchanger. The absorption exchanger has a coolant isolated from the primary circulation circuit.

Description

Le domaine technique de l'invention est celui des dispositifs de gestion de l'énergie thermique sur un véhicule et plus particulièrement sur un véhicule comportant un générateur électrique associant une pile à combustible et un reformeur d'hydrogène.The technical field of the invention is that of devices for managing thermal energy on a vehicle and more particularly on a vehicle comprising an electric generator associating a fuel cell and a hydrogen reformer.

Les piles à combustible convertissent en énergie électrique l'énergie chimique d'une réaction d'oxydo réduction mettant en oeuvre de l'hydrogène. Ces piles à combustible ont une importance croissante dans les véhicules, aussi bien comme groupe auxiliaire de puissance que comme moyen générateur d'énergie à titre principal.Fuel cells convert the chemical energy of an oxidation-reduction reaction using hydrogen into electrical energy. These fuel cells are of increasing importance in vehicles, both as an auxiliary power unit and as a primary energy generator.

En effet elles permettent de réduire fortement les émissions gazeuses de dioxyde de carbone des véhicules. La pile ne rejette pratiquement que de la vapeur d'eau qui peut être récupérée.Indeed they can greatly reduce gaseous emissions of carbon dioxide from vehicles. The battery releases practically only water vapor that can be recovered.

Les piles à combustible sont bien connues de l'Homme du Métier. On connaît notamment les piles PEMFC à membrane échangeuse de protons qui ont pour caractéristique de fonctionner à basse température (de l'ordre de 80°C).Fuel cells are well known to those skilled in the art. Proton exchange membrane PEMF cells are particularly known which have the characteristic of operating at low temperature (of the order of 80 ° C.).

Ces dernières peuvent être associées à un reformeur d'hydrogène qui permet de générer de l'hydrogène en utilisant de l'eau et un combustible tel que l'essence, le gasoil, le méthanol, le gaz naturel, le diester ou un autre hydrocarbure.These can be combined with a hydrogen reformer that can generate hydrogen using water and a fuel such as gasoline, gas oil, methanol, natural gas, diester or another hydrocarbon .

Le reformeur fonctionne à une température généralement élevée (de 800°C à 1000°C) alors que la pile à combustible à membrane fonctionne d'une façon optimale à une température de l'ordre de 80°C.The reformer operates at a generally elevated temperature (800 ° C to 1000 ° C) while the membrane fuel cell operates optimally at a temperature of about 80 ° C.

Il a été proposé d'utiliser l'énergie thermique engendrée par une pile à combustible pour réchauffer l'habitacle du véhicule ou bien pour le climatiser en la couplant à un circuit frigorifique conventionnel mettant en oeuvre un compresseur.It has been proposed to use the thermal energy generated by a fuel cell to heat the passenger compartment of the vehicle or to cool it by coupling it to a conventional refrigerant circuit using a compressor.

Le brevet FR2805926 propose ainsi un dispositif de gestion thermique pour véhicule dans lequel un circuit primaire d'un fluide caloporteur assure la régulation de la température de la pile à combustible. Ce circuit primaire est en relation d'échange thermique avec un circuit secondaire frigorifique.The patent FR2805926 proposes a thermal management device for a vehicle in which a primary circuit of a heat transfer fluid regulates the temperature of the fuel cell. This primary circuit is in heat exchange relation with a secondary refrigerating circuit.

Le brevet FR 2 832 786 décrit un système de régulation thermique à absorption pour un véhicule électrique équipé d'une pile à combustible qui comprend notamment une pile à combustible, un reformeur d'hydrogène, un circuit primaire permettant de prélever des calories de la pile à combustible afin de les acheminer vers un bouilleur.The patent FR 2,832,786 discloses an absorption thermal control system for an electric vehicle equipped with a fuel cell which comprises in particular a fuel cell, a hydrogen reformer, a primary circuit for taking heat from the fuel cell for conveying them to a boiler.

L'inconvénient des dispositifs connus est que l'énergie thermique disponible au niveau de la pile à combustible n'est pas suffisante pour assurer la plupart des fonctions thermiques nécessaires dans un véhicule. De plus il est nécessaire de réguler la température du circuit de refroidissement de la pile à combustible autour de 80°C ce qui limite les possibilités d'emploi de l'énergie thermique au niveau des circuits d'échange.The disadvantage of known devices is that the thermal energy available at the fuel cell is not sufficient to provide most of the thermal functions required in a vehicle. In addition it is necessary to regulate the temperature of the cooling circuit of the fuel cell around 80 ° C which limits the possibilities of use of thermal energy at the exchange circuits.

Le circuit frigorifique incorpore donc un compresseur et, s'il permet de réduire en partie la température du circuit primaire, c'est essentiellement l'énergie électrique qui est fournie au compresseur qui permet d'obtenir le niveau de refroidissement souhaité. Il en résulte une sollicitation supplémentaire de la pile à combustible.The refrigerant circuit incorporates a compressor and, if it reduces the temperature of the primary circuit, it is essentially the electrical energy that is supplied to the compressor that provides the desired level of cooling. This results in additional stress on the fuel cell.

Par ailleurs les compresseurs frigorifiques sont des organes bruyants dont la mise oeuvre dans un véhicule peut poser des problèmes, notamment lorsque le véhicule est un véhicule militaire qui doit pouvoir rester en position de veille en étant le plus furtif possible, tant d'un point de vue acoustique que d'un point de vue thermique.Moreover, the refrigerant compressors are noisy bodies whose implementation in a vehicle can cause problems, especially when the vehicle is a military vehicle that must be able to remain in a standby position by being as stealthy as possible, both from a point of view. acoustic view only from a thermal point of view.

C'est le but de l'invention de proposer un dispositif de gestion de l'énergie thermique pour un véhicule qui permet de pallier de tels inconvénients.It is the object of the invention to provide a device for managing thermal energy for a vehicle that overcomes such disadvantages.

Ainsi le dispositif selon l'invention permet d'optimiser l'utilisation de l'énergie thermique, et en particulier de celle qui est engendrée par le générateur, tout en assurant une discrétion acoustique totale. Il permet également, lorsque l'invention est mise en oeuvre dans un véhicule militaire, d'assurer des fonctions de masquage thermique.Thus, the device according to the invention makes it possible to optimize the use of thermal energy, and in particular of that generated by the generator, while ensuring total acoustic discretion. It also allows, when the invention is implemented in a military vehicle, to provide thermal masking functions.

Ainsi l'invention a pour objet un dispositif de gestion de l'énergie thermique pour un véhicule, et notamment pour un véhicule équipé d'un générateur électrique associant une pile à combustible et un reformeur d'hydrogène, dispositif comprenant au moins un circuit primaire de circulation d'un premier fluide caloporteur, circuit permettant de prélever des calories au niveau d'une source thermique et de les transporter vers au moins un échangeur thermique, et au moins un échangeur thermique constitué par un échangeur à sorption, dispositif caractérisé en ce que le circuit primaire pourra comprendre une boucle fermée sur laquelle seront raccordées au moins deux dérivations placées en série et formant chacune la source chaude d'un échangeur distinct, chaque dérivation étant shuntée par une branche du circuit primaire qui est équipée d'une vanne.Thus, the subject of the invention is a device for managing the thermal energy for a vehicle, and in particular for a vehicle equipped with an electric generator associating a fuel cell and a hydrogen reformer, a device comprising at least one primary circuit for circulating a first coolant, a circuit for taking heat from a heat source and transporting it to at least one heat exchanger, and at least one heat exchanger consisting of a sorption heat exchanger, characterized in that that the primary circuit may comprise a closed loop on which will be connected at least two shunts placed in series and each forming the hot source of a separate exchanger, each shunt being shunted by a branch of the primary circuit which is equipped with a valve.

Le circuit primaire pourra prélever des calories au niveau d'un échappement du véhicule.The primary circuit will be able to take calories from a vehicle exhaust.

Le circuit primaire pourra prélever des calories au niveau du reformeur.The primary circuit will be able to take calories from the reformer.

Le circuit primaire pourra en particulier prélever les calories par convection ou par contact direct avec une partie chaude du reformeur et/ou de l'échappement.The primary circuit can in particular take the calories by convection or by direct contact with a hot part of the reformer and / or the exhaust.

Selon une autre caractéristique, le dispositif de gestion de l'énergie thermique pourra comprendre au moins un échangeur thermique à convection assurant le chauffage d'un organe du véhicule.According to another characteristic, the thermal energy management device may comprise at least one convection heat exchanger for heating a vehicle body.

Il pourra notamment comporter un échangeur thermique à convection qui permet l'échange de calories avec le circuit de refroidissement d'un moteur du véhicule.It may include a convection heat exchanger that allows the exchange of calories with the cooling circuit of a vehicle engine.

Chaque échangeur à sorption pourra ainsi comporter un circuit secondaire d'un deuxième fluide caloporteur qui est isolé du circuit primaire et qui utilise comme source chaude une dérivation du circuit primaire.Each sorption exchanger may thus comprise a secondary circuit of a second heat transfer fluid which is isolated from the primary circuit and which uses as a hot source a bypass of the primary circuit.

Le dispositif de gestion de l'énergie thermique pourra comporter un boîtier de commande assurant le pilotage des températures des différents circuits d'échange thermique en fonction des consignes données par un opérateur ou conservées en mémoire.The thermal energy management device may include a control box for controlling the temperatures of the different heat exchange circuits according to the instructions given by an operator or stored in memory.

Selon différentes variantes : le dispositif peut comporter un échangeur à sorption qui permet le refroidissement de circuits électroniques et/ou un échangeur à sorption qui permet le refroidissement d'au moins une batterie de stockage d'énergie électrique et/ou un échangeur à sorption qui permet le refroidissement d'une unité de climatisation du véhicule.According to different variants: the device may comprise a sorption exchanger which allows the cooling of electronic circuits and / or a sorption exchanger which allows the cooling of at least one electric energy storage battery and / or a sorption exchanger which allows the cooling of an air conditioning unit of the vehicle.

Avantageusement le dispositif peut comporter un échangeur à sorption qui permet le refroidissement d'au moins un caisson d'isolation thermique disposé au niveau d'une partie chaude du véhicule.Advantageously, the device may comprise a sorption exchanger which allows the cooling of at least one thermal insulation box disposed at a hot part of the vehicle.

L'invention sera mieux comprise à la lecture de la description qui va suivre de différents modes de réalisation, description faite en référence aux dessins annexés dans lesquels :

  • la figure 1 est une représentation schématique d'un dispositif de gestion de l'énergie thermique suivant un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention,
  • la figure 2 est une vue schématique en coupe d'un véhicule blindé à roues montrant un mode de réalisation de caissons d'isolation thermiques associés au dispositif selon l'invention,
  • la figure 3 est une représentation schématique d'un dispositif de gestion de l'énergie thermique suivant un deuxième mode de réalisation de l'invention.
The invention will be better understood on reading the following description of various embodiments, a description given with reference to the appended drawings in which:
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a thermal energy management device according to a first embodiment of the invention,
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view of a wheeled armored vehicle showing an embodiment of thermal insulation boxes associated with the device according to the invention,
  • Figure 3 is a schematic representation of a thermal energy management device according to a second embodiment of the invention.

En se reportant à la figure 1, un dispositif de gestion de l'énergie thermique 1 selon l'invention est mis en place sur un véhicule non représenté, qui sera par exemple un véhicule blindé.Referring to Figure 1, a thermal energy management device 1 according to the invention is implemented on a vehicle not shown, which will be for example a shielded vehicle.

Ce véhicule est ici un véhicule à propulsion thermique conventionnelle qui comprend un moteur 2. Ce véhicule comprend un groupe auxiliaire de puissance qui est formé par un générateur électrique 3 qui associe une pile à combustible 4 et un reformeur d'hydrogène 5.This vehicle is here a conventional thermal propulsion vehicle which comprises a motor 2. This vehicle comprises an auxiliary power unit which is formed by an electric generator 3 which combines a fuel cell 4 and a hydrogen reformer 5.

Le réseau électrique du véhicule (non représenté) comprend aussi des batteries 6 de stockage qui permettent par ailleurs de lisser les transitoires (pics de tension) sur le réseau électrique lors de l'utilisation du générateur 3.The electrical network of the vehicle (not shown) also includes storage batteries 6 which also make it possible to smooth the transients (voltage peaks) on the electrical network when the generator 3 is used.

Le générateur électrique n'est pas décrit en détails car il ne constitue pas l'objet de la présente invention. Il comprend d'une façon classique des moyens de conversion intégrés au reformeur 5 et qui permettent de générer de l'hydrogène à partir d'eau et d'un combustible conventionnel stocké dans un réservoir 7. Le reformeur 5 alimente ainsi en hydrogène (canalisation 8) la pile à combustible 4.The electric generator is not described in detail because it is not the object of the present invention. It comprises conventionally conversion means integrated in the reformer 5 and which can generate hydrogen from water and a conventional fuel stored in a tank 7. The reformer 5 thus supplies hydrogen (pipe 8) the fuel cell 4.

L'eau produite par la pile à combustible 4 pourra être stockée dans une réserve 9 pour pouvoir être utilisée par l'équipage du véhicule. Une partie de cette eau pourra par ailleurs être réintégrée à un circuit 10 de refroidissement de la pile à combustible. Un tel recyclage de l'eau est connu et décrit par la demande FR2805926 .The water produced by the fuel cell 4 can be stored in a reserve 9 for use by the vehicle crew. Part of this water can also be reintegrated into a cooling circuit 10 of the fuel cell. Such water recycling is known and described by the application FR2805926 .

D'une façon classique le circuit de refroidissement 10 incorpore un échangeur thermique 11 qui permet de refroidir la pile à combustible 4 à l'aide du circuit de refroidissement principal 12 du moteur thermique 2. Ce dernier circuit comprend une tubulure 13 qui est disposée au niveau du moteur 2 et raccordée à un radiateur 14 qui pourra être équipé d'un ventilateur 15 permettant un échange thermique avec l'air ambiant au véhicule.In a conventional manner, the cooling circuit 10 incorporates a heat exchanger 11 which makes it possible to cool the fuel cell 4 with the aid of the main cooling circuit 12 of the heat engine 2. This latter circuit comprises a pipe 13 which is disposed at level of the engine 2 and connected to a radiator 14 which may be equipped with a fan 15 for a heat exchange with the ambient air to the vehicle.

Des vannes 16, 17 et 18 sont disposées sur le circuit 12 et elles permettent de shunter respectivement: le radiateur 14, l'échangeur 11 et un deuxième échangeur 19 associé à un circuit primaire 20 qui sera décrit par la suite.Valves 16, 17 and 18 are disposed on the circuit 12 and they allow shunt respectively: the radiator 14, the exchanger 11 and a second exchanger 19 associated with a primary circuit 20 which will be described later.

Les vannes 16, 17 et 18 permettent ainsi de réguler les échanges thermiques entre le circuit de refroidissement 12 du moteur et les sources chaudes constituées par le circuit de refroidissement 10 de la pile à combustible et le circuit primaire 20.The valves 16, 17 and 18 thus make it possible to regulate the heat exchanges between the cooling circuit 12 of the engine and the hot sources constituted by the cooling circuit 10 of the fuel cell and the primary circuit 20.

La régulation thermique sera assurée par un boîtier électronique de commande 22 en fonction de la température réelle du moteur 2 mesurée par un sonde thermique 21.The thermal regulation will be ensured by an electronic control unit 22 as a function of the actual temperature of the motor 2 measured by a thermal probe 21.

Conformément à l'invention le dispositif 1 comporte donc également un circuit primaire 20 de circulation d'un premier fluide caloporteur. Ce circuit permet (comme le circuit 10) de prélever des calories au niveau d'une source thermique qui est ici le reformeur 5. Le prélèvement se fera par convection ou par contact direct avec une partie du reformeur. On a schématisé sur les figures ce moyen de prélèvement par un serpentin 23.According to the invention, the device 1 therefore also comprises a primary circuit 20 for circulating a first coolant. This circuit allows (like the circuit 10) to collect calories at a heat source which is here the reformer 5. The sampling will be by convection or by direct contact with a part of the reformer. This figure is schematized in the figures by means of a coil 23.

Le circuit primaire 20 permet de transporter les calories fournies par le reformeur 5 vers au moins un échangeur thermique : 19, 24, 25, 26, 27.The primary circuit 20 makes it possible to transport the calories supplied by the reformer 5 to at least one heat exchanger: 19, 24, 25, 26, 27.

Selon une caractéristique essentielle de l'invention, au moins un des échangeurs thermiques est constitué par un échangeur à sorption (c'est à dire utilisant la technique de l'absorption ou de l'adsorption).According to an essential characteristic of the invention, at least one of the heat exchangers is constituted by a sorption exchanger (that is to say using the technique of absorption or adsorption).

Les échangeurs à absorption sont connus, notamment dans le domaine de la réfrigération portative. Ils mettent en oeuvre un fluide caloporteur qui est le plus souvent un mélange d'ammoniaque et d'eau. Le fluide est évaporé au niveau d'un bouilleur B, il passe dans un condenseur C qui est réfrigéré par air, le liquide est ensuite récupéré dans un vase V qui est relié à un évaporateur E par l'intermédiaire d'une restriction R. La sortie de l'évaporateur E est reliée au bouilleur B.Absorption exchangers are known, especially in the field of portable refrigeration. They use a heat transfer fluid which is most often a mixture of ammonia and water. The fluid is evaporated at level of a boiler B, it passes into a condenser C which is refrigerated by air, the liquid is then recovered in a vessel V which is connected to an evaporator E via a restriction R. The output of the evaporator E is connected to boiler B.

Le système est fiable et fonctionne en continu. Il est simplement nécessaire de fournir (d'une façon continue ou intermittente) de la chaleur au niveau du bouilleur B. Avec un fluide associant ammoniaque et eau la température souhaitée est de l'ordre de 80°C à 100°C. Les réfrigérateurs à absorption connus utilisent un brûleur par exemple à gaz pour vaporiser le fluide, ou encore un chauffage électrique.The system is reliable and works continuously. It is simply necessary to provide (in a continuous or intermittent manner) heat at the boiler B. With a fluid combining ammonia and water the desired temperature is of the order of 80 ° C to 100 ° C. The known absorption refrigerators use a burner for example gas to vaporize the fluid, or electric heating.

Les échangeurs à adsorption sont également connus de l'Homme du Métier. Ces échangeurs diffèrent des échangeurs à absorption en ce que le fluide caloporteur mis en oeuvre circule au niveau de la surface d'un matériau échangeur et non dans son volume.Adsorption exchangers are also known to those skilled in the art. These exchangers differ from the absorption exchangers in that the heat transfer fluid used circulates at the level of the surface of an exchanger material and not in its volume.

Conformément à l'invention on utilisera la chaleur prélevée au niveau du reformeur 5 pour échauffer le fluide de trois échangeurs frigorifiques (ici à absorption) 24, 25, et 26.According to the invention, the heat taken from the reformer 5 will be used to heat the fluid of three refrigerating exchangers (here absorption) 24, 25, and 26.

Chaque échangeur à absorption comporte ici un circuit secondaire 38, 39, 40 d'un deuxième fluide caloporteur. Chaque circuit secondaire est complètement isolé du circuit primaire 20 et comprend : bouilleur, condenseur, vase, restriction et évaporateur.Each absorption exchanger here comprises a secondary circuit 38, 39, 40 of a second heat transfer fluid. Each secondary circuit is completely isolated from the primary circuit 20 and comprises: boiler, condenser, vessel, restriction and evaporator.

Chaque circuit secondaire utilise comme source chaude une dérivation du circuit primaire. Les condenseurs C des différents circuits réfrigérants 38, 39, 40 pourront être réunis dans un radiateur unique 41 incorporant un ventilateur 42. Il est bien entendu également possible en fonction des contraintes d'intégration du véhicule de prévoir plusieurs radiateurs, par exemple un pour chaque condenseur C. On pourra aussi avantageusement regrouper en un seul radiateur le radiateur 41 et celui 14 associé au moteur.Each secondary circuit uses as a hot source a bypass of the primary circuit. The condensers C of the different refrigerant circuits 38, 39, 40 can be combined in a single radiator 41 incorporating a fan 42. It is of course also possible, depending on the integration constraints of the vehicle, to provide a plurality of radiators, for example one for each condenser C. On can also advantageously group together in a single radiator radiator 41 and 14 associated with the engine.

L'échangeur 24 permet par exemple de refroidir un compartiment électronique 28. L'échangeur 25 permet de refroidir les batteries 6 du véhicule et l'échangeur 26 permet de fournir en frigories un ensemble climatiseur 29 pour l'habitacle du véhicule.The exchanger 24 allows for example to cool an electronic compartment 28. The exchanger 25 is used to cool the batteries 6 of the vehicle and the exchanger 26 can provide in cold air conditioning assembly 29 for the passenger compartment of the vehicle.

Par ailleurs l'échangeur 27 est un échangeur à convection classique qui permet d'alimenter en calories le climatiseur 29.Furthermore exchanger 27 is a conventional convection heat exchanger that supplies calories to the air conditioner 29.

Enfin l'échangeur 19 est lui aussi un échangeur thermique à convection. Il permet l'échange de calories entre le circuit primaire 20 et le circuit de refroidissement 12 du moteur 2 du véhicule.Finally the exchanger 19 is also a convection heat exchanger. It allows the exchange of calories between the primary circuit 20 and the cooling circuit 12 of the engine 2 of the vehicle.

Suivant ce premier mode de réalisation de l'invention, le circuit primaire 20 est une boucle fermée sur laquelle sont raccordés les différents échangeurs sous la forme de plusieurs dérivations placées en série les unes derrière les autres.According to this first embodiment of the invention, the primary circuit 20 is a closed loop on which the different exchangers are connected in the form of several branches placed in series one behind the other.

Chaque dérivation (schématisée par un serpentin S) forme ainsi la source chaude d'un échangeur distinct. Chaque dérivation est par ailleurs shuntée par une branche du circuit primaire 20 qui est équipée d'une vanne 30, 31, 32, 33, 34. Les différentes vannes permettent de régler le débit du fluide du circuit primaire qui circule dans l'échangeur considéré.Each derivation (schematized by a coil S) thus forms the hot source of a separate exchanger. Each branch is also shunted by a branch of the primary circuit 20 which is equipped with a valve 30, 31, 32, 33, 34. The various valves allow to adjust the flow rate of the primary circuit fluid flowing in the exchanger considered .

On peut ainsi répartir l'énergie thermique affectée à chaque élément en fonction des besoins opérationnels.It is thus possible to distribute the heat energy allocated to each element according to the operational needs.

Les différentes vannes sont reliées à un boîtier de commande électronique 22 qui assure le pilotage des températures des différents circuits d'échange thermique en fonction des consignes données par un opérateur (ou stockées en mémoires). L'unité de commande est par ailleurs reliée à des sondes de températures 35, 36, 37 qui sont associées aux différentes enceintes réchauffées ou refroidies.The different valves are connected to an electronic control unit 22 which controls the temperatures of the different heat exchange circuits according to the instructions given by an operator (or stored in memory). The control unit is also connected to temperature probes 35, 36, 37 which are associated with the various heated or cooled enclosures.

On notera que, si l'ouverture complète d'une des vannes 30, 31, 32, 33 ou 34 ne suffit pas à shunter complètement le serpentin S de l'échangeur considéré, il est possible de remplacer cette vanne par une vanne "tout ou rien" (non représentée) qui sera disposée sur la branche en amont du serpentin S considéré. Cette vanne permettra de couper la dérivation et empêchera le passage du fluide du circuit primaire dans le serpentin S considéré.It will be noted that, if the complete opening of one of the valves 30, 31, 32, 33 or 34 is not sufficient to completely shunt the coil S of the exchanger in question, it is possible to replace this valve with a valve "all or nothing "(not shown) that will be disposed on the branch upstream of the coil S considered. This valve will cut off the bypass and prevent the passage of fluid from the primary circuit in the coil S considered.

Le circuit primaire 20 comporte enfin une pompe 38 qui permet de régler le débit du fluide caloporteur en fonction des besoins. Cette pompe est également reliée au boîtier de commande 22.The primary circuit 20 finally comprises a pump 38 which makes it possible to regulate the flow rate of the coolant as needed. This pump is also connected to the control box 22.

Avec ce mode particulier de réalisation, chaque échangeur à sorption 24, 25 et 26 comporte un circuit secondaire qui est isolé du circuit primaire. Il est possible de réguler d'une façon indépendante la température de fonctionnement de ce circuit sans pénaliser les performances des autres échangeurs. Il est ainsi possible de ne commander les vannes 32, 33 et 34 que par intermittence de façon à assurer l'ébullition des fluides caloporteurs des différents circuits 38, 39, 40. Il est possible également d'isoler complètement un de ces circuits du circuit primaire 20 s'il n'est plus utile. On peut enfin fermer la vanne 30 pour activer l'échangeur 19 et évacuer ainsi un excès de chaleur vers le circuit 12 de refroidissement du moteur.With this particular embodiment, each sorption exchanger 24, 25 and 26 comprises a secondary circuit which is isolated from the primary circuit. It is possible to regulate independently the operating temperature of this circuit without penalizing the performance of other exchangers. It is thus possible to control the valves 32, 33 and 34 only intermittently so as to ensure the boiling of the heat transfer fluids of the different circuits 38, 39, 40. It is also possible to completely isolate one of these circuit circuits. primary 20 if it is no longer needed. Finally, the valve 30 can be closed to activate the exchanger 19 and thus evacuate an excess of heat to the engine cooling circuit 12.

On notera que l'échangeur 19 peut aussi assurer un préchauffage du moteur en cas de besoin. Il est alors inutile de mettre en oeuvre d'autres moyens de démarrage à froid du moteur. La pompe 38 permet dans tous les cas d'améliorer les performances des échangeurs en adaptant le débit de fluide aux performances recherchées et à la température du fluide du circuit primaire 20.It will be noted that the exchanger 19 can also ensure preheating of the engine if necessary. It is then unnecessary to implement other cold starting means of the engine. The pump 38 makes it possible in all cases to improve the performance of the exchangers by adapting the fluid flow rate to the desired performances and to the fluid temperature of the primary circuit 20.

L'efficacité du dispositif proposé est liée à la température importante de la source thermique constituée par le reformeur 5 (de 800°C à 1000°C) qui assure donc la fourniture d'une façon fiable et stable de l'énergie thermique nécessaire pour la plupart des besoins du véhicule.The effectiveness of the proposed device is related to the high temperature of the heat source constituted by the reformer 5 (from 800 ° C. to 1000 ° C.) which thus ensures the reliable and stable supply of the thermal energy required for most of the needs of the vehicle.

On notera que la température du reformeur n'a pas à être fixée d'une façon rigoureuse à un niveau donné pour que le fonctionnement du reformeur soit optimal. On a donc ainsi une grande souplesse pour l'utilisation qui peut être faite de cette énergie et il est possible d'ajouter ou retirer facilement des unités utilisant l'énergie thermique du circuit primaire 20.Note that the temperature of the reformer does not have to be fixed in a rigorous way at a given level for the operation of the reformer is optimal. There is therefore a great flexibility for the use that can be made of this energy and it is possible to easily add or remove units using the thermal energy of the primary circuit 20.

Cela n'est pas le cas avec la pile à combustible 4 elle-même dont la température est bien inférieure (de l'ordre de 80°C) et doit être stabilisée pour que la production d'électricité soit optimale. Les dispositifs connus utilisent donc relativement peu l'énergie thermique produite par la pile et se préoccupent plutôt de réguler la température de cette dernière.This is not the case with the fuel cell 4 itself whose temperature is much lower (of the order of 80 ° C) and must be stabilized for the production of electricity is optimal. The known devices therefore use relatively little thermal energy produced by the battery and are rather concerned with regulating the temperature of the latter.

Un autre avantage de l'invention est que les échangeurs à sorption sont totalement silencieux. Cette caractéristique est importante pour le confort des occupants du véhicule et elle est également essentielle pour garantir la discrétion acoustique d'un véhicule blindé.Another advantage of the invention is that the sorption exchangers are completely silent. This feature is important for the comfort of the occupants of the vehicle and is also essential to ensure the acoustic discretion of an armored vehicle.

On notera ainsi que dans les véhicules classiques, la climatisation met en oeuvre un ou plusieurs compresseurs frigorifiques qui consomment de l'énergie électrique. Grâce à l'invention il est possible de supprimer ces compresseurs et de réduire la consommation électrique. Lorsque le ou les compresseurs étaient entraînés par le moteur thermique il était par ailleurs nécessaire de mettre en route celui-ci ce qui est bruyant. L'invention permet donc d'accroître la discrétion acoustique du véhicule.It will thus be noted that in conventional vehicles, the air conditioning uses one or more refrigeration compressors that consume electrical energy. Thanks to the invention it is possible to suppress these compressors and reduce power consumption. When the compressor or compressors were driven by the heat engine it was also necessary to start it which is noisy. The invention therefore increases the acoustic discretion of the vehicle.

Il est bien entendu possible de prévoir d'autres échangeurs thermiques. Par exemple des échangeurs à convection pour assurer un chauffage d'un autre élément (par exemple pour chauffer les batteries en cas de démarrage par grand froid). On pourra aussi prévoir d'autres échangeurs à absorption répartis au niveau des différents organes électroniques du véhicule qu'il est nécessaire de refroidir.It is of course possible to provide other heat exchangers. For example, convection heat exchangers for heating another element (for example to heat the batteries in case of cold start). It is also possible to provide other absorption exchangers distributed at the various electronic components of the vehicle that it is necessary to cool.

Il est également possible de mettre en oeuvre l'invention en couplant le circuit primaire 20 à une autre source thermique que le reformeur 5.It is also possible to implement the invention by coupling the primary circuit 20 to another heat source than the reformer 5.

On pourra ainsi placer le serpentin 23 au contact ou à proximité d'un échappement (non représenté) du moteur thermique 2. Cette variante n'est pas représentée sur les figures mais le circuit thermique serait pratiquement identique et ne diffèrerait que par la localisation du serpentin 23.It will thus be possible to place the coil 23 in contact with or near an exhaust (not shown) of the heat engine 2. This variant is not shown in the figures but the thermal circuit would be practically identical and would differ only in the location of the coil 23.

Les températures des échappements sont relativement fortes (potentiellement 500 à 600°C à l'endroit où serait implanté l'échangeur, valeur à ajuster en fonction de l'architecture du véhicule) et l'énergie thermique qui est disponible est donc importante.The exhaust temperatures are relatively high (potentially 500 to 600 ° C at the location where the heat exchanger would be installed, value to be adjusted according to the architecture of the vehicle) and the thermal energy that is available is therefore important.

Un des avantages de ce mode de réalisation est que le prélèvement d'énergie thermique au niveau de l'échappement permet également de refroidir ce dernier ce qui accroît la discrétion thermique du véhicule.One of the advantages of this embodiment is that the extraction of thermal energy at the exhaust also allows the latter to cool, which increases the thermal discretion of the vehicle.

Suivant un mode de réalisation particulièrement intéressant, on pourra mettre en oeuvre un échangeur à sorption pour assurer le refroidissement d'un ou plusieurs caissons d'isolation thermique.According to a particularly advantageous embodiment, it will be possible to use a sorption exchanger for cooling one or more thermal insulation boxes.

La figure 2 montre ainsi schématiquement en coupe une partie arrière d'un véhicule 43 à roues 44 sur lequel on a représenté le moteur thermique 2 ainsi que le générateur électrique 3 associant pile à combustible et reformeur.Figure 2 thus shows schematically in section a rear portion of a vehicle 43 with wheels 44 on which the heat engine 2 is represented as well as the electric generator 3 associating fuel cell and reformer.

Le dispositif de gestion de l'énergie thermique 1 comprend un échangeur qui est relié au circuit primaire 20. Cet échangeur est un échangeur à sorption dont seul l'évaporateur E est représenté ici. Cet évaporateur est disposé dans un caisson 45 qui communique avec l'extérieur du véhicule par une grille 46 qui permet l'admission d'air. Un ventilateur 47 disposé dans le caisson permet de régler le débit d'air aspiré.The thermal energy management device 1 comprises an exchanger which is connected to the primary circuit 20. This exchanger is a sorption heat exchanger of which only the evaporator E is shown here. This evaporator is disposed in a box 45 which communicates with the outside of the vehicle by a gate 46 which allows the admission of air. A fan 47 disposed in the box makes it possible to adjust the flow of air sucked.

Le caisson 45 est ici relié à un autre caisson 48 qui entoure une tubulure d'échappement 49 du moteur thermique 1.The box 45 is here connected to another box 48 which surrounds an exhaust pipe 49 of the heat engine 1.

Le caisson 48 communique avec un troisième caisson 50 qui longe une paroi 51 du véhicule 43, puis débouche sur un quatrième caisson 52 qui entoure le générateur électrique 3. L'air est expulsé vers l'extérieur au travers d'une grille 53 qui est reliée au caisson 52 par une tubulure 54.The box 48 communicates with a third box 50 which runs along a wall 51 of the vehicle 43, then opens onto a fourth box 52 which surrounds the electric generator 3. The air is expelled outwards through a grid 53 which is connected to the box 52 by a pipe 54.

Ainsi l'air aspiré à l'extérieur est refroidi grâce à l'évaporateur E puis il est envoyé dans différents caissons qui assurent une isolation thermique de différentes parties chaudes du véhicule (moteur 2, échappement 49, générateur électrique 3).Thus the air sucked outside is cooled by the evaporator E and it is sent into different boxes that provide thermal insulation of different hot parts of the vehicle (engine 2, exhaust 49, electric generator 3).

Chaque caisson sera avantageusement équipé d'une sonde de température T qui sera reliée au boîtier de commande 22 assurant la régulation du dispositif. La comparaison entre les températures mesurées par les sondes T et les valeurs de consigne programmées dans le boîtier de commande 22 provoquera (avec un algorithme de pilotage approprié) la mise en route ou l'accélération du ventilateur 47 et la modification de la consigne de température donnée à l'échangeur à sorption associé à l'évaporateur E disposé dans le caisson 45.Each box will advantageously be equipped with a temperature sensor T which will be connected to the control box 22 providing regulation of the device. The comparison between the temperatures measured by the probes T and the setpoints programmed in the control box 22 will cause (with an appropriate control algorithm) the startup or the acceleration of the fan 47 and the modification of the temperature set point given to the sorption heat exchanger associated with the evaporator E disposed in the casing 45.

Il est possible ainsi de maîtriser parfaitement la signature thermique du véhicule en fonction des températures réelles des différentes parties chaudes.It is thus possible to perfectly control the thermal signature of the vehicle according to the actual temperatures of the various hot parts.

La figure 2 n'est bien entendu qu'un schéma simplifié permettant de décrire l'invention. Il est possible en fonction des données de construction du véhicule et des températures des différentes parties chaudes de prévoir plusieurs échangeurs à sorption pour réguler des caissons isolants thermiques distincts.Figure 2 is of course a simplified diagram for describing the invention. It is possible according to the vehicle construction data and the temperatures of the different hot parts to provide several sorption exchangers to regulate separate thermal insulating boxes.

On pourrait ainsi prévoir des évaporateurs différents (couplés à des échangeurs différents) pour le caisson 48, le caisson 50 et le caisson 52.It would thus be possible to provide different evaporators (coupled to different exchangers) for the caisson 48, the caisson 50 and the caisson 52.

Une telle solution permettrait de maîtriser encore plus précisément les températures. En effet les températures des parties chaudes peuvent être très différentes d'un caisson à l'autre. Il est donc judicieux de piloter les températures de chaque caisson de façon individualisée.Such a solution would make it possible to control the temperatures even more precisely. Indeed, the temperatures of the hot parts can be very different from one box to another. It is therefore wise to control the temperatures of each box individually.

Il sera cependant possible d'associer tous les caissons à une seule aspiration d'air externe et à une seule évacuation d'air. On prévoira pour cela des tuyauteries appropriées pour conduire en parallèle le flux d'air, de l'extérieur vers chaque caisson et de chaque caisson vers l'extérieur.It will, however, be possible to associate all the boxes with a single external air intake and a single air outlet. To do this, appropriate piping will be provided to drive the flow of air in parallel, from outside to each box and from each box to the outside.

La figure 3 montre un dispositif de gestion de l'énergie thermique 1 selon un deuxième mode de réalisation de l'invention.FIG. 3 shows a device for managing the thermal energy 1 according to a second embodiment of the invention.

Les éléments constitutifs de ce dispositif qui sont analogues à ceux décrits précédemment sont repérés par les mêmes chiffres. Il n'est pas nécessaire de les décrire à nouveau en détails.The constituent elements of this device which are similar to those described above are identified by the same numbers. It is not necessary to describe them again in detail.

Ce mode de réalisation diffère de celui de la figure 1 en ce que le circuit primaire 20 n'est plus isolé des circuits secondaires 38, 39 et 40 des différents échangeurs à sorption.This embodiment differs from that of FIG. 1 in that the primary circuit 20 is no longer isolated from the secondary circuits 38, 39 and 40 of the different sorption exchangers.

Ainsi un seul bouilleur B dimensionné de façon appropriée est disposé au contact du reformeur 5 et il conduit le premier fluide caloporteur (qui associe par exemple de l'ammoniaque et de l'eau) jusqu'au différents condenseurs C via des dérivations implantées sur le circuit primaire 20.Thus, a single appropriately dimensioned boiler B is placed in contact with the reformer 5 and conducts the first coolant (which for example combines ammonia and water) to the various condensers C via taps implanted on the primary circuit 20.

Comme dans le mode de réalisation précédent, chaque dérivation est shuntée par une branche du circuit primaire qui est équipée d'une vanne 32, 33, 34. Comme dans le mode de réalisation précédent, il est bien entendu possible de remplacer chaque vanne 32, 33, 34 par une vanne "tout ou rien" (non représentée) qui sera disposée sur la branche en amont de l'échangeur considéré. Cette vanne permettra de couper la dérivation et empêchera le passage du fluide du circuit primaire dans l'échangeur à sorption considéré.As in the previous embodiment, each branch is shunted by a branch of the primary circuit which is equipped with a valve 32, 33, 34. As in the previous embodiment, it is of course possible to replace each valve 32, 33, 34 by an "all or nothing" valve (not shown) which will be disposed on the branch upstream of the exchanger considered. This valve will cut the bypass and prevent the passage of fluid from the primary circuit in the sorption exchanger considered.

Le boîtier de contrôle 22 permet là encore de piloter le débit de fluide caloporteur qui est donné dans chaque échangeur à sorption, donc également la mise en oeuvre ou l'arrêt de chaque ab (ou ad-)sorbeur ainsi que le réglage de la température.The control box 22 again makes it possible to control the flow of heat transfer fluid that is given in each sorption exchanger, thus also the implementation or the stopping of each ab (or ad-) sorbeur as well as the adjustment of the temperature .

Le circuit primaire comprend comme dans le mode de réalisation précédent des échangeurs à convection 19 et 27 qui récupèrent de la chaleur sur le fluide primaire.The primary circuit comprises, as in the previous embodiment, convection heat exchangers 19 and 27 which recover heat on the primary fluid.

La description précédente a été faite en référence à des échangeurs à sorption associant un mélange d'ammoniaque et d'eau. Il est bien entendu possible (en fonction des besoins d'échanges thermiques rencontrés) d'utiliser d'autres couples de fluides caloporteurs tels que : eau / bromure de lithium ; ammoniaque / nitrate de lithium; méthylamine / eau; méthanol / bromure de lithium.The foregoing description has been made with reference to sorption exchangers associating a mixture of ammonia and water. It is of course possible (depending on the heat exchange requirements encountered) to use other pairs of heat transfer fluids such as: water / lithium bromide; ammonia / lithium nitrate; methylamine / water; methanol / lithium bromide.

Il est également possible de mettre en oeuvre l'invention en utilisant des échangeurs à adsorption.It is also possible to implement the invention using adsorption exchangers.

Claims (12)

  1. A thermal energy management device (1) for a vehicle, namely a vehicle equipped with an electric generator (3) associating a fuel cell (4) and hydrogen reformer (5), such device comprising at least one primary circuit (20) circulating a first heat-conducting fluid, such circuit enabling calories to be collected from a thermal source (5) and transported to at least one thermal exchanger (19, 24, 25, 26, 27), and at least one thermal exchanger (24, 25, 26) constituted by a sorption exchanger, characterised in that the primary circuit (20) comprises a closed loop to which at least two side outlets (S), positioned in series and each forming the heat source for a separate exchanger, are linked, each side outlet being shunted by a branch of the primary circuit (20) equipped with a valve (30, 31, 32, 33, 34).
  2. A thermal energy management device according to Claim 1, characterised in that the primary circuit (20) collects calories from a vehicle exhaust.
  3. A thermal energy management device according to Claim 1, characterised in that the primary circuit (20) collects calories from a reformer (5).
  4. A thermal energy management device according to one of Claims 2 or 3, characterised in that the primary circuit (20) collects calories by convection or by direct contact with a hot part of the reformer (5) and/or exhaust.
  5. A thermal energy management device according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterised in that it comprises at least one thermal convection exchanger (19, 27) ensuring the heating of an organ of the vehicle.
  6. A thermal energy management device according to Claim 5, characterised in that it incorporates a thermal convection exchanger (19) which enables calories to be exchanged with the cooling circuit (12) of an engine (2) of the vehicle.
  7. A thermal energy management device according to one of Claims 1 to 6, characterised in that each sorption exchanger (24, 25, 26) incorporates a secondary circuit (38, 39, 40) of a second heat-conducting fluid isolated from the primary circuit (20) and using a side outlet from the primary circuit as a heat source.
  8. A thermal energy management device according to one of Claims 1 to 7, characterised in that it incorporates a control unit (22) piloting the temperatures of the different thermal exchange circuits according to instructions given by an operator or memorised.
  9. A thermal energy management device according to one of Claims 1 to 8, characterised in that it incorporates a sorption exchanger enabling the cooling of electronic circuits (28).
  10. A thermal energy management device according to one of Claims 1 to 9, characterised in that it incorporates a sorption exchanger enabling the cooling of at least one thermal insulation chamber (45, 48, 50, 52) arranged around a hot part of the vehicle.
  11. A thermal energy management device according to one of Claims 1 to 10, characterised in that it incorporates a sorption exchanger enabling the cooling of at least one electrical energy storage battery (6).
  12. A thermal energy management device according to one of Claims 1 to 11, characterised in that it incorporates a sorption exchanger enabling the cooling of an air-conditioning unit (29) of the vehicle.
EP06290782A 2005-05-30 2006-05-15 Thermal energy control system for a vehicle Not-in-force EP1728663B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0505531A FR2886222B1 (en) 2005-05-30 2005-05-30 DEVICE FOR MANAGING THERMAL ENERGY FOR A VEHICLE

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EP1728663A1 EP1728663A1 (en) 2006-12-06
EP1728663B1 true EP1728663B1 (en) 2007-12-26

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US (1) US8316659B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1728663B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE381998T1 (en)
DE (1) DE602006000361T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2299160T3 (en)
FR (1) FR2886222B1 (en)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2886222B1 (en) 2008-12-05
DE602006000361D1 (en) 2008-02-07
ES2299160T3 (en) 2008-05-16
EP1728663A1 (en) 2006-12-06
ATE381998T1 (en) 2008-01-15
US20100243751A1 (en) 2010-09-30
US8316659B2 (en) 2012-11-27
DE602006000361T2 (en) 2008-12-11
FR2886222A1 (en) 2006-12-01

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