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EP1715250A1 - Elément de bouclier thermique pour revêtir la paroi d'une chambre de combustion, chambre de combustion et turbine à gaz - Google Patents

Elément de bouclier thermique pour revêtir la paroi d'une chambre de combustion, chambre de combustion et turbine à gaz Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1715250A1
EP1715250A1 EP05008527A EP05008527A EP1715250A1 EP 1715250 A1 EP1715250 A1 EP 1715250A1 EP 05008527 A EP05008527 A EP 05008527A EP 05008527 A EP05008527 A EP 05008527A EP 1715250 A1 EP1715250 A1 EP 1715250A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heat shield
notches
shield element
combustion chamber
hot
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP05008527A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Fathi Ahmad
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG filed Critical Siemens AG
Priority to EP05008527A priority Critical patent/EP1715250A1/fr
Publication of EP1715250A1 publication Critical patent/EP1715250A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/007—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel constructed mainly of ceramic components
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F23M2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion chambers
    • F23M2900/05004—Special materials for walls or lining

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a heat shield element, in particular for lining a combustion chamber wall, with a hot side which can be exposed to a hot medium, a wall side opposite the hot side and a peripheral side adjoining the hot side and the wall side.
  • the invention further relates to a combustion chamber with a combustion chamber wall and a gas turbine.
  • Ceramic or metallic elements are often used to line thermally highly stressed combustion chambers, such as e.g. a furnace, a hot gas duct or a combustion chamber of a gas turbine used.
  • Such a lining consisting of ceramic heat shield elements is in the EP 0 419 487 B1 described.
  • the heat shield elements are designed so that the occurrence of mechanical stresses under thermal stress is largely avoided.
  • the heat shield elements are mechanically held on a metallic wall of the combustion chamber and touch the metallic wall directly.
  • the so-called Blocking air applied to avoid excessive heating of the wall, for example as a result of direct heat transfer from the heat shield element or by introducing hot medium into the gaps formed by the adjacent heat shield elements, the space formed by the wall of the combustion chamber and the heat shield element with cooling air, the so-called Blocking air applied.
  • the blocking air prevents the penetration of hot medium up to the wall and at the same time cools the wall and the heat shield element.
  • the wall segment consists of a metallic support structure and a heat protection element attached to the metallic support structure.
  • an elastic or plastically deformable separating layer is attached, which should accommodate and largely compensate for possible relative movements of the heat protection element and the support structure.
  • Such relative movements can be caused, for example, in the combustion chamber of a gas turbine, in particular an annular combustion chamber, by different thermal expansion behavior of the materials used or by pulsations in the combustion chamber, as may occur in an irregular combustion to produce the hot working medium or by resonance effects.
  • the separating layer causes the relatively inelastic heat protection element rests overall flat on the release layer and the metallic support structure, since the heat protection element partially penetrates into the release layer.
  • the release layer can compensate for manufacturing due to unevenness of the support structure and / or the heat protection element, which can lead locally to an unfavorable force input compensate.
  • the lining consists of wall elements of high-temperature-resistant structural ceramics, such as silicon carbide (SiC) or silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ).
  • the wall elements are mechanically fixed by means of a central fastening bolt to a metallic support structure (wall) of the combustion chamber.
  • a thick thermal insulation layer is provided, so that the wall element is spaced correspondingly from the wall of the combustion chamber.
  • About three times as thick in relation to the wall element insulation layer consists of a ceramic fiber material, which is prefabricated in blocks. The dimensions and the external shape of the wall elements are adaptable to the geometry of the space to be lined.
  • a heat shield element When applying the surface of a heat shield element to a hot medium, e.g. a hot gas whose temperature rises rapidly in a short time.
  • a hot medium e.g. a hot gas whose temperature rises rapidly in a short time.
  • the resulting relative thermal expansions lead to thermally induced stresses, which can lead to the formation of cracks in the material of the heat shield element.
  • the damage effect can be further enhanced, so that the service life of the heat shield element is limited by the formation of cracks.
  • the heat shield elements must therefore, especially in combustion chambers of gas turbine plants, regularly visually inspected for cracks and be diagnosed and are exchanged cyclically for operational safety reasons.
  • the invention is based on the observation that, in particular, ceramic heat shield elements are often inadequately protected against the occurring thermomechanical loads, in particular as a result of thermal cycling, due to their necessary flexibility with respect to thermal expansions.
  • the object of the invention is to specify a heat shield element with an increased service life, in particular with respect to thermomechanical loads. It is another object of the invention to provide a combustion chamber with a long service life and a gas turbine with a combustion chamber.
  • the first object is achieved according to the invention by a heat shield element, in particular for lining a combustion chamber wall, with a hot medium exposable hot side, one of the hot side opposite wall side and adjacent to the hot side and the wall side peripheral side, wherein to increase the effective surface in a thermally loaded A number of notches in the material is introduced, which are designed such that the thermally induced stress forces in this area are reduced.
  • the invention is based on the finding that, because of the material-typical thermal expansion properties and the temperature differences typically occurring during operation (ambient temperature at standstill, maximum temperature at full load), sufficient thermal mobility of heat shield elements, in particular in gas turbine combustors, must be ensured as a result of temperature-dependent expansion in no case component destructive thermal stresses due to expansion inhibition occur.
  • This can be known to be achieved by lining the wall to be protected from hot gas attack with a plurality of individual heat shield elements limited in size, such as a combustor wall of a gas turbine combustor. In this case, corresponding expansion gaps are provided between the individual ceramic heat shield elements which, for safety reasons, must never be completely closed, even in hot conditions.
  • the hot side has a hot side surface, with a plurality of notches extending over the hot side surface.
  • crack formation and crack growth are particularly pronounced due to the high temperature of the hot medium in the region of the hot side surface. Therefore, the mechanical load capacity of the heat shield element damaging material weakening due to cracking and crack growth in areas or portions of the hot side surface is particularly serious and life-limiting.
  • the cracking effects on the hot side surface therefore contribute to a considerable extent to the weakening of the mechanical load carrying capacity of the heat shield element in the application.
  • the weakening of the material can assume dimensions such that the material separates out from the hot-side surface in areas of high crack density or is increasingly removed as a result of the application of the hot flowing medium. Therefore, it is particularly beneficial when the notches extend as possible over the entire hot side surface.
  • the notches in their course have a curved, in particular a curved shape.
  • the advantage of the curved or curved shape is that very long notches can be formed by this shape. A long run of notches, combined with a dense network of notches on the surface, leads to a particularly effective enlargement of this surface. Thus, the above advantages result, by which the formation of long thermo-voltage-induced cracks in the material can be avoided.
  • notches with curved or curved shape in the material in a thermally stressed area also has other very important advantages.
  • a rift occurs anyway, he will reach a notch as he grows and continue to follow the course of the score.
  • the notches are preferably designed to be very long and the crack must travel a very long distance before he reached two sides of the heat shield element and the heat shield element could break into two fragments. This long distance means that the time between the occurrence of the crack and the breakage of the heat shield element also becomes larger. In this greater period of time, there is also a greater likelihood that during a regular inspection of the combustion chamber the crack will be detected and the heat shield element replaced.
  • the course of the notches is circular arc and / or parabolic and / or serpentine and / or spiral. These shapes ensure a particularly long course of the notches and thereby also a significant increase in the effective surface.
  • a single notch extending over the entire surface could suffice.
  • the notch then begins in a central region of the hot side surface and spirals out toward the hot side edges.
  • the notches are aligned with respect to the main flow direction of the hot medium so that the flow resistance at the hot side surface is reduced by the alignment of the notches.
  • the notches are preferably oriented so that the hot medium does not encounter any inflection points on its way.
  • the orientation of the hot side relative to the main flow direction of the hot medium does not play a major role, because the spread of the hot medium on the hot side surface is the same, regardless of which direction the hot side is flowing.
  • the notches on the base have a fillet with a radius of curvature for setting a predetermined notch effect. Investigations have shown that the introduction of a fillet at the bottom achieves high stability and low notch effect. In particular, locally high thermomechanical stresses can be avoided in this way.
  • the number, the spacing, the arrangement and the geometry of the notches are set so that the mechanical carrying capacity of the heat shield element is only slightly affected by the notches themselves.
  • the thermal stress can be reduced as well, as is done in an analogous manner by the operational formation of one or less thermo-voltage-induced cracks.
  • the cross-sectional shape of the notch can preferably be adjusted in a targeted manner so that maximum stress relief is achieved with minimal weakening of the load-carrying capacity of the heat shield element.
  • This solution is advantageously used in many cases in which caused by chemical or physical effects Dehnungsgradienten from one side into the interior of a component of a material.
  • notches are deliberately introduced with defined depth and geometry and defined distances to each other.
  • the heat shield element has a height and the notches have a depth such that the depth of the notches is about 2% to 10%, in particular 4% of the height of the heat shield element.
  • the notches can not be made arbitrarily deep because of the mechanical stability of the heat shield element and its thermal insulation effect.
  • notches with a depth of typically 2% to 10%, preferably up to 4%, of the heat shield element height are sufficient.
  • the notches could be brought closer together, i. with a smaller distance from each other.
  • the notches have a width and the distance between two notches is 2 times to 3 times the notch width.
  • the notches should be placed very close to each other in the heat shield element material, e.g. cut, etched or in a cast heat shield element, the notches may already be provided in the mold.
  • the mechanical stability and the thermal insulation effect of the heat shield element must be considered again.
  • a distance between the notches of 2 times to 3 times the notch width has been found to be particularly suitable.
  • Another advantage is that the distance along the course of two adjacent notches is almost constant. If small and, above all, uniform distances between the individual notches are present, are also induced in this range Distributing stresses evenly reduces the likelihood of cracking.
  • the heat shield element preferably consists of a ceramic material, in particular of a refractory ceramic.
  • Refractory ceramic materials are particularly suitable for use as a thermal insulator at very high temperatures and temperature gradients, such as high mechanical strength, high allowable service temperature, dimensional stability, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and low thermal conductivity, due to their material properties. in a combustion chamber.
  • the object directed to a combustion chamber is achieved according to the invention by a combustion chamber with an inner combustion chamber lining which has heat shield elements according to the above statements.
  • the object directed to a gas turbine is achieved by a gas turbine with such a heat shield elements having combustion chamber.
  • a gas turbine plant 1 is shown schematically. It comprises a combustion chamber 3 with a fuel supply system 5 and arranged along an axis 7 air compressor 9, gas turbine 11 and electric generator 13. Ambient air L is sucked by the air compressor 9, compressed and then led to the combustion chamber 3, where they together with the fuel B is mixed and burned, whereby a hot gas M is formed.
  • the combustion chamber 3 is equipped with a heat-resistant combustion chamber lining, which is formed from a number of heat shield elements 15 arranged side by side over the entire area.
  • the gas turbine 11 is driven by the hot gas M, which leaves the combustion chamber 3 under high pressure.
  • the hot medium M flows through the gas turbine 11 drivingly and escapes as exhaust gas A.
  • the exhaust gas A is filtered in a filter system, not shown in detail in Figure 1 and released after the filtration process in the atmosphere.
  • a generator 13 is coupled, which serves to generate electrical energy.
  • the generator 13 is connected to an electrical network and the electrical energy generated by the generator 13 is fed into this network.
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a Hitzschildelement 15 is shown, which is a part of the lining of the combustion chamber 3 in FIG. 1.
  • the heat shield element 15 in this embodiment is cuboid, in particular with a nearly square base.
  • the heat shield element 15 has a hot side 17, a hot side 17 opposite wall side 19, which is not shown in detail in this figure, and on the hot side 17 and the wall side 19 adjacent peripheral side 21.
  • the hot side 17 has a plurality of nearly equidistant notches 23.
  • the notches 23 in this embodiment have a circular arc-shaped course 25 a.
  • FIG. 3 shows a section through the heat shield element 15 shown in FIG. 2 along the axis SS '.
  • the upper edge represents a section through the hot side 17, the lower edge through the wall side 19 and the two side edges through the peripheral side 21.
  • the heat shield element 15 has a height H.
  • the depth T of the notches 23 is comparatively small compared to the height H of the heat shield element 15.
  • FIG. 4 shows an enlargement of the section IV in FIG. 3 with two notches 23.
  • the notches 23 are introduced into the hot side surface 17 and have a depth T, so that locally the effective height H of the material of the heat shield element 15 is reduced.
  • the dimension of the depth T of the notches 23 is much smaller than the height H of the heat shield member 15 in comparison.
  • the notches 23 also have a fillet radius R at the bottom 27 , By means of this rounding off, locally high thermo-mechanical stresses at the bottom 27 can be avoided and thus a lower notch effect can be achieved.
  • the notches 23 have a width C.
  • the distance D between the two notches 23 in this embodiment is about 2.5 times the width C.
  • FIGS. 5, 6, 7 and 8 show a plan view of the hot side 17 of a heat shield element 15, wherein four different embodiments of the profile 25 a, 25 b, 25 c and 25 d of the notches 23 are shown in the four figures , On the hot side surface 17 edges 23 are introduced with a curved shape.
  • the notches 23 in FIG. 5 have an arcuate course 25a, in FIG. 6 a parabolic course 25b, in FIG. 7 a serpentine course 25c and in FIG. 8 a helical course.
  • the curves 25a and 25b of the notches 23 in FIGS. 5 and 6 are aligned concavely with respect to the inflowing hot gases M.
  • This embodiment is particularly favorable from a fluid engineering point of view, because this reduces the resistance that the hot gases on the hot side surface 17 experience.
  • the hot gases M entering the notches 23 at the inflection point W are split into two streams.
  • the arcuate course 25a and the parabolic curve 25b are aligned convex to the hot gases, then the hot gases M will accumulate in the inflection point W.
  • Concerning the serpentine course 25c in Fig. 7, the notches 23 are at best oriented so that when the hot gases M flow into the notches 23, they do not encounter a turning point W on their way, but are redirected only left and right, as well which is shown in Fig. 7.
  • a spiral course 25d as shown in FIG. 8, because of the almost symmetrical course 25d of the notches 23, it is insignificant from which direction the hot side 17 of the heat shield element 15 is flown.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
EP05008527A 2005-04-19 2005-04-19 Elément de bouclier thermique pour revêtir la paroi d'une chambre de combustion, chambre de combustion et turbine à gaz Withdrawn EP1715250A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP05008527A EP1715250A1 (fr) 2005-04-19 2005-04-19 Elément de bouclier thermique pour revêtir la paroi d'une chambre de combustion, chambre de combustion et turbine à gaz

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP05008527A EP1715250A1 (fr) 2005-04-19 2005-04-19 Elément de bouclier thermique pour revêtir la paroi d'une chambre de combustion, chambre de combustion et turbine à gaz

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EP1715250A1 true EP1715250A1 (fr) 2006-10-25

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EP05008527A Withdrawn EP1715250A1 (fr) 2005-04-19 2005-04-19 Elément de bouclier thermique pour revêtir la paroi d'une chambre de combustion, chambre de combustion et turbine à gaz

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102008000010A1 (de) * 2008-01-07 2009-07-09 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Plattenförmiger keramischer Wärmestrahlkörper eines Infrarot-Flächenstrahlers

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3015624A1 (de) * 1979-05-01 1980-11-27 Rolls Royce Perforierter schichtenkoerper, insbesondere fuer hochtemperaturbeanspruchte teile von gasturbinentriebwerken
EP0419487B1 (fr) * 1988-06-13 1994-11-23 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Bouclier thermique n'exigeant que peu de fluide de refroidissement
EP1126221A1 (fr) * 2000-02-17 2001-08-22 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Tuile réfractaire rembourrée pour révêtement d'une chambre de combustion de turbies à gaz
EP1247943A1 (fr) * 2001-04-04 2002-10-09 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Segment de virole réfroidi pour turbine à gaz

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3015624A1 (de) * 1979-05-01 1980-11-27 Rolls Royce Perforierter schichtenkoerper, insbesondere fuer hochtemperaturbeanspruchte teile von gasturbinentriebwerken
EP0419487B1 (fr) * 1988-06-13 1994-11-23 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Bouclier thermique n'exigeant que peu de fluide de refroidissement
EP1126221A1 (fr) * 2000-02-17 2001-08-22 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Tuile réfractaire rembourrée pour révêtement d'une chambre de combustion de turbies à gaz
EP1247943A1 (fr) * 2001-04-04 2002-10-09 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Segment de virole réfroidi pour turbine à gaz

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102008000010A1 (de) * 2008-01-07 2009-07-09 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Plattenförmiger keramischer Wärmestrahlkörper eines Infrarot-Flächenstrahlers
DE102008000010B4 (de) * 2008-01-07 2010-10-14 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Plattenförmiger keramischer Wärmestrahlkörper eines Infrarot-Flächenstrahlers

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